Food Hydrocolloids and Hydrogels: Rheology and Texture Analysis

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Analysis and Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2026 | Viewed by 12599

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Centre for Advanced Manufacturing and Materials, School of Engineering, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
Interests: complex fluids; food hydrocolloids; hydrogels; rheology; texture analysis; viscoelasticity; non-Newtonian fluids; computational fluid dynamics; fluid–structure interaction; data-driven fluid dynamics

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Guest Editor
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Interests: peptide self-assembly; rheology; structure–property relationships; hydrogels; cell culture; tissue engineering; drug delivery
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on advancing our understanding of the rheological behaviour of food hydrocolloids and hydrogels, and how this behaviour impacts texture and functionality across various stages of food processing—from formulation to final product. The relationship between rheology and the sensory perception of food is a critical aspect of food science, influencing both the manufacturing process and consumer experience. This Special Issue will highlight key challenges and innovations in this field, with particular attention being placed on plant-based food products, where hydrocolloids are often used to improve texture and stability.

Food hydrocolloids, such as polysaccharides and proteins, play a crucial role in structuring food products, stabilizing emulsions, and improving mouthfeel. However, understanding the complex relationship between their microstructure, flow behaviour, and resulting texture remains a significant challenge. This Special Issue will focus on exploring how rheological properties influence texture perception, product stability, and processing behaviour in various food systems.

Key focus areas include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • The relationship between rheological behaviour and texture perception in hydrogel-based food systems.
  • The role of hydrocolloids in plant-based food products, with a focus on their function as texture modifiers.
  • Rheological challenges in food manufacturing, such as shear-thinning behaviour, gelation kinetics, and stability during storage.
  • Understanding microstructure–rheology relationships, with implications for designing novel food structures with targeted textures and functionalities.
  • The role of hydrocolloids in achieving clean-label and sustainable food formulations, addressing consumer demand for healthier, more natural products.

Given the broad scope of food hydrocolloids, this Special Issue will feature selected examples that highlight the complexity and versatility of these materials, with a particular emphasis on how rheological insights can improve product development and innovation. For instance, we aim to explore how hydrocolloids can mimic the texture of animal-derived products in plant-based alternatives or how their gelation properties can be optimized to achieve desirable product stability during storage and transport.

By focusing on the practical and theoretical challenges in hydrocolloid rheology, this Special Issue aims to provide a valuable resource for both academics and industry professionals working to develop innovative, functional food products.

We hope that this Special Issue will stimulate further research and collaborations in the field, addressing current challenges and paving the way for future advancements in food texture analysis and hydrocolloid applications.

Dr. Osama Maklad
Prof. Dr. Aline Miller
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • food hydrocolloids
  • hydrogels
  • rheology
  • texture analysis
  • viscoelasticity
  • gelation
  • gelling agents
  • emulsifiers
  • protein–polysaccharide interactions
  • biopolymer networks

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 2789 KB  
Article
Formulation and Characterization of Edible Bigel Inks for Structuring Fat Alternatives in 3D-Printed Foods
by Konstantina Zampouni, Theocharis Salamandrakis, Triantafyllia Biza, Thomas Moschakis and Eugenios Katsanidis
Gels 2026, 12(3), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12030254 - 18 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 396
Abstract
Bigels (BGs) are promising biphasic systems for extrusion-based 3D food printing inks. In this study, BG inks were formulated by combining a 6% beeswax—4% monoglycerides oleogel (OG) with a 4% gelatin—1% guar gum hydrogel (HG). The BGs were formulated at OG:HG ratios of [...] Read more.
Bigels (BGs) are promising biphasic systems for extrusion-based 3D food printing inks. In this study, BG inks were formulated by combining a 6% beeswax—4% monoglycerides oleogel (OG) with a 4% gelatin—1% guar gum hydrogel (HG). The BGs were formulated at OG:HG ratios of 10:90 up to 50:50. The effect of the OG:HG ratio on appearance, microstructure, extrusion, rheological and thermal characteristics was investigated to assess printability and shape fidelity. All formulations showed no signs of phase separation during storage, while changes in color were observed with increasing OG content, suggesting modifications in phase distribution and light-scattering behavior. Increasing the OG content induced a transition from OG-in-HG systems to a bicontinuous structure at a 50:50 ratio. All inks showed shear-thinning behavior (G′ > G″) and viscoelastic properties suitable for 3D printing. BG with intermediate OG contents displayed moderate extrusion forces (7.27–9.00 N) and improved structural recovery (up to ≈60%), consistent with desirable printability and appropriate yield/flow points to ensure shape fidelity after deposition. Thermal analysis further confirmed the coexistence of OG and HG phases, ensuring structural integrity at printing temperature. These findings demonstrate the potential of BG as tunable, fat-reduced inks for 3D food structuring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Hydrocolloids and Hydrogels: Rheology and Texture Analysis)
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22 pages, 5632 KB  
Article
Impact of Sustainable Manufacturing Processes on the Rheological and Microstructural Stability of Biopolymer-Stabilized Oil-in-Water Emulsions
by Marlène Lartigue, Claire Dang, Céline Saure, Sophie Cambos and Alicia Roso
Gels 2026, 12(3), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12030211 - 4 Mar 2026
Viewed by 992
Abstract
This work investigated the impact of energy-efficient and water-saving manufacturing procedures—specifically one-pot and hot-cold processes—on the rheological and microstructural stability of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions (emulgels) stabilized by four distinct biopolymers and benchmarked against a synthetic polymer. Emulgels produced using these sustainable methods were [...] Read more.
This work investigated the impact of energy-efficient and water-saving manufacturing procedures—specifically one-pot and hot-cold processes—on the rheological and microstructural stability of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions (emulgels) stabilized by four distinct biopolymers and benchmarked against a synthetic polymer. Emulgels produced using these sustainable methods were directly compared against a traditional hot process. Results demonstrated that for most biopolymers, including tara gum, glucomannan, and cross-linked xanthan gum, the sustainable manufacturing procedures did not compromise overall stability and often provided beneficial polymer-specific flow profiles, such as reduced thixotropy or enhanced shear-thinning. A notable exception was the co-processed acacia/xanthan gum, where rheological data indicated that the one-pot process should be avoided due to structural degradation. Collectively, these findings broaden the applicability of sustainable manufacturing methods beyond traditional stabilizers like xanthan gum and provide additional data for process optimization, with tentative suggestions for transferability to food emulgel production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Hydrocolloids and Hydrogels: Rheology and Texture Analysis)
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23 pages, 10480 KB  
Article
Physicochemical, Sensorial and Calcium Bioavailability of Jelly Prepared Using Fish Gelatin in Combination with Furcellaran and Calcium L-Threonate
by Tanyamon Petcharat, Manat Chaijan, Sylvia Indriani, Supatra Karnjanapratum, Nilesh Nirmal, Jaspreet Singh, Ihlana Nairfana and Sitthipong Nalinanon
Gels 2026, 12(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010026 - 28 Dec 2025
Viewed by 946
Abstract
Confectionery products, specifically jelly and gummy, require optimized structural, thermal, and nutritional properties for functionality and consumer acceptance. This study investigated the impact of furcellaran (FUR) and calcium L-threonate (Ca) on the physicochemical and the sensory properties of fish gelatin-based jelly (JFG). Furcellaran [...] Read more.
Confectionery products, specifically jelly and gummy, require optimized structural, thermal, and nutritional properties for functionality and consumer acceptance. This study investigated the impact of furcellaran (FUR) and calcium L-threonate (Ca) on the physicochemical and the sensory properties of fish gelatin-based jelly (JFG). Furcellaran modestly enhanced gel strength and hardness, while its combination with calcium L-threonate produced synergistic improvements, with JFG-FUR-Ca achieving the highest gel strength (947.63 g) and hardness (78.14 N). Microstructural and intermolecular force analyses indicated that Ca2+ bridging between gelatin and furcellaran promoted ionic and hydrogen bonding, forming a dense and thermostable network. The combined incorporation of furcellaran and calcium L-threonate enhanced the rheological properties while preserving low syneresis. Sensory evaluation revealed minor reductions; however, overall acceptability was higher than 7. Calcium bioavailability after digestion through the gastrointestinal tract model remained high (70–80%), confirming effective calcium fortification. The synergistic incorporation of furcellaran and calcium L-threonate effectively improved the structural integrity, thermal stability, and calcium bioavailability of fish gelatin-based jelly, while maintaining acceptable sensory qualities, highlighting its potential as a functional calcium-fortified confectionery product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Hydrocolloids and Hydrogels: Rheology and Texture Analysis)
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11 pages, 1289 KB  
Article
Pasting and Gel Behavior of Durum Wheat Derivatives
by Diogo Salvati, Laura Moreno, Juan Manuel Antolín-Rodríguez and Manuel Gómez
Gels 2025, 11(12), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11120991 - 10 Dec 2025
Viewed by 482
Abstract
Durum wheat (Triticum durum) is one of the main raw materials in the food industry, used primarily in the production of pasta. During milling, semolina and flour are obtained with different size distributions, and different compositional and functional characteristics, which influence [...] Read more.
Durum wheat (Triticum durum) is one of the main raw materials in the food industry, used primarily in the production of pasta. During milling, semolina and flour are obtained with different size distributions, and different compositional and functional characteristics, which influence processes such as gelatinization, retrogradation and the final texture of the products. Understanding these changes is essential for optimizing the technological quality and shelf life of processed foods. The aim was to evaluate how particle size, composition, temperature, and treatment time affect gelatinization, retrogradation, and gel texture. Samples included common wheat flour (control), durum wheat semolina, durum wheat flour, and re-milled semolina (<180 μm). Hydrothermal tests were conducted at 95 °C with varying holding times, and at 140 °C with extended cooling to observe retrogradation. Composition and particle size were found to determine rheological behavior. Semolina showed higher retrogradation and produced firmer gels, while durum wheat flour, with higher protein and ash content, showed atypical profiles and less consistent gels. Increased temperature and time enhanced breakdown and reduced final viscosity, indicating starch thermal degradation. A correlation was observed between final viscosity and gel hardness. This study provides information useful for optimizing the milling, cooking, and development of durum wheat-based products with improved texture and shelf life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Hydrocolloids and Hydrogels: Rheology and Texture Analysis)
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25 pages, 5253 KB  
Article
Formulation of Sustainable Materials from Agar/Glycerol/Water Gels: An Alternative to Polyurethane Foams in Single-Use Applications
by Perrine Pipart, Bruno Bresson, Alba Marcellan, Théo Merland, Yvette Tran, Jean-Charles Gorges, Olivier Carion and Dominique Hourdet
Gels 2025, 11(10), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100842 - 21 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1861
Abstract
New compostable materials have been developed to replace single-use soft materials such as polyurethane foams (PUR). To this end, eco-friendly systems have been formulated on the basis of agar gels prepared in mixed solvent (glycerol/water) to meet specifications, i.e., stiffness of several hundred [...] Read more.
New compostable materials have been developed to replace single-use soft materials such as polyurethane foams (PUR). To this end, eco-friendly systems have been formulated on the basis of agar gels prepared in mixed solvent (glycerol/water) to meet specifications, i.e., stiffness of several hundred kPa, reasonable extensibility, and good stability when exposed to open air. While the addition of glycerol slows down gelation kinetics, mechanical properties are improved up to a glycerol content of 80 wt%, with enhanced extensibility of the gels while maintaining high Young’s moduli. Swelling analyses of mixed gels, in water or pure glycerol, demonstrate the preservation of an energetic network, with no change in volume, in pure water and the transition towards an entropic network in glycerol related to the partial dissociation of helix bundles. Dimensional and mechanical analysis of gels aged in an open atmosphere at room temperature shows that the hygroscopic character of glycerol enables sufficient water retention to maintain the physical network, with antagonistic effects linked to relative increases in glycerol, which tends to weaken the network, and agar, which on the contrary strengthens it. Complementary analyses carried out on aged agar gels formulated with an initial glycerol/water mass composition of 60/40, the most suitable for the targeted development, enabled the comparison of the properties of agar gels favorably with those of PURs and verified their stability during long-term storage, as well as their non-toxicity and compostability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Hydrocolloids and Hydrogels: Rheology and Texture Analysis)
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23 pages, 2661 KB  
Article
Characterization and Gelling Potential of Macroalgae Extracts Obtained Through Eco-Friendly Technologies for Food-Grade Gelled Matrices
by Filipe Vinagre, Maria João Alegria, Andreia Sousa Ferreira, Cláudia Nunes, Maria Cristiana Nunes and Anabela Raymundo
Gels 2025, 11(4), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040290 - 15 Apr 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2070
Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich food sources has positioned macroalgae as a promising alternative for food product development. This study investigates the extraction and characterization of hydrocolloids from three red macroalgae species (Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis, and Gelidium corneum) using [...] Read more.
The growing demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich food sources has positioned macroalgae as a promising alternative for food product development. This study investigates the extraction and characterization of hydrocolloids from three red macroalgae species (Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis, and Gelidium corneum) using water bath (WB), ultrasound (US), and hybrid ultrasound–water bath (USWB) treatments for 45 and 60 min. The physicochemical properties of the extracts, including rheological behavior, particle size distribution, antioxidant activity, and texture, were assessed. The results show that C. crispus produced the firmest gels due to its high carrageenan content, with WB and USWB treatments yielding the most stable gel structures. In contrast, G. gracilis and G. corneum exhibited lower gel strength, consistent with their agar composition. WB-treated samples demonstrated superior antioxidant retention, while US treatment was more effective in preserving color stability. The findings highlight macroalgae as a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional hydrocolloids, reinforcing their potential as natural gelling agents, thickeners, and stabilizers for the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study provides a comparative evaluation of WB, US, and USWB extraction methods, offering insights into optimizing hydrocolloid extraction for enhanced functionality and sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Hydrocolloids and Hydrogels: Rheology and Texture Analysis)
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Review

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20 pages, 4467 KB  
Review
Structuring the Future of Cultured Meat: Hybrid Gel-Based Scaffolds for Edibility and Functionality
by Sun Mi Zo, Ankur Sood, So Yeon Won, Soon Mo Choi and Sung Soo Han
Gels 2025, 11(8), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080610 - 3 Aug 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4618
Abstract
Cultured meat is emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional animal agriculture, with scaffolds playing a central role in supporting cellular attachment, growth, and tissue maturation. This review focuses on the development of gel-based hybrid biomaterials that meet the dual requirements of biocompatibility [...] Read more.
Cultured meat is emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional animal agriculture, with scaffolds playing a central role in supporting cellular attachment, growth, and tissue maturation. This review focuses on the development of gel-based hybrid biomaterials that meet the dual requirements of biocompatibility and food safety. We explore recent advances in the use of naturally derived gel-forming polymers such as gelatin, chitosan, cellulose, alginate, and plant-based proteins as the structural backbone for edible scaffolds. Particular attention is given to the integration of food-grade functional additives into hydrogel-based scaffolds. These include nanocellulose, dietary fibers, modified starches, polyphenols, and enzymatic crosslinkers such as transglutaminase, which enhance mechanical stability, rheological properties, and cell-guidance capabilities. Rather than focusing on fabrication methods or individual case studies, this review emphasizes the material-centric design strategies for building scalable, printable, and digestible gel scaffolds suitable for cultured meat production. By systemically evaluating the role of each component in structural reinforcement and biological interaction, this work provides a comprehensive frame work for designing next-generation edible scaffold systems. Nonetheless, the field continues to face challenges, including structural optimization, regulatory validation, and scale-up, which are critical for future implementation. Ultimately, hybrid gel-based scaffolds are positioned as a foundational technology for advancing the functionality, manufacturability, and consumer readiness of cultured meat products, distinguishing this work from previous reviews. Unlike previous reviews that have focused primarily on fabrication techniques or tissue engineering applications, this review provides a uniquely food-centric perspective by systematically evaluating the compositional design of hybrid hydrogel-based scaffolds with edibility, scalability, and consumer acceptance in mind. Through a comparative analysis of food-safe additives and naturally derived biopolymers, this review establishes a framework that bridges biomaterials science and food engineering to advance the practical realization of cultured meat products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Hydrocolloids and Hydrogels: Rheology and Texture Analysis)
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