Advances in Protein Gels and Their Applications

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 1337

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Science Cluster, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
Interests: protein; protein structure and aggregation; nanoparticles; small-angle X-ray scattering; ionic liquids

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
Interests: protein; hydrogel; digestion; food applications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In this Special Issue, we delve into the intricate world of proteins and their role in forming gels with diverse structures and functions. Proteins, with their complex 3D structures that are built from amino acids, are a rich natural resource. When they aggregate in water or aqueous solutions, they can create networks ranging from fine to coarse strands, ultimately forming gels.

Our exploration of protein gels encompasses a wide range of sources, ranging from casein, whey proteins, gelatin, and egg proteins derived from foods like eggs, milk, and meat, to structural proteins like keratins, collagens, silk, and amyloid fibrils. Enzymes can also be embedded within these gels, adding more functionalities. Additionally, many gels involve denatured and fibrillated proteins, thereby expanding the scope of potential applications.

In recent years, substantial research has focused on investigating the properties of protein gels, including their gelling or coagulating, foaming, and emulsifying properties. Physicochemical characteristics such as particle size, surface charge, hydrophobicity, secondary structural changes, and aggregation have also been extensively discussed. The mechanisms underlying heat-, high pressure-, ionic-, acid-, and enzyme-induced protein gel formation remain central to ongoing research endeavors.

Moreover, protein gels can be composed of a mixture of different carbohydrates or lipids found in food products such as cheese, yogurt, and egg custard. Understanding the intricacies of gel structures is crucial for achieving desired properties, which is fundamental in advancing this field. The recent advancements in colloid science, combined with emerging trends in nanotechnology, have sparked new ventures in protein gel research, thus presenting exciting opportunities for the domains of foods, energy, the environment, drug and nutraceutical delivery, biomedicine, and biomaterials.

The collection on the topic of “protein gels” aims to bring together significant contributions from researchers in academia and industry, highlighting advancements in protein gel science across various applications. Join us in this exploration of protein gels.

Dr. Qi Han
Dr. Junhua Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Gels is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • protein gels
  • protein structure
  • protein aggregation
  • hydrogels
  • gelling properties

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 9401 KiB  
Article
Impact of Saturated and Unsaturated Oils on the Nonlinear Viscoelasticity, Microstructure, and 3D Printability of Fish Myofibrillar-Protein-Based Pastes and Gels
by Timilehin Martins Oyinloye and Won Byong Yoon
Gels 2025, 11(4), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040295 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
The effect of oil incorporation (soybean oil [SO] and coconut oil [CO] at 0, 1, 3, and 5 g/100 g) on the rheological, structural, and 3D printing properties of fish myofibrillar protein (MP, also known as surimi) paste and gel was investigated. Small-amplitude [...] Read more.
The effect of oil incorporation (soybean oil [SO] and coconut oil [CO] at 0, 1, 3, and 5 g/100 g) on the rheological, structural, and 3D printing properties of fish myofibrillar protein (MP, also known as surimi) paste and gel was investigated. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests showed that increasing oil concentration reduced the storage modulus (G′), weakening the gel network. Large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) analysis revealed strain-stiffening shifts and nonlinearity at γ = 5%. CO-containing gels exhibited higher hardness and gumminess, particularly at lower concentrations, due to enhanced protein–lipid interactions. In contrast, SO-containing gels showed reduced strength at higher concentrations, indicating phase separation. SEM confirmed that CO promoted a denser network, while SO led to a more porous structure, especially at 5% oil. Three-dimensional printing analysis demonstrated that both oils improved extrusion flowability by reducing nozzle friction. However, CO-containing samples maintained post-extrusion stability at 85% moisture, whereas SO-containing samples collapsed after multiple layers due to excessive softening. These findings highlight oil’s dual role in MP gels, enhancing lubrication and flowability while compromising rigidity. The results offer valuable insights for developing soft, texture-controlled foods using 3D printing, especially for personalized nutrition applications such as elderly care or dysphagia-friendly diets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Protein Gels and Their Applications)
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16 pages, 5156 KiB  
Article
The Heat-Induced Gel–Sol Transition in Coated Tofu: A Study on Protein Conformation and Microstructural Changes
by Xin Xie, Meng Li, Xinrui Diao, Saihua Sun, Ming Wen, Xiaohu Zhou, Liangzhong Zhao, Yang Li, Ping Lv, Bin Li, Xiaolong Shen, Zhanrui Huang, Hao Chen and Kuilin Zhang
Gels 2025, 11(4), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040237 - 24 Mar 2025
Viewed by 355
Abstract
To enhance and stabilise the edible quality of coated tofu, this study explored the changes in the microstructure and intermolecular forces of coated tofu gel and sol under different heat treatments. It elucidated the phase transformation mechanism of coated tofu gel and sol [...] Read more.
To enhance and stabilise the edible quality of coated tofu, this study explored the changes in the microstructure and intermolecular forces of coated tofu gel and sol under different heat treatments. It elucidated the phase transformation mechanism of coated tofu gel and sol under heat treatment. The results showed that the protein structure unfolded, the fluorescence intensity decreased, and the protein solubility, surface hydrophobicity, and free sulfhydryl group content increased as the coated tofu gel transformed to sol. Disulfide bonding and hydrophobic interactions were the primary intermolecular forces in the heat-induced gel–sol transition. FTIR showed that the content of β-sheets decreased significantly during gel–sol transformation, while the content of β-turns, α-helices and random coils increased significantly. Most remained relatively stable during the gel–sol transformation process, with only the A and B subunits of the 11S protein decreasing slightly. Their reduction became significant when the temperature reached 200 °C. Additionally, the high-temperature heat treatment promoted the gel–sol transition of the coated tofu, with its cross-section gradually transforming from a porous network structure to a more uniform and smooth texture during heat treatment process. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of coated tofu by optimising heat treatment parameters, laying the groundwork for future advancements in the development of pre-heat-treated coated tofu. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Protein Gels and Their Applications)
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Review

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28 pages, 4902 KiB  
Review
Advancements in the Field of Protein-Based Hydrogels: Main Types, Characteristics, and Their Applications
by Gábor Katona, Bence Sipos and Ildikó Csóka
Gels 2025, 11(5), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11050306 - 22 Apr 2025
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a challenging field in current research and development, whilst translating the findings of novel tissue regenerative agents into clinical application. Protein-based hydrogels are derived from various sources, with animal-derived products being primarily utilized to deliver cells and promote cell genesis [...] Read more.
Regenerative medicine is a challenging field in current research and development, whilst translating the findings of novel tissue regenerative agents into clinical application. Protein-based hydrogels are derived from various sources, with animal-derived products being primarily utilized to deliver cells and promote cell genesis and proliferation, thereby aiding in numerous indications, including bone tissue regeneration, cartilage regeneration, spinal cord injury, and wound healing. As biocompatible and biodegradable systems, they are tolerated by the human body, allowing them to exert their beneficial effects in many indications. In this review article, multiple types of animal-derived proteins (e.g., collagen, gelatin, serum albumin, fibrin) were described, and a selection of the recent literature was collected to support the claims behind these innovative systems. During the literature review, special indications were found when applying these hydrogels, including the therapeutic option to treat post-myocardial infarct sites, glaucoma, and others. Maintaining their structure and mechanical integrity is still challenging. It is usually solved by adding (semi)synthetic polymers or small molecules to strengthen or loosen the mechanical stress in the hydrogel’s structure. All in all, this review points out the potential application of value-added delivery systems in regenerative medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Protein Gels and Their Applications)
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