Biomimetics

1468 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness

by Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Laura Redondo-Flórez, Alvaro Bustamante-Sánchez, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda and Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070439 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention, yet their effectiveness is challenged by variable immunogenicity, individual response differences, and emerging variants. Biomimetic strategies, inspired by natural immune processes, offer new avenues to enhance vaccine performance. Objectives: This narrative review examines how bioinspired approaches—grounded in [...] Read more.

Background: Vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention, yet their effectiveness is challenged by variable immunogenicity, individual response differences, and emerging variants. Biomimetic strategies, inspired by natural immune processes, offer new avenues to enhance vaccine performance. Objectives: This narrative review examines how bioinspired approaches—grounded in evolutionary medicine, immunology, and host–microbiota interactions—can improve vaccine immunogenicity and long-term protection. We further examine the evolutionary foundations of immune responses, highlighting how an evolutionary perspective can inform the development of durable, broadly protective, and personalized vaccines. Furthermore, mechanistic insights at the molecular and cellular level are explored, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement, dendritic cell activation pathways, and MHC-I/MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation. These mechanisms are often mimicked in biomimetic systems to enhance uptake, processing, and adaptive immune activation. Results: The review highlights how immunosenescence, maternal immunity, genetic variation, and gut microbiota composition influence vaccine responses. Biomimetic platforms—such as nanoparticle carriers and novel adjuvants—enhance antigen presentation, boost adaptive immunity, and may overcome limitations in traditional vaccine approaches. Additionally, co-administration strategies, delivery systems, and microbiota-derived immunomodulators show promise in improving vaccine responsiveness. Conclusions: Integrating biomimetic and evolutionary principles into vaccine design represents a promising path toward safer, longer-lasting, and more effective immunizations Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Approaches in Healthcare—Innovations Inspired by Nature: 3rd Edition)

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18319 KiB

Open AccessReview

Influence of Scaffold Structure and Biomimetic Properties on Adipose Stem Cell Homing in Personalized Reconstructive Medicine

by Doina Ramona Manu, Diana V. Portan, Monica Vuţă and Minodora Dobreanu

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070438 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Human adipose stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent cells expressing mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers that are capable of multilineage differentiation and secretion of bioactive factors. Their “homing” to injured tissues is mediated by chemokines, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and signaling pathways. Enhancing ASC homing [...] Read more.

Human adipose stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent cells expressing mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers that are capable of multilineage differentiation and secretion of bioactive factors. Their “homing” to injured tissues is mediated by chemokines, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and signaling pathways. Enhancing ASC homing is critical for improving regenerative therapies. Strategies include boosting chemotactic signaling, modulating immune responses to create a supportive environment, preconditioning ASCs with hypoxia or mechanical stimuli, co-culturing with supportive cells, applying surface modifications or genetic engineering, and using biomaterials to promote ASC recruitment, retention, and integration at injury sites. Scaffolds provide structural support and a biomimetic environment for ASC-based tissue regeneration. Natural scaffolds promote adhesion and differentiation but have mechanical limitations, while synthetic scaffolds offer tunable properties and controlled degradation. Functionalization with bioactive molecules improves the regenerative outcomes of different tissue types. Ceramic-based scaffolds, due to their strength and bioactivity, are ideal for bone healing. Composite scaffolds, combining polymers, ceramics, or metals, further optimize mechanical and biological properties, supporting personalized regenerative therapies. This review integrates concepts from cell biology, biomaterials science, and regenerative medicine to offer a comprehensive understanding of ASC homing and its impact on tissue engineering and clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)

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5024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Enhanced Dynamic Model of a Spatial Parallel Mechanism Receiving Direct Constraints from the Base at Two Point-Contact Higher Kinematic Pairs

by Chen Cheng, Xiaojing Yuan and Yenan Li

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070437 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this paper, a biologically congruent parallel mechanism (PM) inspired by the masticatory system of human beings has been proposed to recreate complete chewing behaviours in three-dimensional space. The mechanism is featured by direct constraints from the base (DCFB) to its end effector [...] Read more.

In this paper, a biologically congruent parallel mechanism (PM) inspired by the masticatory system of human beings has been proposed to recreate complete chewing behaviours in three-dimensional space. The mechanism is featured by direct constraints from the base (DCFB) to its end effector at two higher kinematic pairs (HKPs), which greatly raise its topological complexity. Meanwhile, friction effects occur at HKPs and actuators, causing wear and then reducing motion accuracy. Regarding these, an inverse dynamic model that can raise the computational efficiency and the modelling fidelity is proposed, being prepared to be applied to realise accurate real-time motion and/or force control. In it, Euler parameters are employed to express the motions of the constrained end effector, and Newton–Euler’s law is applied, which can conveniently incorporate friction effects at both HKPs and actuators into the dynamic model. Numerical results show that the time consumption of the model using Euler parameters is only approximately 23% of that of the model using Euler angles, and friction effects significantly increase the model’s nonlinearity. Further, from the comparison between the models of the target PM and its counterpart free of DCFB, these constraints sharply raise the modelling complexity in terms of the transformation between Euler parameters and Euler angles in the end effector and the computational cost of inverse dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Bioinspired Robot and Intelligent Systems)

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14 pages, 5041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coating Process of Oil and Gas Well Pipeline Preventive Repair Materials Inspired by Remora Suckerfish Structure

by Yuliang Lu, Dongtao Liu, Jiming Song, Qiaogang Xiao, Kezheng Du, Xinjie Wei, Lifeng Dang, Yajun Yu and Huiyan Zhao

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070436 - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

To meet the special needs of preventive maintenance for oil and gas well pipelines, this study conducts a geometric dissection of remora suckerfish based on bionics. It combines the biological features with fiberboard tape and uses the discrete element method to construct a [...] Read more.

To meet the special needs of preventive maintenance for oil and gas well pipelines, this study conducts a geometric dissection of remora suckerfish based on bionics. It combines the biological features with fiberboard tape and uses the discrete element method to construct a particle model of solvent-free, epoxy-reinforced polymer materials, determining relevant parameters. The model accuracy is verified through volumetric density and drop tests, and the optimal parameter combination of the remora-inspired structure is obtained via multi-factor simulation analysis. Comparative tests confirm that the bionic structure enhances stability by approximately 43.29% compared to the original structure, effectively avoiding insufficient strength. It successfully addresses the gravitational segregation and fluid shear caused by uneven coating thickness, ensures stable and reliable interfacial properties of the composite structure during service, and provides strong support for the practical application of related materials in the preventive repair of oil and gas well pipelines. The findings promote the upgrade of oil and gas pipeline maintenance strategies from “passive response” to “active prevention”, laying the core technical foundation for the resilience of energy infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Inspired Surfaces and Smart Devices for Multifunctional Applications)

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21 pages, 9720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rolling vs. Swing: A Strategy for Enhancing Locomotion Speed and Stability in Legged Robots

by Yongjiang Xue, Wei Wang, Mingyu Duan, Nanqing Jiang, Shaoshi Zhang and Xuan Xiao

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070435 - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Legged robots face inherent challenges in energy efficiency and stability at high speeds due to the repetitive acceleration–deceleration cycles of swing-based locomotion. To address these limitations, this paper presents a motion strategy that uses rolling gait instead of swing gait to improve the [...] Read more.

Legged robots face inherent challenges in energy efficiency and stability at high speeds due to the repetitive acceleration–deceleration cycles of swing-based locomotion. To address these limitations, this paper presents a motion strategy that uses rolling gait instead of swing gait to improve the energy efficiency and stability. First, a wheel-legged quadruped robot, R-Taichi, is developed, which is capable of switching to legged, wheeled, and RHex mobile modes. Second, the mechanical structure of the transformable two-degree-of-freedom leg is introduced, and the kinematics is analyzed. Finally, experiments are conducted to generate wheeled, legged, and RHex motion in both swing and rolling gaits, and the energy efficiency is further compared. The experimental results show that the rolling motion can ensure stable ground contact and mitigate cyclic collisions, reducing specific resistance by up to 30% compared with conventional swing gaits, achieving a top speed of 0.7 m/s with enhanced stability (root mean square error (RMSE) reduction of 22% over RHex mode). Furthermore, R-Taichi exhibits robust multi-terrain adaptability, successfully traversing gravel, grass, and obstacles up to 150 mm in height. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Robot Motion Control)

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13 pages, 3452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silk Fibroin Microparticle/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Composite Gel for Wound Healing Applications

by Alexander Pashutin, Ekaterina Podbolotova, Luidmila Kirsanova, Onur Dosi, Anton E. Efimov, Olga Agapova and Igor Agapov

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070434 - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Silk fibroin has recently gained considerable attention as a promising biomaterial for use in medical and bioengineering technologies due to its biocompatibility and favorable mechanical properties. In this study, composite gel based on silk fibroin microparticles and carboxymethyl cellulose was developed, characterized by [...] Read more.

Silk fibroin has recently gained considerable attention as a promising biomaterial for use in medical and bioengineering technologies due to its biocompatibility and favorable mechanical properties. In this study, composite gel based on silk fibroin microparticles and carboxymethyl cellulose was developed, characterized by a viscous, homogeneous white mass containing uniformly distributed fibroin microparticles ranging from 1 to 20 μm in size. The gel exhibited a kinematic viscosity of 36.5 × 10⁻⁶ St, allowing for convenient application to wounds using a syringe or spatula while preventing uncontrolled spreading. The cytocompatibility of the gel was confirmed using the methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay, which showed no cytotoxic effects on 3T3 fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the gel remained stable for over one year when stored at 10 °C, in contrast to conventional fibroin solutions, which typically lose stability within a month under similar conditions. In a full-thickness skin wound model in rats, the application of the gel significantly accelerated skin regeneration, with complete wound closure observed by day 15, compared with 30 days in the control group. Histological analysis confirmed the restoration of all skin layers. These findings demonstrate the high potential of the gel for applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Wound Healing Application)

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15 pages, 1653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength in the Repair of Additively and Subtractively Manufactured CAD/CAM Materials Using Bulk-Fill Composites

by Selinsu Öztürk, Ezgi Altuntaş, Ayşe Aslı Şenol, Erkut Kahramanoğlu, Pınar Yılmaz Atalı, Bilge Tarçın and Cafer Türkmen

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070433 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Biomimetic restorative protocols aim to preserve natural tooth structure while enhancing restoration longevity. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) in the repair of additively and subtractively manufactured CAD/CAM materials using bulk-fill resin composites and to assess the [...] Read more.

Biomimetic restorative protocols aim to preserve natural tooth structure while enhancing restoration longevity. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) in the repair of additively and subtractively manufactured CAD/CAM materials using bulk-fill resin composites and to assess the effect of thermocycling. Forty rectangular specimens (14.5 × 7 × 3 mm) were prepared from Grandio Blocs (GB, VOCO) and VarseoSmile Crown^Plus (VS, BEGO), and thermocycled (5000 cycles, 5–55 °C, 20 s dwell time). All surfaces were roughened with 50 μm Al₂O₃. Samples were repaired using VisCalor (VCB, VOCO) and Charisma Bulk Flow One (CBO, Kulzer) composites (n = 10 per group) with their respective adhesives. Each group was further divided into immediate and post-thermocycling subgroups. All specimens were tested under shear force until failure, and failure types were examined under a stereomicroscope. Representative samples were examined by SEM to evaluate filler morphology. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v23 (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences in SBS were found between groups (p > 0.05). Mean SBS values were highest in VS-CBO and lowest in GB-CBO. Cohesive failures were more frequent in immediate groups, while adhesive failures predominated after thermocycling. Bulk-fill composites did not influence the repair bond strength of indirect materials. Thermocycling affected the failure type, though not the SBS values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Bonded Restorations for Dental Applications: 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Color Stability in Bioactive and Conventional Resin Cements Under Thermal Stress Conditions

by Alaa Turkistani and Hanin E. Yeslam

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070432 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Bioactive resin-based cements (RBCs) were recently introduced, but data on their color stability remain limited. This study analyzed the impact of thermal cycling on the color and whiteness of bioactive RBCs. Specimens (n = 10) were fabricated from Panavia SA Universal (PN), Predicta [...] Read more.

Bioactive resin-based cements (RBCs) were recently introduced, but data on their color stability remain limited. This study analyzed the impact of thermal cycling on the color and whiteness of bioactive RBCs. Specimens (n = 10) were fabricated from Panavia SA Universal (PN), Predicta Bioactive Cement (PR), and ACTIVA BioACTIVE cement (AC). CIE Lab* values were registered at baseline and after 5000, 10,000, and 15,000 thermal cycles (5–55 °C). Changes in color (ΔE₀₀) and whiteness index (ΔWI_D) were calculated and compared. Material type and thermal cycling significantly affected ΔE₀₀ and ΔWI_D (p < 0.001). AC showed the highest ΔE₀₀ values at all stages (p < 0.001), with a progressive increase over time. PN differed significantly between early and later cycles (p < 0.05), while PR remained stable (p > 0.05). Analysis of color parameters indicated that AC underwent the most pronounced changes, particularly in Δa and Δb, while PN exhibited the greatest shift in Δb. For ΔWI_D, PR had significantly lower values than PN (p < 0.05) and AC (p < 0.001), with no difference between PN and AC (p > 0.05), and thermal cycling significantly affected all groups, with PR and AC differing across all stages (p < 0.05). Thermal cycling significantly influenced the color stability and whiteness of bioactive RBCs, with AC exhibiting the greatest changes over time, while PR demonstrated superior stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Bonded Restorations for Dental Applications: 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 4620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Interactive Human-in-the-Loop Framework for Skeleton-Based Posture Recognition in Model Education

by Jing Shen, Ling Chen, Xiaotong He, Chuanlin Zuo, Xiangjun Li and Lin Dong

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070431 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a human-in-the-loop interactive framework for skeleton-based posture recognition, designed to support model training and artistic education. A total of 4870 labeled images are used for training and validation, and 500 images are reserved for testing across five core posture categories: [...] Read more.

This paper presents a human-in-the-loop interactive framework for skeleton-based posture recognition, designed to support model training and artistic education. A total of 4870 labeled images are used for training and validation, and 500 images are reserved for testing across five core posture categories: standing, sitting, jumping, crouching, and lying. From each image, comprehensive skeletal features are extracted, including joint coordinates, angles, limb lengths, and symmetry metrics. Multiple classification algorithms—traditional (KNN, SVM, Random Forest) and deep learning-based (LSTM, Transformer)—are compared to identify effective combinations of features and models. Experimental results show that deep learning models achieve superior accuracy on complex postures, while traditional models remain competitive with low-dimensional features. Beyond classification, the system integrates posture recognition with a visual recommendation module. Recognized poses are used to retrieve matched examples from a reference library, allowing instructors to browse and select posture suggestions for learners. This semi-automated feedback loop enhances teaching interactivity and efficiency. Among all evaluated methods, the Transformer model achieved the best accuracy of 92.7% on the dataset, demonstrating the effectiveness of our closed-loop framework in supporting pose classification and model training. The proposed framework contributes both algorithmic insights and a novel application design for posture-driven educational support systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Innovations for Human–Machine Interaction)

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13 pages, 2327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatible and Biodegradable Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery in Precision Medicine

by Xin Jin, Hu Qian, Yuxiang Xie, Changzhi Liu, Yuan Cheng, Jinsong Hou and Jiandong Zheng

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070430 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Despite the promising natural origin, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of chitosan for biomedical applications, developing biodegradable nanocarriers with controllable sizes and precise drug delivery targeting remains a significant challenge, hindering its integration into precision medicine. To address this, we synthesized gold nanocage (AuNCs)/poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-carboxymethyl chitosan) [...] Read more.

Despite the promising natural origin, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of chitosan for biomedical applications, developing biodegradable nanocarriers with controllable sizes and precise drug delivery targeting remains a significant challenge, hindering its integration into precision medicine. To address this, we synthesized gold nanocage (AuNCs)/poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-carboxymethyl chitosan) core-shell multifunctional composite nanospheres (CPAu) through a two-step one-pot method. The resulting CPAu nanospheres (~146 nm in size) exhibited multi-sensitive release properties, excellent biocompatibility, and potent photothermal therapy (PTT) activity. These nanospheres effectively encapsulated diverse antitumor drugs while demonstrating triple responsiveness (thermo-, reduction-, and PTT-triggered) for targeted tumor cell delivery, thereby achieving enhanced antitumor efficacy in combinatorial chemotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biogenic and Biomimetic Materials: From Bionanomedicine to Environmental Applications and Beyond)

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36 pages, 1647 KiB

Open AccessReview

Three-Dimensionally Printed Scaffolds and Drug Delivery Systems in Treatment of Osteoporosis

by Cosmin Iulian Codrea and Victor Fruth

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070429 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The increasing incidence of osteoporotic fractures determines ongoing research on new methods and strategies for improving the difficult healing process of this type of fracture. Osteoporotic patients suffer from the intense side effects of accustomed drug treatment and its systemic distribution in the [...] Read more.

The increasing incidence of osteoporotic fractures determines ongoing research on new methods and strategies for improving the difficult healing process of this type of fracture. Osteoporotic patients suffer from the intense side effects of accustomed drug treatment and its systemic distribution in the body. To overcome these drawbacks, besides searching for new drugs, 3D-printed scaffolds and drug delivery systems have started to be increasingly seen as the main strategy employed against osteoporosis. Three-dimensionally printed scaffolds can be tailored in intricate designs and make use of nanoscale topographical and biochemical cues able to enhance bone tissue regeneration. Research regarding drug delivery systems is exploring bold new ways of targeting bone tissue, making use of designs involving nanoparticles and intricate encapsulation and support methods. The local administration of treatment with the help of a scaffold-based drug delivery system looks like the best option through its use of the advantages of both structures. Biomimetic systems are considered the future norm in the field, while stimuli-responsiveness opens the door for the next level of efficiency, patient compliance, and a drastic reduction in side effects. The successful approval of these products still requires numerous challenges throughout the development and regulatory processes, but the interest and effort in this direction are high. This review explored various strategies for managing osteoporosis, emphasizing the use of scaffolds for targeted drug delivery to bone tissue. Instead of covering the whole subject, we focused on the most important aspects, with the intention to provide an up-to-date and useful introduction to the management of osteoporosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing for Orthopedic Applications)

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26 pages, 3339 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress and Challenges in 3D Printing of Bioceramics and Bioceramic Matrix Composites

by Xueni Zhao, Jizun Liu and Lingna Li

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070428 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Three-dimensional printing techniques can prepare complex bioceramic parts and scaffolds with high precision and accuracy, low cost, and customized geometry, which greatly broadens their application of 3D-printed bioceramics and bioceramic matrix composites in the clinical field. Nevertheless, the inadequate mechanical properties of 3D-printed [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional printing techniques can prepare complex bioceramic parts and scaffolds with high precision and accuracy, low cost, and customized geometry, which greatly broadens their application of 3D-printed bioceramics and bioceramic matrix composites in the clinical field. Nevertheless, the inadequate mechanical properties of 3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds, such as compressive strength, wear resistance, flexural strength, fracture toughness, and other properties, are a bottleneck problem and severely limit their application, which are overcome by introducing reinforcements. Three-dimensional printing techniques and the mechanical property of bioceramics and bioceramic matrix composites with different reinforcements, as well as their potential applications for bone tissue engineering, are discussed. In addition, the biological performance of 3D-printed bioceramics and scaffolds and their applications are presented. To address the challenges of insufficient mechanical strength and mismatched biological performance in bioceramic scaffolds, we summarize current solutions, including the advantages and strengthening effects of fiber, particle, whisker, and ion doping. The effectiveness of these methods is analyzed. Finally, the limitations and challenges in 3D printing of bioceramics and bioceramic matrix composites are discussed to encourage future research in this field. Our work offers a helpful guide to research and medical applications, especially application in the tissue engineering fields of bioceramics and bioceramic matrix composites. Full article

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68 pages, 10407 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioinspired Morphing in Aerodynamics and Hydrodynamics: Engineering Innovations for Aerospace and Renewable Energy

by Farzeen Shahid, Maqusud Alam, Jin-Young Park, Young Choi, Chan-Jeong Park, Hyung-Keun Park and Chang-Yong Yi

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070427 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Bioinspired morphing offers a powerful route to higher aerodynamic and hydrodynamic efficiency. Birds reposition feathers, bats extend compliant membrane wings, and fish modulate fin stiffness, tailoring lift, drag, and thrust in real time. To capture these advantages, engineers are developing airfoils, rotor blades, [...] Read more.

Bioinspired morphing offers a powerful route to higher aerodynamic and hydrodynamic efficiency. Birds reposition feathers, bats extend compliant membrane wings, and fish modulate fin stiffness, tailoring lift, drag, and thrust in real time. To capture these advantages, engineers are developing airfoils, rotor blades, and hydrofoils that actively change shape, reducing drag, improving maneuverability, and harvesting energy from unsteady flows. This review surveys over 296 studies, with primary emphasis on literature published between 2015 and 2025, distilling four biological archetypes—avian wing morphing, bat-wing elasticity, fish-fin compliance, and tubercled marine flippers—and tracing their translation into morphing aircraft, ornithopters, rotorcraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, and tidal or wave-energy converters. We compare experimental demonstrations and numerical simulations, identify consensus performance gains (up to 30% increase in lift-to-drag ratio, 4 dB noise reduction, and 15% boost in propulsive or power-capture efficiency), and analyze materials, actuation, control strategies, certification, and durability as the main barriers to deployment. Advances in multifunctional composites, electroactive polymers, and model-based adaptive control have moved prototypes from laboratory proof-of-concept toward field testing. Continued collaboration among biology, materials science, control engineering, and fluid dynamics is essential to unlock robust, scalable morphing technologies that meet future efficiency and sustainability targets. Full article

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43 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomimetic Strategies for Nutraceutical Delivery: Advances in Bionanomedicine for Enhanced Nutritional Health

by Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Alvaro Bustamante-Sanchez, Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera and Ana Isabel Beltrán-Velasco

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070426 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Biomimetic strategies have gained increasing attention for their ability to enhance the delivery, stability, and functionality of nutraceuticals by emulating natural biological systems. However, the literature remains fragmented, often focusing on isolated technologies without integrating regulatory, predictive, or translational perspectives. Objective: This [...] Read more.

Background: Biomimetic strategies have gained increasing attention for their ability to enhance the delivery, stability, and functionality of nutraceuticals by emulating natural biological systems. However, the literature remains fragmented, often focusing on isolated technologies without integrating regulatory, predictive, or translational perspectives. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive and multidisciplinary synthesis of biomimetic and bio-inspired nanocarrier strategies for nutraceutical delivery, while identifying critical gaps in standardization, scalability, and clinical translation. Results: We present a structured classification matrix that maps biomimetic delivery systems by material type, target site, and bioactive compound class. In addition, we analyze predictive design tools (e.g., PBPK modeling and AI-based formulation), regulatory frameworks (e.g., EFSA, FDA, and GSRS), and risk-driven strategies as underexplored levers to accelerate innovation. The review also integrates ethical and environmental considerations, and highlights emerging trends such as multifunctional hybrid systems and green synthesis routes. Conclusions: By bridging scientific, technological, and regulatory domains, this review offers a novel conceptual and translational roadmap to guide the next generation of biomimetic nutraceutical delivery systems. It addresses key bottlenecks and proposes integrative strategies to enhance design precision, safety, and scalability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biogenic and Biomimetic Materials: From Bionanomedicine to Environmental Applications and Beyond)

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19 pages, 7541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Performance Verification of Bionic Octopus Sucker Sealing Structure for Solenoid Valves

by Zhihong Wang, Xinbin Zhang, Zhengzhi Mu, Xiang Guan, Junchi Liu, Zhipeng Pan, Junchong Wang, Xiangrui Ye, Zhenghai Qi, Jianyang Dong, Yongming Yao and Liucheng Zhou

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070425 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Aiming at the problem of the insufficient sealing performance of the solenoid valve poppet under a high working load and inspired by the multilevel groove structure of the octopus sucker and the adaptive sealing mechanism, a bionics-based design scheme for an annular groove [...] Read more.

Aiming at the problem of the insufficient sealing performance of the solenoid valve poppet under a high working load and inspired by the multilevel groove structure of the octopus sucker and the adaptive sealing mechanism, a bionics-based design scheme for an annular groove sealing structure is proposed. By extracting the microscopic groove morphology features of the octopus sucker, we designed a multilayer rectangular cross-section groove structure at the annular interface, combined the designed structure with the Abaqus cohesive model to simulate the interface stripping behavior, and verified its mechanical properties by the pull-out test. The results show that the bionic groove structure significantly improves the bearing capacity of the sealing ring by enhancing the interface contact stress distribution and delaying the crack extension. Under the same working condition, the bionic structure increases the pull-out force by 46.1% compared with the traditional planar sealing ring. This study provides bionic theoretical support and an engineering practice reference for the design of sealing structures in complex working conditions, such as the solenoid valve poppet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)

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20 pages, 4796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bionic Knee Exoskeleton Design with Variable Stiffness via Rope-Based Artificial Muscle Actuation

by Shikai Jin, Bin Liu and Zhuo Wang

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070424 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a novel design for a bionic knee exoskeleton equipped with a variable stiffness actuator based on rope-driven artificial muscles. To meet the varying stiffness requirements of the knee joint across different gait modes, the actuator dynamically switches between multiple rope [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel design for a bionic knee exoskeleton equipped with a variable stiffness actuator based on rope-driven artificial muscles. To meet the varying stiffness requirements of the knee joint across different gait modes, the actuator dynamically switches between multiple rope bundle configurations, thereby enabling effective stiffness modulation. A mathematical model of the knee exoskeleton is developed, and the mechanical properties of the selected flexible aramid fiber ropes under tensile loading are analyzed through both theoretical and experimental approaches. Furthermore, a control framework for the exoskeleton system is proposed. Wearable experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the variable stiffness actuation in improving compliance and comfort across various gait patterns. Electromyography (EMG) results further demonstrate that the exoskeleton provides a compensatory effect on the rectus femoris muscle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biorobotics: Challenges and Opportunities)

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22 pages, 5819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Adaptive LQR Control Based on Improved Grey Wolf Optimization for Prosthetic Hand

by Khaled Ahmed, Ayman A. Aly and Mohamed O. Elhabib

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070423 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Assistive technologies, particularly multi-fingered robotic hands (MFRHs), are critical for enhancing the quality of life for individuals with upper-limb disabilities. However, achieving precise and stable control of such systems remains a significant challenge. This study proposes an Improved Grey Wolf Optimization (IGWO)-tuned Linear [...] Read more.

Assistive technologies, particularly multi-fingered robotic hands (MFRHs), are critical for enhancing the quality of life for individuals with upper-limb disabilities. However, achieving precise and stable control of such systems remains a significant challenge. This study proposes an Improved Grey Wolf Optimization (IGWO)-tuned Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) to enhance the control performance of an MFRH. The MFRH was modeled using Denavit–Hartenberg kinematics and Euler–Lagrange dynamics, with micro-DC motors selected based on computed torque requirements. The LQR controller, optimized via IGWO to systematically determine weighting matrices, was benchmarked against PID and PID-PSO controllers under diverse input scenarios. For step input, the IGWO-LQR achieved a settling time of 0.018 s with zero overshoot for Joint 1, outperforming PID (settling time: 0.0721 s; overshoot: 6.58%) and PID-PSO (settling time: 0.042 s; overshoot: 2.1%). Similar improvements were observed across all joints, with Joint 3 recording an IAE of 0.001334 for IGWO-LQR versus 0.004695 for PID. Evaluations under square-wave, sine, and sigmoid inputs further validated the controller’s robustness, with IGWO-LQR consistently delivering minimal tracking errors and rapid stabilization. These results demonstrate that the IGWO-LQR framework significantly enhances precision and dynamic response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Human–Robot Interaction: 4th Edition)

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16 pages, 2524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Hierarchical Control Architecture for Fully-Driven Multi-Fingered Dexterous Hand

by Yinan Jin, Hujiang Wang, Han Ge and Guanjun Bao

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070422 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Multi-fingered dexterous hands provide superior dexterity in complex manipulation tasks due to their high degrees of freedom (DOFs) and biomimetic structures. Inspired by the anatomical structure of human tendons and muscles, numerous robotic hands powered by pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) have been created [...] Read more.

Multi-fingered dexterous hands provide superior dexterity in complex manipulation tasks due to their high degrees of freedom (DOFs) and biomimetic structures. Inspired by the anatomical structure of human tendons and muscles, numerous robotic hands powered by pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) have been created to replicate the compliant and adaptable features of biological hands. Nonetheless, PAMs have inherent nonlinear and hysteresis behaviors that create considerable challenges to achieving real-time control accuracy and stability in dexterous hands. In order to address these challenges, this paper proposes a hierarchical control architecture that employs a fuzzy PID strategy to optimize the nonlinear control of pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs). The FPGA-based hardware integrates a multi-channel digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a multiplexed acquisition module, facilitating the independent actuation of 20 PAMs and the real-time monitoring of 20 joints. The software implements a fuzzy PID algorithm that dynamically adjusts PID parameters based on both the error and the error rate, thereby effectively managing the nonlinear behaviors of the hand. Experimental results demonstrate that the designed control system achieves high precision in controlling the angle of a single finger joint, with errors maintained within ±1°. In scenarios involving multi-finger cooperative grasping and biomimetic motion demonstrations, the system exhibits excellent synchronization and real-time performance. These results validate the efficacy of the fuzzy PID control strategy and confirm that the proposed system fulfills the precision and stability requirements for complex operational tasks, providing robust support for the application of PAM-driven multi-fingered dexterous hands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Robot Motion Control)

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26 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient Evolutionary Neural Architecture Search Algorithm Without Training

by Yang An, Changsheng Zhang, Jintao Shao, Yuxiao Yan and Baiqing Sun

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070421 - 29 Jun 2025

Abstract

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) has made significant advancements in autonomously constructing high-performance network architectures, capturing extensive attention. However, a key challenge of existing NAS approaches is the intensive performance evaluation, leading to significant time and computational resource consumption. In this paper, we propose [...] Read more.

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) has made significant advancements in autonomously constructing high-performance network architectures, capturing extensive attention. However, a key challenge of existing NAS approaches is the intensive performance evaluation, leading to significant time and computational resource consumption. In this paper, we propose an efficient Evolutionary Neural Architecture Search (ENAS) method to address this issue. Specifically, in order to accelerate the convergence speed of the algorithm and shorten the search time, thereby avoiding blind searching in the early stages of the algorithm, we drew on the principles of biometrics to redesign the interaction between individuals in the evolutionary algorithm. By making full use of the information carried by individuals, we promoted information exchange and optimization between individuals and their neighbors, thereby improving local search capabilities while maintaining global search capabilities. Furthermore, to accelerate the evaluation process and minimize computational resource consumption, a multi-metric training-free evaluator is introduced to assess network performance, bypassing the resource-intensive training phase, and the adopted multi-metric combination method further solves the ranking offset problem. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we conduct experiments on two widely adopted benchmarks, NAS-Bench-101 and NAS-Bench-201. Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art algorithms shows that our proposed method identifies network architectures with comparable or better performance while requiring significantly less time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploration of Bio-Inspired Computing)

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