Engineering Proceedings

Editorial

Jump to: Other

2 pages, 168 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface to II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems

by Patrizia Piro, Bruno Brunone, Federico Roman, Michele Turco and Umberto Sanfilippo

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135001 - 27 Apr 2026

Viewed by 364

Abstract

The CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25—II International Conference on “Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems”—was held on the 18th and 19th of November 2025 in Trieste (Italy), hosted by Università degli Studi di Trieste and jointly organized by Centro Studi Idraulica Urbana (CSDU) [...] Read more.

The CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25—II International Conference on “Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems”—was held on the 18th and 19th of November 2025 in Trieste (Italy), hosted by Università degli Studi di Trieste and jointly organized by Centro Studi Idraulica Urbana (CSDU) and Centro Studi Sistemi Idrici (CSSI), which are two Italian non-profit private societies engaged in urban water scientific research and dissemination [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

Other

Jump to: Editorial

4 pages, 460 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Toward Smarter Water Loss Management: Application of a Digital-Twin-Based Method for Leakage Localization

by Vittorio Micai, Valentina Marsili, Filippo Mazzoni and Stefano Alvisi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135002 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 372

Abstract

Leakage localization in water distribution networks (WDN) is crucial for reducing water losses, conserving energy, and improving system efficiency. This work presents the application of an integrated approach for leakage localization, relying on sub-daily pressure and inflow data, water-consumption data obtained by means [...] Read more.

Leakage localization in water distribution networks (WDN) is crucial for reducing water losses, conserving energy, and improving system efficiency. This work presents the application of an integrated approach for leakage localization, relying on sub-daily pressure and inflow data, water-consumption data obtained by means of smart meters, and the WDN digital twin. Observed and simulated pressure data are iteratively compared across multiple leakage scenarios to identify the spatial distribution that minimizes discrepancies, thus pinpointing likely leakage areas. The approach was tested on a real-world WDN where about one-third of users are equipped with smart meters. Results demonstrated its effectiveness in accurately localizing leakages and supporting prompt, targeted repairs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 843 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spatial Scaling Effects in Water Demand

by Roberto Magini, Maria Antonietta Boniforti and Roberto Guercio

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135003 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 372

Abstract

Residential water demand exhibits stochastic variability across all spatial and temporal scales, making probabilistic approaches essential for realistic modelling. Using scaling laws enables the derivation of statistics on aggregated demand from single-user data while maintaining information about spatial correlation. This study highlights how [...] Read more.

Residential water demand exhibits stochastic variability across all spatial and temporal scales, making probabilistic approaches essential for realistic modelling. Using scaling laws enables the derivation of statistics on aggregated demand from single-user data while maintaining information about spatial correlation. This study highlights how scaling laws define the dependence of mean and variance on the number of users and also reveals multiscale dynamics. In particular, variance growth at variable exponents and the emergence of multimodal distributions are shown. Furthermore, the Poisson Rectangular Pulse (PRP) model can reproduce these features by introducing frequency-use patterns that reflect the non-homogeneous nature of water demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 1074 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Green Roofs on the Pressurization of Stormwater Collection Networks

by Erica Orsi, Luca Palmiero, Gaetano Crispino and Corrado Gisonni

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135004 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 317

Abstract

Growing urbanization influences the urban hydrological cycle by increasing stormwater runoff. Consequently, Stormwater Collection Networks may suffer troubling phenomena, such as pressurized flow conditions. One promising strategy to resolve this issue involves the adoption of green roofs. This study investigates the effect of [...] Read more.

Growing urbanization influences the urban hydrological cycle by increasing stormwater runoff. Consequently, Stormwater Collection Networks may suffer troubling phenomena, such as pressurized flow conditions. One promising strategy to resolve this issue involves the adoption of green roofs. This study investigates the effect of green roof installation on the enhancement of sewer network behaviour. Numerical simulations were conducted using EPA SWMM 5.2. The model was varied by changing the hydraulic roughness and the slope of the drainage network conduits along with the green roof extension. Preliminary results revealed that green roofs can significantly mitigate the pressurization hazard in urban drainage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 342 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Detection and Classification of Anomalies in Water Distribution Systems

by Maria Stergiadi, Farshid Mahmoudabadi, Andrea Menapace, Anton Dignös, Johann Gamper and Maurizio Righetti

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135005 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 440

Abstract

Water distribution systems are critical infrastructures, and are highly susceptible to a wide range of anomalies like leaks and component failures. Hence, timely detection of abnormal system behavior is essential for their safe and efficient operation. To address this challenge, we generated synthetic [...] Read more.

Water distribution systems are critical infrastructures, and are highly susceptible to a wide range of anomalies like leaks and component failures. Hence, timely detection of abnormal system behavior is essential for their safe and efficient operation. To address this challenge, we generated synthetic hydraulic datasets to train a machine learning tool, tailored for anomaly detection and classification tasks. The proposed architecture integrated bidirectional gated recurrent unit layers with time-distributed dense layers employing Rectified Linear Unit activations, enabling the extraction of temporal dependencies alongside spatial feature representations. The strong performance achieved highlights the robustness of the approach in distinguishing between normal operating states and heterogeneous anomaly classes, demonstrating its potential for enhancing system reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 788 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Long Term Hydrological Performance of a Blue-Green Roof as Urban Nature-Based Solution

by Andrea Petroselli, Ciro Apollonio, Raffaele Pelorosso, Flavia Tauro and Salvatore Grimaldi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135006 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 353

Abstract

Effective water management is a core function of nature-based solutions (NBSs), enabling them to deliver vital ecosystem services and enhance urban resilience. This study examines the hydrological performance of a specific NBS, the Blue-Green Roof (BGR). In contrast to conventional green roofs, the [...] Read more.

Effective water management is a core function of nature-based solutions (NBSs), enabling them to deliver vital ecosystem services and enhance urban resilience. This study examines the hydrological performance of a specific NBS, the Blue-Green Roof (BGR). In contrast to conventional green roofs, the BGR incorporates a subsurface storage layer that retains infiltrated rainfall, thereby sustaining vegetation, boosting evapotranspiration and cooling, and reducing the burden on urban drainage systems. The research evaluates the BGR’s hydrological dynamics over the long term, drawing on data collected between May 2021 and May 2025 at a pilot site in Central Italy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 874 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Detection of Deteriorated Areas in Water Distribution Networks Exploiting Chlorine Measurements in a Bayesian Framework

by Benedetta Sansone, Alfonso Cozzolino, Roberta Padulano, Cristiana Di Cristo and Giuseppe Del Giudice

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135007 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 360

Abstract

This study proposes a methodology to identify deteriorated pipes in water distribution networks using prior system information and routine chlorine residual data. While bulk chlorine decay k_bulk can be measured in laboratories, wall decay k_wall depends on pipe material, diameter, and [...] Read more.

This study proposes a methodology to identify deteriorated pipes in water distribution networks using prior system information and routine chlorine residual data. While bulk chlorine decay k_bulk can be measured in laboratories, wall decay k_wall depends on pipe material, diameter, and ageing, particularly in unlined metallic pipes. Empirical data were used to estimate k_wall, which was integrated into a Bayesian inference framework solved with Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Applied to an Italian network with synthetic chlorine data, this method demonstrated effectiveness across three test scenarios, exploiting the contrast between k_wall and k_bulk to detect deteriorated pipes within a computationally efficient environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 586 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Device Location on User-Induced Pressure Transients: Investigation on a Full-Scale Laboratory Plumbing System

by Valentina Marsili, Debora Falocci, Caterina Capponi, Filippo Mazzoni, Stefano Alvisi, Bruno Brunone and Silvia Meniconi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135008 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 201

Abstract

Pressure transients generated by user activity are a potential, yet understudied, cause of failure in plumbing systems (PSs) and service lines (SLs). This study contributes to filling the knowledge gap by conducting a laboratory investigation at the Water Engineering Laboratory of the University [...] Read more.

Pressure transients generated by user activity are a potential, yet understudied, cause of failure in plumbing systems (PSs) and service lines (SLs). This study contributes to filling the knowledge gap by conducting a laboratory investigation at the Water Engineering Laboratory of the University of Perugia (Italy). In detail, a full-scale PS supplied by a representative portion of water distribution network was realized and instrumented with high-frequency pressure sensors and an electromagnetic flowmeter. Experimental data were collected by simulating demand variations at four distinct locations within the PS to replicate the activation of domestic devices. The resulting dataset provided valuable in-sights into the effective management of such systems and the development of appropriate protection measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 695 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Minimization of Power Demand Through Optimized Pressure Management in Water Distribution Networks

by Maria Cristina Morani, Armando Carravetta, Oreste Fecarotta and Renato Montillo

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135009 - 6 May 2026

Viewed by 246

Abstract

Management strategies for reducing the environmental impact of water distribution systems often rely on pressure management to limit demand. Yet, dissipated or recovered stream power in valves and pumps as turbines accounts for only part of the supplied energy, while friction, leakage, and [...] Read more.

Management strategies for reducing the environmental impact of water distribution systems often rely on pressure management to limit demand. Yet, dissipated or recovered stream power in valves and pumps as turbines accounts for only part of the supplied energy, while friction, leakage, and excess pressure contribute additional inefficiencies. This work introduces an optimization model that minimizes global excess stream power by explicitly incorporating environmental considerations. Applied to a real water distribution network, the approach identifies optimal valve and turbine placement. Results highlight technical feasibility, environmental benefits, and economic viability, confirming the model’s effectiveness in sustainable water network management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 3426 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

AI-Based Flood Early Warning and Risk Communication System

by Raffaele Albano, Muhammad Asif, Ruggero Ermini and Aurelia Sole

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135010 - 6 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 420

Abstract

Current flood early warning and risk communication approaches are often characterized by simple and/or alarmist messages, which can promote non-protective behaviours—either through overreliance on defence structures or emergency management organizations. In response, we propose and develop an early warning system (EWS) prototype aimed [...] Read more.

Current flood early warning and risk communication approaches are often characterized by simple and/or alarmist messages, which can promote non-protective behaviours—either through overreliance on defence structures or emergency management organizations. In response, we propose and develop an early warning system (EWS) prototype aimed at fostering “flood literacy” within communities. This system seeks to empower individuals and local populations to better understand their flood risk by recognizing their personal vulnerability and the characteristics of potential floods affecting them. Such understanding enables timely and appropriate self-protective actions. The proposed EWS comprises an Internet of Things (IoT)-based camera network for monitoring rainfall, water depth, and water velocity based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. These AI algorithms have been used also to analyze and assess historical flood events in the study area, i.e., the heritage city of Matera (Basilicata Region, Italy). The monitoring system is integrated with AI-driven flood modelling to generate impact scenarios at the local scale. These forecasted scenarios can be compared with historical flood data to contextualize current measurements of rainfall and water levels and therefore the citizens can judge how significant a flood might be. The system incorporates threshold-based alerts related to flood instability for pedestrians, along with signals and symbols designed for quick interpretation and communication of self-protection measures to improve citizen resilience and response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 1450 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Energy Optimization Strategies for Water Pumping Stations in the Piovese Area, Managed by AcegasApsAmga S.p.A.

by Luca Costa, Lorenzo Tirello, Armando Carravetta, Oreste Fecarotta, Caterina Capponi and Silvia Meniconi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135011 - 6 May 2026

Viewed by 66

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of energy optimization strategies for the Ferrarin and Arzergrande water pumping stations, located in the Piovese Area, close to Padua, managed by multiutility company AcegasApsAmga S.p.A. Based on studies conducted by the University of Naples Federico II, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of energy optimization strategies for the Ferrarin and Arzergrande water pumping stations, located in the Piovese Area, close to Padua, managed by multiutility company AcegasApsAmga S.p.A. Based on studies conducted by the University of Naples Federico II, the paper compares current operational configurations and proposes innovative solutions to reduce energy consumption, improve hydraulic efficiency, and enhance operational flexibility. The integration of high-efficiency pumps, strategic network interconnections, and the use of hydraulic turbines are evaluated for their impact on energy savings and system resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1066 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Hydraulic Modelling in Unsteady-State Conditions: PRV Analysis in the Trieste Water Network

by S. Prapotnich, C. Capponi, B. Brunone, L. Tirello, A. Rubin and S. Meniconi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135012 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 240

Abstract

The ongoing evolution of hydraulic modelling software has expanded its application to increasingly complex scenarios, including unsteady-state situations. This study investigates the modelling of a portion of the Water Distribution System in the city of Trieste executed by using a commercial software. The [...] Read more.

The ongoing evolution of hydraulic modelling software has expanded its application to increasingly complex scenarios, including unsteady-state situations. This study investigates the modelling of a portion of the Water Distribution System in the city of Trieste executed by using a commercial software. The results highlight the software’s ability to capture the dynamic behaviour of the system and provide insights for optimizing pressure control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 1617 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimising Remote Sensors and Nature-Based Solutions Allocation Based on Hydrological 2D-1D Numerical Models: The Cerisano Case Study

by Carlos H. Aparicio-Uribe, Michele Turco, Stefania Anna Palermo, Mohammed Mudhafar Saleh, Beniamino Russo and Patrizia Piro

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135013 - 6 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 243

Abstract

The integration of remote sensors with nature-based solutions (NBS) offers new opportunities for suitable hydrological monitoring and risk reduction. This study implements 2D-1D numerical modelling tools to guide the allocation of both sensors and NBS interventions. Using the Cerisano catchment as a case [...] Read more.

The integration of remote sensors with nature-based solutions (NBS) offers new opportunities for suitable hydrological monitoring and risk reduction. This study implements 2D-1D numerical modelling tools to guide the allocation of both sensors and NBS interventions. Using the Cerisano catchment as a case study, the software IBER-SWMM (3.3.1–5.2 respectively) was employed to reproduce rainfall-runoff under different scenarios. Outputs were analysed to identify hydrologically sensitive zones where sensor deployment and NBS implementation would maximise monitoring efficiency and mitigation benefits. Results demonstrate how modelling supports effective decisions that are often limited by budget and site-specific constraints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 2015 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Pragmatic Modelling of Large-Scale Urban Pluvial Flooding

by Giada Varra, Nathalia Napolano, Mohamed Boukdire, Renata Della Morte and Luca Cozzolino

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135014 - 6 May 2026

Viewed by 307

Abstract

Urban pluvial flooding poses increasing challenges due to climate change and rapid urbanization. The limited availability of information on subsurface drainage infrastructure and of validation data frequently constrain large-scale flood modelling. This study applies a pragmatic modelling framework, using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model [...] Read more.

Urban pluvial flooding poses increasing challenges due to climate change and rapid urbanization. The limited availability of information on subsurface drainage infrastructure and of validation data frequently constrain large-scale flood modelling. This study applies a pragmatic modelling framework, using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (HEC-RAS 6.7) within the Rain-on-Grid approach to simulate rainfall-induced flooding in Naples, Italy. The adopted method simplifies subsurface drainage processes while enabling a scalable application across large urban areas. The results identify flood-prone areas within the city and provide insights into pluvial flood modelling in data-scarce urban contexts. Preliminary validation is performed using flood photographs and videos collected from social media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 823 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Monitoring and Maintenance of Permeable Pavements: A Pathway to Enhanced Long-Term Performance

by Anna Spandre, Carola Marella, Brandon Winfrey and Giovanna Grossi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135015 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 247

Abstract

This study evaluated permeable pavements through field tests on pedestrian and vehicular sites. Infiltration rates were measured before and after vacuum cleaning and pressure washing, supported by sediment analysis. Results show that pedestrian pavements maintained high performance, while vehicular pavements experienced severe clogging. [...] Read more.

This study evaluated permeable pavements through field tests on pedestrian and vehicular sites. Infiltration rates were measured before and after vacuum cleaning and pressure washing, supported by sediment analysis. Results show that pedestrian pavements maintained high performance, while vehicular pavements experienced severe clogging. Pressure washing restored infiltration more effectively, whereas vacuum cleaning is more practical for routine maintenance. Timely interventions are essential to ensure long-term functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 199 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

From Complexity to Practice: Testing the Hydrological Module of a Simplified Tool for Multiple-Benefit Assessment of Best Management Practices

by Roberta D’Ambrosio and Antonia Longobardi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135016 - 7 May 2026

Viewed by 216

Abstract

Best Management Practices (BMPs) are key instruments for improving the resilience of urban environments to climate change and land-use pressures. They mitigate pluvial flooding and heat waves by restoring natural soil processes and providing multiple co-benefits at both the building and urban scale. [...] Read more.

Best Management Practices (BMPs) are key instruments for improving the resilience of urban environments to climate change and land-use pressures. They mitigate pluvial flooding and heat waves by restoring natural soil processes and providing multiple co-benefits at both the building and urban scale. Urban planning increasingly requires comprehensive assessments of the multiple benefits provided by BMPs, which extend beyond their hydrological function. Traditional hydrological models such as SWMM5 are robust and widely used for simulating drainage performance, but they are not designed to evaluate wider co-benefits or to be easily applied in planning contexts. For this reason, simplified tools have been developed to offer quicker and more accessible assessments, although their reliability, especially in reproducing hydrological outcomes, remains uncertain. This study examines the Green Values Stormwater Management Calculator (GVC), which has been developed to combine hydrological and co-benefit evaluations within a single, easy-to-use framework. In this preliminary analysis, we tested the hydrological module of the GVC on a 290-hectare mixed-land-use catchment in the metropolitan area of Milan, where two calibrated SWMM5 drainage models were available as benchmarks: one representing current conditions and another including a retrofitting design with BMPs. The scenarios were simulated with the GVC and compared under selected storm events in terms of total runoff volumes. The results show that the GVC reproduces current-condition runoff with good accuracy, but tends to underestimate BMP efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

4 pages, 358 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Anomaly Detection at the DMA-Level via Isolation Forest

by Chiara Cincotta, Lorenzo Pedroni, Michele Lombardi, Giuditta Nicoli and Cristiana Bragalli

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135017 - 7 May 2026

Viewed by 277

Abstract

This study applies the Isolation Forest (IF) algorithm to detect anomalies in a district metered area (DMA) in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Multiple datasets are analyzed, including 15-min inflows, daily minima, and inflows excluding the consumption of a high-demand industrial user. Anomalies are cross-referenced with [...] Read more.

This study applies the Isolation Forest (IF) algorithm to detect anomalies in a district metered area (DMA) in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Multiple datasets are analyzed, including 15-min inflows, daily minima, and inflows excluding the consumption of a high-demand industrial user. Anomalies are cross-referenced with repair records to assess correlation with leaks and failures and a metric is defined to evaluate the algorithm performance across datasets. Results show that sensor malfunctions and communication anomalies can be effectively detected through the application of the IF algorithm. Regarding the detection of burst and leakage events, the automated analysis of daily minima is the most effective and removing industrial consumption enhances detection accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 488 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Emerging Scenarios in Urban Wastewater Management in Italy

by Paolo Bevilacqua, Claudia Cafaro, Rosario Lo Cascio, Paolo De Alti and Maurizio Pessina

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135019 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 297

Abstract

Directive (EU) 2024/3019 updates and introduces new approaches to the collection, treatment, and discharge of urban wastewater. The directive aims to safeguard the environment and human health, reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the wastewater treatment cycle, improve energy efficiency, and foster the transition [...] Read more.

Directive (EU) 2024/3019 updates and introduces new approaches to the collection, treatment, and discharge of urban wastewater. The directive aims to safeguard the environment and human health, reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the wastewater treatment cycle, improve energy efficiency, and foster the transition towards climate neutrality, while promoting the circular economy and the reuse of water resources. Within this framework, the reuse of treated urban wastewater emerges as a strategic lever to confront the growing challenge of water scarcity, to support circular economy principles, and to alleviate pressure on natural water reserves. This paper, starting from the European and Italian regulatory frameworks for urban wastewater management, provides an in-depth analysis of potential reuse pathways, highlighting both the advantages and the challenges associated with their application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 448 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Integrating Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Hydrology: The Cerisano Case Study

by Stefania Anna Palermo, Michele Turco, Behrouz Pirouz, Anna Chiara Brusco and Patrizia Piro

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135020 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 220

Abstract

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are sustainable tools to mitigate the impacts of climate change and urbanization. Thus, we present a specific research activity of the “Tech4You” Project, whose main objective is to contribute to the widespread implementation of NbS. In this regard, a specific [...] Read more.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are sustainable tools to mitigate the impacts of climate change and urbanization. Thus, we present a specific research activity of the “Tech4You” Project, whose main objective is to contribute to the widespread implementation of NbS. In this regard, a specific area of the Cerisano urban catchment was selected for the implementation of a rain garden. A preliminary design and a predictive model were developed to assess its hydrological performance. The findings are promising and show how this green infrastructure can positively contribute to urban stormwater management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 2434 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating the Wind-Induced Bias for Three Widely Adopted Non-Catching Precipitation Measurement Instruments

by Enrico Chinchella, Arianna Cauteruccio and Luca G. Lanza

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135021 - 11 May 2026

Viewed by 152

Abstract

This work focuses on the wind-induced bias in measurements from three commonly avail-able non-catching precipitation instruments. The bias was evaluated using a numerical approach to compute the velocity field around the instrument body in windy conditions and the effect that such aerodynamic disturbance [...] Read more.

This work focuses on the wind-induced bias in measurements from three commonly avail-able non-catching precipitation instruments. The bias was evaluated using a numerical approach to compute the velocity field around the instrument body in windy conditions and the effect that such aerodynamic disturbance has on raindrop trajectories. The instrument performances are shown in terms of Catch Ratios and Collection Efficiency for drop size distribution and rainfall intensity measurements, respectively. Both overestimation and underestimation were observed, depending on wind speed and direction. The correction of raw measurements can be performed based on collocated anemometer measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1985 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Understanding the Behavior of CSS Under Dry and Wet Weather Conditions for Predictive Maintenance Applications

by Natnael Hailu Mamo, Roberto Gueli, Giovanni Maria Farinella, Luca Cavallaro and Rosaria Ester Musumeci

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135022 - 12 May 2026

Viewed by 167

Abstract

Predictive Maintenance (PdM) approach in Combined Sewer Systems (CSS) is gaining momentum due to advances in sensor technology, affordability and availability of data, and the rise of machine learning and data analytics. This study aims to characterize the general behavior of CSS under [...] Read more.

Predictive Maintenance (PdM) approach in Combined Sewer Systems (CSS) is gaining momentum due to advances in sensor technology, affordability and availability of data, and the rise of machine learning and data analytics. This study aims to characterize the general behavior of CSS under Dry and Wet weather conditions. To achieve this, 10 min resolution precipitation and water level data were collected from nearby SIAS stations and AMAP radar water level sensors, installed at the outlet chamber of the CSS, respectively. Precipitation data was used to segment continuous time series data into Dry Weather Flow (DWF) and Wet Weather Flow (WWF). DWF analysis exhibited unique flow patterns that strongly correlated with water consumption behaviors of households. For wet weather, a comparison was made between key rainfall parameters (depth, intensity) and peak water level data, and nonlinear relationships were observed that highlight the complex rainfall–runoff process. These findings underscore the need for separate predictive models tailored to DWF and WWF characteristics. Integrating high-resolution sensor data with machine learning models such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and anomaly detection, Autoencoders can enhance PdM, improving CSS management and reducing risks of blockage events and infrastructure failures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 1780 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparing Bias Correction Techniques of Reanalysis Data: A Case Study

by Andrea Nobile, Francesca Zanello, Francesco Lubrano, Matteo Nicolini and Elisa Arnone

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135023 - 13 May 2026

Viewed by 166

Abstract

Reliable climate data are essential for sustainable water management systems, especially under the challenges posed by climate change. In data-scarce regions, reanalysis products such as ERA5 can support flood and drought risk assessment and water security analysis. However, raw reanalysis precipitation is systematically [...] Read more.

Reliable climate data are essential for sustainable water management systems, especially under the challenges posed by climate change. In data-scarce regions, reanalysis products such as ERA5 can support flood and drought risk assessment and water security analysis. However, raw reanalysis precipitation is systematically biased relative to local observations and can distort hydrological indicators; bias correction is therefore needed. This study tests five bias correction techniques (Linear Scaling, Empirical Quantile Mapping, Quantile Mapping Spline Bias Correction, Mean Bias Subtraction, and Simple Linear Regression) on ERA5 precipitation data for Georgia, using classical and sliding window approaches at daily and monthly scales. Results show the importance of selecting the most appropriate method according to data availability and study objectives. The sliding window approach improved performance, especially at the daily scale, and distribution-based methods proved most effective in data-scarce regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 474 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of an Event-Based Approach to Assess Bivariate Rainfall Models in Two Italian Climates

by Matteo Balistrocchi, Hamzah Faquseh and Giovanna Grossi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135024 - 20 May 2026

Viewed by 119

Abstract

The assessment of non-stationarity in the rainfall process is still a major research topic in the field of applied hydrology. The water cycle is affected by several characteristics of this process: rainfall volume, wet weather duration, their mutual association, and the annual number [...] Read more.

The assessment of non-stationarity in the rainfall process is still a major research topic in the field of applied hydrology. The water cycle is affected by several characteristics of this process: rainfall volume, wet weather duration, their mutual association, and the annual number of events. The method used to sample rainfall variables from the time series may or may not suitably account for their variability. Herein, the rainfall process is analyzed using a bivariate event-based approach, with reference to two rainfall time series recorded at short time steps in different Italian climates. Trends are also estimated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 512 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating Objective Functions for SWMM Calibration in Urban Catchments

by Mohammed N. Assaf, Sauro Manenti, Lorenzo Tamellini and Sara Todeschini

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135025 - 21 May 2026

Viewed by 124

Abstract

Urban hydrological models require robust calibration strategies to accurately simulate rainfall–runoff processes, yet parameter sensitivity and the choice of objective functions remain key challenges. This study applied the SWMM nonlinear reservoir approach to an urban catchment in Pavia, Italy, using high-resolution rainfall–runoff data [...] Read more.

Urban hydrological models require robust calibration strategies to accurately simulate rainfall–runoff processes, yet parameter sensitivity and the choice of objective functions remain key challenges. This study applied the SWMM nonlinear reservoir approach to an urban catchment in Pavia, Italy, using high-resolution rainfall–runoff data from multiple events. Sensitivity analysis showed that surface storage and hydraulic resistance dominated runoff response, while infiltration had limited influence. Calibration was performed with a genetic algorithm, testing six objective functions. The results indicated that the Index of Agreement and NSE-sqrt provided the most consistent performance across calibration and validation, supporting their use in urban drainage modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 1242 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Solutions for CSO Reduction and Impact Mitigation

by Martina Gambadori, Anna Laura Eusebi, Francesco Fatone, Lorenzo Tombolini, Cristiana Bollettini, Claudio Bernardo Carini, Fabrizio Marcozzi and Giovanna Darvini

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135026 - 21 May 2026

Viewed by 111

Abstract

This study concerns the assessment and comparison of several scenarios for minimizing the hydraulic and environmental impact of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) in the coastal city of Cupra Marittima (AP) in Italy, managed by CIIP S.p.A. The quantity and the quality of the [...] Read more.

This study concerns the assessment and comparison of several scenarios for minimizing the hydraulic and environmental impact of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) in the coastal city of Cupra Marittima (AP) in Italy, managed by CIIP S.p.A. The quantity and the quality of the water flowing in the sewerage network were analyzed using SWMM 5.2.0 software, calibrated for the dry and rainfall periods on the basis of a specific measurement campaign. The simulations led to the identification of the most critical spills in terms of flow rate and selected pollutant loads and to understanding their contribution to the deterioration of the coastal bathing water quality. On the basis of the simulations, possible solutions to mitigate the CSO impact on the receiving water body were tested and compared with each other in order to identify the optimal solution for the CSO control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 510 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigating the Response of Blue Roofs Under Future Climate Scenarios

by Gaetano Buonacera, Alberto Campisano, Antonino Cancelliere, Aurora Gullotta, Nunziarita Palazzolo and David Johnny Peres

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135027 - 22 May 2026

Viewed by 78

Abstract

In this study, we evaluate the potential of blue roofs (BRs) to mitigate future increases in rainfall intensity projected by climate models. Using hourly EURO-CORDEX regional climate model data and a scaling-based methodology, we derived rainfall depth–duration–frequency curves for RCP4.5 and 8.5 for [...] Read more.

In this study, we evaluate the potential of blue roofs (BRs) to mitigate future increases in rainfall intensity projected by climate models. Using hourly EURO-CORDEX regional climate model data and a scaling-based methodology, we derived rainfall depth–duration–frequency curves for RCP4.5 and 8.5 for the future (up to 2100). The hydrological performance of a pilot BR tray in Catania, Italy, was then simulated under future design storms. Results show BRs can significantly reduce peak flows. Runoff volumes are reduced, but in most scenarios, they do not fully counterbalance the increase in rainfall intensity expected for the future. Peak attenuation ranges from 38% to 58%, depending on precipitation features and emission pathways, confirming BRs as effective adaptation measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 1761 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Making Urban Areas More Permeable: The Effect of the Reduction of Impermeable Areas on Drainage Systems and the Risk of Pluvial Flooding

by José Javier Serrano Chano, Giuseppina Brigandì and Giuseppe Tito Aronica

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135028 - 23 May 2026

Viewed by 76

Abstract

One of the consequences of urbanization is the impermeabilization of the landscape, which increases the stormwater runoff and the risk of pluvial flooding. To address this challenge, this study proposes a methodology to quantify the impact of reducing impermeable areas in the design [...] Read more.

One of the consequences of urbanization is the impermeabilization of the landscape, which increases the stormwater runoff and the risk of pluvial flooding. To address this challenge, this study proposes a methodology to quantify the impact of reducing impermeable areas in the design of pluvial drainage systems. This methodology is applied in the Lake Ganzirri Area, located in Messina, Italy, where accelerated expansion of residential projects and the closure of drainage outlets due to environmental restrictions have enhanced the risk of pluvial flooding. The relationship between impermeable areas and the impact on risk of failure is assessed using rainfall events derived from regional depth-duration-frequency curves, a pluvial drainage network, and InfoWorks ICM simulations for different impermeable scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 964 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Urban Pluvial Flooding Assessment with a Subgrid Approach for the Secondary Drainage Network: An Application in Padova

by Tommaso Lazzarin, Pierfranco Costabile and Daniele Pietro Viero

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135029 - 25 May 2026

Viewed by 92

Abstract

This study presents a practical application of a subgrid approach for urban pluvial flooding that implicitly accounts for the secondary drainage network. Parameters required by the subgrid model (e.g., pipe diameter, spacing) can be easily estimated, reducing the data requirements and modelling efforts [...] Read more.

This study presents a practical application of a subgrid approach for urban pluvial flooding that implicitly accounts for the secondary drainage network. Parameters required by the subgrid model (e.g., pipe diameter, spacing) can be easily estimated, reducing the data requirements and modelling efforts compared to classical 1D/2D simulations. Applied to simulate the 2009 flooding of a Padova district, the model improves accuracy in flood extent and water levels compared to models that ignore the secondary network, without the need for surveys of smaller-scale pipes. This data-efficient approach proves to be a practical tool for simulating urban pluvial floods, particularly in data-scarce urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 425 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Investigation of Pressure Reducing Valves Under Transient Conditions: A Laboratory Study

by Caterina Capponi, Debora Falocci, Bryan Karney, Bruno Brunone and Silvia Meniconi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135030 - 23 May 2026

Viewed by 115

Abstract

Pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) play a key role in water distribution networks (WDNs), where they are employed to regulate pressure levels and mitigate leakage. The present work describes an experimental study designed to investigate the transient response of a PRV installed at the inlet [...] Read more.

Pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) play a key role in water distribution networks (WDNs), where they are employed to regulate pressure levels and mitigate leakage. The present work describes an experimental study designed to investigate the transient response of a PRV installed at the inlet of a laboratory-scale district metered area (DMA). The closure of a downstream valve along a service line reproduces a typical end-user action and generates a pressure surge propagating through the system. Two distinct operating scenarios were examined, and the analysis of the measured pressure signals offers a basis for discussing the effect of hydraulic transients on the network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 7543 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dynamic Evaluation of Sewer Capacity for Street Flow Modelling During Urban Pluvial Floods

by Aurora Gullotta, Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez and Alberto Campisano

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135031 - 29 May 2026

Viewed by 112

Abstract

This study introduces a modelling framework for representing surface runoff along urban streets during intense rainfall events. The approach incorporates a dynamic assessment of sewer system capacity, obtained through dedicated simulations that capture its temporal variability during flooding. A one-dimensional sewer model is [...] Read more.

This study introduces a modelling framework for representing surface runoff along urban streets during intense rainfall events. The approach incorporates a dynamic assessment of sewer system capacity, obtained through dedicated simulations that capture its temporal variability during flooding. A one-dimensional sewer model is first used to quantify the volume of rainfall effectively conveyed by the drainage network; these results are then used to construct a reduced hyetograph, which serves as input for a one-dimensional street-flow model. The methodology was applied to a flood-prone urban catchment in southern Italy and calibrated and validated using field observations, including direct measurements and video-derived flow estimates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 625 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Feedforward and Feedback Control of a Prototype for Pressure Regulation and Hydropower Generation in Water Distribution Network

by Marco Maio, Giorgia Diglio, Francesco Di Menna and Gustavo Marini

Eng. Proc. 2026, 135(1), 5018; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026135018 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 275

Abstract

In recent years, pumps as turbines have been replacing pressure-regulating valves as a system for regulating pressure and reducing water losses in the water distribution network, as they combine leakage reduction with the production of hydroelectric power. However, when a pump as turbine [...] Read more.

In recent years, pumps as turbines have been replacing pressure-regulating valves as a system for regulating pressure and reducing water losses in the water distribution network, as they combine leakage reduction with the production of hydroelectric power. However, when a pump as turbine is installed, it is necessary to implement real-time pressure control. This study proposes an innovative algorithm that combines the integral control with a feedforward control in order to minimize the time to reach the desired pressure under flow variation. The algorithm was tested through laboratory tests showing an effective optimization of real-time pressure control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Eng. Proc., 2026, CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25

II International Conference on Challenges and Perspectives in Urban Water Management Systems (CSDU-CSSI DAYS 25)

Editorial

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI