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Veterinary Sciences
Volume 12
Issue 4
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Vet. Sci., Volume 12, Issue 4 (April 2025) – 103 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Studies on the gut microbiota are currently of considerable importance in several research fields, both in human and veterinary medicine. The equine gut microbiota is highly sensitive to internal or external stressors that can lead to metabolic problems and physical or behavioral pathologies. The intestinal microbial component and its stability can affect the psychophysical health and wellbeing of horses. Since the gut microbiome plays a key role, understanding the complex interactions among fecal microbial communities in relation to management, age, and health is a topic of growing interest. In Arabian horses, the characterization of the fecal microbiota in different management systems can provide specific knowledge optimizing breeding strategies aimed at their welfare. View this paper
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17 pages, 1039 KiB  
Article
Limited Short-Term Effects of Tactile Stimulation on the Welfare of Newborn Nellore Calves
by Mariana Parra Cerezo, Victor Brusin, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade, Adalinda Hernández, Jens Jung, Charlotte Berg and Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040393 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tactile stimulation on calf welfare. A total of 54 Nellore calves were assessed, with 28 of them receiving tactile stimulation (WTS) for ~60 s and 26 serving as a control. Five body movements and seven [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tactile stimulation on calf welfare. A total of 54 Nellore calves were assessed, with 28 of them receiving tactile stimulation (WTS) for ~60 s and 26 serving as a control. Five body movements and seven facial expressions were scored. Heart rates (HRs) were recorded in three situations: when the calves were placed in lateral recumbency (HR1), during identification procedures (HR2), and after completion of identification procedures (HR3). The differences between HR3 and HR1, as well as HR3 and HR2 were calculated. Initial and weaning weights were recorded, and ADG and weaning weights adjusted to 240 days were determined. Tactile stimulation significantly influenced “head movements”, “third eyelid” exposure, “eye-opening”, and “strained nostrils”. Except for “strained nostrils”, WTS calves exhibited higher scores in these behavioral categories. Treatment also influenced the difference between HR3 and HR2 (p < 0.05) and showed a trend for HR3 and the difference between HR3 and HR1 (p < 0.06). A qualitative behavior assessment (QBA) was applied using facial expressions. Two main principal components were identified, PC1 explaining 63.01% of the data variance and reflecting the calves’ emotionality, and PC2 explaining 19.88% and reflecting excitability. Most WTS calves displayed positive emotional states and high excitability, whereas most NTS calves exhibited the opposite. Treatment did not significantly impact PC1 and PC2 indexes and long-term performance indicators (p > 0.05). We conclude that tactile stimulation of newborn Nellore calves during their initial handling has the potential to enhance their short-term welfare, but only to a limited extent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)
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21 pages, 1992 KiB  
Article
Comparative Mutational Analysis and the Glycosylation Patterns of a Peruvian Isolated Avian Influenza A Virus H5N1: Exploring Possible Viral Spillover Events Within One Health Approach
by Sandra Landazabal-Castillo, Lucero Alva-Alvarez, Dilan Suarez-Agϋero, Enrique Mamani-Zapana and Egma Mayta-Huatuco
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040392 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 184
Abstract
(1) Background: The ongoing panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, has decimated wild/domestic birds and mammals’ populations worldwide with reports of sporadic cases in humans. (2) Methods: This study aimed to compare the mutational profile of [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The ongoing panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, has decimated wild/domestic birds and mammals’ populations worldwide with reports of sporadic cases in humans. (2) Methods: This study aimed to compare the mutational profile of H5N1 avian Influenza virus isolated from a Peruvian natural reserve, with recent data from other related international studies made in human and different species of domestic and wild birds and mammals. Briefly, the near complete protein sequences of the Influenza virus coming from a Calidris alba were analyzed at a multisegmented level, together with 55 samples collected between 2022 and 2024 in different countries. Moreover, the glycosylation patterns were also predicted in silico. (3) Results: A total of 603 amino acid changes were found among H5N1 viruses analyzed, underscoring the detection of critical mutations HA:11I, HA:211I, HA:336T, HA:492D, HA:527I, NA:10T, NA:269L, NA:405T, NP:377N, PA:57R, PA:68S, PA:322V/L, PA:432I, PB2:539V, PB1:207R, PB1:375N, PB1:264D, PB1:429R, PA-X:250Q, PB1-F2:65R, and PB1-F2:42Y, as well as PA:13V, PA-X:13V, PA20T, PA-X:20T, PA:36T PA-X:36T, PA:45S, PA-X:45S, PA:57Q, PA-X:57Q, PA:61I, PA-X:61I, PA:68S, PA-X:68S, PA:70V, PA-X:70V, PA:75Q, PA-X:75Q, PA:85T, PA-X:85T, PA:86I, PA-X:86I, PA:100I, PA-X:100I, PA:142E, PA-X:142E, PA:160E, PA-X:160E, PA:211I, PA-X:211Y, among others, considered of importance under the One Health perspective. Similarly, changes in the N-linked glycosylation sites (NLGs) predicted in both HA and NA proteins were found, highlighting the loss/acquisition or changes in some NLGs, such as 209NNTN, 100 NPTT, 302NSSM (HA) and 70NNTN, 68NISS, and 50NGSV (NA). (4) Conclusions: This study provides our understanding about the evolution of current Influenza A viruses H5N1 HPAIV circulating globally. These findings outline the importance of surveillance updating mutational profiles and glycosylation patterns of these highly evolved viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Crossroads: The Interface Between Wildlife and Domestic Animal Health)
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31 pages, 1454 KiB  
Review
Biosecurity Implications, Transmission Routes and Modes of Economically Important Diseases in Domestic Fowl and Turkey
by László Kovács, Gerda Domaföldi, Pia-Charlotte Bertram, Máté Farkas and László Péter Könyves
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040391 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 272
Abstract
The poultry industry is a critical source of affordable protein worldwide; however, it faces continuous threats from various poultry diseases that significantly impact public health, economic stability, and food security. Knowledge of and examination of the transmission routes, risk factors, and environmental survival [...] Read more.
The poultry industry is a critical source of affordable protein worldwide; however, it faces continuous threats from various poultry diseases that significantly impact public health, economic stability, and food security. Knowledge of and examination of the transmission routes, risk factors, and environmental survival characteristics of the most important pathogens affecting poultry populations, as well as the importance of strict biosecurity, are pivotal. Transmission routes are split into direct and vector-borne pathways, and indirect ways, which include infections via contaminated surfaces and vector-borne pathways, including insects and rodents. Avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus spread through respiratory droplets, and their transmission risk increases with increasing stocking density. While other pathogens (e.g., infectious bursal disease virus and Salmonella spp.), to persist long-term in the environments, for example, feed and litter, increasing the probability to persist long-term in the environments, for example, feed and litter, increasing the probability of infection. The long-term resilience of pathogens in multiple pathogens in various environmental conditions highlights the role of biosecurity, sanitation, and hygiene controls in preventing disease outbreaks. High stocking density in production systems, suboptimal ventilation, and inadequate biosecurity controls further increase transmission risks. This paper summarizes important disease transmissions and reinforces the need for strict biosecurity protocols and routine health monitoring to prevent the spread of pathogens within and beyond poultry facilities. These strategies can support safe poultry production, address growing global demand, and ensure food safety and public health. Full article
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10 pages, 805 KiB  
Article
Stability of microRNAs in Canine Serum—A Prerequisite for Use as Biomarkers in Tumour Diagnostics
by Alexandra Kehl, Ruth Klein, Katja Steiger and Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040390 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 291
Abstract
Since microRNAs are released into the bloodstream and miRNA profiles are supposed to differ between healthy and tumour patients, miRNAs seem to have potential as biomarkers. An essential prerequisite for biomarkers in a routine diagnostic setup is their stability in serum over time. [...] Read more.
Since microRNAs are released into the bloodstream and miRNA profiles are supposed to differ between healthy and tumour patients, miRNAs seem to have potential as biomarkers. An essential prerequisite for biomarkers in a routine diagnostic setup is their stability in serum over time. In this study, serum samples from 10 healthy dogs were analysed at different time points and under various temperature conditions (after 24 and 48 h, at 4° or 20 °C) for the copy number of eight miRNAs (miR-20b, 21, 122, 126, 192, 214, 222, 494) using ddPCR. The miR-21 had the highest copy number, whereas miR-494 had the lowest copy number in canine blood samples. The values of each miRNA varied individually between the dogs, showing a 5 to 10-fold range. Stability differed between the miRNAs, with miR-192 having the best stability. The copy number of miR-20b, miR-126 and miR-214 decreased not significantly during 48 h storage time. In contrast, miR-21, miR-122 and miR-222 were stable for 24 h only but decreased significantly after 48 h. The (in)stability of individual canine miRNAs must be considered when transferring study results into veterinary routine diagnostics, as the transport and storage conditions are variable. As far as possible, standardisation of sampling, storage and quantification of miRNAs is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)
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8 pages, 859 KiB  
Brief Report
High SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Feline Residents of a Cat Café in Texas, United States, 2021–2022
by Cassandra Durden, Lisa D. Auckland, Wendy Tang, Gabriel L. Hamer and Sarah A. Hamer
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040389 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
Congregate animal settings can serve as foci for the increased transmission of pathogens, including zoonoses. Domestic cats have been shown to be reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 but the public health importance of infected cats has not yet been determined. A population of indoor-only residential [...] Read more.
Congregate animal settings can serve as foci for the increased transmission of pathogens, including zoonoses. Domestic cats have been shown to be reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 but the public health importance of infected cats has not yet been determined. A population of indoor-only residential cats at a cat café in central Texas with a high level of human interaction was evaluated for infection with SARS-CoV-2 in a longitudinal study in 2021–2022. Among 25 cats, none were qRT-PCR-positive, while 50% harbored SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies, including 1 that remained seropositive for >8 months. The high level of human exposure in this unique congregate cat setting—in which dozens of new visitors interact with the cats every day—likely facilitated the human-to-cat transmission of SARS-CoV-2 that led to a 50% infection prevalence in cats. This work was conducted when the Delta and Omicron variants predominated. Given that feline susceptibility to infection and shedding of a virus may vary across different viral variants, veterinary surveillance may be an important component of veterinary and human health risk assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infections in Wild and Domestic Animals)
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21 pages, 4336 KiB  
Article
Effects of Chicken Protein Hydrolysate as a Protein Source to Partially Replace Chicken Meal on Gut Health, Gut Microbial Structure, and Metabolite Composition in Cats
by Tong Yu, Fabian Humbert, Dan Li, Arnaud Savarin, Mingrui Zhang, Yingyue Cui, Haotian Wang, Tianyu Dong and Yi Wu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040388 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates positively affect intestinal function in both humans and animals, but their impact on gut health and the gut microbial profile in cats has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, a total of 30 adult cats were randomly assigned to one [...] Read more.
Protein hydrolysates positively affect intestinal function in both humans and animals, but their impact on gut health and the gut microbial profile in cats has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, a total of 30 adult cats were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments for a 60-day feeding trial. The three dietary treatments were as follows: (1) basal diet (CON), (2) diet containing 15% powdered chicken protein hydrolysate (HP15%), and (3) diet containing 15% liquid chicken protein hydrolysate (HL15%). Compared to the CON group, the HP15% group had a decreased calprotectin levels and fecal gases emissions (p < 0.05). A higher abundance of Bacteroidota, Veillonellaceae, and Bacteroidaceae, while a lower abundance of Firmicutes was showed in the HL15% group than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, compared with the CON group, an increased abundance of Bacteroides spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. was showed, whereas a reduced abundance of Alloprevotella spp. was presented in the HP15% and HL15% groups (p < 0.05). The metabolomic analysis revealed 1405 distinct metabolites between the HP15% and CON groups (p < 0.05, VIP-pred-OPLS-DA > 1), and the level of cholic acid decreased while the level of isodeoxycholic acid increased in the HP15% group (p < 0.05). The metabolomic analysis revealed 1910 distinct metabolites between the HL15% and CON groups (p < 0.05, VIP-pred-OPLS-DA > 1), and the levels of 4-coumaryl alcohol and enterolactone increased in the HL15% group (p < 0.05). In summary, this study suggested that partially replacing chicken meat with chicken protein hydrolysate in the diet of cats helps regulate the gut microbial community and metabolite profile and improves intestinal health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Research on Companion Animal Nutrition)
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14 pages, 230 KiB  
Article
Predictors of Burnout and Well-Being Among Veterinarians in Slovenia
by Ožbalt Podpečan, Valentina Hlebec, Metka Kuhar, Valentina Kubale and Breda Jakovac Strajn
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040387 - 20 Apr 2025
Viewed by 328
Abstract
Burnout is a major challenge for the veterinary profession and is closely linked to negative effects on mental health, reduced job satisfaction and impaired professional sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of burnout symptoms among Slovenian veterinarians and [...] Read more.
Burnout is a major challenge for the veterinary profession and is closely linked to negative effects on mental health, reduced job satisfaction and impaired professional sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of burnout symptoms among Slovenian veterinarians and their association with factors such as work–life balance, ethical dilemmas and overall job satisfaction. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2024, to which all registered Slovenian veterinarians (N = 1250) were invited. The response rate was 38% (N = 473). Burnout was assessed using the Mayo Clinic Physicians Wellbeing Index, which captures both the traditional burnout dimensions and broader indicators of psychological distress such as anxiety and depression. Results showed that 45.5% of veterinarians reported low burnout, 26.4% reported moderate burnout, and 28.3% reported high burnout. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that work–life imbalance, ethical conflicts and long working hours were significant predictors of burnout symptoms, with younger veterinarians and women being disproportionately affected. The findings highlight the importance of addressing the systemic and individual factors that contribute to burnout in veterinary practice. Tailored interventions that focus on improving work–life balance, enhancing ethical decision-making and promoting mental health awareness are recommended to mitigate the risks of burnout. These findings contribute to the growing literature on veterinarian well-being and provide valuable insight into the development of targeted strategies to promote veterinarians’ mental health and career sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)
16 pages, 7286 KiB  
Article
Circadian Oscillation of Leukocyte Subpopulations and Inflammatory Cytokines over a 24-H Period in Horses
by Francesca Aragona, Maria Rizzo, Elisabetta Giudice, Francesco Fazio, Antonino Costa, Beatrice Di Bella, Salvatore De Caro, Francesca Arfuso, Marilena Briglia, Giuseppe Piccione and Claudia Giannetto
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040386 - 20 Apr 2025
Viewed by 118
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of daily rhythms on the immune and inflammatory systems in horses, considering white blood cell count (WBCs), leukocyte subpopulations (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes), CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocyte populations, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), [...] Read more.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of daily rhythms on the immune and inflammatory systems in horses, considering white blood cell count (WBCs), leukocyte subpopulations (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes), CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocyte populations, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Ten Italian Saddle horses (7–12 years old, body weight 480 ± 30 kg) underwent blood sampling every 4 h over a 24-h period. The COSINOR method was used to identify rhythms and their parameters. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to identify the differences in acrophase and robustness, and a multiple correlation analysis model (Pearson) was used to evaluate the relationships among the investigated parameters. WBCs, leukocyte subpopulations, CD4+, CD8+, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα exhibited daily rhythmicity. In particular, white WBCs, lymphocytes, IL-1β, and IL-6 reached their acrophases during the dark phase, while neuthrophils, CD4+, CD8+, and TNFα showed a diurnal acrophase. One-way ANOVA showed a statistical difference in the acrophase among the investigated parameters (p < 0.0001). The Pearson correlation matrix showed positive and negative relationships among the parameters. Circadian rhythms should be taken into consideration with the daily fluctuations in immune and inflammatory biomarkers to develop good management practices and improve welfare in horses. Full article
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17 pages, 285 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of a Topical Esafoxolaner, Eprinomectin and Praziquantel Combination Against Most Commonly Found Metazoan Parasites of Client-Owned Cats in Greece
by Isaia Symeonidou, Georgios Sioutas, Athanasios I. Gelasakis, Frederic Beugnet and Elias Papadopoulos
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040385 - 19 Apr 2025
Viewed by 169
Abstract
Feline parasitism affects animals’ health and welfare. Faeces from 472 client-owned cats from Greece were examined to provide updated data on the epizootiology of metazoan endo- and ectoparasites (namely, Toxocara cati, Ancylostomatidae, Dipylidium caninum, lungworms, Toxascaris leonina, Otodectes cynotis, [...] Read more.
Feline parasitism affects animals’ health and welfare. Faeces from 472 client-owned cats from Greece were examined to provide updated data on the epizootiology of metazoan endo- and ectoparasites (namely, Toxocara cati, Ancylostomatidae, Dipylidium caninum, lungworms, Toxascaris leonina, Otodectes cynotis, fleas, ticks and Notoedres cati). All positive animals received a topical formulation containing esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel (NexGard® Combo, Boehringer Ingelheim), and its efficacy was evaluated. The overall prevalence of parasitism was 22.9%, while that of multiparasitism was 16.3%. Toxocara cati (18.4%) was the most prevalent endoparasite, followed by Ancylostomatidae (10.8%), D. caninum (4.7%), lungworms (2.5%) and T. leonina (0.4%). Regarding ectoparasites, O. cynotis (3.2%), fleas (2.3%), ticks (0.6%) and N. cati (0.4%) were found. To estimate the efficacy of treatment, the geometric means of the number of parasitic elements before the first treatment and post-treatment, (i) 14 days for intestinal helminths, (ii) 28 and 56 days for lungworms and (iii) 28 days for O. cynotis and fleas, were estimated and compared. Following statistical analyses (paired t-test and McNemar’s test), an efficacy of 100% was recorded against the most commonly detected parasites (gastrointestinal helminths and mites) and a notable statistically significant effect against fleas and lungworms after one dose, while 100% efficacy against lungworms was achieved after two doses of the product. No adverse effects were reported. The prevalence of parasitism in owned cats in Greece remains high, highlighting the demand for targeted preventive antiparasitic schemes. This study demonstrated high-level efficacy and tolerance of NexGard® Combo against common endoparasites and ectoparasites of household cats in Greece. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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9 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
Low Levels of Supplementation for Post-Weaning Girolando Steers on Tropical Pasture During the Dry to Rainy Season Transition
by Wbeimar Yamit Sanchez Dueñez, Diana Carolina Cediel-Devia, Osman Ronaldo Aguilar Melgar, Marceliana da Conceição Santos, Sinvaldo Oliveira de Souza, Laize Vieira Santos, Rayce Aparecida Ferreira, Pedro Fernando Caro Aponte, Jeferson Camilo Ortiz Riobo, Fábio Andrade Teixeira, Víctor Gerardo Petro Hernández, Dorgival Morais de Lima Júnior and Robério Rodrigues Silva
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040384 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 192
Abstract
The objective of this study to evaluate the effects of two levels of concentrate supplementation (1 g/kg or 2 g/kg of body weight, BW) on the intake, apparent digestibility and performance of Girolando steers on tropical pastures during the post-weaning phase in the [...] Read more.
The objective of this study to evaluate the effects of two levels of concentrate supplementation (1 g/kg or 2 g/kg of body weight, BW) on the intake, apparent digestibility and performance of Girolando steers on tropical pastures during the post-weaning phase in the dry to rainy season transition. We used 20 Girolando steers (half Holstein x half Zebu), with an average initial BW of 151.15 ± 50 kg and 12 months of age. The steers grazed on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture. The animals were randomly assigned supplementation with 1 g/kg of BW (SC1) or supplementation with 2 g/kg of BW (SC2) of a concentrate supplement. The forage dry matter intake (%BW), neutral detergent fiber intake (NDF) and NDF digestibility were higher (p < 0.05) for steers supplemented with a level of 1 g/kg of BW. Supplement intake (kg/day), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) intake and NFC digestibility were higher (p < 0.05) for steers consuming 2 g/kg BW of the concentrated supplement. The body weight at slaughter (297 kg) and average daily gain (0.57 kg/day) were not influenced by the level of supplementation. The use of 1 g/kg BW of a concentrated supplement is recommended for post-weaning steers on tropical pastures during the dry to rainy season transition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)
12 pages, 235 KiB  
Article
Standardization of Beef, Pork, Chicken, and Soy Protein Extracts for Patch Testing and Their Accuracy in Diagnosing Adverse Food Reactions in Dogs with Chronic Pruritus
by Raniere Gaertner, Vanessa Cunningham Gmyterco, Júlia Só Severo, Camilla Alcalá, Maicon Roberto Paulo, Ruan Daros and Marconi Rodrigues de Farias
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040383 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 231
Abstract
(1): Background: This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of four proteins for allergic patch testing (APT) in dogs, assessing sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), reactions to adhesives/containers, and the safety of APT with food proteins [...] Read more.
(1): Background: This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of four proteins for allergic patch testing (APT) in dogs, assessing sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), reactions to adhesives/containers, and the safety of APT with food proteins in dogs. (2) Methods: For evaluation, 43 dogs were screened and divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of 20 healthy dogs, and Group 2 included 23 dogs with canine atopic dermatitis (AD). Group 1 underwent allergic patch testing (APT) with beef, pork, chicken, and soy proteins at four different concentrations (100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 1000 mg/0.2 mL). Of the 23 dogs included in Group 2, four did not undergo the elimination diet and were excluded, leaving 17 dogs in the study. They underwent an elimination diet (ED) and were evaluated using the pruritus visual analog scale (pVAS) and lesion scores (CADESI-4) before and after the ED (days 0 and 45). After the ED, Group 2 was subjected to APT (using the same proteins and concentrations as Group 1) and an oral provocation test (OPT) with the proteins used in the APT. The results of the OPT were used to assess the accuracy of the APT. (3) Results: In Group 1, one dog reacted to the APT. In Group 2, after 45 days of ED, of the 17 dogs included, 13 showed a reduction in pVAS and CADESI-4 scores (p < 0.05) and nine an improvement considered good to excellent. Of these, two showed irritant contact reactions to the APT chambers and were excluded, leaving 11 dogs that were reactive to APT, and the OPT increased pruritus (p < 0.05). Accuracy: Beef and chicken proteins at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg/0.2 mL, and soy protein at 1000 mg/0.2 mL, achieved 100% SE, SP, PPV, and NPV. Pork protein at 1000 mg/0.2 mL achieved 100% SE, 83% SP, 83% PPV, and 100% NPV. (4) Conclusions: APT with beef and chicken proteins at 500 mg and 1000 mg/0.2 mL and soy protein at 1000 mg/0.2 mL, based on the results of this study, can be recommended for diagnosing adverse food reactions in dogs with AD. Full article
29 pages, 6215 KiB  
Review
Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Equine Tendon and Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Experimental Studies
by Jorge U. Carmona and Catalina López
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040382 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 252
Abstract
(1) Background: Tendon and ligament injuries are a leading cause of lameness in horses, with significant economic implications. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has gained attention for its regenerative potential, but its efficacy remains uncertain due to inconsistent study designs and reporting. (2) Methods: This [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Tendon and ligament injuries are a leading cause of lameness in horses, with significant economic implications. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has gained attention for its regenerative potential, but its efficacy remains uncertain due to inconsistent study designs and reporting. (2) Methods: This systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines, evaluated 22 studies (clinical and experimental) to assess the safety and efficacy of PRP in treating equine tendon and ligament injuries. The risk of bias was analyzed using the ROBINS-I and RoB 2.0 tools. (3) Results: PRP demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with no severe adverse effects reported. Clinical outcomes included improved lameness scores, ultrasonographic tissue organization, and return-to-work rates. However, variability in PRP formulations (e.g., leukocyte-rich vs. leukocyte-reduced) and activation methods (e.g., calcium chloride, thrombin) contributed to inconsistent results. Experimental studies supported PRP’s role in collagen synthesis and neovascularization, but comparative trials with stem cells or other therapies (e.g., extracorporeal shockwave) showed mixed results. The methodological quality of studies varied, with only 27% achieving “good” scores for PRP reporting. (4) Conclusions: PRP is a safe and potentially effective treatment, but its clinical application is hindered by a lack of standardization. Future research should focus on large, randomized controlled trials with uniform PRP protocols, long-term (≥2 years) efficacy assessments, comparative studies with MSC combinations, and cost-effectiveness analyses. Full article
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17 pages, 3560 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Epitope-Based ETEC K88-K99 Bivalent Vaccine
by Shuangshuang Wang, Yuxin Yang, Xinru Yue, Zewen Liu, Fangyan Yuan, Keli Yang, Jiajia Zhu, Wei Liu, Yongxiang Tian, Qiong Wu, Ting Gao, Chang Li, Haofei Song, Danna Zhou and Weicheng Bei
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040381 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 206
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the primary pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets, causing significant economic losses in the swine farming industry. Due to the numerous serotypes of ETEC, traditional vaccines fail to provide sufficient cross-protection, and subunit vaccines based on epitope [...] Read more.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the primary pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets, causing significant economic losses in the swine farming industry. Due to the numerous serotypes of ETEC, traditional vaccines fail to provide sufficient cross-protection, and subunit vaccines based on epitope design have emerged as a safer and more effective approach for prevention and control. Unlike vaccine development strategies that involve the tandem arrangement of multiple antigenic epitopes, this study used the K88-FaeG protein as a backbone and incorporated the antigenic epitopes of K99-FanC to achieve a better immunogenicity. By using bioinformatics software to predict B-cell linear epitopes (score of over 0.6), B-cell epitopes from three-dimensional structures (50% amino acid score of ≥0.2), and B-cell epitope IgG antibody subtypes, as well as docking analysis with Sus scrofa aminopeptidase N (APN) receptors, six antigenic epitopes of K99-FanC were selected. Through Western blotting and competitive ELISA, we confirmed that all six recombinant proteins exhibited binding capabilities to K88- and K99-positive serum. The ELISA results showed that the serum levels of specific IgG and IgA antibodies increased after immunization, with FaeG-Ep3 and FaeG-Ep5 inducing the highest antibody titers against FanC-IgG (Log2 = 14.96) and FaeG-IgG (Log2 = 17.96), respectively. Bacterial adhesion assays revealed that only FaeG-Ep3 effectively blocked the adhesion of both K99 and K88 to IPEC-J2 cells. Immunization challenge experiments showed that, in the unimmunized group, mice infected with K88 and K99 experienced weight loss (p < 0.05) with intestinal villus shedding and intestinal wall structural damage. However, in the FaeG-Ep3-immunized group, no significant weight loss occurred after infection, and the villus protection rate (83%) was the same as that in the FaeG and FanC immunized groups. Overall, the FaeG-Ep3 recombinant protein identified in this study shows potential vaccine application value and provides new insights for developing multivalent vaccines against ETEC. Full article
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19 pages, 3622 KiB  
Article
Developing an Ostrich Welfare Assessment Protocol (OWAP) in Intensive and Semi-Intensive Systems
by Annalisa Previti, Diego Antonio Sicuso, Vito Biondi, Abrha Bsrat, Michela Pugliese, Behiru Gebrekidan and Annamaria Passantino
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040380 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
In recent years, consumer demand for animal-friendly production systems has driven the livestock industry to improve welfare standards. Protocols have been developed for different species such as calves, pigs, laying hens, and broilers to assess farms, compare practices, and establish a baseline for [...] Read more.
In recent years, consumer demand for animal-friendly production systems has driven the livestock industry to improve welfare standards. Protocols have been developed for different species such as calves, pigs, laying hens, and broilers to assess farms, compare practices, and establish a baseline for optimal welfare. However, despite their undoubted importance and presence on farms, ostriches are not included in these protocols. This study aims to develop a protocol for the welfare assessment of ostriches reared in intensive and semi-intensive systems using different indicators, which is feasible and time efficient. The protocol developed combines animal-based measures (physiological, appearance, and behavioral) with resource-based and management-based measures (management and environmental). Specifically, the ostrich welfare assessment protocol (OWAP) included 41 non-invasive measures: 14 animal-based, 12 resource-based, and 15 management-based. These measures were selected for their relevance, reliability, and feasibility. Each parameter is scored on a graded scale based on its condition, and the scores are aggregated to determine the overall welfare status of the ostriches. A threshold is set to classify welfare as acceptable, suboptimal, or unacceptable. Out of a total score of 95 (64 for indirect measures and 31 for direct measures), a score <32 was considered unacceptable, between 32–63 suboptimal, and >63 optimal. This scoring system provides a systematic, objective approach to assessing ostrich welfare under different husbandry conditions. Full article
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19 pages, 1261 KiB  
Article
European Pine Marten (Martes martes) as Natural Definitive Host of Sarcocystis Species in Latvia: Microscopic and Molecular Analysis
by Petras Prakas, Rasa Vaitkevičiūtė, Naglis Gudiškis, Emilija Grigaliūnaitė, Evelina Juozaitytė-Ngugu, Jolanta Stankevičiūtė and Dalius Butkauskas
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040379 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 190
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites of the genus Sarcocystis utilize a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including reptiles, birds, and mammals, and follow a complex two-host prey–predator life cycle. Sarcocysts develop within the muscle tissue of intermediate hosts, while oocyst sporulation occurs in the intestines of [...] Read more.
Apicomplexan parasites of the genus Sarcocystis utilize a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including reptiles, birds, and mammals, and follow a complex two-host prey–predator life cycle. Sarcocysts develop within the muscle tissue of intermediate hosts, while oocyst sporulation occurs in the intestines of definitive hosts. Despite their broad host range, the role of Mustelidae predators in the transmission and maintenance of Sarcocystis species remains poorly understood, highlighting the need for targeted studies in this area. In 2023, 20 intestinal samples were collected from European pine martens (Martes martes) in Latvia. Light microscopy revealed sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. in 70.0% of the samples. Sarcocystis species were identified by using the analysis of obtained cox1 and ITS1 sequences. Using molecular methods, Sarcocystis spp. were confirmed in 85.0% of the samples examined, and co-infections with two or more different parasite species were established in 30.0% samples. We detected eight Sarcocystis species (S. arieticanis, S. bertrami, S. capracanis, S. cruzi, S. entzerothi, S. hjorti, S. morae, and S. truncata) associated with intermediate hosts such as cervids, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. Additionally, a genetically novel species, Sarcocystis sp. 25MmLV, was detected in a single European pine marten. These findings suggest that European pine martens serve as definitive hosts for multiple Sarcocystis species, particularly those infecting cervids. Full article
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18 pages, 290 KiB  
Review
Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 1: From Gizzard Erosion to Comprehensive Insights into Genome Organization, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Prevention
by Amina Kardoudi, Abdelouhab Benani, Abdelmounaaim Allaoui, Faouzi Kichou, Latefa Biskri, Ikram Ouchhour and Siham Fellahi
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040378 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 295
Abstract
The concerns regarding Fowl Adenoviruses have gained significance in the poultry industry due to their association with various diseases, including Inclusion Body Hepatitis, Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome, and Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion (AGE). AGE is an emerging disease reported in several countries, particularly in Asia and [...] Read more.
The concerns regarding Fowl Adenoviruses have gained significance in the poultry industry due to their association with various diseases, including Inclusion Body Hepatitis, Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome, and Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion (AGE). AGE is an emerging disease reported in several countries, particularly in Asia and Europe, causing significant economic losses in the poultry industry. In 2001, Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 1 was identified as the etiological agent of AGE in Japan. Since then, it has been spreading to other countries due to its transmission mode. Although Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion has been mostly described in broilers, it has also been observed in layers and pullets. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 1, encompassing various key aspects of the virus. We also examine the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the virus, providing an overview of its distribution and prevalence in avian populations worldwide. Highlighting the most recent developments in serological and molecular techniques for virus detection, quantification, and genotyping and comparing them to conventional tests, this review aims to contribute to the understanding of the diagnostic workflow for this virus. Lastly, this review sheds light on some vaccine strategies to prevent Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion. Full article
18 pages, 282 KiB  
Article
Veterinary Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (Vet-ERAS) Program in Dogs Undergoing Emergency Laparotomy
by Aida Fages Carcéles, Massimiliano Degani, Carme Soler, Claudio Iván Serra, Nuria Fernández-Salesa, Alejandra García de Carellán Mateo, Vicente José Herrería-Bustillo, Chiara Di Franco and Angela Briganti
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040377 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1160
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a veterinary enhanced recovery after surgery (Vet-ERAS) protocol in dogs undergoing emergency laparotomy (EL). The protocol, adapted from human medicine, encompassed a multidisciplinary approach and interventions such as early goal-directed fluid resuscitation, antibiotic prophylaxis, anti-emetic [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a veterinary enhanced recovery after surgery (Vet-ERAS) protocol in dogs undergoing emergency laparotomy (EL). The protocol, adapted from human medicine, encompassed a multidisciplinary approach and interventions such as early goal-directed fluid resuscitation, antibiotic prophylaxis, anti-emetic therapy, multimodal analgesia, and early enteral nutrition. A prospective observational study compared outcomes between dogs managed with the Vet-ERAS protocol (n = 59) and historical controls (n = 82). Implementation of the Vet-ERAS protocol resulted in a significant reduction in perioperative complication rates (p = 0.003) and 15-day mortality (5% vs. 20.7%). Intraoperative complications, including tachycardia and hypothermia, were significantly lower in the Vet-ERAS group. Compliance with the protocol improved over time (p = 0.01). These findings suggest that integrating the Vet-ERAS protocol into perioperative management can improve outcomes in dogs undergoing EL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)
15 pages, 226 KiB  
Article
Epidemiological Data, Clinical Signs, Therapy and Outcome Evaluation in Dogs with Syringomyelia of Different Etiology
by Rania D. Baka, Ioannis Savvas, Eirini Sarpekidou, George Kazakos and Zoe Polizopoulou
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040376 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 479
Abstract
Syringomyelia detected in both animals and humans may cause a variable degree of discomfort and its etiology is commonly unidentified. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome in dogs with those having syringomyelia of different etiology. Dogs with syringomyelia were [...] Read more.
Syringomyelia detected in both animals and humans may cause a variable degree of discomfort and its etiology is commonly unidentified. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome in dogs with those having syringomyelia of different etiology. Dogs with syringomyelia were subdivided into two groups: syringomyelia associated with Chiari-like malformation (S-CLM) (15 dogs) and syringomyelia of other etiology (SOA) (15 dogs). Age onset of S-CLM clinical signs was earlier compared to SOA (mean S-CLM and SOA values: 50.53 and 97.6 months, respectively, p = 0.021). Two neurological dysfunction scoring systems alongside nociception values were lower in SOA compared to S-CLM (mean values for neurological dysfunction scoring system SOA and S-CLM: 5.87 and 4.2, respectively, p = 0.032) (mean values for nociception SOA and S-CLM: 20.97 and 10.03, respectively, p = 0.03). Symptomatic therapy included combinations of corticosteroids, gabapentin (10/15, 66.6%) in S-CLM and NSAID +/− gabapentin (8/15, 53.3% and 9/15, 60%, respectively) in SOA dogs. Eight S-CLM dogs (53.4%) improved with symptomatic therapy and eleven were still alive; however, most SOA dogs (9/15, 73.4%) died/were euthanized by the end of this study. SOA dogs demonstrated more severe neurological signs compared to S-CLM, although the outcome between the two groups was not associated (p = 0.211). Full article
15 pages, 2676 KiB  
Article
Ssc-miR-130b Enhances Cell Proliferation and Represses Adipogenesis of Primary Cultured Intramuscular Preadipocytes in Pigs
by Yunqiu Yang, Yongfang Chen, Lijun Wang, Min Du, Rui Zhang, Yao Lu and Shifeng Pan
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040375 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 206
Abstract
In the efforts towards germplasm innovation of livestock and poultry, strategies to improve meat quality have faced some increasingly challenging and dynamic concerns. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content and backfat thickness are two important traits contributing to meat quality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)—a class of endogenous [...] Read more.
In the efforts towards germplasm innovation of livestock and poultry, strategies to improve meat quality have faced some increasingly challenging and dynamic concerns. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content and backfat thickness are two important traits contributing to meat quality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)—a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs maintaining cell homeostasis by inhibiting target gene expression—have been proven as critical regulators of body fat deposition, thus affecting farm animal production. Our previous in vitro and in vivo models of pigs have clarified that miR-130b overexpression can obviously suppress adipogenesis of subcutaneous preadipocytes and lower backfat thickness. However, the way miR-130b regulates proliferation and adipogenesis of primary cultured porcine intramuscular preadipocytes (PIMPA) and the underlying mechanism are still unknown. PIMPA derived from longissimus dorsi muscle were employed to examine the role of miR-130b in proliferation and adipogenesis and to further elucidate its underlying mechanism. Lipid deposition in cytoplasm was evaluated by TG quantification and ORO-staining, and EDU-staining was employed to measure cell proliferation. Adipogenic and proliferation-related gene expression were conducted by qPCR and Western blot. MiR-130b overexpression markedly stimulated proliferation of PIMPA by increasing cell cycle-related gene expression. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-130b significantly inhibited adipogenic differentiation of PIMPA, mainly by inhibiting expression of adipogenic differentiation marker genes PPAR-γ and SREBP1. In addition, we proved that miR-130b significantly inhibited expression of PPAR-γ downstream target genes and ultimately repressed adipogenesis. Ssc-miR-130b accelerated proliferation but inhibited adipogenic differentiation of PIMPA, contributing to an enhanced knowledge of the function of ssc-miR-130b in lipid deposition, and providing potential implications for enhancing pork quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Between Intestinal Microorganisms and Hosts to Regulate Animal Growth)
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13 pages, 3429 KiB  
Article
Development of a Pericapsular Elbow Desensitization Technique in Dogs—A Canine Cadaveric Study
by Diego A. Portela, Raiane A. Moura, Mariana Cavalcanti, Penny J. Regier, Marta Romano, Adam W. Stern, Enzo Vettorato and Pablo E. Otero
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040374 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1003
Abstract
Peripheral nerve blocks play a critical role in pain management; however, no technique has been described to specifically target the articular nerve branches of the elbow in dogs. This study aimed to develop and compare the success rate of an ultrasound-guided versus a [...] Read more.
Peripheral nerve blocks play a critical role in pain management; however, no technique has been described to specifically target the articular nerve branches of the elbow in dogs. This study aimed to develop and compare the success rate of an ultrasound-guided versus a blind pericapsular elbow desensitization (PED) technique in canine cadavers. Phase I involved gross and ultrasonographic evaluations of the elbow joint in four cadavers to identify landmarks for the PED technique. Phase II compared the ultrasound-guided and blind PED techniques using dye injections in eight cadavers, followed by the dissection and histological analysis of stained tissues to confirm nerve involvement. The results demonstrated that four quadrant injections are required to target the articular branches of the radial, ulnar, median, and musculocutaneous nerves. The ultrasound-guided technique achieved a significantly higher overall success rate (77.5%) than the blind technique (45%, p = 0.005). While both techniques showed similar success rates (50–62.5%) for the ulnar, median, and musculocutaneous branches, the ultrasound-guided technique (100%) outperformed the blind technique for the cranial (37%, p = 0.02) and caudal (12.5%, p = 0.001) articular branches of the radial nerve. These findings provide a foundation for future clinical studies evaluating the ultrasound-guided PED technique in live animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Loco-Regional Anaesthesia Techniques in Veterinary Medicine)
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13 pages, 1202 KiB  
Article
First Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Circulation Among Dogs in the Bulgarian Danube Region and Analysis of Some Risk Factors
by Nikolina Rusenova and Anton Rusenov
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040373 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
This study aimed to assess West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus seroprevalence among the dog population in the Danube region, Bulgaria, to confirm the results of ELISA by the virus neutralisation test (VNT), as well as to analyse several risk factors of [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus seroprevalence among the dog population in the Danube region, Bulgaria, to confirm the results of ELISA by the virus neutralisation test (VNT), as well as to analyse several risk factors of seropositivity in dogs. To implement this, a total of 201 blood samples were collected from dogs in four districts bordering the Danube River. All the samples were tested for anti-WNV protein E antibodies using competitive ELISA. Neutralising antibodies against WNV and Usutu virus were tested in all the ELISA-positive samples. The results show a WNV seroprevalence of 45.3% (n = 91, CI = 36.45–55.59) by ELISA, whereas the virus neutralisation test indicated a seroprevalence of 21.9% (n = 44, CI = 15.91–29.39). Neutralising antibodies against Usutu virus were detected for the first time in Bulgaria, with a prevalence of 6% (n = 12, CI = 3.09–10.43). Compared to VNT, ELISA demonstrated 100.0% sensitivity and 70.1% specificity. The region (p < 0.0187), the district (p = 0.0258) and the ages of the dogs (p = 0.0180) were identified as statistically significant risk factors associated with WNV seropositivity. This study provides indirect evidence of WNV and Usutu virus circulation among dogs in the Danube region of Bulgaria, highlighting a potential risk for susceptible hosts in the area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infections in Wild and Domestic Animals)
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26 pages, 2583 KiB  
Article
Meta-Analysis of Dietary Interventions for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants Through Methodological Advancements and Implementation Pathways
by Rayudika Aprilia Patindra Purba and Papungkorn Sangsawad
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040372 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 281
Abstract
This meta-analysis systematically evaluates the efficacy of dietary interventions for mitigating enteric methane production in ruminants through the application of advanced statistical methodologies. A comprehensive dataset comprising 119 peer-reviewed publications (2000–2024) was analyzed using robust variance estimation, multilevel modeling, and network meta-analysis to [...] Read more.
This meta-analysis systematically evaluates the efficacy of dietary interventions for mitigating enteric methane production in ruminants through the application of advanced statistical methodologies. A comprehensive dataset comprising 119 peer-reviewed publications (2000–2024) was analyzed using robust variance estimation, multilevel modeling, and network meta-analysis to quantify intervention efficacy and identify moderating factors while properly accounting for within-study dependencies. The results demonstrate a clear efficacy hierarchy of macroalgae (51.0% reduction [95% CI: 37.0–63.0%]), 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP; 30.6% [95% CI: 22.0–45.0%]), nitrate (16.0% [95% CI: 6.0–26.0%]), oils (14.7% [95% CI: 5.0–24.0%]), and phytochemicals (13.5% [95% CI: 4.0–22.0%]). The meta-regression analyses identified significant dose–response relationships for macroalgae (coefficient = −0.212, p < 0.001), 3-NOP (coefficient = −0.002, p < 0.001), nitrate (coefficient = −0.045, p = 0.004), and oils (coefficient = −0.031, p = 0.008), with animal type significantly moderating efficacy across interventions. The temporal trend analysis revealed significant efficacy improvements for macroalgae, nitrate, and phytochemicals (p < 0.05). The examination of intervention combinations identified synergistic effects for tannin + nitrate (ratio = 1.25) and 3-NOP + macroalgae (ratio = 1.12) combinations. The integration of efficacy data with implementation factors demonstrated substantial variation in practical viability, with 3-NOP, oils, and nitrate demonstrating the most favorable implementation profiles despite macroalgae’s superior efficacy. This comprehensive synthesis provides a quantitative foundation for developing targeted methane mitigation strategies across diverse ruminant production systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)
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11 pages, 2395 KiB  
Article
Ameliorative Effect of Artemisia absinthium Ethanolic Extract Against Sodium Fluoride Toxicity in Rat Testes: Histological and Physiological Study
by Sawsan A. Ali, Zainab A. H. AL-Mousawi, Ahlam A. AL-Rikaby, Sameh Mohamed Farouk and Shaaban S. Elnesr
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040371 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 289
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Artemisia absinthium extract on testicular dysfunction in rats and explain the involvement of the androgen receptor signaling pathway as a biomarker in maintaining fertility during sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment. Thirty-two male rats were divided equally [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Artemisia absinthium extract on testicular dysfunction in rats and explain the involvement of the androgen receptor signaling pathway as a biomarker in maintaining fertility during sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment. Thirty-two male rats were divided equally into four groups and received treatment for 60 days. The control group (I) received normal saline; group II received Artemisia extract at 100 mg/kg b.w.; group III received NaF at 12 mg/kg b.w. orally; and group IV received NaF (12 mg/kg b.w.) and Artemisia extract (100 mg/kg b.w.). The testis weights and the lipid peroxidation, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone levels were estimated. The genital organs were prepared and immunoreacted with a receptor. Histomorphometric analyses were performed to obtain the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the height of the germinal epithelia in the testes. The results showed that exposure to NaF caused a significant increase in testis weight and malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decrease in serum LH, FSH, and testosterone concentrations compared to the control group, while extract administration induced an increase in the levels of these hormones in group IV. Testicular histological and histomorphometric changes were observed in group III: degenerative seminiferous tubules with vascular congestion, disorganization of the germinal layer, and decreased seminiferous tubule diameter and germinal epithelium height. The expression of androgen receptors in the testes of the NaF-treated rats was significantly reduced. In contrast, these testicular histological changes were ameliorated in rats treated with the extract. The results allow us to conclude that the administration of Artemisia absinthium confers positive effects on male reproductive function by inhibiting fluoride, maybe via ameliorative testicular function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Reproductive Physiology, Reproductive Endocrine and Obstetric Diseases—2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 4887 KiB  
Article
Dietary Angelica sinensis Enhances Sow Lactation and Piglet Development Through Gut Microbiota and Metabolism
by Qian Chen, Yali Song, Qitian Wu, Yali Wu, Maocuo Zhou, Yifei Ren, Xiaohong Guo, Guoqing Cao, Bugao Li, Zhibian Duan and Pengfei Gao
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040370 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 308
Abstract
Piglets weaned per sow per year (PSY) is a crucial metric for assessing the reproductive performances of sows and directly affects both sow productivity and the economic profitability of pig farms [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Regulation and Intestinal Health in Piglets)
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16 pages, 1221 KiB  
Article
Associations Between Thoracic Ultrasound Chute-Side Evaluations and 60-Day Outcomes in Feedyard Cattle at Time of First Treatment for Respiratory Disease
by Luis F. B. B. Feitoza, Brad J. White, Robert L. Larson and Tyler J. Spore
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040369 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
Accurate prognosis at first treatment for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is essential for timely interventions and management decisions. This cross-sectional observational study evaluated 819 commercial beef feedyard cattle at chute-side for first BRD treatment. Logistic regression models examined potential associations between two outcomes—first [...] Read more.
Accurate prognosis at first treatment for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is essential for timely interventions and management decisions. This cross-sectional observational study evaluated 819 commercial beef feedyard cattle at chute-side for first BRD treatment. Logistic regression models examined potential associations between two outcomes—first treatment failure (requiring additional treatment) and unfinished treatment (due to mortality or culling)—and several explanatory variables, including sex, days on feed, bodyweight, breed, pulse oximetry, lung auscultation scores, and ultrasound lung scores (ULS) measured in the caudo-dorsal lung region. Animals that ultimately did not finish treatment were significantly more likely to present a ULS of 5 (74%) compared with those scored 1–4 (18–38%). Similarly, cattle with a ULS of 5 had a much higher probability of first treatment failure (74%) than those with scores of 1–3 (35–41%). Moreover, three or more B-lines in the ultrasound image or a “moth sign” finding were both strongly associated with increased probability of negative outcomes. These results highlight key ultrasound-based and demographic factors that serve as practical prognostic indicators for cattle at the onset of BRD treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)
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15 pages, 5822 KiB  
Article
Mitofusin-Mediated Mitochondrial Fusion Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Infection in Porcine Cells
by Xiuhan Xu, Yuan Zhao, Zhenbang Zhu, Wei Wen and Xiangdong Li
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040368 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 268
Abstract
Background: Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fusion/fission dynamics, and emerging evidence has established that mitochondrial dynamics plays a crucial regulatory role in the process of viral infection. Nevertheless, the function of mitochondria dynamics during pseudorabies (PRV) infection remains uncertain. Methods: Our [...] Read more.
Background: Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fusion/fission dynamics, and emerging evidence has established that mitochondrial dynamics plays a crucial regulatory role in the process of viral infection. Nevertheless, the function of mitochondria dynamics during pseudorabies (PRV) infection remains uncertain. Methods: Our investigation commenced with examining PRV-induced alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, focusing on morphological changes and the expression levels of fusion/fission proteins. We then restored mitochondrial dynamics through Mfn1 (Mitofusin 1)/Mfn2 (Mitofusin 2) overexpression and mdivi-1 (mitochondrial division inhibitor-1) treatment to assess their impact on PRV replication and mitochondrial damage. Results: We found a downregulation of the mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn1, Mfn2, and OPA1 (optic atrophy 1), along with the activation of the fission protein Drp-1 (dynamin-related protein 1) upon PRV infection. Restoring the function of mitochondrial fusion inhibited PRV infection. Furthermore, elevated mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and an increased mitochondrial number were observed after overexpressing Mfns or treatment with mdivi-1. Conclusions: PRV infection impairs mitochondrial dynamics by altering mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins, and the promotion of Mfn-mediated mitochondrial fusion inhibits PRV replication. Full article
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13 pages, 7816 KiB  
Communication
Characterization and Pathogenicity of Equine Herpesvirus Type 8 Using In-Vitro and In-Vivo Models
by Yanfei Ji, Dandan Xu, Wenxuan Si, Yu Zhang, Muhammad Zahoor Khan, Xia Zhao and Wenqiang Liu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040367 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 255
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 8 (EHV-8) is predominantly isolated from donkeys, but its biological properties and pathogenic potential remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of the EHV-8 LCDC01 isolate by examining its effects in rabbit kidney (RK-13) cells [...] Read more.
Equine herpesvirus type 8 (EHV-8) is predominantly isolated from donkeys, but its biological properties and pathogenic potential remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of the EHV-8 LCDC01 isolate by examining its effects in rabbit kidney (RK-13) cells and BALB/c mice. The virus was assessed for its ability to induce viral replication, pathological changes, and alterations in pro-inflammatory responses. In vitro, the EHV-8 infection of RK-13 cells induced characteristic cytopathic effects, including cell contraction, the formation of grapevine bundle-like structures, and detachment. In vivo, mice infected with the virus exhibited no clinical signs other than weight loss. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis detected viral DNA exclusively in the lungs of infected mice, while TaqMan PCR further confirmed the presence of EHV-8 nucleic acids in the lungs, liver, brain, and intestines. Furthermore, ELISA assays revealed a significant increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-α, in the lungs (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that EHV-8 primarily replicates in the lung tissue of mice and can induce inflammatory responses. This study provides valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of EHV-8 and lays the groundwork for further investigation into its potential impact on equine and other animal populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Progress of Equine Medical Research in China and Beyond)
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14 pages, 3718 KiB  
Article
Scalable Production of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Expressing Soluble Viral Receptors for Broad-Spectrum Inhibition of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 2
by Xiaoming Liu, Nuo Xu, Xiaoli Song, Linlin Zhuang, Qiuping Shen and Huaichang Sun
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040366 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 272
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to be a major threat to the global swine industry, causing significant economic losses. To address this, we developed a scalable recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based strategy for the delivery of soluble viral receptors (SVRs) to [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to be a major threat to the global swine industry, causing significant economic losses. To address this, we developed a scalable recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based strategy for the delivery of soluble viral receptors (SVRs) to treat and potentially eliminate PRRSV infections. This strategy involves fusing the virus-binding domains of two key cellular receptors, sialoadhesin (Sn4D) and CD163 (SRCR5-9), with an Fc fragment. We then used an insect cell–baculovirus expression vector system to produce the rAAV-SRCR59-Fc/Sn4D-Fc vector. Through a series of optimizations, we determined the best conditions for rAAV production, including a baculovirus co-infection ratio of 0.5:1.0, an initial insect cell density of 2.0 × 106 cells/mL, a fetal bovine serum concentration of 2%, and a culture temperature of 30 °C. Under these optimized conditions, we achieved a high titer of rAAV-SRCR59-Fc/Sn4D-Fc in a 2 L bioreactor, reaching 5.4 ± 0.9 × 109 infectious viral particles (IVPs)/mL. Notably, in vitro neutralization assays using a Transwell co-culture system demonstrated a 4.3 log reduction in viral titers across genetically diverse PRRSV-2 strains, including VR2332, JXA1, JS07, and SH1705. Collectively, this study provides a robust platform for large-scale rAAV production and highlights the potential of SVR-based gene therapy to address the antigenic diversity of PRRSV-2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Crossroads: The Interface Between Wildlife and Domestic Animal Health)
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21 pages, 5958 KiB  
Article
Lactobacillus paracasei Expressing Porcine Trefoil Factor 3 and Epidermal Growth Factor: A Novel Approach for Superior Mucosal Repair
by Fangjie Yin, Ying Chen, Huijun Zhang, Hongzhe Zhao, Xuenan Li, Zi Wang, Weijing Meng, Jie Zhao, Lijie Tang, Yijing Li, Jiaxuan Li and Xiaona Wang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040365 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 253
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) exert a promotive effect on the functions of intestinal epithelial cells and offer protection to the intestinal mucosa. Lactobacillus paracasei can ameliorate intestinal mucosal damage. In this study, pPG-pTFF3/27-2, pPG-pEGF/27-2, [...] Read more.
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) exert a promotive effect on the functions of intestinal epithelial cells and offer protection to the intestinal mucosa. Lactobacillus paracasei can ameliorate intestinal mucosal damage. In this study, pPG-pTFF3/27-2, pPG-pEGF/27-2, and pPG-pTE/27-2 were constructed to express porcine TFF3, EGF, and a fusion protein (pTE). Functional assays showed they promoted Immortalized Porcine Enterocyte Cell line J2 (IPEC-J2) proliferation and migration, with pTE having a greater migratory effect. In dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice, oral administration of pPG-pTE/27-2 reduced colitis, improved mucosal integrity, increased the expression of tight-junction proteins and the serum level of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). These results imply that recombinant L. paracasei 27-2 strains engineered to express pTFF3 and pEGF represent a promising approach for augmenting intestinal epithelial cell function and facilitating mucosal restitution, and they possess significant potential in the treatment of intestinal mucosal injury and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Full article
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32 pages, 3767 KiB  
Systematic Review
Distribution and Prevalence of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Africa: A Systematic Review
by Tsireledzo Goodwill Makwarela, Nimmi Seoraj-Pillai and Tshifhiwa Constance Nangammbi
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040364 - 13 Apr 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) significantly impact African animal health and agricultural productivity, especially at the wildlife–livestock interface. This systematic review analyzed 20 eligible studies from East, Southern, and limited parts of Central Africa to determine the distribution and prevalence of key tick [...] Read more.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) significantly impact African animal health and agricultural productivity, especially at the wildlife–livestock interface. This systematic review analyzed 20 eligible studies from East, Southern, and limited parts of Central Africa to determine the distribution and prevalence of key tick species and associated pathogens. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum were the most commonly reported tick species, with R. appendiculatus exhibiting up to 50.5% prevalence in cattle and buffalo in Uganda. The most frequently detected pathogens included Theileria parva, Anaplasma marginale, and Coxiella burnetii, with T. parva showing high prevalence in cattle populations coexisting with wildlife. Notably, geographic disparities were observed, with Central and West Africa being underrepresented. Most pathogen detections occurred in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Botswana, and South Africa, indicating regional hotspots for tick-borne disease transmission. This review highlights the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, region-specific vector control programs, and integrated One Health approaches to address the ecological, agricultural, and zoonotic challenges of tick-borne pathogens across Africa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control Strategies of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)
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