Safety

25 pages, 2434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Navigating Risks and Realities: Understanding Motorbike Taxi Usage and Safety Strategies in Yaoundé and Douala (Cameroon)

by Abdou Kouomoun, Salifou Ndam, Jérôme Chenal and Armel Kemajou

Safety 2025, 11(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020061 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

Motorbike taxis are widely used in Yaoundé and Douala, despite their association with heightened accident risks and relatively high fares. This research combines qualitative methods, including 38 semi-structured interviews and direct field observations, with a quantitative survey of 280 motorbike taxi passengers (customers). [...] Read more.

Motorbike taxis are widely used in Yaoundé and Douala, despite their association with heightened accident risks and relatively high fares. This research combines qualitative methods, including 38 semi-structured interviews and direct field observations, with a quantitative survey of 280 motorbike taxi passengers (customers). It employs a dynamic risk approach to analyse both the factors motivating individuals to choose motorbike taxis and the strategies adopted by drivers and passengers to mitigate and prevent accidents. The findings reveal that speed, cost-effectiveness, and the limited accessibility of certain neighbourhoods to other transport options are key factors driving regular motorbike taxi use. Moreover, strategies for managing accident risks include regulating passenger positions based on gender, perceived age, or physical stature; invoking deities for protection; and passengers’ verbal interactions with drivers to ensure safer behaviour. This research also explores how overloading, a collectively tolerated deviance, is managed to avoid or minimize the impact of accidents. By addressing both risk acceptance and prevention strategies, this study provides new insights into passengers’ social perceptions, which are often overlooked in motorbike taxi research. It expands the understanding of motorbike taxi use in urban Global South transport contexts, particularly in terms of users’ risk management behaviours. Full article

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14 pages, 5362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accident Analysis Modeling and Case Study of Hydrogen Refueling Station Using Root Cause Analysis (RCA)

by Il Jae Lee, A Ran Lee and Kyung-Sun Lee

Safety 2025, 11(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020060 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

As the global transition to carbon neutrality accelerates, hydrogen energy has emerged as a key alternative to fossil fuels due to its potential to reduce carbon emissions. Many countries, including Korea, are constructing hydrogen refueling stations; however, safety concerns persist due to accidents [...] Read more.

As the global transition to carbon neutrality accelerates, hydrogen energy has emerged as a key alternative to fossil fuels due to its potential to reduce carbon emissions. Many countries, including Korea, are constructing hydrogen refueling stations; however, safety concerns persist due to accidents caused by equipment failures and human errors. While various accident analysis models exist, the application of the root cause analysis (RCA) technique to hydrogen refueling station accidents remains largely unexplored. This study develops an RCA modeling map specifically for hydrogen refueling stations to identify not only direct and indirect causes of accidents, but also root causes, and applies it to actual accident cases to provide basic data for identifying the root causes of future hydrogen refueling station accidents. The RCA modeling map developed in this study uses accident cause investigation data from accident investigation reports over the past five years, which include information on the organizational structure and operational status of hydrogen refueling stations, as well as the RCA handbook. The primary defect sources identified were equipment defect, personal defect, and other defects. The problem categories, which were the substructures of the primary defect source “equipment defect,” consisted of four categories: the equipment design problem, the equipment installation/fabrication problem, the equipment reliability program problem, and the equipment misuse problem. Additionally, the problem categories, which were the substructures of the primary defect source “personal defect,” consisted of two categories: the company employee problem and the contract employee problem. The problem categories, which were the substructures of the primary defect source “other defects,” consisted of three categories: sabotage/horseplay, natural phenomena, and other. Compared to existing accident investigation reports, which identified only three primary causes, the RCA modeling map revealed nine distinct causes, demonstrating its superior analytical capability. In conclusion, the proposed RCA modeling map provides a more systematic and comprehensive approach for investigating accident causes at hydrogen refueling stations, which could significantly improve safety practices and assist in quickly identifying root causes more efficiently in future incidents. Full article

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25 pages, 2394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Safety Performance in UK Metal Manufacturing: A Revised Framework to Reduce Fatal Accidents

by Alexandra Eggleston, Shoaib Sarfraz, Konstantinos Salonitis, Sumit Gupta, Hana Trollman and Sandeep Jagtap

Safety 2025, 11(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020059 - 18 Jun 2025

Abstract

Fatal accidents in UK’s manufacturing sector are expected to remain the same or increase in coming years. This paper has tried to combat this issue by adapting and further developing a previously defined Safety Framework for the Paint Sector, to evaluate the safety [...] Read more.

Fatal accidents in UK’s manufacturing sector are expected to remain the same or increase in coming years. This paper has tried to combat this issue by adapting and further developing a previously defined Safety Framework for the Paint Sector, to evaluate the safety performance of a metal manufacturing facility. To achieve this, the original Safety Framework was updated to align with the current British safety legislation outlined by the British Standards Institution. The framework was based on a three-level multi-attribute value theory (MAVT). Upon reviewing BSI 45001, the Safety Framework was founded upon the concept of Deming’s Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) which is the foundation for the original framework, therefore, the first-level attributes remained consistent. The 13 attributes of the second level and 36 attributes of the third level were derived from the literature review and updated to relevant legislation. To develop the Safety Framework, the Delphi method was used. This included interviews that were conducted with employees and managers from either a Safety or Engineering background. The second part of the paper involved the improvement of the Safety Framework, based on the interview feedback. The main findings of the study revealed that the final Safety Framework has been deemed relevant for the Metal Manufacturing Sector by Industry Suitably Qualified and Experienced Personnel (SQEP). The majority of Interviewees deemed the Safety Framework to have a clear layout and easy to understand. The interviews and final Safety Framework suggested the importance of a company’s emphasis on employee welfare and health, in order to reduce accidents in the workplace. The originality of this paper lies in its application and validation of a sector-specific safety framework, contributing to the body of knowledge by offering a replicable methodology for adapting safety frameworks to other manufacturing sectors. Full article

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14 pages, 1176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Suppression Performance Information in Judging When to Use a Fire Extinguisher

by Justin W. Bonny and Micah D. Russell

Safety 2025, 11(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020058 - 18 Jun 2025

Abstract

The ability of a fire extinguisher to suppress fires varies by the rated performance of the unit. Safety guidance in the United States indicates that the occupant should consider the performance rating of the extinguisher when deciding to use it with a fire. [...] Read more.

The ability of a fire extinguisher to suppress fires varies by the rated performance of the unit. Safety guidance in the United States indicates that the occupant should consider the performance rating of the extinguisher when deciding to use it with a fire. The present study investigated whether individuals are aware of the connection between the suppression performance of fire extinguishers and the intensity of fires the unit can extinguish. Across five experiments, participants were presented with fire extinguishers that varied in suppression performance (smaller, medium, and larger) and judged whether the extinguisher could extinguish a developing room fire that increased in intensity. The fire intensity at which they stopped attempting to use the extinguisher (threshold) was calculated. No significant differences in threshold were observed by suppression performance condition when suppression information about the single extinguisher at hand was presented. This included when information was provided about the amount of agent, the distance and duration of discharge, and with the water equivalent the extinguisher was rated. However, when trained on the differences in suppression performance between extinguishers and provided with corresponding containers of water, thresholds did vary by performance rating. We discuss how providing information about variations in suppression performance may be necessary to highlight differences in extinguisher ratings. Full article

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12 pages, 496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Errors in Clinical Practice and Organizational Constraints: The Role of Leadership in Improving Patients’ Safety

by Eleonora Moraca, Francesco Zaghini, Jacopo Fiorini and Alessandro Sili

Safety 2025, 11(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020057 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Organizational constraints in healthcare organizations influence nursing performance and patient outcomes. Head nurses’ leadership style might mitigate these effects and improve patient safety. This study aims to evaluate the role of ethical and authentic leadership styles in the relationship between organizational constraints [...] Read more.

Background: Organizational constraints in healthcare organizations influence nursing performance and patient outcomes. Head nurses’ leadership style might mitigate these effects and improve patient safety. This study aims to evaluate the role of ethical and authentic leadership styles in the relationship between organizational constraints and errors. Methods: A nationwide multicenter cross-sectional study evaluated nurses’ organizational constraints, errors, and leadership styles. A structural equation model tested the hypothesized relationship. Results: In total, 2349 nurses working in Italian healthcare organizations were enrolled. Negative associations were found between organizational constraints and leadership styles, and a positive relation with errors. Errors were negatively associated with both leadership styles. The structural equation model showed that leadership styles partially mediated the relationship between organizational constraints and errors. Conclusion: Healthcare organizations should promote and support head nurses in the adoption of ethical and authentic leadership to mediate organizational constraint effects, reduce errors, and enhance the caring quality. The head nurse plays a crucial role within healthcare organizations in mitigating the impact of organizational constraints and enhancing patient safety. Developing a leadership style means improving nurses’ well-being and reducing clinical errors for patients. Full article

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37 pages, 2502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Framework for Implementing Safety-I and Safety-II Principles in Aviation Safety Management

by Hyun Woo No and Woo Chang Cha

Safety 2025, 11(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020056 - 16 Jun 2025

Abstract

Despite advanced aviation safety systems, recurring operational failures demonstrate that current safety management system (SMS) implementation practices remain predominantly reactive, with organizations adopting SMS frameworks theoretically embracing Safety-II philosophy while continuing Safety-I-oriented reactive management. This study develops an integrated framework for implementing both [...] Read more.

Despite advanced aviation safety systems, recurring operational failures demonstrate that current safety management system (SMS) implementation practices remain predominantly reactive, with organizations adopting SMS frameworks theoretically embracing Safety-II philosophy while continuing Safety-I-oriented reactive management. This study develops an integrated framework for implementing both Safety-I and Safety-II principles in aviation safety management, addressing the gap between SMS theoretical requirements and actual implementation. Using the HEAR (human error analysis and reduction) framework, we analyzed three representative aviation cases involving FMS operation, turbulence response, and aircraft energy management through a qualitative multiple-case study design. Data collection utilized internal safety reports, official investigation reports, and reconstructed operational scenarios. The analysis employed a four-phase approach integrating predetermined categorization with inductive pattern recognition. Results revealed that 87% of all causes were organizational factors—6.7 times higher than individual/task factors (13%)—yet safety management responses primarily target individual behaviors. We defined “flight crew’s resilient behavior” and developed implementation guidelines by integrating the HEAR framework with the LPAC (learn, plan, adapt, coordinate) model and PAM (pressures, adaptations, and manifestations) framework. Effectiveness evaluation demonstrated a transition from 54 discrete contributing factors to 19 systematically related factors with clearer implementation pathways. Our integrated framework enables organizations to systematically implement both Safety-I analytical capabilities and Safety-II adaptive responses, transforming safety management from reactive “failure prevention” to proactive “success expansion”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)

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19 pages, 5318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Spatial–Temporal Patterns in Trespassing on Railway Property

by Silvestar Grabušić, Danijela Barić and Stefano Ricci

Safety 2025, 11(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020055 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Trespassing on railway tracks is a growing problem in rail transport, with multiple causal factors, including increasing urbanisation, high-frequency rail traffic, higher volumes of traffic, etc. The predominant factor is human behaviour (lack of knowledge about trespassing, poor decision-making by road users and [...] Read more.

Trespassing on railway tracks is a growing problem in rail transport, with multiple causal factors, including increasing urbanisation, high-frequency rail traffic, higher volumes of traffic, etc. The predominant factor is human behaviour (lack of knowledge about trespassing, poor decision-making by road users and others). This research aims to analyse the available data to determine the frequency, patterns, and factors contributing to trespassing on railway tracks and to identify potential locations with the highest recorded trespassing. This is achieved by conducting a case study using data from various sources on trespassing from 2001 to 2023 on the Italian railway network. The methodology of this study consists of data collection on trespassing, data cleaning, and three-step analysis (description of variables used, and application of R programming language for descriptive statistics, correlation, and association analysis). The outcome of this study is the description of the data collecting process of trespassing on the Italian railway network, the identification of temporal factors, e.g., month, day, and hour of trespassing, and spatial factors, e.g., location and railway line where trespassing occurs most frequently, and a list of current and planned prevention measures on the Italian railway network. In the future, trespassing locations can be analysed according to the topology of risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Safety Culture)

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25 pages, 3015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Modality Recommendations Through Content and Sentiment Analyses: 2015–2019

by Brian J. Roggow

Safety 2025, 11(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020054 - 10 Jun 2025

Abstract

Aviation safety recommendations are the National Transportation Safety Board’s key mechanism for effecting improvements and curtailing subsequent accidents. Aviation safety recommendations and their associated correspondence have been minimally explored in the extant literature, potentially overlooking constrained versus successful risk mitigation themes. This research [...] Read more.

Aviation safety recommendations are the National Transportation Safety Board’s key mechanism for effecting improvements and curtailing subsequent accidents. Aviation safety recommendations and their associated correspondence have been minimally explored in the extant literature, potentially overlooking constrained versus successful risk mitigation themes. This research aimed to qualitatively explore 187 aviation safety recommendations using a framework adapted from the SHELL model. The research also examined the recommendations’ correspondence content to illuminate the characteristics typical of positive versus negative sentiments. The results included risk mitigation themes distributed across the categories of addressees, report statuses, and reiterations. Addressing company, management, manning, or regulatory issues was the most prevalent risk mitigation strategy, followed by physical environment and other human-system support mitigations. The sentiment analyses’ results included distributions across addressees, statuses, time, reiterations, and correspondences. NTSB and addressee correspondence sentiments remained mostly consistent over time and interactions, whereas differences were observed based on addressees and unacceptable report statuses. This article offers the first systematic analysis of NTSB aviation safety recommendations’ risk mitigation themes and addressee correspondences. Full article

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10 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proposed Design of a Mobile Lift Device to Reduce the Risk of Musculoskeletal Injuries Among Fire Extinguisher Inspectors

by Yonlada Khunburan and Teeraphun Kaewdok

Safety 2025, 11(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020053 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Fire extinguisher inspectors face ergonomic risk factors and are exposed to several musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The aim of this study was to design and evaluate a mobile lift device to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries among fire extinguisher inspectors. This was followed [...] Read more.

Fire extinguisher inspectors face ergonomic risk factors and are exposed to several musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The aim of this study was to design and evaluate a mobile lift device to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries among fire extinguisher inspectors. This was followed by a quasi-experimental trial among 28 workers, using surface electromyography (EMG), in which muscle activity with percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), postural analysis using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), perceived exertion, and perceived ease of use among workers were evaluated during the fire extinguisher inspection process employing a manual fire extinguisher and using a mobile lift device. The results of the EMG measurement of the muscle activity in the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, middle deltoid, and upper trapezius were obtained using the MVC parameter. The MVC parameter was employed to normalize the EMG signals, allowing for a standardized comparison of muscle activation levels across different tasks and conditions. The results showed a significant positive effect on the muscle activity of the middle deltoid and biceps brachii; the posture risk level and rating for perceived exertion with the mobile lift device were generally lower than those of manual lifting (p < 0.001). With the mobile lift device, there was significant reduction in the muscle activity of the triceps brachii and upper trapezius (p < 0.05). Accordingly, mobile lift devices were found to be useful due to the reduced muscle effort, and postural risks were reduced when using the mobile lift device. Further studies are needed for modifications to the lift assist device based on ergonomic measures of muscle activity and user tests by adjusting the task to suit the capabilities of workers. Full article

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29 pages, 6791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health and Safety Management System (HSMS) and Its Impact on Employee Satisfaction and Performance—A New HSMS Model

by Prodromos D. Chatzoglou, Athanasios E. Kotzakolios and Panagiotis K. Marhavilas

Safety 2025, 11(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020052 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

The main aim of this study is to investigate the association of an assortment of factors pertaining to the implementation of a Health and Safety Management System (HSMS) with firms’ Health and Safety (H&S) level and employees’ satisfaction and performance. The proposed research [...] Read more.

The main aim of this study is to investigate the association of an assortment of factors pertaining to the implementation of a Health and Safety Management System (HSMS) with firms’ Health and Safety (H&S) level and employees’ satisfaction and performance. The proposed research model incorporates six independent factors: (i) the development of a safety culture, (ii) the availability of H&S specific procedures/instructions/rules, (iii) the forethought of H&S-focused training, (iv) the availability of the essential resources to improve H&S equipment, (v) the augmentation of employee motivation for safe behavior, and (vi) the top management commitment to upgrade H&S at the workplace. The model was empirically tested using primary data from 230 employees of 10 manufacturing firms operating in Greece. It was found that H&S meliorates employees’ performance, but, on the other hand, firm’s management should be committed towards creating a high-level safety culture. To achieve this, proper resources should be invested, comprehensible procedures/instructions/rules should be established, and focused training should be provided. The acceptance of this policy would result in an enhanced safety culture, an augmented firm H&S level, amplified employee satisfaction and, accordingly, improved employee performance. In addition, this article suggests a new HSMS model, which, by relying on the principles of the Plan–Do–Check–Act cycle, incorporates the examined six H&S factors, which can upgrade other known standards (like OHSAS 18001 and ISO 45001). Full article

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19 pages, 701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Working Conditions and Intention to Adopt Digital Safety Training in High-Risk Productive Sectors: An Exploratory Study in Manufacturing and Agriculture in Northwest Italy

by Francesco Sguaizer, Lucia Vigoroso, Margherita Micheletti Cremasco and Federica Caffaro

Safety 2025, 11(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020051 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

Agriculture and manufacturing report the highest rate of occupational accidents and fatalities in Italy. Safety training provided through digital devices has been shown to be effective in promoting safety behaviors at work. This study aimed to investigate through a questionnaire the perceptions of [...] Read more.

Agriculture and manufacturing report the highest rate of occupational accidents and fatalities in Italy. Safety training provided through digital devices has been shown to be effective in promoting safety behaviors at work. This study aimed to investigate through a questionnaire the perceptions of working conditions, risks in using machines, and interest in using digital devices for safety training purposes in a group of vineyard workers (VWs, N = 40) and manufacturing workers (MWs, N = 39) in Northwest Italy. Referring to working conditions, VWs significantly differ compared to MWs (p < 0.05) in fatigue perception, repetitiveness, quantity and definition of tasks compared to the available time, work pace definition, and level of communication. Tractors and lathes were considered the most hazardous machinery for VWs and MWs, respectively. For both groups, workers’ age negatively correlated with digital device use (r = −0.399 p < 0.05 for VWs, r = −0.673 p < 0.01 for MWs) but not with interest in using them. Device adoption positively correlated with the perceived importance of gamification content (r = 0.193 and r = 0.164, p > 0.05 for VWs and MWs, respectively), but the video lessons reported a higher mean score by both groups as preferred content. These findings suggest that digital safety training requires customized content to effectively adapt to different productive sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

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18 pages, 2735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workplace Safety in Industry 4.0 and Beyond: A Case Study on Risk Reduction Through Smart Manufacturing Systems in the Automotive Sector

by Alin Nioata, Alin Țăpirdea, Oana Roxana Chivu, Anamaria Feier, Ioana Catalina Enache, Marilena Gheorghe and Claudia Borda

Safety 2025, 11(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020050 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

An important step toward automation and digitization in Industry 4.0 is the automobile sector’s use of smart manufacturing integrated systems (SMISs). Although this change increases productivity and competitiveness, it also creates new hazards for workplace safety. Key issues include ergonomic and cognitive strain [...] Read more.

An important step toward automation and digitization in Industry 4.0 is the automobile sector’s use of smart manufacturing integrated systems (SMISs). Although this change increases productivity and competitiveness, it also creates new hazards for workplace safety. Key issues include ergonomic and cognitive strain from greater human–machine interactions, particularly with collaborative robots (cobots), and cybersecurity threats from the IIoT and cyber–physical systems. This paper looks at these hazards and stresses the value of safety precautions like predictive maintenance, traceability, and real-time monitoring. This case study investigates how the integration of smart manufacturing integrated systems (SMISs) and cyber–physical systems (CPSs) within Industry 4.0 frameworks enhances workplace safety in the automotive sector. Through a comprehensive case study of the final assembly line, this research explores how these technologies contribute to predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and human–machine collaboration, leading to significant reductions in ergonomic and cybersecurity risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Safety Challenges in the Context of Industry 4.0)

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9 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Awareness of Pesticide Exposure as a Risk Factor for Parkinson’s Disease and Uptake of Exposure-Mitigating Behaviour in Farming Communities in Ireland

by Lucy M. Collins, Éilis J. O’Reilly, Joan Omosefe Osayande, Fionnuala Wilson, Jolie Morisho, Rebekah Bevans, Rachel Roberts, Bereniece Riedewald, Louise M. Collins, Gerard W. O’Keeffe and Aideen M. Sullivan

Safety 2025, 11(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020049 - 23 May 2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurological disorder with increasing incidence and modifiable risk factors. People exposed to pesticides have up to a 2-fold higher risk of developing PD. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when using pesticides can lower an individual’s exposure. [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurological disorder with increasing incidence and modifiable risk factors. People exposed to pesticides have up to a 2-fold higher risk of developing PD. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when using pesticides can lower an individual’s exposure. We examined awareness of the relationship between pesticides and PD risk in individuals working/living on farms in Ireland. We also investigated the practice of behaviours aimed at mitigating exposure, such as using PPE. An online survey was completed by a sample of the farming community (n = 707) attending agricultural fairs, and included demographics, lifetime/current residence/work on farms, pesticide contact, PPE use, PD diagnosis, and awareness of pesticide–PD association. Among participants, 51% worked/lived on farms and 62% reported contact with pesticides. Only 69% of those with pesticide contact reported using PPE, with gloves (57%) and masks (50%) most commonly used. Only 22% were aware of an association between PD and pesticides, and awareness did not increase PPE use. Among people with PD, only 40% had knowledge of the risk. We found that in a highly agricultural economy, occupational exposure to pesticides is common, but mitigation behaviours are not optimal. Educational campaigns to improve awareness of health risks from pesticides and to encourage PPE use could lower the personal and healthcare burden of PD and other health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farm Safety, 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 1218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a Fatigue Detection Model for Hospital Nurses Using HRV Measures and Machine Learning

by Wynona Salsabila Hafiz, Maya Arlini Puspasari, Dewi Yunia Fitriani, Richard Joseph Hanowski, Danu Hadi Syaifullah and Salsabila Annisa Arista

Safety 2025, 11(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020048 - 22 May 2025

Abstract

Fatigue among hospital nurses, resulting from demanding workloads and irregular shift schedules, presents significant risks to both healthcare workers and patient safety. This study developed a fatigue detection model using heart-rate variability (HRV) and investigated its relationship with the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory [...] Read more.

Fatigue among hospital nurses, resulting from demanding workloads and irregular shift schedules, presents significant risks to both healthcare workers and patient safety. This study developed a fatigue detection model using heart-rate variability (HRV) and investigated its relationship with the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI) among nurses. Sixty nurses from a hospital in Depok, Indonesia, participated with HRV data collected via Polar H10 monitors before and after shifts alongside SOFI questionnaires. A mixed ANOVA revealed no significant between-subjects differences in HRV across morning, afternoon, and night shifts. However, within-subjects analyses showed pronounced parasympathetic rebound (elevated Mean RR) and sympathetic withdrawal (reduced Mean HR) post-shift, particularly after afternoon and night shifts, contrasting with stable profiles in morning shifts. Correlation analysis showed significant associations between SOFI dimensions, specifically lack of motivation and sleepiness, with HRV measures, indicating autonomic dysfunction and elevated stress levels. Several machine-learning classifiers were used to develop a fatigue detection model and compare their accuracy. The Fine Gaussian Support Vector Machine (SVM) model achieved the highest performance with 81.48% accuracy and an 81% F1 score, outperforming other models. These findings suggest that HRV-based fatigue detection integrated with machine learning provides a promising approach for continuous nurse fatigue monitoring. Full article

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15 pages, 212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structures and Processes for Safety Culture? Perspectives from Safety Leaders in the Swedish Construction Industry

by Leif Berglund, Jan Johansson, Maria Johansson, Magnus Nygren and Magnus Stenberg

Safety 2025, 11(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020047 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

This article investigates the understanding and manifestation of safety culture within the Swedish construction industry. Specifically, through 20 interviews with safety leaders, this study explores the connection between safety culture and structures and processes on construction worksites. The theoretical framework draws on different [...] Read more.

This article investigates the understanding and manifestation of safety culture within the Swedish construction industry. Specifically, through 20 interviews with safety leaders, this study explores the connection between safety culture and structures and processes on construction worksites. The theoretical framework draws on different perspectives on organisational culture, in general, and safety culture, in particular. The results highlight the importance that is placed on management and leadership in developing safety culture, with leaders setting examples and being actively involved in safety practices. Safety regulations are seen as crucial tools for change, influencing safety culture significantly. The size of the company and characteristics of employees, including challenges posed by subcontractors and language barriers, also impact safety culture. Safety training is essential for directing behaviours towards a good safety culture, and housekeeping is identified as an indicator of safety culture. In the discussion, the matter of understanding safety culture in relation to specific structures and processes on construction worksites is analysed, problematised and connected to prevailing perspectives within safety culture research. Full article

17 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Occupational Risk Analysis in the Bituminous Emulsion Transport and Spreading Process: A Case Study Applied in a Company in Romania

by Adriana Milea (Pârvu) and Lucian-Ionel Cioca

Safety 2025, 11(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020046 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

This paper analyzes the occupational risks associated with the activities of transporting and spreading bituminous emulsion, focusing on a specific technological process used in a company in Romania. This study aims to identify risk factors, systematically evaluate them, and propose preventive measures aimed [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the occupational risks associated with the activities of transporting and spreading bituminous emulsion, focusing on a specific technological process used in a company in Romania. This study aims to identify risk factors, systematically evaluate them, and propose preventive measures aimed at reducing occupational accidents and diseases. The main hazards identified include exposure to hazardous chemicals, mechanical risks generated by the equipment used, and ergonomic factors that may affect workers’ health. Given the specificity of the activity analyzed, there is currently a lack of relevant studies specifically addressing the occupational safety and health of this category of workers, which further highlights the novelty and importance of the present research. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are formulated for optimizing work conditions, including the use of appropriate protective equipment, improving operational procedures, and implementing effective technical and organizational measures. This study contributes to the development of a solid preventive framework in the field of transporting and applying bituminous emulsion, thus supporting the improvement of occupational safety and health in the road construction industry. The results obtained can be used to develop more effective policies in the field of occupational safety and to raise awareness among decision-makers about the need for proactive measures in preventing occupational risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Performance Assessment and Management in Construction)

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18 pages, 2137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanisms and Driving Forces of Safety Culture Co-Creation in the Forest Industry

by Alina Linden, Henrik Barth, Pia Ulvenblad, Elin Karlsson and Rom Rwamamara

Safety 2025, 11(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020045 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

The forest industry is one of the most dangerous workplaces worldwide, and although safety culture is recognized as important safety antecedent, there is still a theoretical and practical need for understanding how safety culture is co-created in the forest industry. To fill this [...] Read more.

The forest industry is one of the most dangerous workplaces worldwide, and although safety culture is recognized as important safety antecedent, there is still a theoretical and practical need for understanding how safety culture is co-created in the forest industry. To fill this gap, this article has the purpose of exploring mechanisms and driving forces of safety culture co-creation within the Swedish forest industry. Data is collected via on-site focus group interviews with 136 employees of a Swedish pulp- and paper factory. Data is analysed via thematic analysis. Results show that communication and engagement, safety training and knowledge sharing, reporting and risk management as well as integration of safety in daily operations are central safety culture co-creation mechanisms. Driving forces of safety culture co-creation driving forces are leadership commitment to safety, employee responsibility and collaboration, a continuous improvement mindset and work environment and psychosocial wellbeing. Central safety culture co-creation mechanisms and driving forces are identified in communication and interaction that span all individuals, teams, departments, organizational entities and hierarchical levels as basis for successful, sustainable and holistic safety culture co-creation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Risk Management in Process Industries)

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27 pages, 2509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Management: Implications for Corporate Performance in the Secondary Sector

by Stavroula (Vivi) Mixafenti, Antonia Moutzouri, Aristi Karagkouni, Maria Sartzetaki and Dimitrios Dimitriou

Safety 2025, 11(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020044 - 13 May 2025

Abstract

Management of occupational health and safety (OHS) plays a critical role in building safe and effective working environments, especially in industries defined by dangerous operations like manufacturing. Secondary industries are characterized by their use of dangerous materials, complex machinery, and repetitive manual work, [...] Read more.

Management of occupational health and safety (OHS) plays a critical role in building safe and effective working environments, especially in industries defined by dangerous operations like manufacturing. Secondary industries are characterized by their use of dangerous materials, complex machinery, and repetitive manual work, prompting the need for stringent OHS laws to protect employees and support business sustainability. Although extensive regulatory materials like ISO 45001 and EU Directive 89/391/EEC exist, the implementation of OHS standards varies among organizations significantly. While larger organizations adopt structured frameworks of safety management, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are often confronted by economic and technical constraints. As a result, policies only appear on paper, and their attitude toward occupational safety is passive. Employing a structured survey analysis, this study evaluates the level at which manufacturing companies in Macedonia-Thrace, a region in Northern Greece, implement OHS actions, the barriers that face them, and how OHS programs influence business performance. Based on the findings, companies that apply proactive OHS practices achieve more productivity, increased staff retention, and lower costs due to accidents, while SMEs often find it difficult to undertake comprehensive policies. The research further identifies the impact of electronic technology, regulation, and leadership on enhancing OHS performance. This study provides evidence-based recommendations on policy changes through the exploration of regionalized patterns of adoption of OHS practices by industrial companies and key policy intervention areas. By eliminating underlying structural loopholes in the implementation of OHS, this paper provides research-backed policy solutions aimed at enhancing work safety and improving corporate performance in the secondary industry. The reinforcement of OHS measures not only reduces hazards at the workplace but also improves the resilience of business, its competitiveness, and conformity to regulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Occupational Health and Safety in A Changing World: Realities, Challenges and Perspectives)

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23 pages, 2188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Verification of the Effectiveness of Risk Communication Materials Using Natural Radiation Levels as a Reference Standard: Results from a Survey of First-Year Health Department Students

by Hiromi Kudo, Masahiro Hosoda, Yasutaka Omori, Kazutaka Tanaka, Minoru Osanai, Takashi Ohba, Isamu Amir, Masaharu Tsubokura and Shinji Tokonami

Safety 2025, 11(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020043 - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Even before the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, people were continuously exposed to various naturally occurring radioactive materials, including radon. However, public awareness and understanding of this exposure remain limited. When communicating the risks of radiation exposure from the Fukushima accident, explanatory [...] Read more.

Even before the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, people were continuously exposed to various naturally occurring radioactive materials, including radon. However, public awareness and understanding of this exposure remain limited. When communicating the risks of radiation exposure from the Fukushima accident, explanatory materials have not typically incorporated data from coastal areas of Fukushima Prefecture collected after the incident to clarify the actual levels of artificial and natural radiation exposure. This study aimed to assess whether presenting radiation dose data from coastal areas of Fukushima Prefecture—using natural radiation as a reference point—could influence risk perception regarding the health effects of radiation exposure and its potential impact on future generations. The study focused on students enrolled in health science-related departments at Hirosaki University. Before being presented with the data, the students had limited understanding of radiation. However, after reviewing the explanatory materials, 89 students (48.4%) demonstrated an improved understanding of its potential impact on future generations, while 87 students (47.3%) showed increased awareness of the effects on their own health. Regarding the reduction in risk perception, many students attributed it to the fact that radiation levels 10 years after the Fukushima nuclear accident were not significantly different from natural background radiation in most areas. These findings suggest that providing actual radiation measurement data from affected areas can significantly influence risk perception and decision-making processes. The results indicate that participants became more aware of the presence of natural background radiation, and the comparison with current radiation levels in Fukushima played a key role in shaping their risk perception. Full article

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