Background/Objectives: Canine distemper virus (CDV) poses a major threat to the conservation of the endangered giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Although monoclonal antibodies hold great therapeutic promise, the development of species-specific an...
Background/Objectives: Rubella immunity in childbearing-aged women is crucial due to the risk of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). This study analyzed temporal trends in rubella virus (RUBV) seroprevalence among women of reproductive age in Croatia....
Functional human humoral immunity remains one of the greatest challenges in humanized mouse research. Although numerous humanized mouse models have been developed, reproducing efficient antigen-specific antibody responses remains difficult. This revi...
Background/Objectives: Histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) is commonly used in dermatology, although for autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD) direct immunofluorescence (DIF) is considered “the gold standard&r...
Background: A leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are often recalcitrant to single agent therapies. Dysregulations of the EGFR, cMET, and VEGF pathways are frequently observed together in these malignanc...
Background/Objectives: Mammalian display enables direct screening of full-length IgG antibodies, but genetically controlled library construction remains technically demanding. Here, we developed a mammalian display platform in which a target-naï...
Background/Objectives: Regulatory rheumatoid factor (regRF) is a recently discovered population of natural anti-idiotypic antibodies carrying a shared paratope specific to the PD-1 molecule. Normally, regRF exerts a cytotoxic effect on PD-1-expressin...
Background/Objectives: Blood count-derived inflammatory indices have been proposed as accessible biomarkers of systemic inflammation in psoriasis, but their longitudinal behavior during selective interleukin-23 blockade remains uncertain. We evaluate...
Primary mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MesPGN) refers to the light microscopic description of increased mesangial cells (greater than three cells per mesangial area) without endocapillary proliferation, necrosis, and crescents in the abs...
Background/Objectives: Rituximab is widely used in primary glomerular diseases, but treatment may fail for several reasons, including primary non-response, incomplete response, relapse, intolerance or anti-rituximab antibodies. We assessed within-pat...
Antibodies in ocular disease have heterogeneous biological meanings: they may act as direct pathogenic effectors, systemic diagnostic biomarkers, indicators of B-cell clonality, or therapeutic agents. This distinction is particularly important in the...
Background: Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy, but the specificity and sensitivity of anti-FAP antibodies used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) vary considerably. A head-to-head comparison of com...
Background. The complement C1r and C1s proteases initiate the classical complement pathway within the C1 complex, but emerging evidence points to additional roles in tissues, including cell-intrinsic functions linked to cancer and connective tissue d...
The therapeutic efficacy of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies in breast cancer has traditionally been attributed to direct inhibition of signaling and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Recent evidence, however, has established complement...
Spondyloarthritis is a multi-faceted condition housing a group of inter-related chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. While decades of...
Background/Objectives. VHHs (Nanobodies®) are camelid single-domain antibody fragments with broad applicability in central nervous system (CNS) research, including blood–brain barrier transport, modulation of pathological proteins and molec...
Background/Objectives: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a mast-cell-driven disease with autoimmune mechanisms and an incompletely clarified aetiology, in which a substantial proportion of patients remain symptomatic despite second-generation H1...
Cancer progression and therapeutic resistance are shaped by reciprocal dynamic interactions between malignant cells and the metabolically altered tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated hypoxia, glucose and amino acid competition, extracellula...
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is permeable only to small lipophilic molecules, whereas hydrophilic nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, cross the BBB via carrier-mediated transport systems. In contrast, circulating proteins do not cross the BB...
Background: Autoantibodies are central to the diagnosis and risk stratification of systemic sclerosis (SSc), but their prevalence and clinical associations may vary across populations. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and immuno-clinical a...
Immune checkpoints (ICPs) are essential regulators of immune homeostasis, maintaining the balance between effective immune responses and tolerance to self-antigens. Dysregulation of ICP signaling may contribute to impaired immune surveillance, immune...
Background/Objectives: Cadherin-16 (CDH16, Ksp-cadherin) possesses unique seven extracellular cadherin repeats, and its expression is restricted to normal kidney epithelium. CDH16 is downregulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and is associated with...
Background: Measles, mumps, and rubella outbreaks continue to occur despite high vaccination coverage, raising concerns about long-term vaccine-induced immunity. This study assessed serological protection against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicell...
Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed computational antibody engineering by enabling accurate prediction of antibody structures, rational optimization of therapeutic properties, and de novo antibody design. Recent advanc...
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) and bispecific antibody–drug conjugates (bsADCs) represent promising classes of emerging targeted therapeutics with the potential to overcome tumor heterogeneity and resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). BsAbs can...
Background: Combination therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab (Nivo-Ipi) has substantially improved outcomes in several advanced malignancies but is frequently associated with early-onset, severe immune-related liver injury (irAE-LI). This study aime...
Antibody therapeutics now span across oncology, infectious disease, and autoimmunity, and the molecules entering development are increasingly being engineered rather than merely selected [...]
GNR-068 is a proposed biosimilar to the ustekinumab reference product (RP), which works through the antagonism of interleukin 12 and interleukin 23. Ustekinumab RP is used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions, including certain forms...
Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is closely associated with fibroblast proliferation, macrophage polarization, and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Targeting CSF-1R can rebalance macrophages, reduce ECM deposition, and b...
Influenza remains a persistent global health threat, accounting for an estimated one billion infections and 350,000–600,000 deaths worldwide annually. Beyond substantial mortality and morbidity, influenza imposes major socio-economic costs thro...
Background: Ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) can remain restricted to ocular symptoms or progress to generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG). However, the rate of generalization and its predictors may vary across populations, and data on South Korean patie...
Background/Objectives: Congenital ichthyoses (CI) are inherited disorders of keratinization characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction, abnormal desquamation, and variable degrees of inflammation. Increasing evidence suggests a role for IL-23/Th1...
Background: Sex-related differences in SARS-CoV-2 viral susceptibility, severity, and recovery are prevalent. Factors such as age and biological variation provide some explanation for immune response, yet the use of biological sex as a variable may l...
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, are classified into Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Despite differing clinical manifestations, both CD and UC share a common imm...
Sickle cell disease (SCD) represents one of the most complex hematological diseases leading to a lifetime of physiological crises characterized by chronic hemolysis, inflammation, hypoxia, and anemia with changes to body systems that result in patien...
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion of myeloid blasts and the persistence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) within a profoundly remodeled bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Despite...
Background/Objectives: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands are known to suppress antibody production. However, it remains unclear whether this suppression translates into altered antibody-mediated Fcγ receptor signaling in human cells. This...
Hybridoma technology remains one of the most reliable and widely used platforms for generating highly specific monoclonal antibodies for use in diagnostics, fundamental research, and clinical practice. Moreover, the combination of unlimited prolifera...
Background/Objectives: CD89 (FcaRI), the receptor for immunoglobulin A (IgA), is expressed on myeloid cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is known to mediate potent effector functions against tumor cells, but the clinical dev...
Background/Objectives: Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) during immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, but biopsy-confirmed data are limited. We estimated institutional proportions of biopsy-confirmed AIN...
Background: The elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies against conserved antigenic epitopes has been a focus of universal vaccine research. To facilitate immunofocusing on the conserved influenza hemagglutinin (HA) stalk, we designed headless...
Although mAbs have great therapeutic potential, their use in medicine is currently limited by the high cost of their manufacturing. Significant developments in upstream processing technologies have caused downstream processing (DSP) to become the man...
Background/Objectives: The autoimmune disorder Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by increased titers of autoantibodies with different specificities against autoantigens, including the complement proteins C1q, C3 and Factor H. SLE is...
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer, presenting a significant global health challenge. While natural infection is widespread, the resulting immune response is often characterized by weak, delayed, and type-spe...
Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is one of the most severe extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), requiring reliable biomarkers for early detection. This scoping review synthesized current evide...
Background/Objectives: Cadherin-17 (CDH17, LI-cadherin) is a non-classical cadherin with an atypical structure and unique functions. CDH17 expression is restricted to normal intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, CDH17 functions as an oncoprotein that p...
Background: Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) can be detected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pose many diagnostic challenges, especially when RA presents an atypical course and requires differentiation from other systemic connective tissue...
Daratumumab, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting CD38, is widely used in multiple myeloma and AL amyloidosis. Despite its clinical success, many patients fail to achieve durable responses or relapse, underscoring the importance of understandin...
Background/Objectives: The use of cross-linking enzymes for site-selective and efficient antibody modification has attracted considerable attention. Microbial transglutaminase (MTG)-mediated labeling of IgG at Gln295 has emerged as a promising strate...
Immune-mediated neutropenias comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by antibody-mediated destruction of neutrophils, in which the detection of anti-neutrophil antibodies remains a significant diagnostic challenge. Human neutrophil...
