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Mater. Proc., 2026, ICARAE 2025

The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering
Pretoria, South Africa | 21–23 November 2025

Volume Editors:
Velaphi Msomi, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
Mothibeli Pita, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
Sipokazi Mabuwa, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
Tiyamike Ngonda, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Number of Papers: 34
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Cover Story (view full-size image): The International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering (ICARAE2025) is aimed at bringing researchers from different parts of the world to share their research findings that are relevant to [...] Read more.
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8 pages, 1800 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Effect of Core Thickness and Face Sheet Thickness on Low-Velocity Impact Sandwich Structure
by Edwin Cheruiyot Kosgey, Krishnan Kanny and Festus Maina Mwangi
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031001 - 7 Apr 2026
Viewed by 412
Abstract
A sandwich structure consists of a light core and two thin laminates bonded on both sides of the core. Sandwich structures have applications in structural constructions such as wind turbine blades and marine boats. These structures may experience low-velocity impacts from maintenance operations [...] Read more.
A sandwich structure consists of a light core and two thin laminates bonded on both sides of the core. Sandwich structures have applications in structural constructions such as wind turbine blades and marine boats. These structures may experience low-velocity impacts from maintenance operations or during service conditions; thus, it is important to study these low-velocity impacts. In the current study, a sandwich structure was fabricated from PVC foam core and unidirectional glass fibres using the vacuum resin infusion method. The PVC foam core used was of 10–20 mm thickness while the face sheet had two different thicknesses. The panel was tested for impact strength using drop weight equipment at impact energies at three energy levels. The results were reported for damage area, force–time, force–displacement and energy–time curves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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17 pages, 2363 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Co-Gasification of Waste Tyres and Automotive Paint Sludge: Modelling and Simulation with Aspen Plus
by Ndingalutendo Mulaudzi and Athi-enkosi Mavukwana
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031002 - 7 Apr 2026
Viewed by 529
Abstract
Waste tyres, with their high carbon content and heating value that is greater than that of coal and biomass, present a potential feedstock for energy recovery. Similarly, automotive paint sludge (APS) is a hazardous waste rich in volatile and inorganics compounds, making it [...] Read more.
Waste tyres, with their high carbon content and heating value that is greater than that of coal and biomass, present a potential feedstock for energy recovery. Similarly, automotive paint sludge (APS) is a hazardous waste rich in volatile and inorganics compounds, making it difficult to dispose of safely, but it also has potential for thermochemical conversion. Gasification is a thermochemical process which can turn such wastes into syngas, a mixture mainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be utilized to generate power and produce liquid fuels. To deal with challenges of single feedstock gasification, co-gasification combines two or more feedstocks, taking advantage of synergistic interactions to enhance syngas yield and overall efficiency. In this work, Aspen Plus simulation software is used to develop a model for the co-gasification of waste tyres and automotive paint sludge. Sensitivity analysis was performed with the aim of investigating and optimizing the overall process conditions of waste tyre and APS co-gasification. This study investigated the effect of air (ER) and water feed (SFR) and blend ratios on the adiabatic reaction temperature, product gas composition and heat value of the product syngas. Optimal operating ranges were identified as ER = 0.35–0.40 and SFR = 1.0–1.2 for tyre gasification, ER ≈ 0.50–0.55 for APS-only gasification, and ER = 0.40–0.48 with SFR = 0.8–1.0 for co-gasification blends. Adiabatic temperatures under recommended conditions were typically 700–800 °C. The LHV of syngas decreased with increasing ER, SFR, and APS fraction, falling from ~13 MJ/kg for tyre gasification to below 10 MJ/kg for APS-rich cases due to oxidation and dilution by CO2 and ash. No positive synergistic effect in syngas quality was observed under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. APS primarily acted as an ash-rich, low-carbon diluent, reducing CO concentration, heating value and adiabatic temperature. However, potential catalytic interactions from APS mineral matter, which are not represented in the equilibrium model, may produce synergistic effects in practical gasifiers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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12 pages, 4961 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Influence of Tool Pin Geometry on Elemental, Structural, Tensile, and Fracture Behavior of Friction Stir Processed AA 1100/17-4 PH SS Composites
by Tawanda Marazani, Velaphi Msomi and Sipokazi Mabuwa
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031003 (registering DOI) - 9 Apr 2026
Viewed by 245
Abstract
This study examines the influence of straight square (SQ) and taper threaded (TT) tool pin geometries on the friction stir processing (FSP) of pure aluminum-based composites. Both pins had a shoulder-to-pin ratio of 3, with FSP conducted at 2400 rpm, 40 mm/min, and [...] Read more.
This study examines the influence of straight square (SQ) and taper threaded (TT) tool pin geometries on the friction stir processing (FSP) of pure aluminum-based composites. Both pins had a shoulder-to-pin ratio of 3, with FSP conducted at 2400 rpm, 40 mm/min, and 11.2 kN axial force. Elemental and XRD analyses showed that the TT pin achieved superior reinforcement dispersion and formation of longer intermetallic chains. The TT pin also produced higher tensile strength (84.68 MPa) and elongation (27.92%), with SEM revealing ductile fracture features. The TT pin demonstrated better overall performance and is recommended for pure aluminum-based composite fabrication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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17 pages, 6917 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing of Diamond Lattice Structure for Bone Regeneration Scaffolds
by Morakane Gloria Moletsane, Willie Bouwer du Preez, Deon de Beer and Shathani Nkhwa
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031004 - 14 Apr 2026
Viewed by 315
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical and biological properties of diamond lattice structure produced through lithography-based ceramic manufacturing, an additive manufacturing technique. HA480 specimens, cubes of 5 × 5 × 5 mm, were manufactured with appropriate pore sizes and porosity. Printed HA480 specimens were [...] Read more.
This study investigates the mechanical and biological properties of diamond lattice structure produced through lithography-based ceramic manufacturing, an additive manufacturing technique. HA480 specimens, cubes of 5 × 5 × 5 mm, were manufactured with appropriate pore sizes and porosity. Printed HA480 specimens were tested and analysed for compression strength, cell proliferation, and cell attachment. The printed cubes displayed interconnected pore geometry. A set of ten HA480 diamond lattice structure specimens were compressed until failure to obtain a compressive strength of 10.7 MPa. HA480 solid scaffolds were seeded with the human osteoblast cell line hFOB 1.19 cells. The fluorescence level results were higher on day 3 and decreased on days 5 and 7. Cell attachment was observed from day 1 to day 7. In this study, biodegradation was also evaluated with diamond lattice structure immersed in the simulated body fluid for days 1 and 7 and 28 days. The Scanning Electron Microscopy showed precipitation after 7 days immersion and evidence of apatite after 28 days on the HA480 surface. The findings provide evidence that HA480 reacts with biological fluids and can be used as a material for bone regeneration scaffold. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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9 pages, 846 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Optimization of Biogas Generation from an Anaerobic Digester: A Review
by Olalekan Joseph Ogunniyi, Charles Mbohwa, Peter Onu, Steadyman Chikumba and Humbulani Phuluwa
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031005 - 14 Apr 2026
Viewed by 677
Abstract
The energy and environmental advantages of anaerobic digestion have led to a gradual growth in interest in biogas technology in recent years. Opportunities are presented by anaerobic digestion technology to produce renewable energy, minimize greenhouse gas discharge into the atmosphere, and minimize the [...] Read more.
The energy and environmental advantages of anaerobic digestion have led to a gradual growth in interest in biogas technology in recent years. Opportunities are presented by anaerobic digestion technology to produce renewable energy, minimize greenhouse gas discharge into the atmosphere, and minimize the release of waste in landfills. The study aims to consider the state of the art of biogas development while exploring emerging trends in optimization parameters and tools. Optimizing process parameters such as temperature, HRT, pH, and OLR were considered, which are essential to maximize digesting efficiency and biogas yield. Some optimizing tools were also discussed, such as Aspen Plus, MATLAB/Simulink, RSM, and ANN. The effective use of the optimization process parameters and tools will help to promote the optimum use of biomass for biogas generation, thereby promoting clean and affordable energy, as well as policies that minimize the emission of GHG, and contribute to the UN SDGs 7 and 13. More research needs to be carried out on the development and utilization of advanced optimization tools and techniques, which will enhance the use of biomass for biogas generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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8 pages, 1106 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Microstructural Evolution and Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treated Multicomponent Superalloys from E-Waste Scrap
by Boikarabelo Matlala, Mbhoni Shibambo, Diengwane Anicia Dipale, Nyasha P. Mhasvi, Olorundaisi Emmanuel, Chika Oliver Ujah, Samson Dare Oguntuyi, Melaku Dereje Mamo and Peter Apata Olubambi
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031006 - 15 Apr 2026
Viewed by 406
Abstract
This research experiment aimed to transform multicomponent Ni-based superalloys produced with e-waste additives into corrosion-resistant materials via heat treatment. The experiment involved a two-hour heat treatment of as-cast samples at 1000 °C in an argon atmosphere, followed by quenching in water and characterization [...] Read more.
This research experiment aimed to transform multicomponent Ni-based superalloys produced with e-waste additives into corrosion-resistant materials via heat treatment. The experiment involved a two-hour heat treatment of as-cast samples at 1000 °C in an argon atmosphere, followed by quenching in water and characterization by scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Thereafter, the corrosion characteristics of the heat-treated and non-heat-treated samples were studied in 0.5 M sulfuric acid using open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP). Results showed that the FCC gamma solid-solution matrix in the microstructure was homogenized by heat treatment. A continuous grain boundary M23C6 and interdendritic M6C were redistributed into discrete particles after the heat treatment, which facilitated the reduction in galvanic pathways and boosted corrosion resistance. The heat-treated samples exhibited nobler OCP, increased low-frequency impedance, reduced corrosion current density, a broader passive range, and increased breakdown potential. These findings have proved that it is feasible to convert scrap to service affordably. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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18 pages, 558 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Waste Tyre Management Options in South Africa and Their Environmental Impacts Using Life Cycle Assessment
by Nhlanhla Nkosi, Trust Nhubu, Athi-enkosi Mavukwana and Mohamed Belaid
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031007 - 9 Apr 2026
Viewed by 670
Abstract
The rapid growth of the population, industrialisation, and technological advancement has increased waste generation in many economies, including South Africa (SA). In 2019, 2020, and 2021, SA generated approximately 11.22 million, 5.90 million, and 10.42 million waste tyres, respectively. As general waste, tyres [...] Read more.
The rapid growth of the population, industrialisation, and technological advancement has increased waste generation in many economies, including South Africa (SA). In 2019, 2020, and 2021, SA generated approximately 11.22 million, 5.90 million, and 10.42 million waste tyres, respectively. As general waste, tyres require proper disposal due to their environmental impact. This study identifies and quantifies traditional waste tyre management strategies in SA and assesses their environmental impacts using life cycle assessment (LCA). The SimaPro software (v9.4.0.2) and ReCiPe 2016 (v1.07) midpoint and endpoint methods were used to evaluate environmental consequences of tyre landfilling, open-air combustion, and exporting. In 2019, an estimated 163,375 tons of uncollected waste tyres was managed through landfilling (51%), open-air burning (4%), and exporting (1%). LCA findings showed that open-air combustion had the highest intermediate and long-term damaging effects on the atmosphere, releasing harmful gases and particulate matter linked to human health carcinogenic risks. Landfilling contributed significantly to long-term human carcinogenic toxicity and freshwater pollution, while exporting posed high resource depletion impacts. This study suggests that addressing waste tyre management challenges in SA requires a shift from traditional disposal methods toward reuse, recycling, and material and energy recovery to ensure more sustainable and ecologically responsible solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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12 pages, 1354 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Exergy-Informed Machine Learning Framework for Optimizing Waste Heat-to-Power Conversion in Automotive Systems: A Meta-Analytic Study
by Luke Ajuka and Christopher Enweremadu
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031008 - 13 Apr 2026
Viewed by 315
Abstract
This study quantifies the benefit of integrating machine learning (ML) with exergy analysis for automotive waste heat-to-power (WHP) systems. A PRISMA 2020 systematic review (2015–2025) across Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science screened open-access peer-reviewed articles, yielding 19 eligible studies on organic Rankine [...] Read more.
This study quantifies the benefit of integrating machine learning (ML) with exergy analysis for automotive waste heat-to-power (WHP) systems. A PRISMA 2020 systematic review (2015–2025) across Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science screened open-access peer-reviewed articles, yielding 19 eligible studies on organic Rankine cycle (ORC), thermoelectric generator (TEG) and hybrid ORC–TEG configurations. A random-effects meta-analysis shows a pooled moderate-to-strong gain (Hedges’ g = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.31–0.67) and a symmetric funnel plot. ORC–ANN optimization is strongest (g = 0.61), followed by hybrid CFD–ML (0.55). Multi-objective ML (0.52) and TEG models (0.34–0.41) improved performance, supporting improved recovery and reduced fuel use and CO2 emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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10 pages, 323 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Prospect of Renewable Energy in South Africa
by Olalekan Joseph Ogunniyi, Charles Mbohwa, Peter Onu, Steadyman Chikumba and Humbulani Phuluwa
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031009 - 14 Apr 2026
Viewed by 1101
Abstract
The growing challenge for electricity in South Africa is placing pressure on the country’s current electricity-generating capacity. Moreover, conventional power plants are the main source of high concentrations of greenhouse gases in the country. South Africa is the seventh-largest producer of coal globally, [...] Read more.
The growing challenge for electricity in South Africa is placing pressure on the country’s current electricity-generating capacity. Moreover, conventional power plants are the main source of high concentrations of greenhouse gases in the country. South Africa is the seventh-largest producer of coal globally, and coal takes the largest share in the generation of electricity, with significant negative environmental impacts. There is insufficient electricity grid infrastructure, which prevents remote areas from receiving electricity from the centralized power grid. South Africa has promise in adopting sustainable energy systems such as biomass, hydropower, wind, and solar energy. The country obtains 2500 h of sunshine per year, and the radiation content is 4–6 kWh/m2. Solar and wind have significant potential, while biomass and hydropower have less potential. However, some challenges and limitations that affect the use of RE have been identified. Increasing offshore wind and solar energy will enable South Africa to attain its target of increasing the percentage of renewable energy in the energy mix from 11% to 41% by 2030. The diversification of production and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions require South Africa to actively modernize its transmission infrastructure and speed up the approval process of projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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11 pages, 3546 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Computational Design of Multicomponent Superalloys from Electronic Waste
by Nyasha P. Mhasvi, Diengwane Anicia Dipale, Olorundaisi Emmanuel, Adeola Borode, Chika Oliver Ujah, Paul Oluwaseun Adu, Glenda Tsholofelo Motsi, Melaku Dereje Mamo and Peter Apata Olubambi
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031010 - 14 Apr 2026
Viewed by 405
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) offers a sustainable pathway for recovering critical metals, yet its heterogeneous composition complicates the design of advanced alloys. This work applies a computational approach to design multicomponent superalloys from e-waste, using Thermo-Calc to predict phase stability and microstructural evolution. Nickel-based [...] Read more.
Electronic waste (e-waste) offers a sustainable pathway for recovering critical metals, yet its heterogeneous composition complicates the design of advanced alloys. This work applies a computational approach to design multicomponent superalloys from e-waste, using Thermo-Calc to predict phase stability and microstructural evolution. Nickel-based alloys alloyed with Cu–Sn–Pb fractions were modeled, revealing improved ductility through phase refinement and suppression of graphite formation. Experimental validation with SEM and XRD confirmed the computational predictions. This study demonstrates the potential of integrating computational thermodynamics with e-waste recycling to develop high-performance superalloys, advancing both sustainability and material innovation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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10 pages, 1273 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Impact of Impurities from Recycled Materials on Battery Safety and Life Cycle
by Tshifhiwa Moureen Masikhwa, Motlalepula Nete, Pheello Nkoe and Mpho Wendy Mathebula
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031011 - 16 Apr 2026
Viewed by 502
Abstract
As the global demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to rise, battery recycling has become a critical strategy for mitigating resource depletion, minimising environmental impact, and advancing a circular economy. However, recycled electrode materials, particularly cathode and anode powders, often contain residual impurities [...] Read more.
As the global demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to rise, battery recycling has become a critical strategy for mitigating resource depletion, minimising environmental impact, and advancing a circular economy. However, recycled electrode materials, particularly cathode and anode powders, often contain residual impurities such as transition metals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Al), polymeric binders (e.g., PVDF), and electrolyte decomposition products. These contaminants can significantly impair the electrochemical performance, thermal stability, and overall safety of newly manufactured cells. This study aims to systematically investigate the nature, origin, and impact of impurities in recycled cathode and anode materials. A suite of analytical techniques, including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), will be employed to quantify impurity levels and assess material integrity across various recycling streams. The findings are expected to inform the establishment of impurity threshold limits for battery-grade recycled materials and guide the development of enhanced purification protocols. Ultimately, this research will support the production of safer and more reliable second-life batteries, offering valuable insights to recyclers, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies committed to sustainable energy storage technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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13 pages, 1226 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Surface Modification of Titanium Implants with Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite Composite: A Review on Osseointegration and Bioactivity
by Amantle Balang and Roxane Bonithon
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031012 - 16 Apr 2026
Viewed by 591
Abstract
Chitosan–hydroxyapatite (CS–HA) composite coatings offer a multifunctional surface modification to improve titanium implant performance, combining hydroxyapatite’s osteoconductivity with chitosan’s biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties. This review examines recent in vitro and in vivo studies, noting consistent enhancements in osteoblast adhesion, alkaline phosphatase activity, apatite [...] Read more.
Chitosan–hydroxyapatite (CS–HA) composite coatings offer a multifunctional surface modification to improve titanium implant performance, combining hydroxyapatite’s osteoconductivity with chitosan’s biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties. This review examines recent in vitro and in vivo studies, noting consistent enhancements in osteoblast adhesion, alkaline phosphatase activity, apatite formation, and bone–implant contact. Incorporation of silver, strontium, or graphene oxide can further boost antibacterial and osteogenic effects. However, variability in coating preparation, substrate treatment, and testing protocols limits reproducibility and clinical extrapolation. Standardised methodologies and extended in vivo validation are essential to advance CS–HA coatings toward reliable dental and orthopaedic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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7 pages, 1013 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Potential of Hydrogen as a Future Green Fuel Technology for the Current Industry
by Osama Majeed Butt and Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031013 - 16 Apr 2026
Viewed by 551
Abstract
Alternative fuel and greenhouse emissions are always a keen focus for researchers aiming to cater to energy demands. There is an urgent need to find new clean and inexhaustible energy sources. In the past few years, hydrogen has gained attention from researchers as [...] Read more.
Alternative fuel and greenhouse emissions are always a keen focus for researchers aiming to cater to energy demands. There is an urgent need to find new clean and inexhaustible energy sources. In the past few years, hydrogen has gained attention from researchers as a green fuel. The scientific and policy maker circles have now widely recognized the practicality of hydrogen as an energy carrier through the due to its clean combustion, ease of transportation, distribution, and utilization. Different ways of its production and its use in different applications have also been widely studied. In this study, a review is carried out on how to produce hydrogen using the electrolysis process by renewable energy and its potential for application in different industries. Hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel to power catalytic boilers, gas-powered heat pumps, and direct-flame combustion boilers that are more or less the same as natural gas boilers. A large variety of district heating techniques can be repurposed to employ hydrogen cost-effectively. The use of hydrogen gas is not limited to combustion engines and industrial applications but is also applicable for house heating purposes. Finally, it is suggested that an alkaline electrolyzer could be energized with renewable sources to produce hydrogen which could be used as an alternative auxiliary fuel for the incineration system in managing municipal solid waste. This could be a step towards a green environment in terms of alternative clean fuel and municipal solid waste management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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16 pages, 2155 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Microstructural and Phase Integrity of 3D-Printed High-Purity Alumina for Bio-Inspired Dental Implants
by Emmanuel Munenge, Winnie Mtetwa, Harry Ngwangwa, Thanyani Pandelani and Lebogang Lebea
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031014 - 13 Apr 2026
Viewed by 410
Abstract
High-purity α-Al2O3 ceramics are widely used in dental applications due to their excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility; however, maintaining phase stability and microstructural integrity during 3D printing remains challenging. In this study, bio-inspired dental implants were fabricated using lithography-based ceramic [...] Read more.
High-purity α-Al2O3 ceramics are widely used in dental applications due to their excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility; however, maintaining phase stability and microstructural integrity during 3D printing remains challenging. In this study, bio-inspired dental implants were fabricated using lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) and characterized structurally and mechanically. XRD confirmed phase-pure α-Al2O3 with high crystallinity, an average crystallite size of 28.68 nm, and low compressive microstrain. SEM revealed uniform, fine equiaxed grains (4.60 ± 0.28 µm) with good densification. The implants exhibited a Vickers hardness of 15.49 GPa and compressive strength of 991.5 MPa, demonstrating suitability for load-bearing dental applications. These findings demonstrate that lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) produces phase-pure and microstructurally uniform implants, confirming its viability for manufacturing bio-inspired dental implants with reliable mechanical performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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13 pages, 1806 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Sustainable High-Entropy Alloys from E-Waste: Microstructural Refinement and Hardness Improvement Through Heat Treatment
by Kerryn Ngobeni, Gontse Nkwana, Retshepile Motloung, Edward Jabulani Dlamini, Paul Oluwaseun Adu, Olorundaisi Emmanuel, Chika Oliver Ujah, Samson Dare Oguntuyi and Peter Apata Olubambi
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031015 - 15 Apr 2026
Viewed by 325
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling presents a sustainable pathway for developing advanced materials while mitigating environmental concerns. In this study, a high-entropy alloy (HEA) was fabricated via casting using a hybrid feedstock comprising 40% e-waste metallic fractions (Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn) and 60% Al-Ni-Cr-Mn-Si industrial scrap. The [...] Read more.
Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling presents a sustainable pathway for developing advanced materials while mitigating environmental concerns. In this study, a high-entropy alloy (HEA) was fabricated via casting using a hybrid feedstock comprising 40% e-waste metallic fractions (Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn) and 60% Al-Ni-Cr-Mn-Si industrial scrap. The as-cast alloy was subjected to heat treatment under controlled conditions to evaluate its microstructural evolution and hardening response. Microstructural analysis revealed the formation of multiphase structures, with distinct transformations in grain morphology and phase distribution after thermal processing. Hardness measurements indicated a significant enhancement in mechanical performance, attributed to microstructural refinement and phase stabilization induced by heat treatment. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating e-waste into high-entropy alloy design, offering a circular metallurgical approach to produce value-added structural materials with improved mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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10 pages, 674 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Characterization of Historical and Current Nuclear Waste to Ensure Safe and Effective Management
by Motlalepula Nete, Pheello I. Nkoe and Tshifhiwa M. Masikhwa
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031016 - 20 Apr 2026
Viewed by 298
Abstract
Nuclear activities require a delicate balance between harnessing their benefits and mitigating the environmental and health risks they pose to local ecosystems and beyond. One of the critical challenges is the management of nuclear waste, which is material that has been used in [...] Read more.
Nuclear activities require a delicate balance between harnessing their benefits and mitigating the environmental and health risks they pose to local ecosystems and beyond. One of the critical challenges is the management of nuclear waste, which is material that has been used in nuclear processes, such as nuclear energy production or medical applications like radiotherapy. This waste is radioactive and potentially dangerously hazardous. Globally, approximately 400,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel exist, and comprehensive long-term management and disposal plan remain limited. The safe disposal of nuclear waste is paramount to prevent adverse environmental and health impacts. However, effective disposal strategies not only mitigate these risks but also contribute to the sustainability of nuclear power, a low-carbon energy source that can help combat climate change. This research aimed to determine the composition of specific nuclear waste at the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), recognizing that effective management is crucial for both human and environmental protection. By understanding the composition of nuclear waste, we can develop targeted strategies for safe handling and disposal, ultimately supporting a more sustainable nuclear industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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14 pages, 1755 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Optimization of the Design and Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of a Polymeric Heart Valve Through Computational Modelling
by Lebohang Reginald Masheane, Willie du Preez and Jacques Combrinck
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031017 - 17 Apr 2026
Viewed by 269
Abstract
There is a need to develop a native human heart valve substitute that is optimally designed, cost-effective, possesses an adequate lifespan, requires minimal anticoagulant medication, and features minimal turbulence and pressure variations within the cardiovascular system. Polymer heart valves, due to their design [...] Read more.
There is a need to develop a native human heart valve substitute that is optimally designed, cost-effective, possesses an adequate lifespan, requires minimal anticoagulant medication, and features minimal turbulence and pressure variations within the cardiovascular system. Polymer heart valves, due to their design which allows blood to flow centrally through the valve, are the most promising prosthetic heart valve type for future hemodynamic enhancement. The search continues to mitigate premature mechanical failure of polymer valves and to improve their effectiveness through in vitro experiments. The leaflet must withstand repeated stress from millions of opening and closing cycles without degrading or compromising its functionality. In exploring new materials, two different carbothane materials were employed to improve valve durability and facilitate fabrication utilizing compression moulding. Computational modelling and finite element analysis were used to simulate the response of various materials, designs, and manufacturing techniques to complex loading conditions encountered by polymer valves. A systematic thickening of leaflet regions with higher stress concentrations was implemented to address the design limitations of a reverse-engineered dip-moulded polymer valves. The optimized geometry and structure of the polymer valve, which promote smooth, less turbulent blood flow, were evaluated to determine mechanical stresses in the leaflets and the valve’s hemodynamic performance. The study concluded that the systematic increase in the thickness of leaflet regions highly affected by stress concentration significantly reduced stress distribution and improved the valve’s hemodynamic performance. Prototypes were manufactured using a combination of additive manufacturing and compression moulding to ensure precise geometric specifications. It was concluded that computational modelling reduced the need for extensive physical prototyping and testing, which can be time-consuming and costly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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10 pages, 2462 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Interfacial Microstructural Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Al-Si-Mg Alloy on a Pre-Machined Aluminum Alloy Substrate
by Mpinda Bob Mampuya, Ngeleshi Michel Kibambe, Mutombo Christian Umba, Timilehin Adekunle Omotoyinbo, Olusoji Oluremi Ayodele and Peter Apata Olubambi
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031018 - 20 Apr 2026
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Hybrid additive manufacturing (HAM) offers a viable solution to the size and cost limitations of conventional additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys. This study investigates the interfacial microstructural behavior of an AlSi7Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) onto a [...] Read more.
Hybrid additive manufacturing (HAM) offers a viable solution to the size and cost limitations of conventional additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys. This study investigates the interfacial microstructural behavior of an AlSi7Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) onto a pre-machined AA6082 substrate. The results revealed a metallurgically bonded interface formed through partial substrate melting and elemental diffusion. The interface was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, JMatPro-based modeling, and microhardness testing. Phase analysis revealed that α-Al dominated solidification, with negligible secondary phases present in trace amounts, whereas X-ray diffraction confirmed α-Al as the primary phase throughout all zones. Microhardness assessments revealed a gradual transition from the additively built zone to the substrate, signifying mechanical compatibility. These findings indicate that L-PBF-based HAM facilitates the fabrication of a coherent AlSi7Mg/AA6082 interface with a transitional microstructure and microhardness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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12 pages, 302 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Investigating the Effects of Cooking Oil-Based Cutting Fluids on Machining Parameters of AISI 1020 Mild Steel
by Kazeem Bello, Rendani Maladzhi, Mukondeleli Kanakana-Katumba and Samuel Balogun
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031019 - 23 Apr 2026
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Abstract
This study investigates how cooking oil-based cutting fluids (CKO-CFs) perform as sustainable alternatives to conventional mineral oil-based fluids when turning AISI 1020 mild steel. Waste cooking oil was cleaned, treated, and mixed with selected additives to improve stability, lubricity, and corrosion resistance. Machining [...] Read more.
This study investigates how cooking oil-based cutting fluids (CKO-CFs) perform as sustainable alternatives to conventional mineral oil-based fluids when turning AISI 1020 mild steel. Waste cooking oil was cleaned, treated, and mixed with selected additives to improve stability, lubricity, and corrosion resistance. Machining experiments were designed using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array to optimise cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The CKO-based cutting fluid showed lower surface roughness at 0.270 μm compared to conventional cutting fluids at 0.274 μm. This indicates better lubricity and a smoother surface finish. Tool-tip temperatures were reduced by up to 11.99% compared to conventional fluids. This improves heat dissipation and lowers thermal damage. Tool wear was reduced by up to 5.75% with the CKO-based fluid, suggesting better lubrication and a longer tool life than conventional cutting fluids. The findings show that CKO-based cutting fluids provide an eco-friendly and efficient option for sustainable machining operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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13 pages, 2304 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Mitigating Corrosion Rate of Mild Steel Using Pepper Tree in Acidic 0.5M H2SO4 Medium
by Mothibeli Pita and Lebogang Lebea
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031020 (registering DOI) - 21 Apr 2026
Viewed by 109
Abstract
One of the biggest problems facing many different sectors is metal corrosion. The consequences of corrosion are of great concern globally; therefore, efforts must be made to prevent the corrosion of metals/alloys. The effect of pepper tree water as an eco-friendly inhibitor for [...] Read more.
One of the biggest problems facing many different sectors is metal corrosion. The consequences of corrosion are of great concern globally; therefore, efforts must be made to prevent the corrosion of metals/alloys. The effect of pepper tree water as an eco-friendly inhibitor for corrosion control of mild steel in 0.5 Molar solution of H2SO4 acid has been investigated using the weight loss method. Experiments were carried out using 40–120 mL of pepper tree solution. The test samples were totally immersed in the corroding medium containing various concentrations of the inhibitor for time intervals of 24–96 h. The results were mathematically analysed, and it was observed that the maximum inhibitor volume (120 mL) had a significant influence (84.6%) on the reduction in corrosion rate as compared to volumes of 40 and 80 mL. After 48 h, the efficiency of the 80- and 120-millimeter concentrations was the same, at 62.5%. This reveals that the effectiveness of pepper tree water inhibition decreases the longer the material is in acid solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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13 pages, 1090 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluation of Cooking Oil-Based Cutting Fluid’s Performance on Turning Operation Using Taguchi Approach
by Kazeem Bello, Rendani Maladzhi, Mukondeleli Kanakana-Katumba and Samuel Balogun
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031021 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2026
Viewed by 114
Abstract
The performance of used cooking oil-based cutting fluids (UCO-CFs) during the turning of AISI 1020 mild steel is assessed by using the Taguchi optimisation method in this research work. Purified used cooking oil was combined with additives to improve the oil’s properties of [...] Read more.
The performance of used cooking oil-based cutting fluids (UCO-CFs) during the turning of AISI 1020 mild steel is assessed by using the Taguchi optimisation method in this research work. Purified used cooking oil was combined with additives to improve the oil’s properties of lubrication, cooling, and resistance to corrosion. The machining parameters, cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and spindle speed were optimised using an L9 orthogonal array followed by analysis through signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA. The ANOVA analysis pointed out feed rate (Frt) as the foremost variable in surface roughness, having a contribution of 47.53% to the total variation, along with a highly significant p-value of 0.0001. Signal-to-noise (S/N) analysis determined the best conditions for reducing surface roughness as Frt = 0.4 mm/rev, dct = 0.6 mm, Ssp = 770 rev/min, and Csp = 173 mm/min. For the least cutting temperature, the parameters that gave the best results were Frt = 0.6 mm/rev, dct = 0.6 mm, Ssp = 1100 rev/min, and Csp = 120 m/min. The UCO-based cutting fluid significantly improved machining performance, achieving a minimum surface roughness of 0.270 µm and reducing tool wear to 0.180 mm under optimal conditions. The UCO-based fluids not only surpassed the conventional mineral oils but also indicated excellent performance in machining and sustainability in terms of the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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13 pages, 4868 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Comparison of Grain Refinement Efficiency on Pure Commercial Aluminum Using Al-Ti-B Master Alloy Sourced from Six Different Suppliers Around the World
by Mbavhalelo Maumela, Maje Phasha, Joseph Moema and Thokozani Buthelezi
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031022 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2026
Viewed by 260
Abstract
Foundry produces casting products with desired properties suitable for engineering applications. The grain refiners came in handy to improve the melt casting process to achieve these desired properties. Aluminum alloy casting mostly uses Al-Ti-B grain refiners that are commercially available. The study examined [...] Read more.
Foundry produces casting products with desired properties suitable for engineering applications. The grain refiners came in handy to improve the melt casting process to achieve these desired properties. Aluminum alloy casting mostly uses Al-Ti-B grain refiners that are commercially available. The study examined the efficiency of Al-Ti-B grain refiners that were sourced from six different commercial suppliers across the globe. This work serves as quality control of sourced commercial grain refiners. It was found that type GR-4 (3:1) refined cast structures more efficiently than all other five tested Al-Ti-B grain refiners on commercial pure aluminum (CPAl). A holding time of 2 to 10 min proved to be the optimum melt holding time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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12 pages, 1466 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Uniaxial Tensile Testing of the Native Porcine Pericardium
by Edward Matjeka, Alex G. Kuchumov, Harry M. Ngwangwa, Thanyani Pandelani and Fulufhelo Nemavhola
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031023 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2026
Viewed by 126
Abstract
Death rates related to heart failure amount to approximately 50% of deaths globally, and one of the leading causes of heart failure is aortic valve failure, which is treated using prosthetic aortic valves. Porcine pericardium is amongst the materials used to develop a [...] Read more.
Death rates related to heart failure amount to approximately 50% of deaths globally, and one of the leading causes of heart failure is aortic valve failure, which is treated using prosthetic aortic valves. Porcine pericardium is amongst the materials used to develop a potentially ideal bioprosthetic aortic valve. The mechanical properties of native porcine pericardium are necessary for enhancing a prosthetic aortic valve. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of porcine pericardium and find optimized material parameters for finite element analysis using five isotropic models. Uniaxial rupture tests were performed using Cellscale biotester to measure the force at rupture, stiffness, and deformation at rupture. Tests were done in circumferential and radial directions, and one-way Anova was used to evaluate different behaviors in both directions. The average coefficient of determination was used to find the model that performed better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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11 pages, 1661 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Luminescence Decay Dynamics of a Down-Shifting Material
by Emeka Harrison Onah, N. L. Lethole and P. Mukumba
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031024 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2026
Viewed by 81
Abstract
This study demonstrated luminescence decay dynamics of BaSiO3:Eu2+, elucidating its potential as a spectral converting down-shifting material for improving the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Time-resolved photoluminescent (TRPL) measurements under excitation pulses of a picosecond pulsed light-emitting diode [...] Read more.
This study demonstrated luminescence decay dynamics of BaSiO3:Eu2+, elucidating its potential as a spectral converting down-shifting material for improving the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Time-resolved photoluminescent (TRPL) measurements under excitation pulses of a picosecond pulsed light-emitting diode (EPLED) revealed complex decay dynamics described by a triple-exponential model. Average lifetime was in nanoseconds, which facilitated rapid emission of down-shifted photons, essential to mitigating reabsorption losses. The presence of a fast decay channel is crucial to minimizing photon reabsorption and maximizing the flux of visible photons transferred to the dye molecules of DSSCs to enhance photocurrent generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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26 pages, 6240 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Electrochemical Recycling of CO2: Environmental and Industrial Significance
by Bekzod Eshkulov and Ruzimurod Jurayev
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031025 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2026
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Abstract
One promising strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions while creating useful chemicals and fuels is the electrochemical recycling of CO2. Recent developments in electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) technologies are examined in this work, with a focus on their industrial and [...] Read more.
One promising strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions while creating useful chemicals and fuels is the electrochemical recycling of CO2. Recent developments in electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) technologies are examined in this work, with a focus on their industrial and environmental importance. CO2 can be converted into methanol, formic acid, and other commercial chemicals using electrochemical pathways, such as electrocatalytic and bioelectrochemical techniques. According to life-cycle studies, ECR provides a sustainable substitute for processes that rely on fossil fuels and can considerably lower the potential for global warming when driven by renewable electricity. Furthermore, solar-powered electrochemical pathways improve energy efficiency by combining the use of CO2 with renewable energy sources. Notwithstanding these advantages, industrial scaling is still difficult since stable electrolyzers, effective electrocatalysts, and economical system designs are required. Electrochemical CO2 recycling is now closer to commercial feasibility thanks to recent advancements in catalyst engineering, electrode architecture, and process optimization that have increased conversion efficiency and product selectivity. The potential of electrochemical CO2 recycling as a crucial technology for accomplishing carbon neutrality and circular economy goals in the chemical sector is highlighted in CO2 reduction analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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24 pages, 3248 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Perspective of Materials Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Advanced Nanomaterials for Bioenergy Systems: A Systematic Review
by Mariam I. Adeoba, Harry Ngwangwa, Tracy Masebe and Thanyani Pandelani
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031026 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2026
Viewed by 207
Abstract
Advanced nanomaterials are becoming increasingly critical for improving the efficiency, durability, and sustainability of bioenergy systems, with applications spanning biomass conversion, catalysis, and bioelectrochemical energy generation. This systematic bibliometric and thematic review analyses Scopus-indexed literature from 2020 to 2025 to elucidate global research [...] Read more.
Advanced nanomaterials are becoming increasingly critical for improving the efficiency, durability, and sustainability of bioenergy systems, with applications spanning biomass conversion, catalysis, and bioelectrochemical energy generation. This systematic bibliometric and thematic review analyses Scopus-indexed literature from 2020 to 2025 to elucidate global research trends in nanomaterial characterisation and performance evaluation for bioenergy applications. Bibliometric mapping using VOSviewer version 1.6.18 reveals a rapidly growing research landscape structured around three dominant themes: nanocatalysts for biodiesel and bioethanol production, nanostructured enhancements in bioelectrochemical and anaerobic digestion systems, and surface-engineered materials for energy conversion and storage. The review highlights the pivotal role of structural and morphological characterisation techniques including SEM, TEM, AFM, and XRD in establishing structure–property–performance relationships that underpin catalytic activity, electron transfer efficiency, and system stability. Beyond short-term catalytic and electrochemical metrics, increasing attention is given to mechanical stability, durability, and long-term operational reliability, which are shown to be critical determinants of scalability. Emerging strategies such as additive manufacturing and hybrid material systems enable the integration of nanomaterials into architected, mechanically robust structures, mitigating degradation and enhancing sustained performance. A concise conceptual framework is presented to link nanomaterial classes, characterisation challenges, targeted bioenergy applications, and scalability constraints. Despite significant progress, gaps remain in standardised characterisation protocols, durability-focused testing, and life-cycle assessment. Addressing these challenges is essential for translating laboratory-scale advances into scalable, sustainable bioenergy technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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18 pages, 3744 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Insulating Properties of Carbonized Palm Kernel Shell-Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites at Different Temperatures
by Hillary O. Ani, Edwin C. Oriaku, Chigbo A. Mgbemene and Samuel O. Enibe
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031027 - 8 May 2026
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Abstract
This study investigated the electrical insulation properties of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with carbonized palm kernel shell (PKS) particles. The raw PKS particles were collected, sun-dried, and further oven-dried at 105 °C for 2 h to eliminate residual moisture. The dried shells were [...] Read more.
This study investigated the electrical insulation properties of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with carbonized palm kernel shell (PKS) particles. The raw PKS particles were collected, sun-dried, and further oven-dried at 105 °C for 2 h to eliminate residual moisture. The dried shells were then carbonized in an airtight furnace at three different temperatures: 450, 550, and 650 °C. After carbonization, the material was crushed and sieved into particle sizes of 200, 400, and 800 µm using an electromagnetic sieve shaker. Composites were fabricated by incorporating carbonized PKS particles into an epoxy resin matrix at varying weight fractions of 30, 40, 50, and 60 wt%. Electrical insulation performance was evaluated at room temperature and pressure using high-voltage DC test equipment for dielectric strength and a digital insulation tester (MIT 520/2) for resistivity measurements. The results revealed that optimal dielectric strength and resistivity were achieved with smaller particle sizes, lower filler loadings, and at low temperatures. Mineralogical characterization via X-ray diffraction confirmed that there was no radioactive element. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed porous microstructures within the carbonized particles. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that carbon accounted for the highest elemental composition, followed by oxygen. It is concluded that PKS-reinforced epoxy composites exhibit promising electrical insulation properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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1331 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured Al Alloy in Alkaline Media
by Boikarabelo Matlala, Trecia Ramoetlo, Femi John Akinfolarin, Samson Dare Oguntuyi, Chika Oliver Ujah, Emmanuel Olorundaisi and Peter Apata Olubambi
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031028 - 23 Apr 2026
Viewed by 28
Abstract
This work explores the response of additively manufactured Al alloys (AlSi10Mg and AlSi7Mg) to a strong alkaline environment (pH 12, 1 M KOH). The corrosion response was monitored through electrochemical techniques such as open-circuit potential (OCP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), [...] Read more.
This work explores the response of additively manufactured Al alloys (AlSi10Mg and AlSi7Mg) to a strong alkaline environment (pH 12, 1 M KOH). The corrosion response was monitored through electrochemical techniques such as open-circuit potential (OCP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), providing insights into film stability and pitting tendency. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to characterize the surface morphology and degradation features before and after immersion. The results showed clear contrasts in passive film stability and resistance to pitting. AlSi10Mg demonstrated stronger protection, linked to its fine cellular–dendritic structure and tightly connected Si network that supported more uniform oxide growth. Contrastingly, AlSi7Mg showed premature film breakdown and localized attack, driven by coarse Si particles and micro-galvanic coupling. Post-corrosion SEM revealed clear signs of selective dissolution and Si particle detachment as the main degradation features. This behavior is consistent with earlier studies showing that the morphology of Si strongly influences the corrosion pathways of Al–Si–Mg alloys in alkaline media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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1936 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Machine Learning-Driven Optimization of Atomization Characteristics in Fuel Blends Using Nanomaterials: Meta Analysis
by Luke Ajuka and Christopher Enweremadu
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031029 - 23 Apr 2026
Viewed by 116
Abstract
This study explores the integration of nanomaterials and machine learning (ML) in enhancing atomization and combustion behavior of nanofuels. Nanoparticles such as TiO2, Al2O3, and graphene derivatives improve fuel atomization, thermal conductivity, and emission reduction. A systematic [...] Read more.
This study explores the integration of nanomaterials and machine learning (ML) in enhancing atomization and combustion behavior of nanofuels. Nanoparticles such as TiO2, Al2O3, and graphene derivatives improve fuel atomization, thermal conductivity, and emission reduction. A systematic review (2021–2025) and meta-analysis reveal short-term gains in brake thermal efficiency (+12.5%) and emission reduction (CO −12%, HC −25%, NOx −19%), though long-term stability remains limited by agglomeration and injector fouling. ML-models, including Bayesian-Ridge and Random-Forest, predict efficiency metrics effectively but underperform for emissions. The findings highlight the need for atomization descriptors and hybrid ML–CFD models for robust predictive combustion design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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14 pages, 2439 KB  
Proceeding Paper
An Investigation into the Electrochemical Test on Corrosion and Surface Characterisation of Alumina AI2O3 for Bio-Inspired 3D Dental Implants
by Winnie Mtetwa, Emmanuel Munenge, Lebogang Lebea, Harry M. Ngwangwa and Thanyani Pandelani
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031030 - 26 May 2026
Viewed by 11
Abstract
Alumina is a long-used dental and medicinal biomaterial. It is considered one of the best jaw implant materials and has greater antibacterial resistance than titanium (Ti6Al-4V). 3D-printed alumina dental implants were tested in NaCl and Ringer’s solutions for electrochemical corrosion. In six studies, [...] Read more.
Alumina is a long-used dental and medicinal biomaterial. It is considered one of the best jaw implant materials and has greater antibacterial resistance than titanium (Ti6Al-4V). 3D-printed alumina dental implants were tested in NaCl and Ringer’s solutions for electrochemical corrosion. In six studies, linear polarisation (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and SEM were used to assess, compare, and elucidate corrosion mechanisms in 3.5% NaCl solution and Ringer’s solution at 25 °C, 45 °C, and 65 °C. At 25–65 °C, alumina in NaCl had corrosion rates of 0.000016–0.000013 mm/yr. Polarisation resistance was good even in a chloride-rich environment at high temperatures, showing effective corrosion protection. The EIS test indicated that the alumina film’s excellent dielectric and insulating capabilities prevented deterioration of the alumina substrate in a concentrated chloride solution. The SEM showed no deep pits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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693 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Thermal Analysis and Machinability Assessment of Aluminium–Biomass Ash Composites in Orthogonal Cutting Processes
by John-Paul Okechukwu Agu, Camillus Sunday Obayi, Chigbogu Godwin Ozoegwu and Samuel Ogbonna Enibe
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031031 - 23 Apr 2026
Viewed by 10
Abstract
This study investigates the thermal effects of machining aluminium matrix composites reinforced with rice husk ash (RHA) using orthogonal cutting tools. Utilizing DEFORM 3D simulation software, version V12, key thermal parameters were analysed, including final shear plane temperatures, steady-state tool temperatures, and frictional [...] Read more.
This study investigates the thermal effects of machining aluminium matrix composites reinforced with rice husk ash (RHA) using orthogonal cutting tools. Utilizing DEFORM 3D simulation software, version V12, key thermal parameters were analysed, including final shear plane temperatures, steady-state tool temperatures, and frictional power across varying spindle speeds (200–800 rpm) and RHA contents (0–12 wt.%). The findings reveal significant thermal accumulation, with temperatures ranging from 49.6 °C to 564.8 °C, correlating positively with increased spindle speeds and RHA reinforcement levels. Higher frictional power requirements were observed, indicating increased machining resistance and higher operational costs. Heat partition coefficients, derived from multiple models, highlighted decreasing heat absorption by the cutting tool as the percentage content of RHA increased. These insights emphasise the need for optimised machining parameters, robust thermal management solutions, and appropriate tool materials to mitigate thermal loads and enhance machining performance. The study underscores the balance between the mechanical benefits of RHA reinforcement and the associated thermal challenges, advocating for a comprehensive approach to improve the machinability and sustainability of aluminium–RHA composites in industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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12 pages, 234 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Impact of Biogas Systems on Reducing Urban Building Carbon Footprints
by Aphiwe Ngoqo Geqeza, Mariam Iyabo Adeoba, Harry Ngwangwa and Pandelani Thanyani
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031032 - 14 May 2026
Viewed by 6
Abstract
Urban buildings significantly contribute to global carbon emissions, with urbanization increasing energy demand and reliance on fossil fuels, leading to environmental damage. This study investigates the role of biogas in reducing urban carbon footprints through a thematic literature review of 526 publications from [...] Read more.
Urban buildings significantly contribute to global carbon emissions, with urbanization increasing energy demand and reliance on fossil fuels, leading to environmental damage. This study investigates the role of biogas in reducing urban carbon footprints through a thematic literature review of 526 publications from 2004 to 2024, refined to 33 relevant studies focusing on biogas, carbon emissions, and urban infrastructure. The research concludes that biogas systems present a clean, renewable energy alternative that enhances waste management and energy efficiency within urban settings. Despite facing economic, logistical, and social challenges, integrating biogas could provide substantial environmental benefits and is vital for meeting climate targets and transforming urban energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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13 pages, 8186 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Injection Mould Design for Biopolymer Composite Flow Analysis
by Jibrilla Abdulrahman, Williams S. Ebhota and Pavel Y. Tabakov
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031033 - 15 May 2026
Viewed by 6
Abstract
Ensuring that the mould design is compatible with the properties of biopolymers can be challenging, as biopolymers often exhibit different flow characteristics compared to traditional plastics. Selecting appropriate injection pressure and production temperature is essential to prevent common defects such as short shot [...] Read more.
Ensuring that the mould design is compatible with the properties of biopolymers can be challenging, as biopolymers often exhibit different flow characteristics compared to traditional plastics. Selecting appropriate injection pressure and production temperature is essential to prevent common defects such as short shot or fibre degradation. Fundamental design elements such as mould material, number of cavities, and cavity layout are frequently overlooked during 3D modelling considerations. This paper presents an approach to the design and injection mould simulation for biopolymer composite processing, using a fixed volume fraction of 70:30 of high-density polyethylene and banana fibre as reinforcement. The study employs SolidWorks software 2024 for both the 3D mould design of the test specimens and the simulation of plastic injection performance. Simulation results show an injection pressure of 75 MPa and a melt temperature of 200 °C, demonstrating complete cavity filling when using a round runner and gate design. This approach enables manufacturers to optimize the injection moulding process, reduce material waste, and ensure the consistent production of high-quality biopolymer composite parts, ultimately improving both efficiency and cost-effectiveness in manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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10 pages, 1944 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Raman Imaging Study of Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti–6Al–4V/ZrO2 Composite
by Lerato Semetse, Moshawe Madito and Peter Olubambi
Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031034 - 22 May 2026
Viewed by 4
Abstract
This study investigates the phase composition and vibrational characteristics of a powder metallurgy-processed Ti–6Al–4V alloy reinforced with ZrO2. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the ZrO2 powder predominantly exhibits a monoclinic structure, while the Ti–6Al–4V alloy contains anatase and rutile TiO2 [...] Read more.
This study investigates the phase composition and vibrational characteristics of a powder metallurgy-processed Ti–6Al–4V alloy reinforced with ZrO2. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the ZrO2 powder predominantly exhibits a monoclinic structure, while the Ti–6Al–4V alloy contains anatase and rutile TiO2, along with minor Ti3O5 phases. Optical microscopy revealed a well-defined grain structure on the Ti–6Al–4V/ZrO2 composite surface, which was subsequently examined in greater detail using Raman imaging combined with True Component analysis. The spatially resolved Raman maps demonstrated that the visually distinct light and dark grains possess a similar chemical composition, consisting mainly of ZrO2 and TiO2 phases. This represents the first application of Raman imaging to Ti–6Al–4V/ZrO2 composites, offering new insight into the relationship between microstructure and phase distribution in this material system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Applied Research and Engineering)
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