Urban Science

35 pages, 8407 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Mobility and Socio-Environmental Aspects in David, Panama: A Bayesian-Network Analysis

by Jorge Quijada-Alarcón, Anshell Maylin, Roberto Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Analissa Icaza, Angelino Harris and Nicoletta González-Cancelas

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090387 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 697

Abstract

Given that urban mobility arises from the interaction between social and environmental conditions, this study constructs a Bayesian network to represent these relationships in David, Panama, using 500 georeferenced household surveys that recorded variables related to demographics, travel behavior, infrastructure, mobility patterns and [...] Read more.

Given that urban mobility arises from the interaction between social and environmental conditions, this study constructs a Bayesian network to represent these relationships in David, Panama, using 500 georeferenced household surveys that recorded variables related to demographics, travel behavior, infrastructure, mobility patterns and perceptions of risk, safety, and vulnerability. The Bayesian network was built and validated through a consensus-driven hybrid procedure combining structural learning and expert knowledge, resulting in a directed acyclic graph (DAG) with 127 nodes and 189 arcs; and conditional probability tables (CPTs) were learned from data. The topology of the network was analyzed with Louvain community detection, revealing eleven subsystems that group household economy and mode choice, hydrometeorological mobility barriers, congestion, public-transport quality, and safety in school travel. The inferences show gender-based differences in the risk of harassment on public transport, higher perceived vulnerability on longer trips, and elevated stress among middle-aged drivers. The model highlights potential priority interventions such as reinforcing public-transport safety, promoting self-contained trips, and encouraging short-distance active mobility, based on population perceptions. The resulting DAG functions as both an analytical and communication tool for urban management, is visually understandable to all stakeholders, and provides unprecedented evidence for Panama in a little-studied context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Evolution and Sustainability in the Urban Context)

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24 pages, 11361 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Exposure to ALAN (Artificial Light at Night) in the Urban Space of Madrid and Toledo (Spain) and Its Impact on Human Circadian Rhythms: “Circadian Neurolighting”

by Nubi Leon Martinez and Mercedes Valiente Lopez

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090386 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1128

Abstract

This research explores the visual and non-visual (circadian) perception of light in humans and their brain responses in the urban spaces of two contrasted cities: Madrid and Toledo, in Spain. Lighting has been demonstrated to induce the synthesis of neurotransmitters, which can function [...] Read more.

This research explores the visual and non-visual (circadian) perception of light in humans and their brain responses in the urban spaces of two contrasted cities: Madrid and Toledo, in Spain. Lighting has been demonstrated to induce the synthesis of neurotransmitters, which can function as regulators or disruptors of our biological system, causing diseases due to the alteration in our circadian rhythms; these responses are contingent upon the technical properties of the lighting (type of incidence, intensity, colour temperature, and primarily, wavelength), as well as the time and duration of exposure. In Madrid, we analyse Gran Vía, an iconic and busy avenue with high commercial and touristic activity. This has resulted in an excess of illumination, which has a notable impact on the night environment and, in particular, on the biology of the human beings who transit and inhabit these areas. In contrast to Toledo—a small, protected city (a UNESCO World heritage site since 1986) that has maintained a low population density, controlled commercial areas, and a low level of urban lighting at night—Madrid represents an opposite situation. In Madrid, measurements of both lux and light spectrum were taken to demonstrate the excessive light incidence, along with the high emission of short-wavelength light produced by LED screens, which, at night, disrupt our circadian cycle. This paper demonstrates how artificial light at night (ALAN) affects human circadian rhythms. Furthermore, this study suggests directions for urban lighting design, considering human circadian rhythms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Energy Districts: Innovation, Sustainability, and Sharing for a Solidary Future)

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24 pages, 2583 KB

Open AccessReview

Every Pixel You Take: Unlocking Urban Vegetation Insights Through High- and Very-High-Resolution Remote Sensing

by Germán Catalán, Carlos Di Bella, Paula Meli, Francisco de la Barrera, Rodrigo Vargas-Gaete, Rosa Reyes-Riveros, Sonia Reyes-Packe and Adison Altamirano

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090385 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 580

Abstract

Urban vegetation plays a vital role in mitigating the impacts of urbanization, improving biodiversity, and providing key ecosystem services. However, the spatial distribution, ecological dynamics, and social implications of urban vegetation remain insufficiently understood, particularly in underrepresented regions. This systematic review aims to [...] Read more.

Urban vegetation plays a vital role in mitigating the impacts of urbanization, improving biodiversity, and providing key ecosystem services. However, the spatial distribution, ecological dynamics, and social implications of urban vegetation remain insufficiently understood, particularly in underrepresented regions. This systematic review aims to synthesize global research trends in very-high-resolution (VHR) remote sensing of urban vegetation between 2000 and 2024. A total of 123 peer-reviewed empirical studies were analyzed using bibliometric and thematic approaches, focusing on the spatial resolution (<10 m), sensor type, research objectives, and geographic distribution. The findings reveal a predominance of biophysical studies (72%) over social-focused studies (28%), with major thematic clusters related to urban climate, vegetation structure, and technological applications such as UAVs and machine learning. The research is heavily concentrated in the Global North, particularly China and the United States, while regions like Latin America and Africa remain underrepresented. This review identifies three critical gaps: (1) limited research in the Global South, (2) insufficient integration of ecological and social dimensions, and (3) underuse of advanced technologies such as hyperspectral imaging and AI-driven analysis. Addressing these gaps is essential for promoting equitable, technology-informed urban planning. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the field and offers directions for future interdisciplinary research in urban remote sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Remote Sensing of Urban Forests and Their Ecological Functions)

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21 pages, 957 KB

Open AccessArticle

Essential-Service Shopping and Spatial Disinvestment Among Black Homeowners in Ward 8, Washington, D.C.

by Joyce M. Doyle

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090384 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 471

Abstract

This study investigates shopping behaviors for essential services among Black middle-class homeowners in Ward 8, Washington, D.C., a historically underinvested neighborhood experiencing a rise in Black homeownership. The research examines how these residents manage limited local retail options, address safety concerns, and evaluate [...] Read more.

This study investigates shopping behaviors for essential services among Black middle-class homeowners in Ward 8, Washington, D.C., a historically underinvested neighborhood experiencing a rise in Black homeownership. The research examines how these residents manage limited local retail options, address safety concerns, and evaluate quality perceptions when choosing where to shop. Using survey data from 58 homeowners, we categorized shopping patterns into Inside-only, Mixed, and Outside-only. Exploratory factor analysis identified three main motivational factors: Service & Quality, Access & Convenience, and Economic. Multinomial logistic regression showed that higher scores on the Access & Convenience factor significantly increased the likelihood of Outside-only shopping (OR = 1.67, p = 0.02), while residential tenure showed a non-significant trend toward predicting Mixed shopping. To explain these findings, we introduce the concept of the “Small Spatial World^TM,” an adaptation of Chatman’s Small World theory, to describe how routine spatial behaviors, not social networks, shape resource gathering in limited urban settings. These behaviors reflect the ongoing impact of racial capitalism and spatial disinvestment, which limit consumer choice even among middle-class residents. This research advances urban studies by uniquely examining the consumption patterns of Black middle-class homeowners in a racially homogenous yet structurally disinvested community, linking race, space, and class in daily consumption, and advocating for targeted retail investments to foster equitable, community-focused development. Full article

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26 pages, 13916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green, Grey, and Empty: Tracing the Urban Public Spaces of Collective Housing in Nitra, Slovakia

by Zuzana Vinczeová, Tímea Žolobaničová, Attila Tóth and Roberta Štěpánková

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090383 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Urban green spaces of collective housing are more than a passive background: they are living records of how cities have understood the relationship between housing, nature, and society. In many parts of Central and Eastern Europe, particularly within housing estates built in the [...] Read more.

Urban green spaces of collective housing are more than a passive background: they are living records of how cities have understood the relationship between housing, nature, and society. In many parts of Central and Eastern Europe, particularly within housing estates built in the late 20th century, these green spaces were carefully planned as part of a larger ideological, spatial, and social framework. Today, however, their original functions are often obscured by decades of political change, privatization or shifting management practices. This paper explores six residential areas in Nitra, Slovakia, analyzing how their design, amenities, and open spaces reflect wider societal transformations. Special attention is given to urban green spaces and urban voids—often overlooked yet critical elements of the everyday urban experience. Using a multicriteria method, we evaluate and compare these developments considering both historical and contemporary urban challenges, including climate resilience and sustainable regeneration. Our approach combines archival research with on-site fieldwork, spatial mapping, and qualitative observation to explore how the planning of collective housing has changed and what it means for the future of urban living. The results reveal a gradual decline in the quality and function of open space in collective housing, especially in newer projects where ecological and social values are often neglected. Full article

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27 pages, 3225 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assembly or Subdivision? Comparative Institutional Analysis of Culture-Led Urban Regeneration Projects from Xi’an, China

by Chen Shi and Luowen Sun

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090382 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1218

Abstract

Culture-led urban regeneration represents a potent strategy for revitalizing post-industrial cities but necessitates navigating complex property rights fragmentation and competing stakeholder interests. This research interrogates how different institutional arrangements mediate this process, balancing economic development with cultural preservation and social sustainability. Through a [...] Read more.

Culture-led urban regeneration represents a potent strategy for revitalizing post-industrial cities but necessitates navigating complex property rights fragmentation and competing stakeholder interests. This research interrogates how different institutional arrangements mediate this process, balancing economic development with cultural preservation and social sustainability. Through a comparative case study of two seminal projects in Xi’an, China—the Yisu Opera Society and the Old Food Market—this paper examines the divergent outcomes of two property rights reconfiguration strategies: land assembly and rights subdivision. Findings reveal a fundamental trade-off: while the land assembly model facilitates efficient, large-scale redevelopment and economic revitalization, it often precipitates gentrification and the erosion of socio-cultural fabric. Conversely, the rights subdivision approach, though incurring higher ongoing transaction costs, fosters more equitable and embedded regeneration by preserving community networks and authentic character. Grounded in Property Rights and Transaction Cost theories, this study con-structs an analytical framework to evaluate how governance structures, stakeholder dynamics, and contextual factors shape project outcomes. The research concludes that there is no universal solution; the optimal pathway depends on the specific heritage context and social embeddedness of a site. It contributes to urban scholarship by highlighting the critical role of flexible, hybrid governance models in managing urban complexity and offers practical policy insights for designing regeneration frameworks that can more equitably distribute the benefits of urban development. Full article

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21 pages, 6257 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Data-Driven Framework to Identify Tree Planting Potential in Urban Areas: A Case Study from Dortmund, Germany

by Vanessa Reinhart, Luise Wolf, Panagiotis Sismanidis and Benjamin Bechtel

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090381 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 696

Abstract

Urban areas increasingly face heat-related climate risks, necessitating targeted, nature-based interventions such as tree planting to improve resilience, livability, and public health. This study presents a data-driven workflow to identify urban tree planting potential (TPP) in the city of Dortmund, Germany. The approach [...] Read more.

Urban areas increasingly face heat-related climate risks, necessitating targeted, nature-based interventions such as tree planting to improve resilience, livability, and public health. This study presents a data-driven workflow to identify urban tree planting potential (TPP) in the city of Dortmund, Germany. The approach integrates high-resolution spatial datasets capturing land cover, shading, thermal comfort, population density, and critical infrastructure. All variables were harmonized within a 50 m hexagonal grid, normalized, and combined into a composite TPP score using weighting schemes informed by expert judgment and sensitivity testing. Spatial and non-spatial clustering were applied to group urban areas by shared characteristics, and a connectivity analysis evaluated the spatial coherence of high-potential cells and their relationship to existing green infrastructure. The findings demonstrate the potential to strengthen urban green infrastructure and guide coordinated planting strategies while addressing both ecological and social priorities. The presented workflow offers a flexible, transferable tool to support municipalities in prioritizing effective greening interventions and integrating climate adaptation objectives into urban development planning. Full article

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27 pages, 2742 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Science Meets Cyber Risk: Quantifying Smart City Downtime with CTMC and H3 Geospatial Data

by Enrico Barbierato, Serena Curzel, Alice Gatti and Marco Gribaudo

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090380 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 781

Abstract

This work quantifies downtime caused by cyberattacks for eight critical urban services in Milan by coupling sectoral Continuous-Time Markov Chains (CTMCs) with an approximately equal-area H3 hexagonal grid of the city. The pipeline ingests OpenStreetMap infrastructure, simulates coupled failure/repair dynamics across sectors (power, [...] Read more.

This work quantifies downtime caused by cyberattacks for eight critical urban services in Milan by coupling sectoral Continuous-Time Markov Chains (CTMCs) with an approximately equal-area H3 hexagonal grid of the city. The pipeline ingests OpenStreetMap infrastructure, simulates coupled failure/repair dynamics across sectors (power, telecom, hospitals, ambulance stations, banks, ATMs, surveillance, and government offices), and reports availability, outage burden (area under the infected/down curve, or AUC), and multi-sector distress probabilities. Cross-sector dependencies (e.g., power→telecom) are modeled via a joint CTMC on sector up/down states; uncertainty is quantified with nested bootstraps (inner bands for stochastic variability, and outer bands for parameter uncertainty). Economic impacts use sector-specific cost priors with sensitivity analysis (PRCC). Spatial drivers are probed via hotspot mapping (Getis–Ord

G_{i}^{*}

, local Moran’s I) and spatial regression on interpretable covariates. In a baseline short decaying attack, healthcare remains the most available tier, while power and banks bear a higher burden; coupling increases P(≥

k sectors down)

and per-sector AUC relative to an independent counterfactual, with paired-bootstrap significance at

α = 0.05

for ATMs, banks, hospitals, and ambulance stations. Government offices are borderline, and telecom shows the same direction of effect but is not significant at

α = 0.05

. Under a persistent/adaptive attacker, citywide downtime and P(≥2) rise substantially. Costs are dominated by telecom/bank/power under literature-informed penalties, and uncertainty in those unit costs explains most of the variance in total loss. Spatial analysis reveals statistically significant hotspots where exposure and dependency pressure are high, while a diversified local service mix appears protective. All code and plots are fully reproducible with open data. Full article

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35 pages, 15103 KB

Open AccessArticle

Expanding the Concept of Mobility Culture(s) as a Driver of Transit Modal Share: Insights from a Comprehensive Analysis Based on Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)

by Alessandro Nalin, Andrea Simone, Valeria Vignali, Margherita Pazzini and Claudio Lantieri

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090379 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 602

Abstract

This paper is aimed at exploring and expanding the concept of mobility culture(s) (MC), with regard to its influence on public transportation (PT) usage share. Despite some factors being positively correlated with collective modes, the modal split is often skewed in favour of [...] Read more.

This paper is aimed at exploring and expanding the concept of mobility culture(s) (MC), with regard to its influence on public transportation (PT) usage share. Despite some factors being positively correlated with collective modes, the modal split is often skewed in favour of private or individual ones. To this end, a comprehensive analysis of 70 cities in Germany and Italy is conducted, employing geographically weighted regression (GWR) to assess the impact of some factors on the local share of PT. Factors examined include land use diversity, fare integration, service quality (measured as level of service), scheduling regularity and characteristics of the transit network maps. The findings of the study provide new perspectives on MC and suggest strategies for promoting sustainable and equitable transportation systems. Full article

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19 pages, 2911 KB

Open AccessArticle

Industrial Diffusion Processes in Peri-Urban Environments: A State-of-the-Art Analysis of Current and Future Dimensions

by Fernando Toro Sánchez, Francisco Javier Castellano-Álvarez and Rafael Robina-Ramírez

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090378 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 524

Abstract

Various scientific disciplines (economics, geography, sociology, urban planning, and environmental sciences) have analysed industrialization processes in peri-urban environments. This has given rise to a wide and diverse bibliography on which this bibliometric study, using the most advanced computer tools, offers a comprehensive overview [...] Read more.

Various scientific disciplines (economics, geography, sociology, urban planning, and environmental sciences) have analysed industrialization processes in peri-urban environments. This has given rise to a wide and diverse bibliography on which this bibliometric study, using the most advanced computer tools, offers a comprehensive overview that helps to structure existing knowledge. To this end, the Web of Science and Scopus databases were used, which, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and detecting duplicate works, identified a total of 626 documents involving 1484 authors. The results identify two basic lines of research, each relating to the processes of urbanization and industrialization. They also show that, since the approval of the SDGs by the UN in 2015, studies on industrialization in peri-urban environments have been growing significantly. Chinese scientific output stands out among the proliferation of these works. This study also offers a dynamic view of the lines of work that could experience greater future development and that are associated with the challenges inherent in the processes of urbanization and industrialization. Among the former are problems arising from migration or access to housing; among the latter are the challenges of land use transformation, environmental problems, and those linked to inequality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural–Urban Transformation and Regional Development: 2nd Edition)

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35 pages, 4932 KB

Open AccessArticle

Validating a Sustainable, Smart, and Circular City Architecture Through Urban Living Lab Experiments

by Augusto Velasquez-Mendez, Jorge de Jesús Lozoya-Santos and José Fernando Jiménez-Vargas

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090377 - 16 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 759

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and climate change pressure cities to integrate sustainability, digitalization, and circular economy principles. Yet most existing approaches treat these agendas separately, leaving gaps in how urban infrastructures, governance, and data systems can jointly support circular transformations. This paper addresses this challenge [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization and climate change pressure cities to integrate sustainability, digitalization, and circular economy principles. Yet most existing approaches treat these agendas separately, leaving gaps in how urban infrastructures, governance, and data systems can jointly support circular transformations. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing and validating a Sustainable, Smart, and Circular City (SSCC) architecture that operationalizes the waste–energy–information nexus. The architecture is structured into seven interconnected layers—Physical, Digital, Analytical, Participatory Governance, Data Strategy, Innovation Management, and Assessment—and is tested through two integrated experiments in the Fenicia Urban Living Lab, Bogotá: (i) an AI- and drone-based system for waste detection and community reporting and (ii) a solar-powered IoT urban garden for environmental monitoring. These experiments demonstrate how digital twins, participatory governance, and multi-actor collaboration can activate circular strategies while enabling evaluation against international standards (ISO 37106, U4SSC, LEED). The results confirm that the SSCC model can transform siloed services into integrated, circular functions that enhance quality of life, productivity, and ICT-based sustainability. The originality of this study lies in validating an SSCC architecture that incorporates the waste–energy–information nexus across seven layers and demonstrates, through Urban Living Lab experimentation, how such an architecture can guide the transition from Smart Sustainable Cities to Circular Cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Urban Agenda)

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22 pages, 10653 KB

Open AccessArticle

Remote Sensing Monitoring and Evaluation of Water Source Environmental Quality in Sanya

by Changlong Li, Junjun Wu, Bo Zhong and Daner Xu

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090376 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 513

Abstract

We addressed rising drinking water risks in tropical tourism catchments by selecting Sanya as a representative case and developing an integrated 10–16 m remote sensing framework (Sentinel-2, GF-1) with a fuzzy evaluation, combining NDVI, WET, and NDBSI, K–T + NDVI eutrophication mapping, and [...] Read more.

We addressed rising drinking water risks in tropical tourism catchments by selecting Sanya as a representative case and developing an integrated 10–16 m remote sensing framework (Sentinel-2, GF-1) with a fuzzy evaluation, combining NDVI, WET, and NDBSI, K–T + NDVI eutrophication mapping, and event-sensitive RUSLE (30 m DEM, nonlinear LS, monthly NDVI-driven C, localized R). Land use mapping shows orchards at 736.46 km² (38.37%) and tourism land at 2.64% (mostly golf), with 86.52% overall accuracy (Kappa 0.84). Basin-wide, 91% of the area experiences slight–mild erosion, intensified near reservoirs; relative to forests (FVC > 80%), orchards (FVC 60–70%) have a 3.2× higher median erosion risk (IQR 2.8–3.6, 95% CI 2.7–3.7). On 10–25° slopes during flood seasons, orchard pesticide/nutrient runoff indices rise 28–46%, and in the Dalong watershed, high-erosion orchard pixels co-locate with pesticide residues by 62% (95% CI 58–66%). Tourism is associated with elevated nearshore chlorophyll-a (Chl-a); the area is generally mesotrophic (0.25–0.75 mg/L), with localized nearshore hotspots > 1.0 mg/L; across monthly composites, nearshore Chl-a exceeds center waters by 130–210%, and in the Dalong Reservoir, the shoreline-to-center ratio is 2.3–3.1 (median 2.7, 95% CI 2.1–3.3) during 2023–2024 flood seasons. Overall, this source-to-sink framework supports forward-looking governance of drinking water sources under dual monsoon and tourism pressures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Resources Planning and Management in Cities (2nd Edition))

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22 pages, 4256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Safety Measures at Stop-Controlled Intersections: A Study on LED Backlit Signs and Drivers’ Behavior in Montréal, Québec

by Maziyar Layegh, Matin Giahi Foomani and Ciprian Alecsandru

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090375 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1109

Abstract

This study evaluates the safety impacts of upgrading traditional STOP signs to light-emitting diode (LED)-illuminated backlit STOP signs at urban intersections, aiming to address visibility and conspicuity concerns that affect driver behavior and intersection safety. STOP signs are critical for regulating traffic flow [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the safety impacts of upgrading traditional STOP signs to light-emitting diode (LED)-illuminated backlit STOP signs at urban intersections, aiming to address visibility and conspicuity concerns that affect driver behavior and intersection safety. STOP signs are critical for regulating traffic flow and minimizing conflicts, yet their effectiveness can diminish under low-visibility conditions. To assess the effectiveness of LED-enhanced signage, a before–after study was conducted using surrogate safety measures. Key performance indicators included vehicle speeds, driver compliance rates, and vehicle-to-vehicle interactions, recorded both prior to and following LED implementation. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to analyze driver behaviors, and a calibrated microscopic simulation model, optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA), was applied to estimate traffic conflict frequencies. Video data were processed to extract driver trajectories and reactions under varying signage conditions. Results showed LED STOP signs improved compliance rates from 60% to 85%, reduced average vehicle speeds by 25%, and increased post-encroachment times. Conflict analysis revealed significant reductions in vehicle-to-vehicle and pedestrian conflicts, particularly at night. These findings highlight the effectiveness of LED signage in enhancing intersection safety and offer important implications for urban traffic management and the adoption of advanced traffic control technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Transportation and Electric Vehicles: Innovations for Sustainable Urban Mobility)

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22 pages, 4617 KB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Net-Zero Emissions: The Role of Smart City Technologies in Reducing Carbon Emissions in China

by Kaleem Ullah Khan, Ghaffar Ali, Natasha Murtaza, Yanchun Pan and Vlado Kysucky

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090374 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 779

Abstract

This paper examines how smart city technologies can help promote sustainability in China by cutting energy use and carbon footprint, as well as how smart city technologies can help achieve urban sustainability. With the help of Random Forest Regression (RFR), Extreme Gradient Boosting [...] Read more.

This paper examines how smart city technologies can help promote sustainability in China by cutting energy use and carbon footprint, as well as how smart city technologies can help achieve urban sustainability. With the help of Random Forest Regression (RFR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) approaches to machine learning (ML), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), graph neural networks (GNNs) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) value analysis, we have predicted urban energy consumption and have revealed the most powerful emission drivers. The findings indicate that smart grids could decrease energy use by 15 percent and renewable energy integration decreases per capita emissions by about 12 percent. The predictive model’s outstanding performance (R² = 0.996; RMSE = 13.63) confirms the reliability of the predictions. The major contributors to emissions, based on the SHAP analysis, are water heating and urban central heating systems, highlighting the critical significance of upgrading heating systems. Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analysis also illustrate that the possibility of optimization of heating infrastructure has the most significant potential of reducing the emissions. These results show that although renewable energy is needed, it is impossible to achieve a high level of de-carbonization without implementing ML-based prediction, smart grids, and building improvements on an integrated basis as part of urban development approaches. Full article

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20 pages, 3367 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Relationships Between Bicycle Paths and Urban Services in Oradea, Romania

by Grigore Vasile Herman, Liviu Bucur, Claudiu Aurelian Filimon, Mariana Laura Herman, Stelian Nistor, George-Bogdan Tofan, Marius Stupariu, Ramona Vasilica Bacter and Tudor Caciora

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090373 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 901

Abstract

The intensification of the urbanization process on a global level is a reality specific to today’s society with some of the most complex implications, among which, the spatial ones stand out. The shortage of space in urban areas has led to the identification [...] Read more.

The intensification of the urbanization process on a global level is a reality specific to today’s society with some of the most complex implications, among which, the spatial ones stand out. The shortage of space in urban areas has led to the identification of sustainable solutions and ways to manage it. Against this background, the present study aims to explore the relationships between bicycle paths and service delivery units, as well as to establish the role of bicycle paths in facilitating the population’s access to services. The developed methodology involved the use of a multicriteria analysis considering ten criteria: four for bicycle paths and five for service provision units. The results highlighted the existence of strong relationships (between bicycle paths and service units) at the level of bicycle paths 1, 4, 5 and 7, while a major role in facilitating people’s access to services was established at the level of bicycle paths 1, 2, 6 and 7. Thus, the research hypothesis was validated only in the case of four out of seven bicycle paths in the municipality of Oradea, Romania, confirming that where the relationships between bicycle paths and urban service units are strong, the role of bicycle paths in facilitating bicycle access to urban services is high, while where the relationships between bicycle paths and urban service units are weak, the role of bicycle paths in facilitating bicycle access to urban services is low. In conclusion, the results obtained demonstrate the need to expand and modernize bike lanes 1, 2, 6 and 7, which have demonstrated the greatest potential to facilitate access to urban services. Full article

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52 pages, 469 KB

Open AccessReview

Functional Biodiversity for Urban Planning: Access to Mitigative Effects and Therapeutic Benefits of UGS

by Melissa Vogt

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090372 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 559

Abstract

The measure of access to urban green space (UGS) informs planning and expectations for implementation, leading to suggested strategies for optimising UGS integration to urban planning to counteract sprawl developments. The article studies the meaning of access to UGS and the importance of [...] Read more.

The measure of access to urban green space (UGS) informs planning and expectations for implementation, leading to suggested strategies for optimising UGS integration to urban planning to counteract sprawl developments. The article studies the meaning of access to UGS and the importance of UGS type, selection and configuration for urban planning. A literature review guided by the refined wilding (RW) concept analyses common uses and understandings of access to UGS, and the UGS types often studied and recommended. The studies reviewed are from several different countries. This conceptual guidance is explained for its role in improving sustainable urbanisation and lowering risks most responsible for the challenges faced. The meaning of access to UGS as mitigative effects and therapeutic benefits provides scope for optimised measures, monitoring, planning and design of different UGS across different urban plans and developments. Functional connectivity across UGS and transparent spaces with increases in or reserved UGS, no matter the urban development, densification, redesign of sprawl, suburbanisation or other vertical or horizontal expansions in the urban built environment is recommended. Conclusions provide discussions relevant to recommendations and strategies for planning that can decrease fragmentation and loss of natural landscape, including how peri-urban functionally connects to UGS, and an understanding of the benefits of distanced UGS access. The lessons and recommendations from existing studies of well-intentioned plans for UGS in densification planning inform recommendations and strategies for improved implementation. RW provides conceptual guidance for analysis and for urban green planning. The objective of functional urban biodiversity could provide a basis for a standard for UGS in urban planning to ensure long-term positive outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization, Regional Planning and Development)

18 pages, 1539 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Sustainable Urban Tourism with Digital Self-Guided Tours: A Smart City Perspective

by Alexandru Predescu and Mariana Mocanu

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090371 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 863

Abstract

The rise of independent travel is reshaping tourism, moving away from mass tourism and rigid itineraries toward flexible, technology-driven, and sustainable experiences. This study examines how self-guided digital tours can reduce congestion at points of interest while maintaining visitor engagement. Using a stylized [...] Read more.

The rise of independent travel is reshaping tourism, moving away from mass tourism and rigid itineraries toward flexible, technology-driven, and sustainable experiences. This study examines how self-guided digital tours can reduce congestion at points of interest while maintaining visitor engagement. Using a stylized agent-based simulation implemented with the Mesa framework, we modeled guided and self-guided tourist groups to compare congestion patterns, travel flows, and completion rates. The results indicate that self-guided tours flatten congestion peaks and support decentralized, walking-based exploration while maintaining comparable engagement levels. The findings suggest that digital self-guided formats can complement urban visitor management and smart-city strategies by distributing tourist flows more evenly. Future research should calibrate the model with real-world data and case studies to validate and extend these results. This study contributes to the discourse on sustainable urban tourism by positioning self-guided tours as a tool for integrating visitor management into smart infrastructure and enhancing long-term cultural and environmental resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Tourism and Hospitality: Emerging Challenges and Trends)

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63 pages, 11231 KB

Open AccessArticle

Learning from the Best and Worst: Problems, Prospects and Policy Implications from Global Benchmarking of Urban Passenger Transport Sustainability in Greater Manchester and the Leicester Metropolitan Area, UK

by Jeffrey R. Kenworthy

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090370 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 860

Abstract

Studies comparing and benchmarking cities on transport and planning have been undertaken for decades. The unique methodology in this paper is explained and then applied to the Greater Manchester (GM) and Leicester (LM) metropolitan areas in the UK. The data cover land use, [...] Read more.

Studies comparing and benchmarking cities on transport and planning have been undertaken for decades. The unique methodology in this paper is explained and then applied to the Greater Manchester (GM) and Leicester (LM) metropolitan areas in the UK. The data cover land use, wealth, transport infrastructure, mobility patterns, energy use and selected externalities. The paper asks: How do the Greater Manchester and Leicester Metropolitan Areas compare with each other and to a sample of global cities in the sustainability of their urban passenger transport systems, what are the key factors that underpin their automobile dependence and what might be done to improve the prospects for public transport, walking and cycling? The answer is presented as standardised indicators comparing GM and LM to metropolitan areas in the USA, Canada, Australia, Europe and Asia (averages), as well as ten Swedish cities plus Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Germany. Both UK metropolitan areas rank poorly on most transport factors, especially public transport and cycling rates. They have uncharacteristically high car use and energy use compared to peer cities, especially since they have supportive urban densities and other factors that can underpin much less automobile dependence. Fundamental issues are raised about GM and LM and how to improve their transport sustainability. Policy implications with eleven recommendations are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Moving Towards Sustainable Transport in Urban Environments)

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27 pages, 8062 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychological Security of Urbanites Residing in Different Types of Housing

by Olga Zotova and Lyudmila Tarasova

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090369 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 623

Abstract

This article explores psychological security in relation to the urban environment, analyzing its connection to people’s homes. The aim is to examine the psychological security of urbanites residing in different types of dwellings. A sample of 233 residents from the city of Yekaterinburg [...] Read more.

This article explores psychological security in relation to the urban environment, analyzing its connection to people’s homes. The aim is to examine the psychological security of urbanites residing in different types of dwellings. A sample of 233 residents from the city of Yekaterinburg with similar characteristics participated in this study. The authors utilized the Methodology for Measuring Psychological Security of Urban Dwellers devised by O.Yu. Zotova and L.V. Tarasova. A questionnaire was used to document the respondents’ demographic information. It was found that the characteristics of a person’s home are associated with their level of psychological security. This study revealed differences in the private and overall indicators of psychological security among residents of Yekaterinburg living in various types of housing. This is associated with how strongly city residents perceive the reliability of the urban environment and the trustworthiness of relationships within the city. The results suggest that the psychological security of a city dweller is closely linked to the features of their immediate surroundings. The findings can be used by environmental psychologists to evaluate the quality of life of the urban population and create a more comfortable environment by taking into account the needs of people and designing objects that consider their emotional state. Full article

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19 pages, 2148 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Cities in the Light of ISO 37120 and 37101 Standards: A Systematic Review and the Contribution of a Theoretical Framework

by Thiago Spiri-Ferreira, Paula Regina Zarelli, Silvio Roberto Stefani, Geysler Rogis Flor Bertolini, Victor Freitas de Azeredo Barros, Cláudia Terezinha Kniess, Debora Sotto and Tatiana Tucunduva Philippi Cortese

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090368 - 12 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1894

Abstract

This paper outlines a significant research gap on sustainable cities: the need for more comprehensive and strategic frameworks for managing sustainable cities, particularly those integrating interdisciplinary elements, dimensions, and global trends. The proposed framework delineates sustainable cities’ elements, dimensions, and trends based on [...] Read more.

This paper outlines a significant research gap on sustainable cities: the need for more comprehensive and strategic frameworks for managing sustainable cities, particularly those integrating interdisciplinary elements, dimensions, and global trends. The proposed framework delineates sustainable cities’ elements, dimensions, and trends based on ISO 37120, incorporating pillars linked to the triple bottom line and the Sustainable Development Goals 30 (SDGs). This study suggests specific research agendas, emphasizing theoretical and practical implementation within urban contexts. The methodological approach involved both bibliometric and content analysis techniques, using IRA-MUTEQ software 0.8 Alpha 7. This enabled the identification of key analytical categories and leading authors, with categories derived from lexical forms, similarity analysis, correspondence factor analysis (CFA), and descending hierarchical classification (DHC). Notably, the terms ‘ISO’ and ‘37120’ did not emerge as prominent lexical forms in the IRAMUTEQ results, despite their frequent mentions in the analyzed studies. Full article

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22 pages, 2135 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Barriers and Potentials for Circular Use of Waste Wood in Construction and Demolition Sector with Special Focus on Germany

by Arbnore Cakaj, Linnea Hesse, Andreas Krause, Hubert Speth and Jan Lüdtke

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090367 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 728

Abstract

The construction and demolition (C&D) industry generates nearly one-third of the total global waste. In response, the European Union is driving urgent efforts to enhance material circularity through the promotion of renewable materials. However, research primarily targets materials such as concrete, plastics, steel, [...] Read more.

The construction and demolition (C&D) industry generates nearly one-third of the total global waste. In response, the European Union is driving urgent efforts to enhance material circularity through the promotion of renewable materials. However, research primarily targets materials such as concrete, plastics, steel, bricks, and gypsum, while wood as a renewable material presents a clear research gap. This study aims to bridge the gap by identifying key barriers and potentials for reusing wood waste in the C&D sector. As a result, factors influencing wood reusability are categorized into economic, societal, environmental, technical, and regulatory dimensions. Economic and environmental factors addressing high costs, unstable markets, and contamination are the most discussed barriers for an enhanced circular use of wood. Specifically, material irregularities and impurities represent technical barriers that may make wood demand less attractive. Societal barriers, such as knowledge gaps regarding the quality of secondary materials, established standards, and legal limits are further barriers that are mentioned in the literature. Therefore, potential future indicators to support a circular approach in the construction sector, including regulatory actions and incentives, are recommended to promote recovered secondary materials. This approach would facilitate shared stakeholder cooperation, knowledge sharing, and market development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Sustainable Urban Development: Innovations in Waste Management and Building Materials)

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20 pages, 2119 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Tabula Rasa Actions and Laissez-Faire Planning Inaction on Urban Landscape Dynamics: A Bucharest Case Study

by Ioan Ianoș, Cerasella Craciun, Roy Jones and Anthony Sorenson

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090366 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 500

Abstract

This case study of the Văcărești area in Bucharest documents what happened to an abandoned communist urban megaproject, which had been undertaken in a typical tabula rasa manner, applying the dictatorial politics of the communist regime. A significant monastic complex was razed, and [...] Read more.

This case study of the Văcărești area in Bucharest documents what happened to an abandoned communist urban megaproject, which had been undertaken in a typical tabula rasa manner, applying the dictatorial politics of the communist regime. A significant monastic complex was razed, and a massive riverine holding basin was partially constructed in the 1980s. The area then experienced several decades of rewilding of the basin and of uncontrolled urban development around it until its recent designation as a Natural Urban Park (NUP). This study uses local observations, desktop research and the results of 48 semi structured interviews with planning and other specialists. It considers the impacts of tabula rasa and laissez-faire (i.e., uncontrolled and essentially market-driven) planning regimes on the local landscape from the viewpoint of Văcărești’s current and potential levels of ecological and cultural resilience and sustainability. The research addresses three questions: (a) what is the study area’s sustainability potential? (b) what, if any, physical interventions to recover the study area’s place memory might be feasible? and (c) how might the resilience of its new urban landscape be improved? The findings from this study have both local and general importance, demonstrating to urban communities why they need to define and act in time in order to capitalize on their natural potential and to recover cultural values which may have been destroyed or damaged. It notes the long-term inaction and lack of coherent urban renewal policies for this study area and concludes that these have magnified the challenges that it currently faces. Full article

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13 pages, 205 KB

Open AccessArticle

Community Perspectives on Social Equity in Disaster Planning: A Qualitative Inquiry

by Sahar Badiezadeh, Mitra Naseh and Alexandra Howard

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090365 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 664

Abstract

This phenomenological study investigates how individuals from diverse marginalized backgrounds in Portland, Oregon, perceive barriers and facilitators related to disaster management, response, and recovery, specifically in the case of an earthquake. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 45 participants, the study explores how social, [...] Read more.

This phenomenological study investigates how individuals from diverse marginalized backgrounds in Portland, Oregon, perceive barriers and facilitators related to disaster management, response, and recovery, specifically in the case of an earthquake. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 45 participants, the study explores how social, cultural, and structural factors shape perceived barriers and facilitators related to disaster preparedness among historically marginalized communities. Reflexive thematic analysis and independent coding were used to identify key patterns in the data. Four key themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Disaster events could exacerbate existing service gaps for specific groups. (2) The privilege of mobility creates unequal access to emergency services. (3) Delays in recovery efforts disproportionately impact vulnerable populations. (4) Persistent concerns exist around the inclusiveness and trust in disaster management. These findings suggest that disaster planning must account for systemic social barriers in addition to infrastructure needs, to ensure equitable access to resources for all. The study highlights the value of participatory, community-informed strategies that can reduce vulnerabilities and foster trust. By illustrating the intersection of disaster preparedness with systemic inequality, the research contributes to broader discussions of urban resilience and offers insights to inform more inclusive emergency planning in high-risk urban environments. Full article

25 pages, 2582 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digitized Energy Systems and Open-Access Platforms: Accelerating Cities’ Transition to Carbon Neutrality

by Ilias K. Kasmeridis, Nikolaos Skandalos, Tsampika Dimitriou, Vassilios V. Dimakopoulos and Dimitrios Karamanis

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090364 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1152

Abstract

Urban environments encounter urgent challenges in transitioning to net-zero emissions, particularly with respect to the adoption and large-scale incorporation of renewable energy solutions such as photovoltaic (PV) technologies. This study explores the interrelation of digitized energy systems, digital twins, and open-access platforms in [...] Read more.

Urban environments encounter urgent challenges in transitioning to net-zero emissions, particularly with respect to the adoption and large-scale incorporation of renewable energy solutions such as photovoltaic (PV) technologies. This study explores the interrelation of digitized energy systems, digital twins, and open-access platforms in accelerating effective PV deployment in cities moving toward carbon neutrality. We examine how digital tools can enhance PV performance, demand-side management, and grid integration, while open-access platforms contribute to data sharing, raising awareness, public engagement, and stakeholder collaboration. We also present BIPV-city—a novel, open-access, digital, and climate-aware platform developed to support and optimize PV integration in building and urban areas. Validations of the solar irradiance calculations against PVGIS for several European cities exhibit a strong agreement, with a root mean square error (RMSE) extending from 3.3 to 7.6. The validation of the standardized BESTEST Case 600 against TRNSYS simulations for three representative climates—Athens, Prague, and Dubai—with tilt variations confirmed substantial alignment for plane-of-array (POA) radiation (within ±2% and ±6% for the global and direct/diffuse components, respectively) and annual PV yield estimations (within ±10%). The findings highlight that the BIPV-city platform is a reliable, user-friendly tool that can harness climate-responsible and scalable BIPV deployment in the built environment through digital innovation. Full article

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19 pages, 1501 KB

Open AccessArticle

Federated AI-OCPP Framework for Secure and Scalable EV Charging in Smart Cities

by Md Sabbir Hossen, Md Tanjil Sarker, Md Serajun Nabi, Hasanul Bannah, Gobbi Ramasamy and Ngu Eng Eng

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090363 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 673

Abstract

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the demand for intelligent, scalable, and interoperable charging infrastructure. Traditional EV charging networks based on the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) face challenges related to dynamic load management, cybersecurity, and efficient integration with renewable [...] Read more.

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the demand for intelligent, scalable, and interoperable charging infrastructure. Traditional EV charging networks based on the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) face challenges related to dynamic load management, cybersecurity, and efficient integration with renewable energy sources. This paper presents a novel AI-driven framework that integrates federated learning, predictive analytics, and real-time control within OCPP-compliant networks to enhance performance and sustainability. The proposed system utilizes edge AI modules at charging stations, supported by a central aggregator that employs federated learning to preserve data privacy while enabling network-wide optimization. A case study involving simulated smart charging stations demonstrates significant improvements, including an 18% reduction in peak load demand, a 29% increase in forecasting accuracy (MAPE of 8.5%), a 10% decrease in average charging wait times, and a 12% increase in on-site solar energy utilization. The framework’s compatibility with OCPP and related standards (e.g., IEC 61851, ISO 15118) ensures ease of deployment on existing infrastructure. These results indicate that the proposed AI-OCPP integration provides a scalable and intelligent foundation for next-generation EV charging networks that align with the goals of sustainable transportation and smart grid evolution. Full article

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24 pages, 547 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Civil Protection in Greece’s Cities and Regions: Multi-Hazard Performance, Systemic Gaps, and a Roadmap to Integrated Urban Resilience

by Christina-Ioanna Papadopoulou, Stavros Kalogiannidis, Dimitrios Kalfas, George Konteos and Ioannis Kapageridis

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090362 - 10 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1988

Abstract

Greece faces increasing exposure to natural hazards—particularly wildfires, floods, and earthquakes—driven by climatic, environmental, and spatial factors. This study systematically reviews 108 peer-reviewed publications and official reports, applying PRISMA methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of the national civil protection system. The analysis reveals [...] Read more.

Greece faces increasing exposure to natural hazards—particularly wildfires, floods, and earthquakes—driven by climatic, environmental, and spatial factors. This study systematically reviews 108 peer-reviewed publications and official reports, applying PRISMA methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of the national civil protection system. The analysis reveals localized progress, notably in earthquake preparedness due to strict building codes and centralized oversight, but also persistent systemic weaknesses. These include fragmented governance, coordination gaps across agencies, insufficient integration of spatial planning, limited local preparedness, and reactive approaches to disaster management. Case studies of major events, such as the 2018 Mati wildfires and 2023 Thessaly floods, underscore how communication breakdowns and delayed evacuations contribute to substantial human and economic losses. Promising developments—such as SMS-based early warning systems, joint training exercises, and pilot GIS risk-mapping tools—illustrate potential pathways for improvement, though their application remains uneven. Future priorities include strengthening unified command structures, enhancing prevention-oriented planning, investing in interoperable communication systems, and fostering community engagement. The findings position Greece’s civil protection as structurally capable of progress but in need of sustained, systemic reforms to build a resilient, prevention-focused framework for increasing disaster risks. Full article

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33 pages, 3939 KB

Open AccessReview

A Global Review of Vegetation’s Interaction Effect on Urban Heat Mitigation Across Different Climates

by Guillermo A. Moncada-Morales, Konstantin Verichev, Rafael E. López-Guerrero and Manuel Carpio

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090361 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 2237

Abstract

The urbanisation process of cities disrupts the natural energy balance and surface radiation, making cities relatively warm. While vegetation has been widely recognised as a key factor in mitigating urban heat, its effectiveness is shaped by interactions with urban morphology, surface cover types, [...] Read more.

The urbanisation process of cities disrupts the natural energy balance and surface radiation, making cities relatively warm. While vegetation has been widely recognised as a key factor in mitigating urban heat, its effectiveness is shaped by interactions with urban morphology, surface cover types, and the background climate. This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of studies examining the role of vegetation in mitigating urban heat, with a particular focus on its interactions within the urban environment across four major Köppen–Geiger climate groups: tropical, arid, temperate, and cold. A total of 130 publications were reviewed, categorised, and analysed according to geographic distribution, study period, and methodological approaches. This review identifies underexplored areas, synthesises key findings, and summarises the most significant results. Vegetation and water bodies emerged as primary contributors to heat mitigation, along with building configuration, wind speed, and shading. Temperate climates were the most frequently studied. Remote sensing was the predominant methodological approach, followed by fixed in situ observations. Meso-scale studies, examining entire cities and their surroundings, dominated in terms of spatial scale. This review offers methodological recommendations for analysing urban vegetation within the context of urban climate research. As climate change intensifies, it is increasingly important to design and implement adaptation strategies that incorporate but are not limited to vegetation. Such strategies are essential to supporting sustainable and resilient urban development in diverse climatic contexts. Full article

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19 pages, 1490 KB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Thermal Comfort and Loneliness in Aging Societies: An Interdisciplinary Educational Research Approach

by Zaloa Azkorra-Larrinaga, Moises Odriozola-Maritorena, Naiara Romero-Anton, Joseba Gainza-Barrencua, Olatz Irulegi-Garmendia and Iñaki Gomez-Arriaran

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090360 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 505

Abstract

The challenges posed by aging populations and increasing rates of social isolation necessitate a rethinking of the manner in which housing and urban environments can support elderly well-being. This study explores the role of interdisciplinary educational research in addressing two key challenges faced [...] Read more.

The challenges posed by aging populations and increasing rates of social isolation necessitate a rethinking of the manner in which housing and urban environments can support elderly well-being. This study explores the role of interdisciplinary educational research in addressing two key challenges faced by older adults living alone: thermal comfort and loneliness. The research, which was conducted in the Basque Country, Spain, involved six Final Degree Projects (FDPs) developed within a Research-Based Learning (RBL) framework by undergraduate students in architecture and engineering. These projects were embedded in two applied research initiatives, Etxelagun and Kalelagun, which monitored private dwellings and public spaces to evaluate environmental comfort and social inclusion. The student teams conducted fieldwork, interviews, environmental audits, and co-design processes with elderly participants and stakeholders from public administration, social services, and health sectors. The results demonstrate how the physical and social characteristics of the built environment influence autonomy, thermal comfort, and opportunities for interaction. The proposals developed address accessibility, climate-adaptive design, and age-friendly urban strategies. Survey results demonstrate that the RBL approach enhances students’ sensitivity and commitment to social challenges. The study concludes that interdisciplinary, context-sensitive educational research can produce actionable design solutions while cultivating future professionals equipped to respond to the complex needs of aging societies. Full article

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17 pages, 3254 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Quantitative Methodological Approach to the Universal Accessibility Analysis of Cultural Heritage Sites: A Case Study of the Ávila Region (Spain)

by María Sánchez-Jiménez, Pablo Fernández-Arias, María Nieto-Sobrino, Patricia Castro-López, Diego Vergara and Antonio del Bosque

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090358 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1104

Abstract

This study presents a quantitative methodological approach for evaluating universal accessibility in cultural heritage sites, grounded in the DALCO criteria—Deambulation/Mobility, Apprehension, Location, and Communication. The methodology is designed to be broadly applicable across diverse geographic and cultural contexts, thus offering a generalizable framework [...] Read more.

This study presents a quantitative methodological approach for evaluating universal accessibility in cultural heritage sites, grounded in the DALCO criteria—Deambulation/Mobility, Apprehension, Location, and Communication. The methodology is designed to be broadly applicable across diverse geographic and cultural contexts, thus offering a generalizable framework for assessing accessibility. At the same time, the study applies this approach to the specific case of the Ávila region (Spain), a territory with a high concentration of Assets of Cultural Interest (ACIs), including sites recognized as UNESCO World Heritage. In this way, the research simultaneously pursues a methodological aim, by testing and refining the DALCO-based framework, and a diagnostic aim, by providing a comprehensive evaluation of accessibility conditions in Ávila. Using a structured questionnaire, each ACI was assessed to determine its accessibility level across four key dimensions. The results reveal significant physical, communicative, and cognitive barriers across the region, with notable disparities among territorial zones. The proposed methodology offers a replicable and scalable tool for researchers, cultural institutions, and public authorities committed to fostering inclusive heritage environments, and provides a technical foundation for implementing universal design principles aligned with the SDG 11. Full article

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21 pages, 6828 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Spatial Relationship Between Crime and Urban Places in Austin: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach

by Wenji Wang, Yang Song, Jie Kong, Zipeng Guo, Yunpei Zhang, Zheng Zhu and Shuqi Hu

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090359 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 838

Abstract

Urban safety is a critical concern for sustainable city development, with crime patterns often linked to localized environmental factors. Understanding the spatial dynamics of safety is critical for informed design and planning of urban environments. This study employs a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) [...] Read more.

Urban safety is a critical concern for sustainable city development, with crime patterns often linked to localized environmental factors. Understanding the spatial dynamics of safety is critical for informed design and planning of urban environments. This study employs a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) approach to investigate how crime in Austin, Texas, correlates with Points of Interest (POIs) such as bars, transit stations, financial businesses, and public spaces, while accounting for localized socio-economic factors. Building on theoretical frameworks like Routine Activity Theory and Crime Pattern Theory, the analysis integrates crime data from the Austin Police Department (APD), POI datasets, and census variables to explore spatially varying relationships often overlooked by traditional global models (e.g., OLS). A novel adaptive geo-grid method refines spatial units by clustering high-density downtown areas into smaller zones and retaining larger grids in suburban regions, ensuring precision without over-fragmentation. Analysis of crime incidents and POI data reveals significant spatial non-stationarity in crime–environment associations. Transportation-related facilities demonstrate strong spatial correlation with crime citywide, particularly forming persistent crime hotspots around transit hubs in areas like Rundberg Lane, South Congress, and East Riverside. Alcohol-related establishments show a strong positive correlation with crime in entertainment districts (coefficient up to 13.5, p < 0.001) but a negligible association in suburban residential areas (coefficient close to 0, p > 0.05). The GWR model significantly outperforms traditional OLS regression, capturing critical local variations obscured by global models. Downtown Austin emerges as a complex hotspot for urban safety where multiple high-risk POI types overlap. This research advances urban design and planning knowledge by providing empirical evidence that environmental factors’ influence on safety is spatially conditional rather than universally consistent, aligning with Crime Pattern Theory and Routine Activity Theory. The findings support place-specific crime prevention strategies, offering policymakers data-driven insights for developing targeted design strategies for urban zones. Full article

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