Gels | April 2025 - Browse Articles

19 pages, 2904 KiB

Open AccessReview

by Sergio Calixto and Mariana Alfaro-Gomez

Gels 2025, 11(4), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040298 - 17 Apr 2025

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Dichromated Gelatin (DCG) was first used in optics in 1872 by Lord Rayleigh. Then, in 1968, Shankoff suggested its use as a photosensitive material to record interference diffraction gratings and holograms. Diffraction efficiencies of nearly 100% were achieved. This review discusses some physical [...] Read more.

Dichromated Gelatin (DCG) was first used in optics in 1872 by Lord Rayleigh. Then, in 1968, Shankoff suggested its use as a photosensitive material to record interference diffraction gratings and holograms. Diffraction efficiencies of nearly 100% were achieved. This review discusses some physical and chemical characteristics of DCG films; the fabrication methods of DCG films; and some of the applications of DCG films in holography, holography in real time, solar concentrators, optical elements, and relative humidity sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of Gelatin-Based Materials)

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15 pages, 5488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of the Properties of the Hierarchical Porous Structure of Alumophosphate Molecular Sieves AEL by Reaction Gels Prepared with Different Templates

by Arthur R. Zabirov, Dmitry V. Serebrennikov, Rezeda Z. Kuvatova, Nadezhda A. Filippova, Rufina A. Zilberg, Olga S. Travkina and Marat R. Agliullin

Gels 2025, 11(4), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040297 - 17 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Microporous alumophosphate molecular sieves AlPO₄-n are promising materials for use in catalysis, gas adsorption, and gas separation. However, AlPO₄-n faces problems such as diffusion limitations that lead to a deterioration in mass transfer. To solve this problem, we studied [...] Read more.

Microporous alumophosphate molecular sieves AlPO₄-n are promising materials for use in catalysis, gas adsorption, and gas separation. However, AlPO₄-n faces problems such as diffusion limitations that lead to a deterioration in mass transfer. To solve this problem, we studied the crystallization of alumophosphate reaction gels prepared using aluminum isopropoxide and various secondary amines as templates, including diethyl-, di-n-propyl-, diisopropyl-, and di-n-butylamines. Using X-ray diffraction, Ramon spectroscopy, and STEM methods, it has been demonstrated that the reaction gels prepared using DPA, DIPA, and DBA are amorphous xerogels consisting of 5–10 nm nanoparticles. The reaction gel prepared with DEA is a combination of a layered phase and an amorphous aluminophosphate. It has been shown that the use of aluminum iso-propoxide allows the production of AlPO₄-11 in the form of 2–4 µm aggregates consisting of primary AlPO₄-11 nanocrystals. The template was found to exert a significant effect upon both the characteristics of the porous structure and the size of AlPO-11 nanocrystals. A template is proposed for the synthesis of hierarchical AlPO₄-11 with a maximum volume of mesopores. The morphology and crystal size of AlPO₄-11 were found to strongly influence its adsorption properties in the adsorption of octane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gel-Related Materials: Challenges and Opportunities)

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17 pages, 8218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Induced Modification of Durian Starch (Durio zibethinus) for Gel-Based Applications: Physicochemical and Thermal Properties

by Hien Vinh Nguyen, Phong Xuan Huynh and Tuyen Chan Kha

Gels 2025, 11(4), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040296 - 16 Apr 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical properties and thermal stability of durian starch. Durian starch samples were subjected to ultrasound at 20 kHz and 500 W for 2 min. The treatment significantly increased the starch extraction yield by [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical properties and thermal stability of durian starch. Durian starch samples were subjected to ultrasound at 20 kHz and 500 W for 2 min. The treatment significantly increased the starch extraction yield by 14.55% compared to untreated starch. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that ultrasound treatment induced physical modifications in the starch granules, including the formation of cracks and pores, which likely contributed to the enhanced extraction efficiency and influenced the starch’s gelation behavior. Thermal analysis, including differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, demonstrated that ultrasound-treated starch exhibited higher thermal stability compared to native starch. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicated a lower weight loss at high temperatures (70.39% for ultrasound-treated starch versus 79.55% for native starch at 596 °C). The heat flow during thermal decomposition was reduced in ultrasound-treated starch, suggesting that the treatment induced structural modifications that strengthened the gel matrix and improved resistance to thermal degradation. Additionally, ultrasound treatment enhanced the functional properties of durian starch, including swelling power, solubility, and water absorption capacity, which are critical for hydrogel formation and food-grade gel applications. These findings highlight the potential of ultrasound-treated durian starch for advanced applications in food hydrogels, biodegradable films, and gel-based delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Food Gelation: Exploring Mechanisms and Applications)

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26 pages, 9401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Saturated and Unsaturated Oils on the Nonlinear Viscoelasticity, Microstructure, and 3D Printability of Fish Myofibrillar-Protein-Based Pastes and Gels

by Timilehin Martins Oyinloye and Won Byong Yoon

Gels 2025, 11(4), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040295 - 16 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The effect of oil incorporation (soybean oil [SO] and coconut oil [CO] at 0, 1, 3, and 5 g/100 g) on the rheological, structural, and 3D printing properties of fish myofibrillar protein (MP, also known as surimi) paste and gel was investigated. Small-amplitude [...] Read more.

The effect of oil incorporation (soybean oil [SO] and coconut oil [CO] at 0, 1, 3, and 5 g/100 g) on the rheological, structural, and 3D printing properties of fish myofibrillar protein (MP, also known as surimi) paste and gel was investigated. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests showed that increasing oil concentration reduced the storage modulus (G′), weakening the gel network. Large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) analysis revealed strain-stiffening shifts and nonlinearity at γ = 5%. CO-containing gels exhibited higher hardness and gumminess, particularly at lower concentrations, due to enhanced protein–lipid interactions. In contrast, SO-containing gels showed reduced strength at higher concentrations, indicating phase separation. SEM confirmed that CO promoted a denser network, while SO led to a more porous structure, especially at 5% oil. Three-dimensional printing analysis demonstrated that both oils improved extrusion flowability by reducing nozzle friction. However, CO-containing samples maintained post-extrusion stability at 85% moisture, whereas SO-containing samples collapsed after multiple layers due to excessive softening. These findings highlight oil’s dual role in MP gels, enhancing lubrication and flowability while compromising rigidity. The results offer valuable insights for developing soft, texture-controlled foods using 3D printing, especially for personalized nutrition applications such as elderly care or dysphagia-friendly diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Protein Gels and Their Applications)

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17 pages, 2818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unlocking the Rich Potential of a Soft Gel-Cream Enriched with Royal Jelly for Topical Use

by Monica-Elisabeta Maxim, Raluca-Marieta Toma, Ludmila Aricov, Anca-Ruxandra Leonties, Aurica Precupas, Rodica Tatia and Elena Iulia Oprita

Gels 2025, 11(4), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040294 - 16 Apr 2025

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Abstract

For decades, royal jelly achieved notoriety and became an ultra-rich ingredient with numerous pharmacological properties especially for its use in production of topical ointments and creams. A novel formulation enriched with 2% royal jelly has been developed and characterized. Rheological results highlight a [...] Read more.

For decades, royal jelly achieved notoriety and became an ultra-rich ingredient with numerous pharmacological properties especially for its use in production of topical ointments and creams. A novel formulation enriched with 2% royal jelly has been developed and characterized. Rheological results highlight a gel-like behavior of the product in the packaging, as it does not flow from the costumer’s hand after application and behaves like a liquid, spreading evenly onto clean skin. A clear comparison in size distribution of pure and cream samples was noticed by dynamic light scattering analysis and completed further by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) which showed off shift changes in the gel sample as compared to pure compounds. MTT assays were conducted in quintuplicate on murine fibroblasts cell line (NCTC L-929) for testing the biocompatibility of the product in the range of 50–1000 μg/mL over 24, 48 and 72 h. The designed formulation is typically intended to deliver active compounds to the skin surface and potentially into deeper layers. A molecular docking study was performed for binding mode prediction of P-gp protein residues with two ligands, quercetin and myricetin, in order to investigate their role in the internal modulation of drug transport across cell membranes within the skin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharide Gels for Biomedical and Environmental Applications)

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25 pages, 7234 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements and Prospects of pH-Responsive Hydrogels in Biomedicine

by Ke Gao and Ke Xu

Gels 2025, 11(4), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040293 - 15 Apr 2025

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Abstract

As an intelligent polymer material, pH-sensitive hydrogels exhibit the capability to dynamically sense alterations in ambient pH levels and subsequently initiate corresponding physical or chemical responses, including swelling, contraction, degradation, or ion exchange. Given the significant pH variations inherent in human pathophysiological microenvironments, [...] Read more.

As an intelligent polymer material, pH-sensitive hydrogels exhibit the capability to dynamically sense alterations in ambient pH levels and subsequently initiate corresponding physical or chemical responses, including swelling, contraction, degradation, or ion exchange. Given the significant pH variations inherent in human pathophysiological microenvironments, particularly in tumor tissues, inflammatory lesions, and the gastrointestinal system, these smart materials demonstrate remarkable application potential across diverse domains such as targeted drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine engineering, biosensing, and disease diagnostics. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology and precision medicine have substantially propelled advancements in the design and application of pH-responsive hydrogels. This review systematically elaborates on the current research progress and future challenges regarding pH-responsive hydrogels in biomedical applications, with particular emphasis on their stimulus–response mechanisms, fabrication methodologies, multifunctional integration strategies, and application scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gel Processing and Engineering)

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23 pages, 2849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Flurbiprofen Suspension and Composite Gel Pre- and Post Skin Perforation: Effectiveness in Managing Inflammatory Responses in Ear Tags and Periocular Piercings

by Sheimah El Bejjaji, Gladys Ramos-Yacasi, Valeri Domínguez-Villegas, Délia Chaves Moreira Dos Santos, Antonio Braza, Lilian Sosa, Maria José Rodríguez-Lagunas, Ana Cristina Calpena, Mireia Zelaya and Alexander Parra

Gels 2025, 11(4), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040292 - 15 Apr 2025

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Abstract

(1) Background: Controlled skin perforations, such as ear tags, piercings, and microdermal implants, induce inflammation and stress in individuals undergoing these procedures. This localized trauma requires care to optimize healing, reduce inflammation, and prevent infections. (2) Methods: Two formulations were developed: an FB-suspension [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Controlled skin perforations, such as ear tags, piercings, and microdermal implants, induce inflammation and stress in individuals undergoing these procedures. This localized trauma requires care to optimize healing, reduce inflammation, and prevent infections. (2) Methods: Two formulations were developed: an FB-suspension and an FB-gel. Their in vivo efficacy was evaluated, along with drug retention in porcine and human skin after 30 min of administration, chemical stability at different temperatures, cytotoxicity, histological changes induced via transdermal application, and irritative potential, assessed using the HET-CAM assay. (3) Results: Both formulations reduced inflammation when applied 30 min before perforation compared to the positive control. The FB-suspension demonstrated no cytotoxicity and exhibited greater efficacy than the free flurbiprofen solution, highlighting the advantages of using nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Moreover, the FB-gel maintained chemical stability for up to 3 months across a temperature range of 4 to 40 °C. Histologically, no significant changes in skin composition were observed. (4) Conclusions: The FB-suspension is viable for both pre- and post-perforation application, as it is a sterile formulation. In contrast, the FB-gel is a convenient and easy application, making it a practical alternative for use in both clinical and veterinary settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Directions and Prospects of Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications)

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26 pages, 3456 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analysis, Properties, and Applications of Insect-Derived Chitosan: A Sustainable Path to Functional Polysaccharide Materials

by Hanna L. Schäfer, Lars Gandras, Laura Schneider, Marco Witthohn, Kerstin Troidl, Kai Muffler and Clemens K. Weiss

Gels 2025, 11(4), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040291 - 15 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Chitin and its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, are biopolymers of significant interest due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and wide-ranging applications in biomedical, environmental, and industrial fields. The exploitation of crustaceans as the traditional source of chitosan raises concerns about overfishing and ecological sustainability. Modern [...] Read more.

Chitin and its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, are biopolymers of significant interest due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and wide-ranging applications in biomedical, environmental, and industrial fields. The exploitation of crustaceans as the traditional source of chitosan raises concerns about overfishing and ecological sustainability. Modern insect farming, in contrast, offers advantages such as a circular insect-based economy leading to a reduced carbon footprint. This review explores the potential of insect-derived chitosan as an alternative, emphasizing its environmental benefits during production, functional properties, and potential applications. Several aspects of key analytical techniques for chitin and chitosan characterization, including photometric, chromatographic, and spectroscopic methods, are also discussed. The review underscores the versatility of insect-derived chitosan in biomedical applications, including wound healing and drug delivery, as well as its potential in agriculture, packaging, and wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gel Analysis and Characterization)

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23 pages, 2661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Gelling Potential of Macroalgae Extracts Obtained Through Eco-Friendly Technologies for Food-Grade Gelled Matrices

by Filipe Vinagre, Maria João Alegria, Andreia Sousa Ferreira, Cláudia Nunes, Maria Cristiana Nunes and Anabela Raymundo

Gels 2025, 11(4), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040290 - 15 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich food sources has positioned macroalgae as a promising alternative for food product development. This study investigates the extraction and characterization of hydrocolloids from three red macroalgae species (Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis, and Gelidium corneum) using [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich food sources has positioned macroalgae as a promising alternative for food product development. This study investigates the extraction and characterization of hydrocolloids from three red macroalgae species (Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis, and Gelidium corneum) using water bath (WB), ultrasound (US), and hybrid ultrasound–water bath (USWB) treatments for 45 and 60 min. The physicochemical properties of the extracts, including rheological behavior, particle size distribution, antioxidant activity, and texture, were assessed. The results show that C. crispus produced the firmest gels due to its high carrageenan content, with WB and USWB treatments yielding the most stable gel structures. In contrast, G. gracilis and G. corneum exhibited lower gel strength, consistent with their agar composition. WB-treated samples demonstrated superior antioxidant retention, while US treatment was more effective in preserving color stability. The findings highlight macroalgae as a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional hydrocolloids, reinforcing their potential as natural gelling agents, thickeners, and stabilizers for the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study provides a comparative evaluation of WB, US, and USWB extraction methods, offering insights into optimizing hydrocolloid extraction for enhanced functionality and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Hydrocolloids and Hydrogels: Rheology and Texture Analysis)

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12 pages, 4462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoscale Spatial Control over the Self-Assembly of Small Molecule Hydrogelators

by Samahir Sheikh Idris, Hucheng Wang, Yuliang Gao, Peiwen Cai, Yiming Wang and Shicheng Zhao

Gels 2025, 11(4), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040289 - 14 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Spatial control over molecular self-assembly at the nano scale offers great potential for many high-tech applications, yet remains a challenging task. Here, we report a polymer brush-mediated strategy to confine the self-assembly of hydrazone-based hydrogelators exclusively at nanoparticle surfaces. The surfaces of these [...] Read more.

Spatial control over molecular self-assembly at the nano scale offers great potential for many high-tech applications, yet remains a challenging task. Here, we report a polymer brush-mediated strategy to confine the self-assembly of hydrazone-based hydrogelators exclusively at nanoparticle surfaces. The surfaces of these nanoparticles are grafted with negatively charged polyacrylic acid, which enrich protons that can catalyze the in situ formation and self-assembly of hydrazone-based gelators. We found that, with respect to the polymer lengths, the concentration of the nanoparticles presents more significant effects on the self-assembly process and the properties of the resultant hydrogels, including gelation time, stiffness, and network morphology. More interestingly, the hydrogel fibers are found to be formed specifically around the nanoparticles, demonstrating the directed nanoscale molecular self-assembly. This work demonstrates that triggering molecular self-assembly using catalysis can serve as an effective way to realize directed molecular self-assembly at the nano scale, which may serve as a powerful approach to improve many material properties, such as the mechanical properties of supramolecular materials as we found in this work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels: 10th Anniversary)

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16 pages, 5518 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Extremely Rapid Gelling Curcumin Silk-Tyrosine Crosslinked Hydrogels

by Aswin Sundarakrishnan

Gels 2025, 11(4), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040288 - 14 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Systemic chemotherapy is still the first-line treatment for cancer, and it’s associated with toxic side effects, chemoresistance, and ultimately cancer recurrence. Rapid gelling hydrogels can overcome this limitation by providing localized delivery of anti-cancer agents to solid tumors. Silk hydrogels are extremely biocompatible [...] Read more.

Systemic chemotherapy is still the first-line treatment for cancer, and it’s associated with toxic side effects, chemoresistance, and ultimately cancer recurrence. Rapid gelling hydrogels can overcome this limitation by providing localized delivery of anti-cancer agents to solid tumors. Silk hydrogels are extremely biocompatible and suitable for anti-cancer drug delivery, but faster gelling formulations are needed. In this study, we introduce a rapid gelling hydrogel formulation (<3 min gelling time) due to chemical crosslinking between silk fibroin and curcumin, initiated by the addition of minute quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The novel observation in this study is that curcumin, while being a free-radical scavenger, also participates in accelerating silk di-tyrosine crosslinking in the presence of HRP and H₂O₂. Using UV-Vis, rheology, and time-lapse videos, we convincingly show that curcumin accelerates silk di-tyrosine crosslinking reaction in a concentration-dependent manner, and curcumin remains entrapped in the hydrogel post-crosslinking. FTIR results show an increase in secondary beta-sheet structures within hydrogels, with increasing concentrations of curcumin. Furthermore, we show that curcumin-silk di-tyrosine hydrogels are toxic to U2OS osteosarcoma cells, and most cancer cells are dead within short time scales of 4 h post-encapsulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels for Therapeutic Delivery: Current Developments and Future Directions)

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15 pages, 4589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Novel Nanoclay-Doped Hydrogel Adsorbent for Efficient Removal of Heavy Metal Ions and Organic Dyes from Wastewater

by Hang Zhao, Mengmeng Xie, Siyu He, Saishi Lin, Shige Wang and Xiuying Liu

Gels 2025, 11(4), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040287 - 14 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Rapid industrialization has led to significant environmental challenges, particularly in wastewater treatment, where the removal of heavy metal ions and organic dyes is critical. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a high-performance hydrogel adsorbent, (nanoclay)_x@poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) hydrogel [...] Read more.

Rapid industrialization has led to significant environmental challenges, particularly in wastewater treatment, where the removal of heavy metal ions and organic dyes is critical. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a high-performance hydrogel adsorbent, (nanoclay)_x@poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) hydrogel adsorbent (denoted as N_xPP, x = 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80), for the efficient removal of heavy metal ions (Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Zn²⁺) and organic dyes (Methylene blue, as a typical example) from wastewater. The hydrogel was prepared using a one-pot method, combining γ-PGA and PEI with varying amounts of nanoclay. The N₈₀PP hydrogel demonstrated exceptional adsorption capacities, achieving 224.37 mg/g for Cu²⁺, 236.60 mg/g for Fe³⁺, and 151.95 mg/g for Zn²⁺ within 30 min, along with 88.18 mg/g for Methylene blue within 5 h. The incorporation of nanoclay significantly enhanced the mechanical properties, with compressive strength reaching 560.49 kPa. The hydrogel exhibited excellent reusability, maintaining high adsorption capacity after five cycles. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, and the isotherms fit the Freundlich model, indicating a multilayer adsorption mechanism. This study highlights the potential of N_xPP hydrogels as a versatile and sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrogel for Water Treatment (2nd Edition))

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11 pages, 2290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Tunable Sponge-like Lipophilic Gel with Branched Poly(2-propyl aspartamide) Crosslinkers for Enhanced VOC Absorption

by Sunggyu Shin, Naseul Jung, Hyewon Jeong, Eunjin Heo, Kyungsuk Cho and Jaehyun Jeong

Gels 2025, 11(4), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040286 - 13 Apr 2025

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Abstract

In this study, we present a sponge-like lipophilic gel crosslinked with a branched crosslinker as an absorbent for VOC removal. The gel was synthesized by crosslinking the monomer 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) with the branched crosslinker poly(2-propyl aspartamide) grafted methacrylate (PPA-g-MA). The grafted crosslinker, [...] Read more.

In this study, we present a sponge-like lipophilic gel crosslinked with a branched crosslinker as an absorbent for VOC removal. The gel was synthesized by crosslinking the monomer 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) with the branched crosslinker poly(2-propyl aspartamide) grafted methacrylate (PPA-g-MA). The grafted crosslinker, PPA-g-MA, was prepared by introducing acrylate groups as crosslinking moieties to the poly(succinimide) precursor for poly(2-propyl aspartamide) (PPA), which serves as a hydrophobic backbone. Lipophilic gels were synthesized with varying TMSPMA monomer concentrations and freeze-dried to form a porous structure. To evaluate VOC absorption, the toluene removal efficiency of the sponge-like lipophilic gel was tested in a continuous gas flow system. As a result, the optimal TMSPMA monomer content for maximizing toluene removal efficiency was determined. This result suggests that while an increase in silicon content generally enhances VOC removal efficiency, the porous structure of sponge-like lipophilic gels plays a more crucial role in absorption capacity. The collapse of the porous structure, caused by excessive silicon content making the material more rubber-like, explains why there exists an optimal monomer content for effective VOC absorption. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for developing high-performance VOC absorbents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Gel (2nd Edition))

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13 pages, 6621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crystallization of Vanillin Isomers in Carboxymethyl Chitosan Gels

by Lin Zhang, Xiaoling Lu, Hao Li, Hongjie Chen, Qi Yin, Xuehan Hu, Kang Yang, Fang Yang, Liya Chen, Zeng Yang, You Long, Chao Shen, Bo Yao and Chenghong Huang

Gels 2025, 11(4), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040285 - 11 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The medicinal value of vanillin and its isomers has not been well developed, so it is necessary to prepare crystals of vanillin and its isomers as well as to investigate their crystallization rules in detail using advanced crystallization techniques in polymer gel. Based [...] Read more.

The medicinal value of vanillin and its isomers has not been well developed, so it is necessary to prepare crystals of vanillin and its isomers as well as to investigate their crystallization rules in detail using advanced crystallization techniques in polymer gel. Based on molecular simulation, the maximum number of hydrogen bonds between CMCS with Van, IsoVan and oVan were reached at molar ratios of 1:9 and 1:4 and 1:5, respectively. The gel hardness and apparent viscosity of CMCS/Van isomers were proportional to the mole ratio, while elongation at break and tensile strength decreased with an increase in molar concentration depending on the position of the side chain group of the Van isomer, exposure of the benzene ring, steric resistance and the number of hydrogen bonds formed. The crystallization of Van, IsoVan and oVan in CMCS gel unexceptionally follow classical supersaturation theory in the case that nVan mainly exhibits a unique growth pattern from needle to strip, IsoVan’s growth style changes from plate to bulk and oVan adapts growth pattern from needle to branch bifurcating. It was also found that the Van crystal changed from II-type to I-type under long-term heating. Studies have further confirmed that the discrepancy of physicochemical characteristics of CMCS/Van blend gel can be attributed to differences in the number of hydrogen bonds compared to CMCS with given group positions of Van isomers. This study provides powerful technical support for the gel crystallization of van isomers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels (3rd Edition))

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20 pages, 4584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional-Bioprinted Embedded-Based Cerebral Organoids: An Alternative Approach for Mini-Brain In Vitro Modeling Beyond Conventional Generation Methods

by Rosalba Monica Ferraro, Paola Serena Ginestra, Miriam Seiti, Mattia Bugatti, Gabriele Benini, Luana Ottelli, William Vermi, Pietro Luigi Poliani, Elisabetta Ceretti and Silvia Giliani

Gels 2025, 11(4), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040284 - 11 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Cerebral organoids (cORGs) obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become significant instruments for investigating human neurophysiology, with the possibility of simulating diseases and enhancing drug discovery. The current approaches require a strict process of manual inclusion in animal-derived matrix Matrigel^® [...] Read more.

Cerebral organoids (cORGs) obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become significant instruments for investigating human neurophysiology, with the possibility of simulating diseases and enhancing drug discovery. The current approaches require a strict process of manual inclusion in animal-derived matrix Matrigel^® and are challenged by unpredictability, operators’ skill and expertise, elevated costs, and restricted scalability, impeding their extensive applicability and translational potential. In this study, we present a novel method to generate brain organoids that address these limitations. Our approach does not require a manual, operator-dependent embedding. Instead, it employs a chemically defined hydrogel in which the Matrigel^® is diluted in a solution enriched with sodium alginate (SA) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and used as a bioink to print neural embryoid bodies (nEBs). Immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and gene expression analyses confirmed that SA-CMC-Matrigel^® hydrogel can sustain the generation of iPSC-derived cortical cORGs as the conventional Matrigel^®-based approach does. By day 40 of differentiation, hydrogel-based 3D-bioprinted cORGs showed heterogeneous and consistent masses, with a cytoarchitecture resembling an early-stage developmental fetal brain composed of neural progenitor cells PAX6⁺/Ki67⁺ organized into tubular structures, and densely packed cell somas with extensive neurites SYP⁺, suggestive of cortical tissue-like neuronal layer formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel-Based Scaffolds with a Focus on Medical Use (3rd Edition))

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18 pages, 17970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lignin-Mediated Dual Conductive Hydrogels with High Conductivity, Antibacterial Activity and Biocompatibility for Chronic Wound Repair

by Jianhong Lin, Mengyao Chen, Wei Zhao, Shengyu Zhang, Jialin Liu, Yang Zhou, Lei Jiang and Jiantao Zhang

Gels 2025, 11(4), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040283 - 11 Apr 2025

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Abstract

In recent years, conductive polymer hydrogels based on polypyrrole (PPy) combined with electrical stimulation (ES) have emerged as a promising approach for chronic wound repair. However, in practical applications, PPy often exhibits limitations such as poor water dispersion, weak inherent conductivity and a [...] Read more.

In recent years, conductive polymer hydrogels based on polypyrrole (PPy) combined with electrical stimulation (ES) have emerged as a promising approach for chronic wound repair. However, in practical applications, PPy often exhibits limitations such as poor water dispersion, weak inherent conductivity and a lack of biological functionality. To address these challenges, this study proposes an innovative design of a conductive hydrogel that employs a natural biopolymer, lignin sulfonate (Lgs), as both a dispersant and dopant for PPy, while incorporating silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to confer the hydrogel antibacterial properties. The results showed that the water dispersion of PPy was significantly improved, and the conductivity of the hydrogel was as high as 2.82 ± 0.04 mS/cm through the double conduction mechanism of PPy and Ag NPs. The hydrogel exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and the antibacterial rate could exceed 90%. In vitro tests demonstrated that the hydrogel exhibited good biocompatibility, adhesion ability (7.97 ± 0.56 kPa) and hemostatic ability. Furthermore, in vivo animal experiments showed that the hydrogel combined with ES achieved 93.71 ± 2.46% wound closure within 14 days, which can significantly accelerate wound healing, promote collagen deposition and epithelial tissue regeneration. These findings demonstrate that the developed hydrogel can serve as an effective platform for ES-assisted chronic wound repair. Full article

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30 pages, 5685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Polyampholyte Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Diapers with Improved Biocompatibility

by Beatriz Simões, Rafael C. Rebelo, Sara Ledesma, Patrícia Pereira, Rui Moreira, Brígida C. Ferreira, Jorge F. J. Coelho and Arménio C. Serra

Gels 2025, 11(4), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040282 - 10 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Non-biodegradable superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in personal care products (PCPs) pose significant environmental and health concerns despite their high absorption capacity. The aim of this study was to develop cellulose-based hydrogels as a sustainable alternative to those conventional SAPs, taking advantage of cellulose properties [...] Read more.

Non-biodegradable superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in personal care products (PCPs) pose significant environmental and health concerns despite their high absorption capacity. The aim of this study was to develop cellulose-based hydrogels as a sustainable alternative to those conventional SAPs, taking advantage of cellulose properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity. A synthesized allyl cellulose (AC) derivative was copolymerized with unusual monomers used in the production of SAPs, and the influence of monomer ratios, crosslinking density, and the ratio of cellulose to monomers on the absorption capacity was investigated and optimized. The most promising hydrogels were fully characterized for the proposed application and compared with a commercial SAP extracted from a baby diaper. The cellulose-based hydrogels showed promising absorption capacities in synthetic urine (~15 g/g), and a high centrifuge retention capacity (12.5 g/g), which was only slightly lower than the commercial SAP. These new hydrogels exhibited excellent biocompatibility and outperformed the established commercial diaper SAP. This study represents a more sustainable alternative to conventional SAPs, potentially reducing health risks while increasing the bio-based content of PCPs. Further optimization of these hydrogels could transform the hygiene product industry, by providing a balance between performance and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Gels: Properties and Prospective Applications)

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35 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hyaluronic Acid and Skin: Its Role in Aging and Wound-Healing Processes

by Natalia Chylińska and Mateusz Maciejczyk

Gels 2025, 11(4), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040281 - 9 Apr 2025

Viewed by 260

Abstract

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear, unbranched polysaccharide classified as a glycosaminoglycan. While HA is found in various tissues throughout the body, over half of its total proportion is found in the skin. The role of HA in the skin is complex and [...] Read more.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear, unbranched polysaccharide classified as a glycosaminoglycan. While HA is found in various tissues throughout the body, over half of its total proportion is found in the skin. The role of HA in the skin is complex and multifaceted. HA maintains proper hydration, elasticity, and skin firmness, serving as a key extracellular matrix (ECM) component. With age, HA production gradually decreases, leading to reduced water-binding capacity, drier and less elastic skin, and the formation of wrinkles. Additionally, HA plays an active role in the wound-healing process at every stage. This review summarizes the current background knowledge about the role of HA in skin aging and wound healing. We discuss the latest applications of HA in aging prevention, including anti-aging formulations, nutricosmetics, microneedles, nanoparticles, HA-based fillers, and skin biostimulators. Furthermore, we explore various HA-based dressings used in wound treatment, such as hydrogels, sponges, membranes, and films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Designing Gels for Wound Dressing)

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22 pages, 13451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure of Sea Cucumber Parastichopus tremulus Peptide Hydrogels and Bioactivity in Caco-2 Cell Culture Model

by Miroslava Rossenova Atanassova, Jennifer Mildenberger, Marianne Doré Hansen and Tarmo Tamm

Gels 2025, 11(4), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040280 - 8 Apr 2025

Viewed by 75

Abstract

Wider availability of marine proteins for the development of food and biomedical applications has a high importance. Sea cucumber body wall proteins have specific functional properties that could be very promising for such product development. However, protein extraction from whole animals is costly [...] Read more.

Wider availability of marine proteins for the development of food and biomedical applications has a high importance. Sea cucumber body wall proteins have specific functional properties that could be very promising for such product development. However, protein extraction from whole animals is costly and complex, whereas peptide hydrogel production using biotechnological methods can be considered an economically viable approach. Body-wall derived peptides from sea cucumber Parastichopus tremulus have been suggested as a nontraditional source of potentially edible hydrocolloids. In the current work, four peptides were produced through custom synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the combined mix of the four peptides (1:1 ratio; 15 mM concentration) in a calcium ion-containing buffer confirmed untargeted self-assembly with long, thick fibrillar formations at a microscale (measured mean cross-section 2.78 µm and length sizes of 26.95 µm). The antioxidant activity of the peptides separately, and in combination (1:1 molar ratio), was studied in vitro through ORAC (values in the range from 279 to 543 µmol TE/g peptide), ABTS (from 80.4 to 1215 µmol TE/g peptide), and DPPH (from 5.2 to 19.9 µmol TE/g) assays, and confirmed for protection against oxidation in a Caco-2 cell culture model. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity was also confirmed for two of the four peptides, with the highest IC 50 of 7.11 ± 0.84 mg/mL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biopolymer Gels)

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13 pages, 2658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Biobased Antioxidant Gel on Meat Shelf-Life: Oxidative Stability and Color as Quality Parameters

by Olimpia Pitirollo, Edmondo Messinese, Maria Grimaldi, Davide Barbanti and Antonella Cavazza

Gels 2025, 11(4), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040279 - 8 Apr 2025

Viewed by 63

Abstract

Oxidative stress is one of the main factors affecting food stability; therefore, antioxidant additives are generally used as food supplements for shelf-life improvement. In this work, the use of an antioxidant gel based on natural polysaccharides was tested on different types of meat, [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is one of the main factors affecting food stability; therefore, antioxidant additives are generally used as food supplements for shelf-life improvement. In this work, the use of an antioxidant gel based on natural polysaccharides was tested on different types of meat, such as hamburger, beef steak, and horse fillet. The oxidative stability was measured on minced meat by Oxitest reactor, an automated tool performing accelerated shelf-life analysis by monitoring the fat oxidation process. The primary and secondary shelf-life of the gel was evaluated by DPPH assay. The effect of the gel on meat shelf-life was examined by colorimetry providing information about the color variation (∆E) during time. Treated meats showed lower color variation compared to untreated samples. Moreover, some color coordinates were selected as markers to follow the oxidation phenomenon. In conclusion, the antioxidant gel was found to preserve meat from oxidation, increasing stability during shelf-life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Gel Films and Coatings Applied in Active Food Packaging (2nd Edition))

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19 pages, 7332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Curcumin Derivatives via Knoevenagel Reaction Within a Continuously Driven Microfluidic Reactor Using Polymeric Networks Containing Piperidine as a Catalyst

by Naresh Killi, Katja Rumpke and Dirk Kuckling

Gels 2025, 11(4), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040278 - 8 Apr 2025

Viewed by 88

Abstract

The use of organo-catalysis in continuous-flow reactor systems is gaining attention in medicinal chemistry due to its cost-effectiveness and reduced chemical waste. In this study, bioactive curcumin (CUM) derivatives were synthesized in a continuously operated microfluidic reactor (MFR), using piperidine-based polymeric networks as [...] Read more.

The use of organo-catalysis in continuous-flow reactor systems is gaining attention in medicinal chemistry due to its cost-effectiveness and reduced chemical waste. In this study, bioactive curcumin (CUM) derivatives were synthesized in a continuously operated microfluidic reactor (MFR), using piperidine-based polymeric networks as catalysts. Piperidine methacrylate and piperidine acrylate were synthesized and subsequently copolymerized with complementary monomers (MMA or DMAA) and crosslinkers (EGDMA or MBAM) via photopolymerization, yielding different polymeric networks. Initially, batch reactions were optimized for the organo-catalytic Knoevenagel condensation between CUM and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, under various conditions, in the presence of polymer networks. Conversion was assessed using offline ¹H NMR spectroscopy, revealing an increase in conversion with enhanced swelling properties of the polymer networks, which facilitated greater accessibility of catalytic sites. In continuous-flow MFR experiments, optimized polymer gel dots exhibited superior catalytic performance, achieving a conversion of up to 72%, compared to other compositions. This improvement was attributed to the enhanced swelling in the reaction mixture (DMSO/methanol, 7:3 v/v) at 40 °C over 72 h. Furthermore, the MFR system enabled the efficient synthesis of a series of CUM derivatives, demonstrating significantly higher conversion rates than traditional batch reactions. Notably, while batch reactions required 90% catalyst loading in the gel, the MFR system achieved a comparable or superior performance with only 50% catalyst, resulting in a higher turnover number. These findings underscore the advantages of continuous-flow organo-catalysis in enhancing catalytic efficiency and sustainability in organic synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels: 10th Anniversary)

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5 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue “Hydrogels with Appropriate/Tunable Properties for Biomedical Applications”

by Yazhong Bu, Yanyu Yang and Feifei Sun

Gels 2025, 11(4), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040277 - 8 Apr 2025

Viewed by 79

Abstract

Hydrogels are widely explored in biomedical fields, due to their porosity, high water content, and soft consistency, closely mimicking natural living tissue conditions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels with Appropriate/Tunable Properties for Biomedical Applications)

39 pages, 2681 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hydrogel Performance in Boosting Plant Resilience to Water Stress—A Review

by Gamareldawla H. D. Agbna and Syed Javaid Zaidi

Gels 2025, 11(4), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040276 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 193

Abstract

Hydrogels have emerged as a transformative technology in agriculture, offering significant potential to enhance crop resilience, improve water use efficiency, and promote sustainable farming practices. These three-dimensional polymeric networks can absorb and retain water, making them particularly valuable in regions facing water scarcity [...] Read more.

Hydrogels have emerged as a transformative technology in agriculture, offering significant potential to enhance crop resilience, improve water use efficiency, and promote sustainable farming practices. These three-dimensional polymeric networks can absorb and retain water, making them particularly valuable in regions facing water scarcity and unpredictable rainfall patterns. This review examines the types, properties, and applications of hydrogels in agriculture, highlighting their role in improving soil moisture retention, enhancing nutrient delivery by, and increasing crop yield. The discussion extends to the economic and environmental implications of hydrogel use, including their potential to reduce irrigation costs by and minimize soil erosion. The review also explores the latest innovations in hydrogel technology, such as smart hydrogels and biodegradable alternatives, which offer new possibilities for precision agriculture and environmental sustainability. Despite promising benefits, challenges such as the higher cost of synthetic hydrogels, environmental impact, and performance variability across different soil types remain. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates advancements in material science, agronomy, and environmental policy. The future outlook for hydrogels in agriculture is optimistic, with ongoing research poised to refine their applications and expand their use across diverse agricultural systems. By leveraging the capabilities of hydrogels, agriculture can achieve increase in productivity, ensure food security, and move towards a more sustainable and resilient agricultural landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Excellence in Bioactive Gels)

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51 pages, 2012 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chitosan-Based Gel Development: Extraction, Gelation Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

by Nicoleta-Mirela Blebea, Ciprian Pușcașu, Robert-Alexandru Vlad and Gabriel Hancu

Gels 2025, 11(4), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040275 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 290

Abstract

Chitosan (CS), a versatile biopolymer obtained through the deacetylation of chitin, has gained significant interest in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and unique gel-forming capabilities. This review comprehensively analyzes CS-based gel development, covering its extraction from various natural sources, [...] Read more.

Chitosan (CS), a versatile biopolymer obtained through the deacetylation of chitin, has gained significant interest in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and unique gel-forming capabilities. This review comprehensively analyzes CS-based gel development, covering its extraction from various natural sources, gelation mechanisms, and biomedical applications. Different extraction methods, including chemical, biological, and green techniques, are discussed regarding efficiency and sustainability. The review explores the physicochemical properties of CS that influence its gelation behavior, highlighting various gelation mechanisms such as physical, ionic, and chemical cross-linking. Recent advances in gel formation, including Schiff base reactions, Diels–Alder click chemistry, and thermosensitive gelation, have expanded the applicability of CS hydrogels. Furthermore, CS-based gels have demonstrated potential in wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and antimicrobial applications, offering controlled drug release, enhanced biocompatibility, and tunable mechanical properties. The incorporation of nanomaterials, bioactive molecules, and functional cross-linkers has further improved hydrogel performance. The current review underscores the growing significance of CS-based gels as innovative biomaterials in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical sciences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Hydrogels (2nd Edition))

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23 pages, 9538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Dual-Network Multifunctional Hydrogels Based on Peach Gum Polysaccharides: Ultrafast Self-Healing Ability, Favorable Mechanical Tunability, and Controlled Release Properties

by Boyu Liu, Yumeng Han, Zhenqing Zhang, Jianing Hao, Hao Wan, Yongguo Jin and Qi Xu

Gels 2025, 11(4), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040274 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 105

Abstract

Natural hydrogels have attracted considerable attention due to advantages of moisturizing, biocompatibility, and plasticity. In this study, a dual-network oxidized peach gum polysaccharide–carboxymethyl chitosan (OPGC) hydrogels with ultrafast self-healing ability was constructed by self-assembly using oxidized peach gum polysaccharide (OPGP) and carboxymethyl chitosan [...] Read more.

Natural hydrogels have attracted considerable attention due to advantages of moisturizing, biocompatibility, and plasticity. In this study, a dual-network oxidized peach gum polysaccharide–carboxymethyl chitosan (OPGC) hydrogels with ultrafast self-healing ability was constructed by self-assembly using oxidized peach gum polysaccharide (OPGP) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). After complete fracture, OPGC hydrogels rapidly self-healed within 30 s due to the dual-network structure formed by the hydrogen bonds between the OPGP molecules and the Schiff base bonds between them and the CMCS. Meanwhile, the hydrogels exhibited good injectability and biocompatibility. With the increase of CMCS from 0.5 wt% to 2.5 wt%, the gel formation time of OPGC hydrogels was drastically shortened from 12 min to 3 min, while the strength and water-holding capacity were enhanced. Furthermore, experimental in vitro and in vivo animal studies demonstrated excellent drug loading capacity of OPGC hydrogels, and the release rate of bactericide could be controlled by adjusting the content of CMCS. The OPGC hydrogels have outstanding properties for potential applications in the health and medical fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gel Analysis and Characterization)

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13 pages, 4502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radiation Characterization of Smart Aerogels Based on Hollow VO₂ Particles

by Xingcan Li, Shengkai Qin, Bowei Xie, Tianbo Hou, Linkang Wang, Yinmo Xie and Meiran Han

Gels 2025, 11(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040273 - 5 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The smart aerogel control technology based on thermochromic materials can dynamically adjust the emittance with temperature changes, which plays a significant role in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This paper presents the design of the smart aerogel based on hollow VO₂ [...] Read more.

The smart aerogel control technology based on thermochromic materials can dynamically adjust the emittance with temperature changes, which plays a significant role in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This paper presents the design of the smart aerogel based on hollow VO₂ particles with excellent emittance modulation. The radiation characteristics of a single particle were calculated using the multi-sphere superposition T-matrix method, and the radiation characteristics of the aerogel were determined using the Monte Carlo method. The results indicate that when the radius of the hollow VO₂ particles is 1 μm and the shell thickness is 40 nm, the hollow particles display excellent thermal regulation. When the thickness of the VO₂ particle smart aerogel is 50 μm, with a volume fraction of 2.5%, the emittance of the adaptable aerogel can reach 51.295%, which provides a theoretical foundation for the further advancement of infrared smart aerogels to enhance their energy-saving performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Aerogels and Aerogel Composites)

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24 pages, 6729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Acetobacter xylinum Bacterial Cellulose Aerogels and Their Effect on the Selected Properties

by Sebnem Sozcu, Jaroslava Frajova, Jakub Wiener, Mohanapriya Venkataraman, Blanka Tomkova and Jiri Militky

Gels 2025, 11(4), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040272 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 73

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum has gained significant attention due to its unique structural and functional properties. This study focuses on the simple, facile, and cost-effective synthesis of bacterial cellulose films from Acetobacter xylinum and evaluates their impact on selected properties. [...] Read more.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum has gained significant attention due to its unique structural and functional properties. This study focuses on the simple, facile, and cost-effective synthesis of bacterial cellulose films from Acetobacter xylinum and evaluates their impact on selected properties. The BC films were prepared through a series of controlled fermentation, purification, and drying processes, optimizing their porosity and structural integrity with different stabilization forms (the BC films supported by polyester nonwoven (PES NW) fabric) by a static culture method keeping with the sustainability. The selected properties like density, porosity, surface roughness, thermal conductivity, and the wetting properties of surfaces are tested. These properties were chosen because they significantly impact the performance of BC aerogels in the potential application of aerogels in biomedical, insulation, and filtration industries. The results indicated that the synthesized BC aerogels exhibit a highly porous network, lightweight structure, and excellent thermal conductivity, making them suitable for advanced material applications. This research highlights the potential of bacterial cellulose aerogels as sustainable (without any additives/chemicals) and high-performance materials, paving the way for further advancements in bio-based aerogels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Aerogel)

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41 pages, 3844 KiB

Open AccessReview

Collagen-Based Wound Dressings: Innovations, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications

by Adina Alberts, Andreea Gabriela Bratu, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

Gels 2025, 11(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040271 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 153

Abstract

Collagen-based wound dressings have developed as an essential component of contemporary wound care, utilizing collagen’s inherent properties to promote healing. This review thoroughly analyzes collagen dressing advances, examining different formulations such as hydrogels, films, and foams that enhance wound care. The important processes [...] Read more.

Collagen-based wound dressings have developed as an essential component of contemporary wound care, utilizing collagen’s inherent properties to promote healing. This review thoroughly analyzes collagen dressing advances, examining different formulations such as hydrogels, films, and foams that enhance wound care. The important processes by which collagen promotes healing (e.g., promoting angiogenesis, encouraging cell proliferation, and offering structural support) are discussed to clarify its function in tissue regeneration. The effectiveness and adaptability of collagen dressings are demonstrated via clinical applications investigated in acute and chronic wounds. Additionally, commercially accessible collagen-based skin healing treatments are discussed, demonstrating their practical use in healthcare settings. Despite the progress, the study discusses the obstacles and restrictions encountered in producing and adopting collagen-based dressings, such as the difficulties of manufacturing and financial concerns. Finally, the current landscape’s insights indicate future research possibilities for collagen dressing optimization, bioactive agent integration, and overcoming existing constraints. This analysis highlights the potential of collagen-based innovations to improve wound treatment methods and patient care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 9486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ultrasound Time on Structural and Gelling Properties of Pea, Lupin, and Rice Proteins

by Natalia Riquelme, Paulo Díaz-Calderón, Alejandro Luarte and Carla Arancibia

Gels 2025, 11(4), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040270 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 72

Abstract

Plant proteins are garnering interest due to the growing demand for plant-based products, but their functionality in gel-based foods remains limited. Ultrasound (US) technology may improve the technological properties of proteins. Thus, the effect of US treatment time (0–15 min) on the structure [...] Read more.

Plant proteins are garnering interest due to the growing demand for plant-based products, but their functionality in gel-based foods remains limited. Ultrasound (US) technology may improve the technological properties of proteins. Thus, the effect of US treatment time (0–15 min) on the structure and gelling properties of pea, lupin, and rice proteins was evaluated. The results showed that the whiteness (~60%) of all freeze-dried proteins remained unchanged (p > 0.05), regardless of the US time. However, FT-IR analysis revealed progressive reductions in α-helix and β-sheet for pea and lupin proteins (~50%) with US time, indicating partial unfolding. In addition, microstructure analysis showed an ~80% reduction in aggregate size for these proteins, while rice protein exhibited minimal changes. Conversely, weak gels were formed with pea and lupin proteins treated after 5 and 10 min of US, respectively, whereas rice protein did not form gels. Furthermore, US treatment time significantly increased (p < 0.05) the mechanical moduli, resulting in more structured gels after longer treatment times (tan δ ~0.3 at 15 min of US). These findings suggest that US treatment enhances the gelling properties of pea and lupin proteins, making them more suitable for plant-based food applications such as yogurt or desserts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Hydrogels, Aerogels, and Cryogels Composites (2nd Edition))

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18 pages, 950 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Advanced Hydrogels as Tools for Gastrointestinal Diagnostics

by Tatjana Ivaskiene, Greta Kaspute, Arunas Ramanavicius and Urte Prentice

Gels 2025, 11(4), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040269 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 170

Abstract

Gastroenterology faces significant challenges due to the global burden of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, driven by socio-economic disparities and their wide-ranging impact on health and healthcare systems. Advances in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer promising opportunities for developing non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic tools that enhance [...] Read more.

Gastroenterology faces significant challenges due to the global burden of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, driven by socio-economic disparities and their wide-ranging impact on health and healthcare systems. Advances in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer promising opportunities for developing non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic tools that enhance the accuracy and accessibility of GI disease detection. This research explores the potential of MIP-based sensors in revolutionizing gastrointestinal diagnostics and improving early detection and disease management. Biomarkers are vital in diagnosing, monitoring, and personalizing disease treatment, particularly in gastroenterology, where advancements like MIPs offer highly selective and non-invasive diagnostic solutions. MIPs mimic natural recognition mechanisms, providing stability and sensitivity even in complex biological environments, making them ideal for early disease detection and real-time monitoring. Their integration with advanced technologies, including conducting polymers, enhances their functionality, enabling rapid, point-of-care diagnostics for gastrointestinal disorders. Despite regulatory approval and scalability challenges, ongoing innovations promise to revolutionize diagnostics and improve patient outcomes through precise approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Hydrogels for Wearable Medical Devices)

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