Journal of Fungi

21 pages, 14870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Mechanisms of Amino Acid and Bioactive Constituent Formation During Fruiting Body Development in Lyophyllum decastes by Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses

by Lidan Liang, Peijin Zhang, Jiayan Lu, Wenjin Han, Pengfei Ren, Yufei Lan, Qingji Wang, Zhuang Li and Li Meng

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080586 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Lyophyllum decastes, a common edible mushroom, is prized for its exceptional taste and rich nutritional composition. The concentrations of amino acids and polysaccharides in the fruiting body exhibited a dynamic increase throughout development, reaching their highest levels in the maturation stages, with [...] Read more.

Lyophyllum decastes, a common edible mushroom, is prized for its exceptional taste and rich nutritional composition. The concentrations of amino acids and polysaccharides in the fruiting body exhibited a dynamic increase throughout development, reaching their highest levels in the maturation stages, with values of 45,107.39 μg/g and 13.66 mg/g, respectively. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses uncovered dynamic metabolites changing during the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development. Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified, associated with secondary metabolite, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. The shift in metabolites was linked to key nutrient synthesis, explaining the abundant production of amino acids and polysaccharides at maturity. Our results provide novel insights into the developmental biology of L. decastes, demonstrating that this mushroom is a valuable source of bioactive compounds and contributing to the optimization of cultivation strategies, as well as improving research into its application as a functional food and nutraceutical source. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Sustainable Applications and the Circular Economy: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Academician Yu Li)

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12 pages, 719 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Epidemiology and Characteristics of Invasive Yeast Infections in Patients with Hematologic Diseases: 12-Year Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

by Dong Young Kim, Keon Oh, Minseung Song, Hyemin Kweon, Dukhee Nho, Hanter Hong, Raeseok Lee, Dong-Gun Lee and Sung-Yeon Cho

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080585 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Invasive yeast infections (IYIs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematologic diseases. We retrospectively analyzed 193 IYI episodes among 179 patients admitted to a tertiary hematology hospital (2012–2023). Candida species accounted for 91.7% (n = 177), while non- [...] Read more.

Invasive yeast infections (IYIs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematologic diseases. We retrospectively analyzed 193 IYI episodes among 179 patients admitted to a tertiary hematology hospital (2012–2023). Candida species accounted for 91.7% (n = 177), while non-Candida yeasts comprised 8.3% (n = 16). Among invasive candidiasis, non-albicans Candida spp. were predominant, representing 76.8% (136/177), with C. tropicalis (36.2%, 64/177) being the most frequently isolated species. Among non-Candida yeasts, Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 10) was the most commonly identified pathogen. The incidence and 42-day mortality rate of IYIs were 0.199 and 0.095 per 1000 patient-days, respectively. The 42-day case-fatality rate remained high at 47.7%. In categorical analysis, age >65 years, corticosteroid use, elevated lactate (>2 mmol/L), neutropenia (<500/mm³), vasopressor use, and mechanical ventilation were more common in non-survivors. Primary bloodstream infections were more frequent in non-survivors, whereas catheter-related and abdominal-origin infections were predominant among survivors. Concomitant bacteremia was observed in 32.6% of IYI cases (n = 63), with Enterococcus faecium being the most frequently isolated co-pathogen. Our findings illustrate the evolving epidemiology of IYIs in hematologic patients, marked by the emergence of C. tropicalis as the predominant species, sustained mortality, and frequent bacterial co-infections, collectively reflecting the substantial clinical burden of IYIs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical and Epidemiological Study of Mycoses)

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18 pages, 865 KiB

Open AccessReview

Proteomics-Based Approaches to Decipher the Molecular Strategies of Botrytis cinerea: A Review

by Olivier B. N. Coste, Almudena Escobar-Niño and Francisco Javier Fernández-Acero

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080584 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Botrytis cinerea is a highly versatile pathogenic fungus, causing significant damage across a wide range of plant species. A central focus of this review is the recent advances made through proteomics, an advanced molecular tool, in understanding the mechanisms of B. cinerea infection. [...] Read more.

Botrytis cinerea is a highly versatile pathogenic fungus, causing significant damage across a wide range of plant species. A central focus of this review is the recent advances made through proteomics, an advanced molecular tool, in understanding the mechanisms of B. cinerea infection. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics—including LC-MS/MS, iTRAQ, MALDI-TOF, and surface shaving—have enabled the in-depth characterization of B. cinerea subproteomes such as the secretome, surfactome, phosphoproteome, and extracellular vesicles, revealing condition-specific pathogenic mechanisms. Notably, in under a decade, the proportion of predicted proteins experimentally identified has increased from 10% to 52%, reflecting the rapid progress in proteomic capabilities. We explore how proteomic studies have significantly enhanced our knowledge of the fungus secretome and the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play key roles in pathogenesis, by identifying secreted proteins—such as pH-responsive elements—that may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. These technologies have also uncovered fine regulatory mechanisms across multiple levels of the fungal proteome, including post-translational modifications (PTMs), the phosphomembranome, and the surfactome, providing a more integrated view of its infection strategy. Moreover, proteomic approaches have contributed to a better understanding of host–pathogen interactions, including aspects of the plant’s defensive responses. Furthermore, this review discusses how proteomic data have helped to identify metabolic pathways affected by novel, more environmentally friendly antifungal compounds. A further update on the advances achieved in the field of proteomics discovery for the organism under consideration is provided in this paper, along with a perspective on emerging tools and future developments expected to accelerate research and improve targeted intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathogenic Sclerotiniaceae)

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37 pages, 910 KiB

Open AccessReview

Invasive Candidiasis in Contexts of Armed Conflict, High Violence, and Forced Displacement in Latin America and the Caribbean (2005–2025)

by Pilar Rivas-Pinedo, Juan Camilo Motta and Jose Millan Onate Gutierrez

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080583 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Invasive candidiasis (IC), characterized by the most common clinical manifestation of candidemia, is a fungal infection with a high mortality rate and a significant impact on global public health. It is estimated that each year there are between 227,000 and 250,000 hospitalizations related [...] Read more.

Invasive candidiasis (IC), characterized by the most common clinical manifestation of candidemia, is a fungal infection with a high mortality rate and a significant impact on global public health. It is estimated that each year there are between 227,000 and 250,000 hospitalizations related to IC, with more than 100,000 associated deaths. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C), the absence of a standardized surveillance system has led to multicenter studies documenting incidences ranging from 0.74 to 6.0 cases per 1000 hospital admissions, equivalent to 50,000–60,000 hospitalizations annually, with mortality rates of up to 60% in certain high-risk groups. Armed conflicts and structural violence in LA&C cause forced displacement, the collapse of health systems, and poor living conditions—such as overcrowding, malnutrition, and lack of sanitation—which increase vulnerability to opportunistic infections, such as IC. Insufficient specialized laboratories, diagnostic technology, and trained personnel impede pathogen identification and delay timely initiation of antifungal therapy. Furthermore, the empirical use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the limited availability of echinocandins and lipid formulations of amphotericin B have promoted the emergence of resistant non-albicans strains, such as Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, and, in recent outbreaks, Candidozyma auris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Candidiasis: Changes and Challenges in Its Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention)

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16 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed Candida albicans–Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Is Reduced by Light-Activated Nanocomposite with Phloxine B

by Jarmila Czucz Varga, Juraj Bujdák and Helena Bujdáková

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080582 - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic pathogens that cause life-threatening infections. This study focused on using photodynamic inactivation (PDI) to eliminate mixed biofilms of C. albicans–S. aureus formed on poly (urethane) (PU) discs functionalized with a nanocomposite layer containing phloxine B (PhB). [...] Read more.

Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic pathogens that cause life-threatening infections. This study focused on using photodynamic inactivation (PDI) to eliminate mixed biofilms of C. albicans–S. aureus formed on poly (urethane) (PU) discs functionalized with a nanocomposite layer containing phloxine B (PhB). Additionally, the effect of PDI on the ALS3 and HWP1 genes of C. albicans was examined in mixed biofilms. Spectral analysis showed a continuous release of PhB from the nanocomposite in Mueller–Hinton broth within 48 h, with a released amount of PhB < 5% of the total amount. The anti-biofilm effectiveness of the light-activated nanocomposite with PhB showed a reduction in the survival rate of biofilm cells to 0.35% and 31.79% for S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively, compared to the control biofilm on PU alone. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the nanocomposite effectively reduced the colonization and growth of the mixed biofilm. While PDI reduced the regulation of the ALS3 gene, the HWP1 gene was upregulated. Nevertheless, the cell survival of the C. albicans–S. aureus biofilm was significantly reduced, showing great potential for the elimination of mixed biofilms. Full article

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12 pages, 3657 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Role of Setophoma terrestris in Pink Root Disease: New Insights and Host Range in Brazil

by Gustavo Henrique Silva Peixoto, Thais Franca Silva, Laura Freitas Copati, Ailton Reis, Valter Rodrigues Oliveira, Valdir Lourenço, Jr. and Danilo Batista Pinho

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080581 - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

The soil-borne fungi, Setophoma terrestris and Fusarium spp., are often associated with pink root, although the etiology of the disease remains doubtful. While recognized as the primary inoculum, studies show conflicting views on the formation of chlamydospores and microsclerotia in Setophoma. Therefore, [...] Read more.

The soil-borne fungi, Setophoma terrestris and Fusarium spp., are often associated with pink root, although the etiology of the disease remains doubtful. While recognized as the primary inoculum, studies show conflicting views on the formation of chlamydospores and microsclerotia in Setophoma. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the etiology of the pink root of garlic and onion and the formation of chlamydospores and microsclerotia in Setophoma. The isolates were obtained from symptomatic tissues of garlic, leeks, brachiaria, onions, chives, and maize collected from seven different states in Brazil. Representative isolates were selected for pathogenicity tests. Sequence comparison of the tubulin gene showed Setophoma (n = 50) and Fusarium clades (n = 25). Garlic and onion plants inoculated with Setophoma showed pink root symptoms, while plants inoculated with different Fusarium isolates remained asymptomatic. Multigene analysis of pathogenic isolates confirms that only Setophoma terrestris causes pink root in garlic and onion. In addition, brachiaria, chives, and leeks are newly identified hosts of this pathogen in Brazil. To our knowledge, the main sources of primary inoculum of the disease are chlamydospores, pycnidia, colonized roots of garlic, onion, and plant debris of susceptible crops. The new information obtained in this study will be fundamental for researchers in the development of genotypes that are resistant to pink root and will help the efficient management of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research in Soil Borne Plant Pathogens)

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19 pages, 7841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Expression Network Analysis Suggests PacC Transcriptional Factor Involved in Botryosphaeria dothidea Pathogenicity in Chinese Hickory

by Dong Liang, Yiru Jiang, Wei Ai, Yu Zhang, Chengxing Mao, Tianlin Ma and Chuanqing Zhang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080580 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Botryosphaeria dothidea is the causative agent of Chinese hickory trunk canker, which poses significant threat to the production of Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.). Previous studies reported that endophytic–pathogenic phase transition, also referred to as latent infection, plays an important role in [...] Read more.

Botryosphaeria dothidea is the causative agent of Chinese hickory trunk canker, which poses significant threat to the production of Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.). Previous studies reported that endophytic–pathogenic phase transition, also referred to as latent infection, plays an important role in the interaction of Botryosphaeria dothidea with various host plants, including Chinese hickory. However, the mechanism underlying this phase transition is not well understood. Here, we employed RNA-Seq to investigate transcriptional changes in B. dothidea during its phase transition upon interaction with Chinese hickory. A co-expression network was generated based on 6391 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from different infection stages and temperature treatments. One co-expressed module was found that highly correlated with temperature treatments which simulated conditions of B. dothidea latent infection in the field. Subsequently, 53 hub genes were detected, and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed three categories of enriched GO terms: transmembrane transport or activity, ion homeostasis or transport, and carbohydrate metabolism. One PacC transcriptional factor (BDLA_00001555, an ambient pH regulator), and one endo-β-1,3-glucanase (BDLA_00010249) were specifically upregulated under temperature treatments that corresponded with the activation stage of B. dothidea’s pathogenic state. The knockout mutant strain of BDLA_00001555 demonstrated defective capability upon the activation of the pathogenic state. This confirmed that BDLA_00001555, the PacC transcriptional factor, plays an important role in the latent infection phase of B. dothidea. Our findings provide insights into the pathogenic mechanism of Chinese hickory trunk canker disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Metabolomics and Genomics, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 3515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biodegradation of Chloroquine by a Fungus from Amazonian Soil, Penicillium guaibinense CBMAI 2758

by Patrícia de Almeida Nóbrega, Samuel Q. Lopes, Lucas S. Sá, Ryan da Silva Ramos, Fabrício H. e Holanda, Inana F. de Araújo, André Luiz M. Porto, Willian G. Birolli and Irlon M. Ferreira

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080579 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Concern over the presence of pharmaceutical waste in the environment has prompted research into the management of emerging organic micropollutants (EOMs). In response, sustainable technologies have been applied as alternatives to reduce the effects of these contaminants. This study investigated the capacity of [...] Read more.

Concern over the presence of pharmaceutical waste in the environment has prompted research into the management of emerging organic micropollutants (EOMs). In response, sustainable technologies have been applied as alternatives to reduce the effects of these contaminants. This study investigated the capacity of filamentous fungi isolated from iron mine soil in the Amazon region to biodegrade the drug chloroquine diphosphate. An initial screening assessed the growth of four fungal strains on solid media containing chloroquine diphosphate: Trichoderma pseudoasperelloides CBMAI 2752, Penicillium rolfsii CBMAI 2753, Talaromyces verruculosus CBMAI 2754, and Penicillium sp. cf. guaibinense CBMAI 2758. Among them, Penicillium sp. cf. guaibinense CBMAI 2758 was selected for further testing in liquid media. A Box–Behnken factorial design was applied with three variables, pH (5, 7, and 9), incubation time (5, 10, and 15 days), and chloroquine diphosphate concentration (50, 75, and 100 mg·L⁻¹), totaling 15 experiments. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most effective conditions for chloroquine biodegradation were pH 7, 100 mg·L⁻¹ concentration, and 10 days of incubation. Four metabolites were identified: one resulting from N-deethylation M1 (N4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N1-ethylpentane-1,4-diamine), two from carbon–carbon bond cleavage M2 (7-chloro-N-ethylquinolin-4-amine) and M3 (N1,N1-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine), and one from aromatic deamination M4 (N1-ethylbutane-1,4-diamine) by enzymatic reactions. The toxicity analysis showed that the products obtained from the biodegradation of chloroquine were less toxic than the commercial formulation of this compound. These findings highlight the biotechnological potential of Amazonian fungi for drug biodegradation and decontamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Biotechnology and Application 3.0)

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9 pages, 537 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Wild/Woodland Mushroom Poisoning: The Experience of Bucharest Emergency Hospital-Retrospective Study of ER 2023–2024 Presentations

by Bogdan Oprita, Mihai Ciprian Neacsu, Bogdan Alexandru Dinu, Ionut Olaru and Ruxandra Oprita

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080578 - 3 Aug 2025

Abstract

The global trend of increasing mushroom consumption, combined with traditional practices in Romania and other Eastern European countries of collecting and consuming “wild mushrooms”, may contribute to the rising incidence of emergency presentations due to inedible mushroom poisoning. This study aims to identify [...] Read more.

The global trend of increasing mushroom consumption, combined with traditional practices in Romania and other Eastern European countries of collecting and consuming “wild mushrooms”, may contribute to the rising incidence of emergency presentations due to inedible mushroom poisoning. This study aims to identify the clinical features of mushroom poisoning by retrospectively analyzing 47 cases presented to the Emergency Department of the Bucharest Emergency Hospital between 2023 and 2024. The methodology consists of a retrospective cohort study including all patients presented to the Emergency Department of the Bucharest Emergency Hospital with symptoms following mushroom ingestion between 2023 and 2024 totaling 47 cases. Conclusions: In this cohort, most cases of wild/forest mushroom poisoning (76.59%) were diagnosed during autumn, particularly in September and October. The distribution of cases was uniform with respect to both gender and urban versus rural residence. A significant proportion of patients (74.46%) required hospitalization for surveillance and/or specific treatment. The predominant clinical presentation consisted of gastrointestinal symptoms, observed in 97.87% of cases. Full article

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16 pages, 7605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Cap to Collar: Ontogeny of the Endocytic Collar in Neurospora crassa

by Marisela Garduño-Rosales, Caleb Oliver Bedsole, Brian D. Shaw and Rosa R. Mouriño-Pérez

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080577 - 3 Aug 2025

Abstract

Endocytosis in filamentous fungi is spatially restricted to a subapical zone known as the endocytic collar, which plays essential roles in membrane recycling and the maintenance of polarized growth. In this study, we investigated the ontogeny of the endocytic collar in Neurospora crassa [...] Read more.

Endocytosis in filamentous fungi is spatially restricted to a subapical zone known as the endocytic collar, which plays essential roles in membrane recycling and the maintenance of polarized growth. In this study, we investigated the ontogeny of the endocytic collar in Neurospora crassa by tracking fimbrin-labeled endocytic patches using confocal microscopy during conidial germination, hyphal branching, and regeneration following mechanical injury. We consistently observed an initial accumulation of endocytic patches at the hyphal tip, forming an apical cap, which later reorganized into a subapical collar. This transition was correlated with a significant increase in elongation rate and the appearance of a Spitzenkörper, indicating a link between exocytosis and collar positioning. Although this correlation is robust, our data do not establish causality; rather, collar formation appears to occur after surpassing a critical elongation. Our findings suggest that exocytosis displaces endocytosis from the apex, resulting in the formation of the collar, which is not required for the establishment of polarized growth but is essential for its maintenance. These results support the development of a unified model of collar formation in filamentous fungi and provide new insight into the spatial coordination between endocytic and exocytic processes during hyphal development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

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19 pages, 2667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VdSOX1 Negatively Regulates Verticillium dahliae Virulence via Enhancing Effector Expression and Suppressing Host Immune Responses

by Di Xu, Xiaoqiang Zhao, Can Xu, Chongbo Zhang and Jiafeng Huang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080576 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

The soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae causes devastating vascular wilt disease in numerous crops, including cotton. In this study, we reveal that VdSOX1, a highly conserved sarcosine oxidase gene, is significantly upregulated during host infection and plays a multifaceted role in fungal [...] Read more.

The soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae causes devastating vascular wilt disease in numerous crops, including cotton. In this study, we reveal that VdSOX1, a highly conserved sarcosine oxidase gene, is significantly upregulated during host infection and plays a multifaceted role in fungal physiology and pathogenicity. Functional deletion of VdSOX1 leads to increased fungal virulence, accompanied by enhanced microsclerotia formation, elevated carbon source utilization, and pronounced upregulation of effector genes, including over 50 predicted secreted proteins genes. Moreover, the VdSOX1 knockout strains suppress the expression of key defense-related transcription factors in cotton, such as WRKY, MYB, AP2/ERF, and GRAS families, thereby impairing host immune responses. Transcriptomic analyses confirm that VdSOX1 orchestrates a broad metabolic reprogramming that links nutrient acquisition to immune evasion. Our findings identify VdSOX1 as a central regulator that promotes V. dahliae virulence by upregulating effector gene expression and suppressing host immune responses, offering novel insights into the molecular basis of host–pathogen interactions and highlighting potential targets for disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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19 pages, 5704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solving the Enigma of the Identity of Laccaria laccata

by Francesco Dovana, Edoardo Scali, Clarissa Lopez Del Visco, Gabriel Moreno, Roberto Para, Bernardo Ernesto Lechner, Matteo Garbelotto and Tom W. May

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080575 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

The taxonomy of Laccaria laccata, the type species of the genus Laccaria, has long been ambiguous due to the absence of a reference sequence and the reliance on early, morphology-based descriptions. To resolve this issue, we selected a Code-compliant lectotype for [...] Read more.

The taxonomy of Laccaria laccata, the type species of the genus Laccaria, has long been ambiguous due to the absence of a reference sequence and the reliance on early, morphology-based descriptions. To resolve this issue, we selected a Code-compliant lectotype for Agaricus laccatus—the basionym of L. laccata—from Schaeffer’s 1762 illustration cited in Fries’ sanctioning work. Given the limitations of this historical material for modern species interpretation, we also designated an epitype based on Singer’s collection C4083 (BAFC) from Femsjö, Sweden, which was previously but not effectively designated as the “lectotype” by Singer. This epitype is supported by detailed morphological descriptions, iconography, and newly generated nrITS, nrLSU, and RPB2 sequences, which have also been newly obtained from additional collections. Phylogenetic analyses consistently place the epitype of L. laccaria within a well-supported clade, herein designated as/Laccaria laccata, which includes sequences previously reported as falling within the “proxima 1 clade”. This integrative approach, combining historical typification with modern molecular and morphological data, stabilizes the nomenclature of L. laccata and provides a robust foundation for future studies of this ecologically and economically important genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity in Europe, 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 1868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Candidiasis Associated with Aging and Salivary Hypofunction in Stomatitis Patients

by Yeon-Hee Lee, Solsol Seo, Tae-Seok Kim and Sang-woo Lee

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080574 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Stomatitis is a broad term for oral mucosal inflammation, and oral candidiasis represents one of its common subtypes caused by fungal infection. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral candidiasis and reduced salivary flow in patients diagnosed with stomatitis and [...] Read more.

Objectives: Stomatitis is a broad term for oral mucosal inflammation, and oral candidiasis represents one of its common subtypes caused by fungal infection. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral candidiasis and reduced salivary flow in patients diagnosed with stomatitis and to identify clinical predictors of oral candidiasis. Methods: A total of 259 patients (mean age 59.77 ± 15.93 years; range 10–87 years; 201 females) with stomatitis were evaluated for oral candidiasis through Candida albicans culture testing. Clinical characteristics were compared between Candida-positive and Candida-negative groups. Unstimulated salivary flow rate (UFR) and stimulated salivary flow rate (SFR) were measured to assess xerostomia. Results: Among the 259 patients, 81 (31.3%) were diagnosed with oral candidiasis. Patients with candidiasis were significantly older (64.25 ± 14.66 years) than those without (57.73 ± 16.10 years; p = 0.002). Both UFR (0.36 ± 0.32 vs. 0.47 ± 0.28 mL/min, p = 0.006) and SFR (1.21 ± 0.68 vs. 1.41 ± 0.69 mL/min, p = 0.032) were significantly lower in the candidiasis group. The prevalence of xerostomia was significantly higher among Candida-positive patients, based on UFR ≤ 0.2 mL/min (49.4% vs. 18.5%, p < 0.001) and SFR ≤ 0.7 mL/min (27.2% vs. 10.7%, p < 0.001). The predictive accuracy for oral candidiasis was 62.2% based on age (AUC = 0.622; cutoff 64.50 years), 65.8% for UFR (AUC = 0.658; cutoff 0.335 mL/min), and 58.7% for SFR (AUC = 0.587; cutoff 1.150 mL/min). In the generalized linear model, xerostomia, as defined by UFR, was a significant predictor of oral candidiasis (B = 0.328, 95% CI: 0.177–0.480, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Oral candidiasis in patients with stomatitis was more strongly associated with decreased UFR than with aging alone. Among the factors assessed, reduced unstimulated salivary flow may serve as a useful clinical indicator for predicting oral candidiasis, particularly in elderly individuals. Full article

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20 pages, 6058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The GPI-Anchored Aspartyl Proteases Encoded by the YPS1 and YPS7 Genes of Candidozyma auris and Their Role Under Stress Conditions

by Alvaro Vidal-Montiel, Daniel Clark-Flores, Eulogio Valentín-Gómez, Juan Pedro Luna-Arias, Erika Rosales-Cruz, César Hernández-Rodríguez, Lourdes Villa-Tanaca and Margarita Juárez-Montiel

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080573 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Candidozyma auris is a multidrug-resistant, thermo- and osmotolerant yeast capable of persisting on biotic and abiotic surfaces, attributes likely linked to its cell wall composition. Here, seven putative genes encoding yapsins, aspartyl proteases GPI-anchored to the membrane or cell wall, were identified in [...] Read more.

Candidozyma auris is a multidrug-resistant, thermo- and osmotolerant yeast capable of persisting on biotic and abiotic surfaces, attributes likely linked to its cell wall composition. Here, seven putative genes encoding yapsins, aspartyl proteases GPI-anchored to the membrane or cell wall, were identified in the genomes of C. auris CJ97 and 20-1498, from clades III and IV, respectively. The C. auris YPS1 gene is orthologous to the SAP9 of C. albicans. The YPS7 gene is orthologous to YPS7 in C. glabrata and S. cerevisiae, so that they may share similar roles. An in silico analysis suggested an interaction between pepstatin and the catalytic domain of Yps1 and Yps7. Although this inhibitor, when combined with caffeine, had a subtle effect on the growth of C. auris, it induced alterations in the cell wall. CauYPS1 and CauYPS7 expression increased under nutrient starvation and NaCl, and at 42 °C. The transcriptome of the 20-1498 strain suggests that autophagy may play a role in thermal stress, probably degrading deleterious proteins or maintaining cell wall and vacuolar homeostasis. Therefore, CauYps1 and CauYps7 may play a role in the cell wall integrity of C. auris in stress conditions, and they could be a target of new antifungal or antivirulence agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Candidiasis: Changes and Challenges in Its Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention)

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14 pages, 1603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Enzymatic and Biosorption Processes Involved in the Decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R Dye by Pleurotus ostreatus Pellets

by Guadalupe L. Daniel-González, Soley B. Nava-Galicia, Analilia Arroyo-Becerra, Miguel Angel Villalobos-López, Gerardo Díaz-Godínez and Martha D. Bibbins-Martínez

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080572 - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Synthetic dyes are highly recalcitrant and are discharged in large volumes in industrial wastewater, which represents a serious environmental pollution problem. Biological methods for dye degradation are a potentially effective option for these synthetic products. In this study, a strain of Pleurotus ostreatus [...] Read more.

Synthetic dyes are highly recalcitrant and are discharged in large volumes in industrial wastewater, which represents a serious environmental pollution problem. Biological methods for dye degradation are a potentially effective option for these synthetic products. In this study, a strain of Pleurotus ostreatus was used to evaluate the decolorization of the Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye added to the culture medium in the exponential growth phase of the fungus. The dye removal capacity of live and inactivated pellets by biosorption, as well as the enzymatic degradation of the dye using a cell-free culture broth considered an extracellular extract (EE), were also evaluated. The activity of laccase and dye-decolorizing peroxidase was determined in both the EE and the intrapellet extract (IPE); their values increased in the presence of dye in the culture medium. A decolorization of 98.5% and 98.0% was obtained in the culture broth and by the EE, respectively; biosorption of the dye by the inactivated pellets was 17 mg/g. The results suggest that the decolorization of the dye is primarily enzymatic, although there are also bioadsorption and bioaccumulation of the dye, which is then enzymatically degraded, and could be used as a carbon source. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Biotechnology and Bioprocesses)

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16 pages, 3027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Morphological Evidence Reveals Four New Neocosmospora Species from Dragon Trees in Yunnan Province, China

by Mei Jia, Qi Fan, Zu-Shun Yang, Yuan-Bing Wang, Xing-Hong Wang and Wen-Bo Zeng

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080571 - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Neocosmospora (Nectriaceae) is a globally distributed fungal genus, traditionally recognized as a group of plant pathogens, with most members known to cause severe plant diseases. However, recent studies have demonstrated that many of these fungi can also colonize plants endophytically, with [...] Read more.

Neocosmospora (Nectriaceae) is a globally distributed fungal genus, traditionally recognized as a group of plant pathogens, with most members known to cause severe plant diseases. However, recent studies have demonstrated that many of these fungi can also colonize plants endophytically, with certain strains capable of promoting plant growth and stimulating the production of secondary metabolites. In this study, 13 strains of Neocosmospora were isolated from the stems and leaves of Dracaena cambodiana and D. lourei in Yunnan Province, China. To clarify the taxonomic placement of these strains, morphological examination and multi-gene (ITS, nrLSU, tef1, rpb1, and rpb2) phylogenetic analyses were performed. Based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence, four new species are introduced and described here: N. hypertrophia, N. kunmingense, N. rugosa, and N. simplicillium. This study expands our understanding of the fungal diversity associated with Dracaena, provides essential data for the taxonomy of Neocosmospora, and serves as a resource for the future development and utilization of Neocosmospora endophytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)

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15 pages, 492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Head-to-Head Comparison of Etest, MICRONAUT-AM EUCAST and Reference Broth Microdilution-Based CLSI Results for Candida kefyr Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Implications for Detection of Reduced Susceptibility to Amphotericin B

by Mohammad Asadzadeh, Suhail Ahmad, Jacques F. Meis, Josie E. Parker and Wadha Alfouzan

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080570 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

Invasive infections with rare yeasts are increasing worldwide and are associated with higher mortality rates due to their resistance to antifungal drugs. Accurate antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) is crucial for proper management of rare yeast infections. We performed AFST of 74 Candida kefyr [...] Read more.

Invasive infections with rare yeasts are increasing worldwide and are associated with higher mortality rates due to their resistance to antifungal drugs. Accurate antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) is crucial for proper management of rare yeast infections. We performed AFST of 74 Candida kefyr isolates by Etest, EUCAST-based MICRONAUT-AM assay (MCN-AM) and reference Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method (CLSI). Essential agreement (EA, ±1 two-fold dilution), categorical agreement (CA), major errors (MEs) and very-major errors (VmEs) were determined using epidemiological cut-off values of ≤1.0 µg/mL, ≤0.03 µg/mL, ≤0.5 µg/mL and ≤1 µg/mL, defining wild-type isolates for fluconazole, voriconazole, micafungin and amphotericin B (AMB), respectively. Results for AMB susceptibility were correlated with ERG2/ERG3 mutations and total-cell sterols. CA of ≥97% was recorded between any two methods while EA varied between 72 and 82%, 87 and 92%, and 49 and 76% for fluconazole, voriconazole and micafungin, respectively. For AMB, CAs between CLSI and Etest; CLSI and MCN-AM; MCN-AM and Etest were 95% (4 ME, 0 VmE), 96% (3 ME, 0 VmE) and 99%, respectively, while EA varied from 32% to 69%. Non-synonymous ERG2/ERG3 mutations and no ergosterol were found in seven of eight isolates of non-wild types for AMB by Etest. Our data show that Etest, CLSI and MCN-AM methods are suitable for AFST of C. kefyr for fluconazole, voriconazole and micafungin. Excellent CAs for AMB between Etest and MCN-AM with concordant sterol profiles but not with CLSI suggest that Etest is also an excellent alternative for the detection of C. kefyr isolates with reduced susceptibility to AMB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Candidiasis: Changes and Challenges in Its Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention)

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15 pages, 610 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Medico-Veterinary Fungal Diseases in Africa: Harnessing a Multisectoral One Health Strategy for Cost-Effective Prevention and Preparedness

by Ayman Ahmed, Nouh Saad Mohamed and Emmanuel Edwar Siddig

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080569 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

The diversity and distribution of medical and veterinary-relevant fungal diseases in Africa underscore the critical need for a multisectoral One Health strategy to enhance cost-effective preparedness and prevention. This review explores the geographic spread and epidemiology of key medical and veterinary fungi, including [...] Read more.

The diversity and distribution of medical and veterinary-relevant fungal diseases in Africa underscore the critical need for a multisectoral One Health strategy to enhance cost-effective preparedness and prevention. This review explores the geographic spread and epidemiology of key medical and veterinary fungi, including Emergomyces, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Dermatophytes, Histoplasma, Sporothrix, Talaromyces, Paracoccidioides, Aspergillus, and Malassezia. Evidence indicates that many of these infections remain underdiagnosed and underreported, especially in vulnerable immunocompromised populations, due to limited surveillance, diagnostic capacity, and awareness. The increasing prevalence of these diseases, often in tandem with rising HIV rates and environmental changes, highlights the urgent need for coordinated efforts across human, animal, and environmental health sectors. Implementing comprehensive, multisectoral interventions—focused on enhancing diagnostic capabilities, public awareness, surveillance, and cross-sector collaboration—is vital for effective prevention and control of these emerging fungal threats in Africa. Full article

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26 pages, 14851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation of Synthetic Restoration Materials by Xerotolerant/Xerophilic Fungi Contaminating Canvas Paintings

by Amela Kujović, Katja Kavkler, Michel Alexander Wilson-Hernandez, Miloš Vittori, Luen Zidar, Cene Gostinčar, Kristina Sepčić, Yordanis Pérez-Llano, Ramón Alberto Batista-García, Nina Gunde-Cimerman and Polona Zalar

J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080568 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

Canvas paintings are prone to biodeterioration due to their complex chemical composition, which can support fungal growth even under controlled conditions. This study evaluated the susceptibility of common synthetic restoration materials—Lascaux glues (303 HV, 498 HV), Acrylharz P550, BEVA 371, Laropal A81, and [...] Read more.

Canvas paintings are prone to biodeterioration due to their complex chemical composition, which can support fungal growth even under controlled conditions. This study evaluated the susceptibility of common synthetic restoration materials—Lascaux glues (303 HV, 498 HV), Acrylharz P550, BEVA 371, Laropal A81, and Regalrez 1094—to degradation by fourteen xerotolerant/xerophilic fungal strains. All tested Aspergillus and Penicillium species extensively colonized, especially artificially aged materials. FTIR-PAS analysis revealed chemical changes in carbonyl and C–H bonds in Laropal A81 and Regalrez 1094 colonized by Aspergillus spp. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed thinning of Lascaux glues and deformation of Regalrez 1094. Transcriptomic profiling of A. puulaauensis grown on Lascaux 498 HV and Regalrez 1094 identified altered expression of genes coding for esterases and oxidases, enzymes involved in synthetic polymer degradation. Esterase activity assays using 4-nitrophenol-based substrates confirmed significant enzymatic activity correlating with the presence of ester bonds. These findings highlight the vulnerability of synthetic restoration materials, specifically Laropal A81, Regalrez 1094, and Lascaux glues, to extremophilic fungi thriving in environments with low water activity. The results emphasize the urgent need for specific knowledge on fungi and their metabolic pathways to use/develop more durable conservation materials and strategies to protect cultural heritage objects from biodeterioration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Development of Mycology: The 10th Anniversary of Journal of Fungi)

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