Urban Science

17 pages, 1205 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fragmented Realities: Middle-Class Perception Gaps and Environmental Indifference in Jakarta and Phnom Penh

by Francisco Benita, Hamzah Yaacob and Rafael Martinez

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100427 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2025

Rapid urbanization in Southeast Asia has created a paradox between severe environmental degradation and the often-muted concern of urban residents. The objective of this study is to explain this disconnect by comparatively analyzing the structural factors that shape environmental perceptions among the urban [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization in Southeast Asia has created a paradox between severe environmental degradation and the often-muted concern of urban residents. The objective of this study is to explain this disconnect by comparatively analyzing the structural factors that shape environmental perceptions among the urban middle class in Jakarta and Phnom Penh. Drawing on survey data from over 2000 households, the study reveals two distinct narratives. In Jakarta, the middle class reports a surprisingly low frequency of environmental problems, suggesting a “perception gap” driven by physical and social insulation from the city’s harshest realities. Conversely, in Phnom Penh, residents report higher concern, but their widespread silence when asked for solutions points not to apathy but to a sense of powerlessness within a top-down governance system. We argue that apparent environmental indifference is not a uniform phenomenon but a product of distinct structural forces. The paper’s contribution is to illustrate how urban fragmentation, class-based insulation, and perceived political agency shape the relationship between environmental reality and citizen concern. Full article

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17 pages, 875 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Baseline Assessment of Residential Wood Burning and Urban Air Quality in Climate-Vulnerable Chilean Cities

by Ricardo Baettig and Ben Ingram

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100426 - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive latitudinal analysis of air particulate matter (PM) across an 1400 km pollution corridor spanning Chile’s central-southern zone. We systematically analyzed PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations across eight major urban centers (2014–2015), providing crucial pre-Paris Agreement baseline data [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive latitudinal analysis of air particulate matter (PM) across an 1400 km pollution corridor spanning Chile’s central-southern zone. We systematically analyzed PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations across eight major urban centers (2014–2015), providing crucial pre-Paris Agreement baseline data for South America’s most extensive air quality monitoring network. Our analysis reveals significant pollution gradients, with Coyhaique ranking one of the world’s most severely polluted cities (95th percentile globally, WHO database) and demonstrating an extreme 86% fine particulate matter ratio that far exceeds international urban standards. Residential wood combustion (RWC) demonstrates systematic correlations with fine PM concentrations (R² > 0.96), suggesting RWC is the dominant pollution driver across multiple climate zones. The documented pollution patterns represent a concerning continental-scale environmental pattern, with 4900–6500 annual premature deaths directly attributable to PM_2.5 exposure-one of the highest per-capita pollution mortality rates in South America. This work provides a methodological framework applicable to mountain-valley pollution systems globally while addressing critical knowledge gaps in regional air quality science. The evidence indicates the need for urgent implementation of comprehensive wood combustion control strategies and positions this research as essential baseline documentation for both national air quality policy and international climate change assessment frameworks. Full article

1 pages, 119 KB

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Baek, H.Y.; Kim, J.H. Prediction of Urban Air Mobility and Drone Accident Rates and the Role of Urban Management Systems. Urban Sci. 2025, 9, 24

by Han Yeol Baek and Jung Hoon Kim

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100425 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

The journal retracts the article titled “Prediction of Urban Air Mobility and Drone Accident Rates and the Role of Urban Management Systems” [...] Full article

26 pages, 3340 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Modelling of Urban Accessibility: Insights from Belgrade, Republic of Serbia

by Filip Arnaut, Sreten Jevremović, Aleksandra Kolarski, Zoran R. Mijić and Vladimir A. Srećković

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100424 - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study presents the first comprehensive spatial accessibility assessment of essential urban services in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, conducted entirely with open-source tools and data. The analysis focused on six facility categories: primary healthcare centers, public pharmacies, primary and secondary schools, libraries, and [...] Read more.

This study presents the first comprehensive spatial accessibility assessment of essential urban services in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, conducted entirely with open-source tools and data. The analysis focused on six facility categories: primary healthcare centers, public pharmacies, primary and secondary schools, libraries, and green markets. Spatial accessibility was modelled using OpenRouteService (ORS) isochrones for walking travel times of 5, 10, and 15 min, combined with population data from the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL). Results indicate that 79% of residents live within a 15-min walk of a healthcare facility, 74% of a pharmacy, 89% of an elementary school, 52% of a high school, 60% of a library, and 62% of a green market. Central administrative units such as Vračar, Zvezdara, and Stari Grad demonstrated nearly complete service coverage, while peripheral areas, including Resnik, Jajinci, and Višnjica, exhibited substantial accessibility deficits, often coinciding with lower-income zones. The developed workflow provides a transparent, replicable approach for identifying underserved neighborhoods and prioritizing investments in public infrastructure. This research emphasizes the role of spatial accessibility analysis in advancing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), contributing to the creation of more inclusive, walkable, and sustainable urban environments, while on the other hand, it offers practical insights for improving urban equity, guiding policy formulation, and supporting necessary planning decisions. Subsequent research will focus on alternative facilities, other cities such as Novi Sad and Niš, and the disparity between urban and rural populations. Full article

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28 pages, 3466 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle Stations Using High-Granularity Human Flow Data

by Sirin Prommakhot, Mikiharu Arimura and Apicha Thoumeun

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100423 - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Suboptimal placement of charging infrastructure is a major barrier to the transition to sustainable transportation, even with the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs). The research addresses this challenge by proposing a novel hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the NP-hard Multiple-Choice Multidimensional [...] Read more.

Suboptimal placement of charging infrastructure is a major barrier to the transition to sustainable transportation, even with the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs). The research addresses this challenge by proposing a novel hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the NP-hard Multiple-Choice Multidimensional Knapsack Problem (MMKP) for computationally derived optimal charging station placement and configurations in Sapporo, Japan. The methodology leverages high-granularity human flow data to identify charging demand and a Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP)-based encoding to prioritize potential station locations. A greedy heuristic then decodes this prioritization, selecting charger configurations that maximize service capacity within a defined budget. The results reveal that as the budget increases, the network evolves through distinct phases of concentrated deployment, expansion, and saturation, with a nonlinear increase in covered demand, indicating diminishing returns on investment. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed model in providing a strategic roadmap for urban planners and policymakers to make cost-effective decisions that maximize charging demand coverage and accelerate EV adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Transportation and Electric Vehicles: Innovations for Sustainable Urban Mobility)

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27 pages, 3909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Second-Life EV Batteries for PV–SLB Hybrid Petrol Stations: A Roadmap for Malaysia’s Urban Energy Transition

by Md Tanjil Sarker, Gobbi Ramasamy, Marran Al Qwaid and Shashikumar Krishnan

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100422 - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Malaysia is projected to generate substantial volumes of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries, creating both environmental challenges and opportunities for repurposing into second-life batteries (SLBs). This study investigates the technical, economic, and regulatory feasibility of deploying [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Malaysia is projected to generate substantial volumes of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries, creating both environmental challenges and opportunities for repurposing into second-life batteries (SLBs). This study investigates the technical, economic, and regulatory feasibility of deploying SLBs for photovoltaic (PV) energy storage in petrol stations, an application aligned with the nation’s energy transition goals. Laboratory testing of Nissan Leaf ZE0 battery modules over a 120-day operation period demonstrated stable cycling performance with approximately 7% capacity fade, maintaining state-of-health (SOH) above 47%. A case study of a 12 kWp PV–SLB hybrid system for a typical Malaysian petrol station shows 45 kWh of usable storage, capable of offsetting a daily electricity demand of 45 kWh, reducing capital cost by 30–50% compared to new lithium-ion systems, and achieving 70–80% lifecycle CO₂ emission reductions. The proposed architecture leverages SLBs’ suitability for slower, steady discharge to provide reliable nighttime operation and grid load relief, particularly in semi-urban and rural stations. Beyond technical validation, the paper evaluates economic benefits, environmental impacts, and Malaysia’s regulatory readiness, identifying gaps in certification standards, reverse logistics, and workforce skills. Strategic recommendations are proposed to enable large-scale SLB deployment and integration into hybrid PV–petrol station systems. Findings indicate that SLBs can serve as a cost-effective, sustainable energy storage solution, supporting Malaysia’s National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR), advancing circular economy practices, and positioning the country as a potential ASEAN leader in battery repurposing. Full article

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30 pages, 6591 KB

Open AccessArticle

Net-Zero Energy Retrofitting in Perth’s Residential Sector: Key Features and Strategies for Sustainable Building Transformation

by Taqir Mahmood Romeo, Tahmina Ahsan and Atiq Zaman

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100421 - 13 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The study aims to identify optimum retrofitting strategies that mitigate climate change and support Australia’s net-zero emissions target by 2050. Current heating and cooling demands, as well as the energy performance of three stand-alone houses built before 2003, were evaluated to determine optimal [...] Read more.

The study aims to identify optimum retrofitting strategies that mitigate climate change and support Australia’s net-zero emissions target by 2050. Current heating and cooling demands, as well as the energy performance of three stand-alone houses built before 2003, were evaluated to determine optimal retrofitting measures. Based on a comprehensive literature review and physical building surveys and energy simulations using FirstRate5 of three selected case studies of stand-alone houses in Australia’s climate zone 5, the study identifies and proposes effective retrofitting opportunities in Western Australia. Additionally, the outcomes from FirstRate5 illustrate that improving ceiling and exterior wall insulation in living and dining areas, sealing air leaks, reducing overshading, and replacing single-glazed windows with double-glazed units while enlarging north-facing windows, following the recommended wall–window ratio significantly improve the energy rating of the selected houses. The average energy rating performance of the three selected stand-alone houses increases from an average below 3.5 stars (211.5 MJ/m²) to above 7.5 stars (46.7 MJ/m²), representing around 76.6% improvement in energy efficiency. Just to contextualise the scale up, such retrofitting of all old stand-alone houses built before 2003 would potentially reduce emissions by 12.73 Mt CO₂-e/year, representing a 3.16% contribution toward Australia’s national emission reduction target by 2035. Additionally, installing solar energy systems could reduce an extra 4.5 Mt CO₂-e/year. The study’s findings demand robust retrofitting strategies for Australia to achieve its 2050 net-zero emissions targets. Full article

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20 pages, 3108 KB

Open AccessArticle

Core–Periphery Dynamics and Spatial Inequalities in the African Context: A Case Study of Greater Casablanca

by Soukaina Tayi, Rachida El-Bouayady and Hicham Bahi

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100420 - 11 Oct 2025

Viewed by 200

Abstract

Greater Casablanca, one of Africa’s largest metropolitan regions, is undergoing significant spatial and demographic transformation. Yet, the underlying patterns of these dynamics remain poorly understood. This study investigates population dynamics and spatial inequalities in Greater Casablanca between 2014 and 2024. The analysis combines [...] Read more.

Greater Casablanca, one of Africa’s largest metropolitan regions, is undergoing significant spatial and demographic transformation. Yet, the underlying patterns of these dynamics remain poorly understood. This study investigates population dynamics and spatial inequalities in Greater Casablanca between 2014 and 2024. The analysis combines geospatial data, regression modeling, and clustering techniques to explore the interplay between demographic change, housing affordability, public-transport accessibility, and economic activity, providing a data-driven perspective on how these factors shape spatial inequalities and the region’s urban development trajectory. The results reveal a clear core–periphery divide. The central prefecture has lost population despite continued land consumption, while peripheral communes have experienced rapid demographic and economic expansion. This growth is strongly associated with affordable housing and high rates of new-firm formation, but it occurs where transport access remains weakest. Cluster analysis identifies four socio-spatial types, ranging from a shrinking but well-served core to fast-growing, poorly connected peripheries. The study underscores the need for integrated policy interventions to improve transport connectivity, implement inclusive housing strategies, and manage economic decentralization in ways that foster balanced and sustainable metropolitan development. By situating Greater Casablanca’s trajectory within global urbanization debates, this research extends core–periphery and shrinking-city frameworks to a North African context and provides evidence-based insights to support progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 11. Full article

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19 pages, 725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience Behind Barriers: Life, Labour, and Lockdown in Singapore’s Dormitories

by Ganapathy Narayanan and Vineeta Sinha

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100419 - 11 Oct 2025

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Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, migrant workers in Singapore endured one of the longest and most stringent periods of confinement globally. Segregationist policies were intensified as the state imposed strict disciplinary regimes over workers’ mobility and everyday lives, framed as public health interventions but [...] Read more.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, migrant workers in Singapore endured one of the longest and most stringent periods of confinement globally. Segregationist policies were intensified as the state imposed strict disciplinary regimes over workers’ mobility and everyday lives, framed as public health interventions but functioning also as labor discipline and social control. This study asks: how did migrant workers experience, narrate, and endure life under such conditions of confinement? Drawing on sixteen in-depth interviews with South Asian male construction workers, conducted in dormitories and makeshift worksites, we adopt a grounded theory approach to elicit contextually grounded accounts of life under lockdown. The analysis highlights three interrelated themes: emotional regulation, migrant masculinity and the gendered politics of endurance, and digital connectivity as an affective infrastructure. These practices enabled workers to carve out agentic spaces within structures designed to render them passive. Our findings reveal that even amid fear, surveillance, overcrowding, and economic precarity, workers combined stoicism, transnational kinship ties, religious routines, and solidarity to sustain resilience. While initially guided by Foucauldian notions of surveillance and biopower, the study advances a counter-Foucauldian insight: that institutional control is never total, and migrant narratives of resilience offer nuanced understandings of agency under constrain. Full article

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22 pages, 1249 KB

Open AccessReview

From Ocean to Table: How Public Awareness Shapes the Fight Against Microplastic Pollution

by Joshua Khorsandi, Liahm Blank, Kaloyan Momchilov, Michael Dagovetz and Kavita Batra

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100418 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 396

Abstract

Microplastic pollution is an escalating environmental and public health issue. Defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, microplastics have been found in oceans, rivers, food, drinking water, air, and even human tissues. While scientific research on microplastics has expanded significantly, [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution is an escalating environmental and public health issue. Defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, microplastics have been found in oceans, rivers, food, drinking water, air, and even human tissues. While scientific research on microplastics has expanded significantly, public understanding and behavioral change remain limited. This literature scan synthesizes global findings on public awareness, perceptions, and responses to microplastics, drawing from surveys, focus groups, and online behavioral data collected by existing studies. It explores the following: (1) general knowledge and perceived environmental and health risks; (2) trust in scientific and governmental sources; (3) willingness to adopt behavioral changes; (4) attitudes toward policy and corporate responsibility. Public concern is high, especially regarding marine life and food safety, but varies across populations based on education, socioeconomic status, and media exposure. Despite growing concern, psychological distance and persistent knowledge gaps hinder meaningful action. Communication strategies such as school programs, media campaigns, and eco-labels show mixed success, while regulatory interventions like plastic bags or microbead bans are more effective when supported by clear public messaging. This literature scan highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to close the knowledge–behavior–policy gap and strengthen public engagement, particularly in urban settings where consumption and waste generation are concentrated. Full article

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17 pages, 2385 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Heat Island Effect and Unequal Temperature-Related News Attention in Taiwan’s Major Cities

by Tsz-Kin Lau and Hsieh-Chih Hsu

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100417 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Taiwan, located in a subtropical region, has experienced continuous warming in recent years, making the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect one of its most pressing environmental challenges. Importantly, UHI is not confined to Taipei, the most populous city, but is also present in [...] Read more.

Taiwan, located in a subtropical region, has experienced continuous warming in recent years, making the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect one of its most pressing environmental challenges. Importantly, UHI is not confined to Taipei, the most populous city, but is also present in other metropolitan areas. This study investigates UHI effects in the five largest cities in Taiwan and examines climate-related news attention using web crawling. Cross-city comparisons are further conducted through Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) and correlation analysis. The results reveal that Taipei records the highest number of UHI-related news reports, particularly during summer, and its UHII is about 1.5 °C to 3 °C higher than in the other four cities. In addition, UHII in Taipei shows a marked increase between 2021 and 2023, suggesting a worsening impact on citizens’ living conditions. Meanwhile, news coverage in Taipei dominates nationwide attention, creating a spatially uneven distribution of media focus. This imbalance may undermine efforts to promote UHI mitigation and adaptation strategies in cities outside Taipei. Overall, this study highlights that UHI is not solely a problem of Taipei but a widespread issue across Taiwan’s urban areas. The findings provide useful references for policymakers and government agencies, emphasizing the need for equitable attention and broader public engagement through media channels to raise awareness and foster comprehensive climate adaptation actions. Full article

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30 pages, 15201 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Vegetation Strategies for Outdoor Thermal Comfort in High- and Low-Density Urban Areas

by Mohammed M. Gomaa, Jackline Nabil, Djihed Berkouk and Ayman Ragab

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100416 - 8 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The urban heat island (UHI) significantly compromises outdoor thermal comfort and public health in hot climates. While urban vegetation is a recognized mitigation strategy, its performance variability across different urban fabrics remains a critical knowledge gap. This research quantitatively evaluates the microclimatic impact [...] Read more.

The urban heat island (UHI) significantly compromises outdoor thermal comfort and public health in hot climates. While urban vegetation is a recognized mitigation strategy, its performance variability across different urban fabrics remains a critical knowledge gap. This research quantitatively evaluates the microclimatic impact of vegetation strategies by comparing two districts with distinct urban morphologies: low-density and high-density. Using the Envi-met software, we simulated a reference case and four vegetation scenarios with constant 50% grass coverage and incrementally increasing tree percentages (0% to 75%). Thermal performance was assessed through key metrics, including air temperature (T_a), relative humidity (RH), mean radiant temperature (T_mrt), and Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET). The results reveal that vegetation’s effectiveness is directly correlated with urban density. The most comprehensive strategy (Scenario-D: 50% grass, 75% trees) reduced peak PET by up to 7.5 °C in the low-density El Khazzan, a reduction nearly three times greater than the 2.7 °C achieved in the high-density El Akkad. Similarly, this scenario achieved a maximum daytime T_a reduction of 0.92 K in El Khazzan, compared to only 0.4 K in the high-density district. The study also identifies a critical trade-off: high-density tree scenarios increased nighttime temperatures by up to 0.4 K due to disrupted airflow, whereas the grass-only scenario maintained thermal stability. These findings underscore that a one-size-fits-all approach to urban greening is insufficient. For practical implications, urban planners must abandon generic strategies and integrate a nuanced understanding of local morphology to maximize the thermal benefits of vegetation, particularly in hot, arid environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Built Environment, 2nd Volume)

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19 pages, 2870 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid) Pollution in Agricultural and Urban Soils near an Oil Refining Facility: Distribution Patterns, Source Apportionment, Ecological Impact, and Probabilistic Health Risk Analysis

by Andrijana Miletić, Jelena Vesković, Milica Lučić, Memet Varol, Dragan Crnković, Nebojša Potkonjak and Antonije Onjia

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100415 - 8 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the spatial distribution of HMs in agricultural and urban soils near the largest oil refining complex in Serbia, identified pollution sources, and assessed ecological and human health risks. A large fraction of soil samples showed elevated Hg (40% of samples), [...] Read more.

This study investigated the spatial distribution of HMs in agricultural and urban soils near the largest oil refining complex in Serbia, identified pollution sources, and assessed ecological and human health risks. A large fraction of soil samples showed elevated Hg (40% of samples), Pb (53%), Cd (90%), and As (93%) concentrations compared to the background levels. Hotspots for Pb, As, Hg, Cd, and Zn were observed in the industrial area, indicating significant anthropogenic input. Multivariate analysis, including PMF, revealed four contamination sources: emissions from the oil refining industry, agricultural activities, traffic emissions, and natural background. The pollution indices mostly fell into the moderate pollution range, with As, Hg, and Cd showing the highest enrichment. The potential ecological risk index (RI) indicated that about one-third of the samples had moderate ecological risk and determined a major RI hotspot near the refinery. The health risk assessment identified As and Cr as the largest contributors to non-carcinogenic risk, although the average HI was below one. Monte Carlo simulation confirmed that adults and children had negligible health risks at the 95th percentile and highlighted exposure frequency and body weight as the most influential exposure parameters. Based on source-specific risk, the oil refining industry emissions had the highest impact on HI and TCR values. Full article

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23 pages, 401 KB

Open AccessArticle

BRT Systems in Brazil: Technical Analysis of Advances, Challenges, and Operational Gaps

by Luciana Costa Brizon, Joyce Azevedo Caetano, Cintia Machado de Oliveira and Rômulo Dante Orrico Filho

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100414 - 8 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This paper examines the advances and challenges of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in Brazil, considering their potential in promoting sustainable urban mobility. Rapid urbanization and the predominance of private motorized transport have intensified the need for efficient, accessible, and environmentally sound collective [...] Read more.

This paper examines the advances and challenges of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in Brazil, considering their potential in promoting sustainable urban mobility. Rapid urbanization and the predominance of private motorized transport have intensified the need for efficient, accessible, and environmentally sound collective transport solutions. BRT has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to rail systems, combining high capacity, lower implementation costs, and operational flexibility. The study focuses on three Brazilian cities (Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, and Fortaleza) selected for their regional diversity and distinct BRT models. Using the Delphi method, the analysis was structured around three dimensions: road infrastructure, transport planning and networks, and system operation and performance. Results indicate significant progress in terms of exclusive corridors, integration terminals, express services, and the adoption of Intelligent Transport Systems. However, structural gaps persist, particularly regarding incomplete infrastructure, weak integration between trunk and feeder lines, limited monitoring of feeder services, and insufficient adaptation of networks to urban dynamics. The findings highlight that the effectiveness of Brazilian BRT systems depends on strengthening feeder lines, improving physical and fare integration, and expanding sustainable infrastructure. Full article

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18 pages, 1723 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sensor Placement for the Classification of Multiple Failure Types in Urban Water Distribution Networks

by Utsav Parajuli, Binod Ale Magar, Amrit Babu Ghimire and Sangmin Shin

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100413 - 7 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Urban water distribution networks (WDNs) are increasingly vulnerable to diverse disruptions, including pipe leaks/bursts and cyber–physical failures. A critical step in a resilience-based approach against these disruptions is the rapid and reliable identification of failures and their types for the timely implementation of [...] Read more.

Urban water distribution networks (WDNs) are increasingly vulnerable to diverse disruptions, including pipe leaks/bursts and cyber–physical failures. A critical step in a resilience-based approach against these disruptions is the rapid and reliable identification of failures and their types for the timely implementation of emergency or recovery actions. This study proposes a framework for sensor placement and multiple failure type classification in WDNs. It applies a wrapper-based feature selection (recursive feature elimination) with Random Forest (RF–RFE) to find the best sensor locations and employs an Autoencoder–Random Forest (AE–RF) framework for failure type identification. The framework was tested on the C-town WDN using the failure type scenarios of pipe leakage, cyberattacks, and physical attacks, which were generated using EPANET-CPA and WNTR models. The results showed a higher performance of the framework for single failure events, with accuracy of 0.99 for leakage, 0.98 for cyberattacks, and 0.95 for physical attacks, while the performance for multiple failure classification was lower, but still acceptable, with a performance accuracy of 0.90. The reduced performance was attributed to the model’s difficulty in distinguishing failure types when they produced hydraulically similar consequences. The proposed framework combining sensor placement and multiple failure identification will contribute to advance the existing data-driven approaches and to strengthen urban WDN resilience to conventional and cyber–physical disruptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Resources Assessment and Environmental Governance)

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26 pages, 3443 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging Perceptions: A Comparative Evaluation of Public Space Design Qualities by Experts and Users

by Ioannis Chatziioannou, Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Charalampos Kyriakidis and Efthimios Bakogiannis

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100412 - 7 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In the context of public space research, numerous studies highlight its vital role in fostering public life and social interaction. With urbanization on the rise and most people living in cities, acknowledging public spaces, and especially public squares, as key components of the [...] Read more.

In the context of public space research, numerous studies highlight its vital role in fostering public life and social interaction. With urbanization on the rise and most people living in cities, acknowledging public spaces, and especially public squares, as key components of the urban realm is more important than ever. The success of space is frequently determined by its capacity to meet human needs, a condition that, in turn, is largely contingent upon specific design qualities. Literature identifies key qualities such as inclusiveness, accessibility and connectivity, sociability, vitality, perceptual and esthetic satisfaction, and participatory characteristics. While many studies explore these factors, little attention has been given to whether users and designers assign equal importance to them. This research addresses the question: To what extent do experts’ and users’ perceptions converge regarding the variables that determine the success of public spaces? To explore this, the study applies MICMAC method structural analysis that prioritizes variables based on their interdependence and dependence. The method is used with both design experts and public space users. Findings reveal convergence in perceptions regarding key parameters; specifically, strong convergence is observed in the qualities of participation and vitality, followed by sociability and perceptual and esthetic satisfaction. Moreover, the expert group prioritizes parameters related to sociability, accessibility and connectivity, and inclusiveness, reflecting contemporary design principles aimed at creating equitable, easily accessible, and inclusive spaces. In contrast, the user group focuses more on the experiential and esthetic dimension of space, adding variables related to perceptual and esthetic satisfaction and vitality. The study aims to inform more user-responsive public space design by bridging gaps between expert and user perspectives. Full article

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20 pages, 10238 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Geospatial Framework for Spatiotemporal Crash Hotspot Detection Using Space–Time Cube Modeling and Emerging Pattern Analysis

by Samar Younes and Amr Oloufa

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100411 - 3 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Traffic crashes remain a critical public safety issue and are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Understanding, analyzing, and forecasting crash trends are essential for implementing effective countermeasures and reducing injury severity. In response to the growing number of crashes and their [...] Read more.

Traffic crashes remain a critical public safety issue and are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Understanding, analyzing, and forecasting crash trends are essential for implementing effective countermeasures and reducing injury severity. In response to the growing number of crashes and their associated economic and social costs, this study presents a geospatial analytical framework for prioritizing and classifying roadway segments based on crash trends. The framework focuses on a major freeway corridor in the United States, covering a four-year period across 20 counties. This methodology employs spatiotemporal analysis, which integrates both spatial (geographic) and temporal (time-based) dimensions to better understand how crash patterns evolve over time and space. A central component of the analysis is Space–Time Cube (STC) modeling, a three-dimensional GIS-based visualization, and an analytical approach that organizes data into spatial locations (x and y) across a sequence of temporal bins (z-axis) to reveal patterns that may not be evident in a two-dimensional analysis. Additionally, emerging pattern analysis, specifically Emerging Hotspot Analysis (EHA), is used to identify statistically significant trends in crash frequency over time. The results indicate a significant spatial clustering of crashes, with high-risk segments predominantly located in densely populated urban areas with high traffic volumes. Crash hotspots were classified into five distinct categories: persistent, intensifying, new, sporadic, and diminishing, enabling transportation agencies to tailor interventions based on temporal dynamics. The proposed geospatial framework enhances decision making for roadway safety improvements and can be adapted for use in other regional corridors to support infrastructure investment and advance public safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent GIS Application in Cities)

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26 pages, 933 KB

Open AccessReview

Waste and the Urban Economy: A Semantic Network Analysis of Smart, Circular, and Digital Transitions

by Dragan Čišić, Saša Drezgić and Saša Čegar

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100410 - 3 Oct 2025

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Abstract

As cities confront rising populations and mounting environmental pressures, waste is rapidly transforming from a logistical liability into a strategic economic resource. In this article, we investigate the evolving nexus between waste and urban economic systems by analyzing over 2000 scientific publications sourced [...] Read more.

As cities confront rising populations and mounting environmental pressures, waste is rapidly transforming from a logistical liability into a strategic economic resource. In this article, we investigate the evolving nexus between waste and urban economic systems by analyzing over 2000 scientific publications sourced from Web of Science and Scopus. Using advanced semantic embedding and network analysis, we identify seven major research communities at the intersection of digital innovation, circular economy, and smart urban infrastructure. Through PageRank-based influence mapping, we highlight key contributions that shape each thematic cluster—ranging from AI-powered waste classification to blockchain-enabled traceability and IoT-driven logistics. Our results reveal a dynamic and interdisciplinary research landscape where waste valorisation is not only a sustainability imperative but also a driver of urban economic renewal. This study offers both a conceptual map and a methodological framework for understanding how cities can embed intelligence, efficiency, and circularity into waste systems as part of a broader transition to regenerative, data-informed urban economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization and Urban Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Transition and Resilient Environments)

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17 pages, 3487 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vehicle Connectivity and Dynamic Traffic Response to Unplanned Urban Events

by Javad Sadeghi, Cristiana Botta, Brunella Caroleo and Maurizio Arnone

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100409 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

Integrating advanced technologies, such as Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) and Connected Vehicles (CVs), represents new strategies and solutions in urban mobility, particularly during unexpected urban events. Vehicle connectivity facilitates real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure, enhancing traffic management by enabling dynamic rerouting to [...] Read more.

Integrating advanced technologies, such as Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) and Connected Vehicles (CVs), represents new strategies and solutions in urban mobility, particularly during unexpected urban events. Vehicle connectivity facilitates real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure, enhancing traffic management by enabling dynamic rerouting to minimize delays and prevent bottlenecks. This study employs the SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) microsimulation to analyze the impact of dynamic rerouting strategies during urban disruptions within the IN2CCAM project’s Turin Living Lab. The Living Lab integrates simulation with real-world testing, including autonomous shuttle operations, to evaluate new mobility solutions. In the initial phase, offline simulations examine street, lane, and intersection closures along shuttle routes to assess how penetration levels of CVs and CAVs influence mobility. The results indicate that higher connectivity penetration improves traffic flow, with the greatest benefits observed at increased levels of autonomous vehicles. These findings highlight the potential of dynamic routing strategies, supported by vehicle connectivity and autonomous driving technologies, to enhance urban mobility and effectively respond to real-time traffic conditions. Additionally, this work demonstrates the capabilities and flexibility of SUMO for simulating complex urban traffic scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Urban Planning and the Digitalization of City Management)

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17 pages, 9404 KB

Open AccessArticle

A GIS-Based Approach to Fostering Sustainable Mobility and Combating Social Isolation for the Rural Elderly

by Luís Branco and Bertha Santos

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100408 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 296

Abstract

The growing demographic trend of an aging population, particularly in remote rural areas, exacerbates social isolation and limits access to essential goods and services. This vulnerability highlights a pressing need to develop sustainable solutions for their mobility and support. Using Geographic Information Systems [...] Read more.

The growing demographic trend of an aging population, particularly in remote rural areas, exacerbates social isolation and limits access to essential goods and services. This vulnerability highlights a pressing need to develop sustainable solutions for their mobility and support. Using Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and network analysis, a workflow was developed to optimize road-based transport for the elderly. The analysis utilized an electric vehicle, with its range limitations, influenced by road slopes, being a critical variable for assessing route efficiency. Two potential solutions were investigated: (1) the delivery of goods and medicines and (2) the transport of passengers and medicines. The methodology was tested using the Municipality of Seia, Portugal, as a case study, with a defined weekly visit frequency. The results demonstrate that both proposed solutions are technically viable for implementation, with the transport of passengers and medicines being the most effective option. This study provides a foundational framework for developing practical, demand-oriented, sustainable transport and logistics services to support isolated elderly populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation and Urban Environments-Public Health)

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20 pages, 16092 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Accessibility in the Urban Environment of a Medium-Sized City: A Case Study of Public Amenities in Odense, Denmark

by Irma Kveladze

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100407 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 330

Abstract

Spatial accessibility is a key principle in urban studies, shaping how people reach amenities and services across cities. While most research concentrates on large metropolitan areas and central urban services, small and medium-sized cities and their main amenities remain less studied. To bridge [...] Read more.

Spatial accessibility is a key principle in urban studies, shaping how people reach amenities and services across cities. While most research concentrates on large metropolitan areas and central urban services, small and medium-sized cities and their main amenities remain less studied. To bridge this gap, this study explores spatial accessibility to public amenities in relation to population density in Odense, a medium-sized city known for its compact layout and robust infrastructure supporting walking, cycling, and public transport. Despite Odense’s proactive planning and multimodal transport network, marked accessibility inequalities still exist, especially in peripheral neighbourhoods. This research uses a data-driven approach combining network-based travel time analysis with grid-cell-based spatial visualisation. Additionally, a multi-criteria accessibility scoring framework is introduced, including indicators such as amenity density, diversity of services, temporal thresholds for walking and cycling, and population distribution. The results show an uneven accessibility landscape, with significant gaps in outer districts, highlighting the limitations of uniform planning thresholds. By applying spatial analytical principles, the study uncovers embedded socio-spatial inequalities in everyday urban access. These insights offer practical guidance for planners and policymakers, underscoring the importance of context-sensitive multimodal infrastructure and decentralised service provision to support sustainable urban growth. Full article

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21 pages, 1373 KB

Open AccessArticle

Voices of the City: Understanding Hong Kong Residents’ Views on Smart City Transformation

by Alistair Cole, Dionysios Stivas, Emilie Tran and Calvin Ming Tsun Lai

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100406 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1095

Abstract

This study explores Hong Kong residents’ perceptions of their city’s smart city transformation, set against a backdrop of political and economic changes. It investigates residents’ awareness and support for Hong Kong’s development as a smart city and their familiarity with the Smart City [...] Read more.

This study explores Hong Kong residents’ perceptions of their city’s smart city transformation, set against a backdrop of political and economic changes. It investigates residents’ awareness and support for Hong Kong’s development as a smart city and their familiarity with the Smart City Blueprint. Despite the global emphasis on smart city initiatives, there is a significant gap in understanding residents’ perceptions, with the existing literature often focusing on technological and policy aspects while neglecting citizen voices. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study integrates quantitative survey data (N = 808) with qualitative interviews (N = 25) and focus group discussions (4 groups, N = 43) to capture diverse perspectives. The findings reveal a generally low level of understanding of the Smart City Blueprint among residents, alongside a positive attitude towards its key dimensions like mobility, living, and the environment. Older citizens, those with lower educational attainment, and individuals from mainland China showed greater understanding and support. Interviews highlighted concerns about coordination, bureaucratic processes, data privacy, and public involvement. Focus group discussions revealed varied viewpoints, with some participants drawing comparisons to smart city developments in mainland China and expressing privacy concerns. The study underscores the importance of aligning smart city initiatives with residents’ needs and preferences through inclusive communication strategies and addressing concerns about data privacy and job displacement. Methodological triangulation enhances the validity and reliability of the research, revealing complex patterns and contradictions. Full article

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20 pages, 280 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Policymakers’ Perspectives on the Equity Impacts and Risks of Local Energy and Mobility Decarbonisation Policies: A Case Study of Dutch Cities

by Peerawat Payakkamas, Joop de Kraker and Marijn Vodegel

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100405 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 365

Abstract

Decarbonisation of urban energy and transportation systems has become a priority for cities worldwide, with policies primarily aiming to promote rooftop solar electricity generation and a shift to private electric vehicles (EVs). However, these policies may also increase inequalities in access to affordable, [...] Read more.

Decarbonisation of urban energy and transportation systems has become a priority for cities worldwide, with policies primarily aiming to promote rooftop solar electricity generation and a shift to private electric vehicles (EVs). However, these policies may also increase inequalities in access to affordable, low-carbon mobility and the associated benefits. While academic literature shows increasing awareness of these equity impacts and risks, the extent to which this applies to policy practice remains unclear. We therefore conducted a case study of seven Dutch cities, analysing local policy documents and conducting interviews with policymakers. The study provided insight into the current policy landscape and revealed a general sensitivity among interviewed policymakers to possible equity impacts of the current decarbonisation policies. Only a few measures to address these impacts are currently in place, but policymakers have proposed a range of novel and more inclusive measures, which can be tested for their impacts and scaling potential in real-life experiments. Another priority for future research is exploring the potential of shared electric mobility to provide equitable access to low-carbon transportation. Full article

28 pages, 6954 KB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporating Immersive Technologies to Improve the Design and Management of Temporary Urban Events in Public Spaces

by Hossein Behmanesh and Andre Brown

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100404 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 333

Abstract

Planned events in urban public spaces often face design challenges, and consequent poor performance, due to limited consideration of spatial criteria during the planning process. Our previous work revealed that event designers tend to have no urban design, or similar, training. Consequently, this [...] Read more.

Planned events in urban public spaces often face design challenges, and consequent poor performance, due to limited consideration of spatial criteria during the planning process. Our previous work revealed that event designers tend to have no urban design, or similar, training. Consequently, this paper reports on a Virtual Reality (VR)/Mixed Reality (MR) tool developed as a ‘proof of concept’ to support event designers in evaluating and modifying event layouts using urban design principles. Building on a previous study that identified key design-based criteria, including pedestrian flow, permeability, and geometry, this research applies those criteria through interactive, immersive environments. A VR experiment involving three sessions with users demonstrated how the tool facilitates spatial analysis and encourages reflective design thinking. Insights from the sessions highlight the value of visual representation in decision-making and suggest directions for future tool development, such as expanding the criteria set and incorporating real-time data. The study concludes by proposing that immersive technologies can enhance collaborative and responsive temporary event design for public spaces. Full article

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25 pages, 2480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decentralized Renewable Energy and Socioeconomic Disparities

by Yuval Dagan Chudner, Ram Fishman and Ravit Hananel

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100403 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 334

Abstract

Decentralized renewable energy (DRE) has emerged as a key tool for global energy transition and emissions reduction. While DRE has the potential to democratize energy production, evidence suggests it may cause unequal benefit distribution across population groups. This study provides the first comprehensive [...] Read more.

Decentralized renewable energy (DRE) has emerged as a key tool for global energy transition and emissions reduction. While DRE has the potential to democratize energy production, evidence suggests it may cause unequal benefit distribution across population groups. This study provides the first comprehensive empirical analysis of DRE distribution patterns across all Israeli municipalities, examining policy implications for equitable energy transitions. We analyzed 16,998 rooftop solar installations across 232 municipalities between 2017 and 2022, categorized as residential and commercial installations. Using regression analysis, we examined how geographic, socioeconomic, and demographic factors associate with installation adoption rates. Findings reveal divergent patterns between installation types. For residential installations, socioeconomic status emerged as the primary determinant, with adoption rates increasing linearly with municipal wealth. These disparities widened significantly over time, contradicting expectations that declining costs would democratize access. For commercial installations, the urban–rural divide proved dominant, with rural areas showing substantially higher adoption rates. Our analysis reveals important policy implications and recommendations for global DRE deployment, emphasizing the need to integrate equity considerations into renewable energy policy design to accelerate the transition to renewable energy while minimizing socioeconomic disparities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Energy Districts: Innovation, Sustainability, and Sharing for a Solidary Future)

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29 pages, 10000 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulations and Assessment of the Effect of Low-Emission Zones in Sofia, Bulgaria

by Reneta Dimitrova, Margret Velizarova, Angel Burov, Danail Brezov, Angel M. Dzhambov and Georgi Gadzhev

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100402 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 324

Abstract

Bulgaria continues to face serious challenges related to air quality. To mitigate traffic-related air pollution and in line with the European regulations, the Metropolitan Municipal Council of Sofia has adopted and introduced low-emission zones (LEZs) in the city centre. The goal of this [...] Read more.

Bulgaria continues to face serious challenges related to air quality. To mitigate traffic-related air pollution and in line with the European regulations, the Metropolitan Municipal Council of Sofia has adopted and introduced low-emission zones (LEZs) in the city centre. The goal of this study is to address the specific needs of urban planning in the city in support of local decision-making. A bespoke emission inventory was developed for the LEZs in Sofia, and high-resolution numerical simulations (100 m resolution) were carried out to assess the effect of the measures implemented to reduce emissions in the central part of the city. The results show a decrease in nitrogen dioxide concentrations along major roads and intersections, but projected concentrations will still be high. No significant improvement is expected for particulate matter pollution due to the limitations of this study. High-resolution (100 m) emission inventories of domestic heating, minor roads, and bare soil surfaces, the major sources of particulate matter pollution, are not included in this study. An integrated model is needed to analyse and compare different scenarios for the development of the transport system, and the gradual introduction of LEZs must be accompanied by a number of other additional measures and actions. Full article

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20 pages, 1264 KB

Open AccessReview

Toward a ReThinking and ReImagining of Urban Sustainability in an Era of AI

by H. Patricia McKenna

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100401 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 363

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the recent research and practice literature pertaining to urban and community sustainability while highlighting issues and potentials related to artificial intelligence (AI)-rich environments. The methodology for this paper includes a literature review drawing on [...] Read more.

This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the recent research and practice literature pertaining to urban and community sustainability while highlighting issues and potentials related to artificial intelligence (AI)-rich environments. The methodology for this paper includes a literature review drawing on a variety of sources (e.g., IEEE Xplore, Semantic Scholar, SpringerLink, etc.), a comparison of key focus areas with examples of challenges identified for each, followed by further analysis to focus on gaps and emerging initiatives. Key takeaways of this work point to a movement toward a rethinking and reimagining of urban and community sustainability in an era of AI; the importance of being aware of ever-emergent AI developments; and developing literacies that are crucial to navigating urban and community sustainability in an era of AI. In terms of concrete results, this paper provides a set of recommendations focusing on impacts, literacies, and policies. Full article

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18 pages, 9947 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Territorial Vulnerability for Resilience Planning. The R3C-GeoResilience Tool Applied to the Union of Bassa Romagna (Italy)

by Grazia Brunetta, Danial Mohabat Doost, Erblin Berisha, Gabriele Garnero, Franco Pellerey, Chiara Tedesco and Bruna Pincegher

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100400 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 319

Abstract

In contemporary spatial planning, territorial resilience is rapidly gaining relevance, referring to a territory’s capacity to withstand, adapt to, recover from, and transform in response to environmental, social, and economic pressures. However, several constraints limit its operationalisation in planning. A key element to [...] Read more.

In contemporary spatial planning, territorial resilience is rapidly gaining relevance, referring to a territory’s capacity to withstand, adapt to, recover from, and transform in response to environmental, social, and economic pressures. However, several constraints limit its operationalisation in planning. A key element to addressing this gap is to investigate where and which interventions are most urgently needed to tackle the impact of hazards on territories. This can be achieved by understanding and localising the vulnerabilities of territorial systems, thereby enabling the definition of appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures. This paper presents the application of R3C-GeoResilience, an open-source GIS tool and its methodological framework, which allows mapping territorial vulnerabilities across different geographical contexts and spatial scales. The methodology is applied to the Italian case of the Union of Bassa Romagna (UBR), aiming to build capacity for local practitioners to implement resilience thinking in decision-making processes. Findings underscore the potential of R3C-GeoResilience to enhance evidence-based planning and policymaking, supporting adaptive and transformative strategies to address territorial vulnerabilities. The application of the research demonstrates the replicability and adaptability of the methodological framework for integrating participatory vulnerability mapping into local governance and urban planning strategies, thereby enhancing the resilience of territories. Full article

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21 pages, 3768 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gated Urbanism in the Middle East: Expert Insights from Jordanian Case Studies

by Ahmed Hammad, Mengbi Li and Zora Vrcelj

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100399 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

Across the Middle East, gated communities have become a defining feature of contemporary urban development, raising urgent questions about spatial inequality, public access, and social cohesion. This study examines the socio-spatial impacts of these developments by combining qualitative perceptions from regional expert interviews [...] Read more.

Across the Middle East, gated communities have become a defining feature of contemporary urban development, raising urgent questions about spatial inequality, public access, and social cohesion. This study examines the socio-spatial impacts of these developments by combining qualitative perceptions from regional expert interviews with in-depth analysis of two case studies in Jordan: Al Andalucía and Green Land. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with urban planners, architects, and policy experts from Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, the study employs thematic analysis to investigate expert perspectives on gated communities as a regional planning phenomenon. Findings reveal four dominant themes: (1) gated communities intensify spatial fragmentation and disconnection from surrounding urban fabric; (2) private sector dominance leads to unregulated, market-driven development that weakens strategic urban planning; (3) the erosion of inclusive public space and social cohesion is widely perceived as a social cost; and (4) gated living is framed as an aspirational lifestyle associated with security, prestige, and socio-economic distinction. The article concludes by calling for more inclusive urban policies that balance private development with inclusive planning strategies to mitigate the long-term impacts of fragmentation and exclusivity in Middle Eastern cities. Full article

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35 pages, 4041 KB

Open AccessReview

Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Buildings—The Potential of Vertical Greenery: A Brief Review of Benefits and Challenges of Implementation

by Ifigeneia Theodoridou, Katerina Vatitsi, Maria Stefanidou, Vachan Vanian, Theodora Fanaradelli, Makrini Macha, Adamantis Zapris, Violetta Kytinou, Maristella Voutetaki, Theodoros Rousakis, Giorgos Mallinis and Constantin Chalioris

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100398 - 30 Sep 2025

Viewed by 730

Abstract

The global rapid urbanization intensifies environmental challenges related to climate change, such as air pollution and the urban heat island (UHI) effect in built environments. The need to optimize nature-based solutions (NBSs) is imperative to mitigate climate change and adapt to extreme weather [...] Read more.

The global rapid urbanization intensifies environmental challenges related to climate change, such as air pollution and the urban heat island (UHI) effect in built environments. The need to optimize nature-based solutions (NBSs) is imperative to mitigate climate change and adapt to extreme weather phenomena. Against this background, this review offers an analysis regarding the integration of vertical greenery systems (VGSs) into urban environments so as to capitalize on their environmental, social, and economic benefits. Key aspects of the review include the positive role of VGSs in UHI mitigation, air quality improvement, stormwater management, and biodiversity enhancement, while examining social aspects (i.e., improved well-being and mental health, noise reduction, and urban built aesthetics). Finally, parameters related to economic benefits and energy efficiency are assessed. The submission further analyses the significant challenges that VGSs face, such as high maintenance costs, structural risks, plant health issues, fire hazards, and other limitations (legislative and technical). The crucial need for interdisciplinary collaborations among urban planners, architects, environmental engineers, and stakeholders is highlighted, in order to successfully integrate VGSs into urban buildings. Thus, this paper aims to identify key strategies for optimizing VGSs’ implementation and provide valuable insights for policymakers and researchers aiming to enhance urban sustainability through vertical greening. Full article

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