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Appl. Microbiol., Volume 5, Issue 2 (June 2025) – 12 articles

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16 pages, 930 KiB  
Article
Antifungal Potential of Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. BCAC 1226 Suspension as a Biocontrol Agent Against Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes
by Adele Yusupova, Bakhyt Kartabayeva, Rezeda Sushchenko, Kamilla Gaysina, Prabhaharan Renganathan and Lira A. Gaysina
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020046 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 158
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are gaining significant importance as potential biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi. We evaluated the inhibitory effects of a suspension of Nostoc sp. BCAC 1226 on Penicillium sp., Phytophthora sp., and Stemphylium sp. in vitro using potato dextrose agar medium. On the 7th [...] Read more.
Cyanobacteria are gaining significant importance as potential biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi. We evaluated the inhibitory effects of a suspension of Nostoc sp. BCAC 1226 on Penicillium sp., Phytophthora sp., and Stemphylium sp. in vitro using potato dextrose agar medium. On the 7th day of incubation, Phytophthora sp. showed a reduction in colony area from 18.30 ± 1.68 to 8.55 ± 0.74 cm² (53.6% inhibition). Similarly, Penicillium sp. showed a reduction from 17.64 ± 1.46 to 8.90 ± 0.36 cm² (49.4% inhibition), and Stemphylium sp. showed a reduction from 17.76 ± 1.28 to 13.5 ± 0.73 cm² (23.7% inhibition). The inhibitory effects were more significant on the 14th day, with the growth of Phytophthora sp. further reduced to 4.9 ± 0.40 cm² (72.8% inhibition), Penicillium sp. to 5.54 ± 0.32 cm² (68.8% inhibition), and Stemphylium sp. to 8.71 ± 0.31 cm² (50.8% inhibition). These results indicate the potential antifungal activity of Nostoc sp. suspension, with the highest reduction observed in Phytophthora sp., followed by Penicillium sp. and Stemphylium sp. Future research should focus on the chemical characterization of the antifungal metabolites produced by Nostoc sp. BCAC 1226 and in vivo evaluations on economically important crops to evaluate their practical efficiency under field conditions. Full article
26 pages, 11049 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Physiological Changes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Romaine Lettuce During Pre-Processing Cold Storage, and Subsequent Effects on Virulence and Stress Tolerance
by Dimple Sharma, Joshua O. Owade, Corrine J. Kamphuis, Avery Evans, E. Shaney Rump, Cleary Catur, Jade Mitchell and Teresa M. Bergholz
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020045 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
If lettuce is contaminated in the field, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O157:H7 can survive through the distribution chain. Prolonged cold storage during transportation may impact pathogen physiology, affecting subsequent stress survival and virulence. Greenhouse-grown Romaine lettuce, inoculated with three STEC O157:H7 strains, [...] Read more.
If lettuce is contaminated in the field, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O157:H7 can survive through the distribution chain. Prolonged cold storage during transportation may impact pathogen physiology, affecting subsequent stress survival and virulence. Greenhouse-grown Romaine lettuce, inoculated with three STEC O157:H7 strains, was harvested after 24 h and stored at 2 °C for 5 d following 4 h at harvest temperature (9 °C or 17 °C). Culturable, persister, and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells were quantified. Virulence was evaluated using Galleria mellonella and acid tolerance at pH 2.5 and tolerance to 20–25 ppm free chlorine were quantified. Colder harvest temperature (9 °C) before cold storage led to greater transformation of STEC O157:H7 into dormant states and decreased virulence in most cases. Increasing length of cold storage led to decreased virulence and acid tolerance of STEC O157:H7 on lettuce, while having no significant effect on chlorine tolerance. These findings highlight that entry of STEC O157:H7 into dormant states during harvest and transportation at cold temperatures leads to decreased stress tolerance and virulence with increasing cold storage. Changes in STEC O157:H7 physiology on lettuce during cold storage can be integrated into risk assessment tools for producers, which can assist in identifying practices that minimize risk of STEC O157:H7 from consumption of lettuce. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Microbiology of Foods, 3rd Edition)
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20 pages, 820 KiB  
Review
Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms as Biocontrol Agents: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Prospects
by Seham M. Al Raish, Osama M. Sourani and Abdelghafar M. Abu-Elsaoud
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020044 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 214
Abstract
The escalating threats posed by plant pathogens and the environmental repercussions of conventional agrochemicals necessitate sustainable agricultural solutions. This review focuses on plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) such as bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts, which play a pivotal role as biocontrol agents. These organisms [...] Read more.
The escalating threats posed by plant pathogens and the environmental repercussions of conventional agrochemicals necessitate sustainable agricultural solutions. This review focuses on plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) such as bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts, which play a pivotal role as biocontrol agents. These organisms enhance plant growth and resilience through nutrient solubilization, phytohormone production, and antagonistic activities against pathogens, offering a dual benefit of disease suppression and growth enhancement. However, the effective application of PGPMs faces challenges, including variability in field performance, survival and colonization under field conditions, and regulatory hurdles. This paper discusses these challenges and explores recent advances in utilizing these bioagents in sustainable agriculture, underscoring the importance of integrated pest management systems that reduce chemical inputs, thus promoting ecological balance and sustainable farming practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome in Ecosystem, 3rd Edition)
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39 pages, 2704 KiB  
Article
Wickerhamomyces pijperi: An Up-And-Coming Yeast with Pectinolytic Activity Suitable for Cocoa Bean Fermentation
by Susette Freimüller Leischtfeld, Alexander Hämmerli, Armin Lehmann, Andrea Tönz, Barbara Maria Beck, Jessica Wild, Stefanie Weis, Lukas Neutsch and Susanne Miescher Schwenninger
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020043 - 1 May 2025
Viewed by 238
Abstract
During cocoa bean fermentation, yeasts, particularly those with pectinolytic activity, contribute to pulp degradation, facilitating and accelerating fermentation. This study aimed to identify and evaluate pectinolytic yeast strains for their suitability as starter cultures in cocoa bean fermentation. A high-throughput screening of 1139 [...] Read more.
During cocoa bean fermentation, yeasts, particularly those with pectinolytic activity, contribute to pulp degradation, facilitating and accelerating fermentation. This study aimed to identify and evaluate pectinolytic yeast strains for their suitability as starter cultures in cocoa bean fermentation. A high-throughput screening of 1139 yeasts previously isolated from cocoa bean fermentations identified three strains of Wickerhamomyces pijperi with strong pectinolytic activity. These strains also reduced the viscosity of a pectin-enriched cocoa pulp simulation medium (mCPSMpc) from 23.06 ± 0.11 mPa·s (uninoculated sample) to 4.40 ± 0.14 mPa·s, 4.22 ± 0.13 mPa·s, and 4.77 ± 0.17 mPa·s after 24 h for samples inoculated with strains H312, H403, and H404, respectively. W. pijperi H403 and H404, applied in co-culture with Limosilactobacillus fermentum 223 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae H290 in 1 kg lab-scale fermentations, significantly enhanced pulp degradation, with runoff after 23.8 h reaching 12.6–13.3%, compared to 4.7% in uninoculated controls. In 20 kg fermentations in Costa Rica, the effect was less pronounced, likely due to lower inoculation rates and environmental factors. Quantitative PCR confirmed the persistence of W. pijperi H403 in fermentations. Additionally, trial cultivations in 15 L stirred-tank bioreactors successfully demonstrated the ability to produce larger biomass quantities for upscaled applications. These findings highlight W. pijperi H403 as a promising candidate for controlled cocoa fermentation, potentially accelerating biochemical changes and improving process stability. Full article
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25 pages, 1276 KiB  
Review
Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharide and Xylo-Oligosaccharide Feeds in Pig Production: Microbiota Manipulation, Pathogen Suppression, Gut Architecture and Immunomodulatory Effects
by Adam Lee, James S. Stanley, Kenneth H. Mellits and Ian F. Connerton
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020042 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 269
Abstract
Gastrointestinal health is critical to the productivity and welfare of pigs. The transition from milk to plant-based feeds represents an intestinal challenge at wean that can result in dysbiosis and pathogen susceptibility. Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates that can [...] Read more.
Gastrointestinal health is critical to the productivity and welfare of pigs. The transition from milk to plant-based feeds represents an intestinal challenge at wean that can result in dysbiosis and pathogen susceptibility. Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates that can reach the hind gut to promote gut health, either by enhancing the abundance of beneficial members of the intestinal microbiota or via direct interaction with the gut epithelium. Amongst the changes in the intestinal microbiota, GOS and XOS promote populations of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. SCFAs benefit the host by providing nutritional support for the gut, enhance intestinal barrier function and regulate inflammatory responses. By modifying the indigenous microbiota, prebiotics offer a sustainable alternative to the use of antimicrobial growth promoters that have led to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and represent a growing threat to public health. This review examines microbial and cellular mechanisms whereby prebiotic feed supplements can support the development of a diverse and robust microbiota associated with a healthy and productive digestive system over the lifetime of the animal, and which is in sharp contrast to the development of dysbiosis often associated with existing antimicrobial treatments. The application of prebiotic feed supplements should be tailored to their modes of action and the developmental challenges in production, such as the provision of GOS to late gestational sows, GOS and XOS to pre-weaning piglets and GOS and XOS to growing/fattening pigs. Full article
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14 pages, 1810 KiB  
Article
Classification of Verticillium dahliae Vegetative Compatibility Groups (VCGs) with Machine Learning and Hyperspectral Imagery
by Sudha GC Upadhaya, Chongyuan Zhang, Sindhuja Sankaran, Timothy Paulitz and David Wheeler
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020041 - 26 Apr 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) in fungi like Verticillium dahliae are important for understanding genetic diversity and for informed plant disease management. This study utilized hyperspectral imagery (HSI) and machine learning to differentiate the VCGs of V. dahliae. A total of 194 isolates [...] Read more.
Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) in fungi like Verticillium dahliae are important for understanding genetic diversity and for informed plant disease management. This study utilized hyperspectral imagery (HSI) and machine learning to differentiate the VCGs of V. dahliae. A total of 194 isolates from VCGs 2B and 4A and 4B were cultured and imaged across the 533–1719 nm spectral range, and the spectral, textural, and morphological features were extracted. The study documented the spectral profiles of V. dahliae’s isolates and identified specific spectral features that can effectively differentiate among the VCGs. Multiple machine learning algorithms, including random forest and artificial neural networks (ANNs), were trained and evaluated on previously unseen isolates. The results showed that combining spectral, textural, and morphological data provided the highest classification accuracy. The ANN model achieved a 79.4% accuracy overall, with an 87% accuracy for VCG 2B and 88% for VCG 4A, but it had consistently low accuracies for VCG 4B. Although this work utilized only three of the nearly eight known VCGs, the findings underscore the potential of the HSI for fungal group classification. The study also highlights the need for future work to include a wider range of VCGs from multiple regions, larger sample sizes, and careful selection of feature sets to enhance model performance and generalizability. Full article
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23 pages, 6963 KiB  
Article
Microbiome Dynamics in Samia cynthia ricini: Impact of Growth Stage and Dietary Variations
by Biju Bharali, Pulakeswar Basumatary and Utpal Bora
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020040 - 24 Apr 2025
Viewed by 230
Abstract
This study investigates the gut microbiome of Samia cynthia ricini, a domesticated silkworm species in Assam and Northeast India that is known for its Eri-silk production. Samples were collected at various growth stages and under different dietary conditions, generating 6341 features. The [...] Read more.
This study investigates the gut microbiome of Samia cynthia ricini, a domesticated silkworm species in Assam and Northeast India that is known for its Eri-silk production. Samples were collected at various growth stages and under different dietary conditions, generating 6341 features. The 5th instar larvae of the Eri-fed group exhibited the highest feature count, while moths from the same group had the lowest. The microbiome was characterized by 11 dominant taxa, mainly Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Notable differences were observed between larval and moth samples, with adult moths—particularly Eri-fed females—having a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes. Specific taxa such as Oscillospira, Sutterella, Succinivibrionaceae, and Prevotella were more abundant in adult moths. Eri-fed samples exhibited greater microbiome diversity, while Kesseru-fed samples were rich in Bifidobacterium. Interaction networks revealed unique species correlations in moths, including Clostridiales, Firmicutes, Gallibacterium, and Lachnospiraceae. Functional analysis highlighted diet-related differences, whereby Kesseru-fed samples showed more carbohydrate metabolism pathways, while larval microbiomes had distinct pathways for aromatic compound degradation and detoxification. Moth samples exhibited increased biosynthesis pathways, protein absorption, RNA transport, and immunogenic functions. This research enhances the understanding of microbiome dynamics in silkworms, offering insights for improved growth conditions and pest management strategies for this economically and ecologically significant species. Full article
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32 pages, 1373 KiB  
Review
Microalgae-Based Functional Foods: A Blue-Green Revolution in Sustainable Nutrition and Health
by Gabriela Andrade-Bustamante, Francisco Eleazar Martínez-Ruiz, Jesus Ortega-García, Prabhaharan Renganathan, Lira A. Gaysina, Muhilan Mahendhiran and Edgar Omar Rueda Puente
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020039 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 411
Abstract
The projected global population of 9.22 billion by 2075 necessitates sustainable food sources that provide health benefits beyond essential nutrition, as the relationship between food biochemistry and human well-being is becoming increasingly significant. Microalgae are simple microscopic organisms rich in various bioactive compounds, [...] Read more.
The projected global population of 9.22 billion by 2075 necessitates sustainable food sources that provide health benefits beyond essential nutrition, as the relationship between food biochemistry and human well-being is becoming increasingly significant. Microalgae are simple microscopic organisms rich in various bioactive compounds, such as pigments, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, bioactive peptides, and polyphenols, which can be used to develop novel foods with potential health benefits. Bioactive substances offer numerous health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and heart-protective effects. However, incorporating microalgal biomass into functional food products presents several challenges, including species diversity, fluctuations in biomass production, factors affecting cultivation, suboptimal bioprocessing methods, inconclusive evidence regarding bioavailability and safety, and undesirable flavors and aromas in food formulations. Despite these challenges, significant opportunities exist for the future development of microalgae-derived functional food products. Extensive investigations are essential to overcome these challenges and enable the large-scale commercialization of nutritious microalgae-based food products. This review aims to examine the potential of microalgae as natural ingredients in functional food production, explore the factors limiting their industrial acceptance and utilization, and assess the safety issues associated with human consumption. Full article
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16 pages, 6211 KiB  
Article
A Potent Fluorescent Derivative of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Suggests Cell Wall Damage as a Possible Cellular Action of the 5-Triazole 8-Hydroxyquinoline Class
by Caroline de Bem Gentz, Marcela Silva Lopes, Priscilla Maciel Quatrin, Mariana Pies Gionbelli, Maycon Antonio de Cesare, Ana Paula Perin, William Lopes, Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria, Marilene Henning Vainstein and Saulo Fernandes de Andrade
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020038 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 310
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major but often neglected global health challenge, affecting both human health and agricultural productivity. Current treatments are limited by few drug classes and increasing multidrug resistance, exacerbated by the widespread use of antifungal agents in clinical and agricultural settings. [...] Read more.
Fungal infections are a major but often neglected global health challenge, affecting both human health and agricultural productivity. Current treatments are limited by few drug classes and increasing multidrug resistance, exacerbated by the widespread use of antifungal agents in clinical and agricultural settings. This study investigates the antifungal potential of a novel 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative with a triazole core at the 5-position, synthesized to improve both efficacy and mechanistic understanding as a fluorescent chemical probe. Biological assays demonstrated significant antifungal activity of compound 10 against a range of pathogens, which was active against all Candida species, dermatophytes, and Fusarium solani with MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 4 µg/mL. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of treated fungal cells was conducted and showed a high accumulation of compound 10 at the cell edge. To further investigate the mode of action, results from a sorbitol protection assay suggested a possible cell wall action, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed cell wall disruption, such as cell shrinkage and surface roughness, in treated fungal cells. These findings highlight the 8-hydroxyquinoline-triazole scaffold as a promising antifungal agent with cell wall damage properties, providing a basis for future therapeutic development against human and plant fungal pathogens. Full article
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18 pages, 638 KiB  
Review
Oxidative Stress Responses in Microalgae: Modern Insights into an Old Topic
by Aikaterini Koletti, Dimitrios Skliros, Irene Dervisi, Andreas Roussis and Emmanouil Flemetakis
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020037 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
Microalgae are the primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, while simultaneously playing a vital role in various industrial sectors. Despite their significant ecological and bioeconomic importance, the impacts of oxidative stress on their populations remain poorly understood. In this mini-review, we summarize recent advancements [...] Read more.
Microalgae are the primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, while simultaneously playing a vital role in various industrial sectors. Despite their significant ecological and bioeconomic importance, the impacts of oxidative stress on their populations remain poorly understood. In this mini-review, we summarize recent advancements in understanding oxidative stress modulation in microalgae, with a focus on responses to climate change-related stressors. Additionally, we compare the valuable insights obtained from multi-omics studies on specific biochemical pathways and genes, correlating the responses and mechanisms by which microalgae respond to oxidative stress among different species. Full article
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10 pages, 220 KiB  
Article
Wild and Cultivated Mushrooms Exhibit Anti-Inflammatory Effects Including Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation and Interleukin-8 Expression
by Hiroaki Yoshimoto, Noriko Miyazawa and Fumio Eguchi
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020036 - 26 Mar 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
There are approximately 130 reported medicinal effects attributed to mushrooms. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of hot-water extracts of 66 wild and cultivated fungi species (both edible and poisonous) by analyzing the inhibition of platelet aggregation and interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene expression [...] Read more.
There are approximately 130 reported medicinal effects attributed to mushrooms. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of hot-water extracts of 66 wild and cultivated fungi species (both edible and poisonous) by analyzing the inhibition of platelet aggregation and interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene expression induced by sodium arachidonate (A-Na), platelet-aggregating factor (PAF), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). All species exhibited inhibitory effects: 38.3–98.1%, 37.3–96.8%, and 41.0–96.6% species inhibited platelet aggregation induced by A-Na, PAF, and ADP, respectively, while 17.0–97.0% inhibited IL-8 expression. Gyromitra esculenta showed the highest inhibition rate in all assays. High inhibition (≥80%) of A-Na-, PAF-, and ADP-induced platelet aggregation was observed in 29 (43.9%), 29 (43.9%) and 31 (47.0%) species, respectively. Half (33) of the species exhibited high inhibition of IL-8 expression. Four (6.1%), five (7.6%), and seven (10.6%) species exhibited inhibition rates of <50% for A-Na-, PAF-, and ADP-induced platelet aggregation, while nine (13.6%) exhibited low inhibition of IL-8 expression. The majority (87.5–100%) of poisonous species exhibited high inhibition. Our findings suggest that anti-inflammatory effects are universal among fungi, with poisonous species showing particular potential as raw materials for drug discovery. It can be inferred that many fungi contain universal or pleiotropic compounds with anti-inflammatory activities. Full article
14 pages, 1483 KiB  
Article
Advancing COVID-19 Detection in a University Environment: Comprehensive Validation and Longitudinal Analysis of High-Throughput Breathalyzer Technology
by Khemraj Hirani, Joana R. N. Lemos, Maritza Suarez, Rahul Mittal, Jannet Yern, Giselle Wicks, Julio C. Pena, Eran Gabbai, Regina Aharonov-Nadborny, Iko Ben-Giat, Erin Kobetz and Roy E. Weiss
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020035 - 22 Mar 2025
Viewed by 216
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for efficient and non-invasive diagnostic tools for early detection and management. This study evaluated the TERA breath analyzer (TERA.Bio®), a Real-Time High-Throughput Breathalyzer, for SARS-CoV-2 detection. It aimed to validate and implement the TERA.Bio [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for efficient and non-invasive diagnostic tools for early detection and management. This study evaluated the TERA breath analyzer (TERA.Bio®), a Real-Time High-Throughput Breathalyzer, for SARS-CoV-2 detection. It aimed to validate and implement the TERA.Bio® for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 within a university population compared to RT-qPCR testing. Conducted at the University of Miami, this observational study consisted of two phases: a validation phase and a longitudinal monitoring phase, using cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs, respectively. Participants, including symptomatic individuals and those in close contact with confirmed cases, underwent simultaneous testing with the TERA.Bio® and mid-nasal swab RT-qPCR tests. The study evaluated TERA.Bio®’s accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and its role for surveillance. A total of 27,445 breath samples were analyzed through the TERA.Bio®. In the validation phase, the TERA.Bio® demonstrated a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 85.1%. Longitudinal monitoring revealed no significant correlation between unclear TERA.Bio® results and smoking status. The TERA.Bio® is a viable tool for COVID-19 screening in university environments, providing rapid, cost-effective, apt extensive screening and monitoring in a dense academic setting. Its non-invasive nature, high throughput, and electronic health system compatibility make it an essential addition to existing COVID-19 diagnostic strategies. This study highlights the critical role of innovative diagnostic tools in pandemic management and suggests potential applications of TERA.Bio® technology in broader public health scenarios. Full article
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