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Mathematics, Volume 13, Issue 15 (August-1 2025) – 3 articles

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10 pages, 243 KiB  
Article
Relative Vertex-Source-Pairs of Modules of and Idempotent Morita Equivalences of Rings
by Morton E. Harris
Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2327; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152327 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2025
Abstract
Here all rings have identities. Let R be a ring and let R-mod denote the additive category of left finitely generated R-modules. Note that if R is a noetherian ring, then R-mod is an abelian category and every R-module [...] Read more.
Here all rings have identities. Let R be a ring and let R-mod denote the additive category of left finitely generated R-modules. Note that if R is a noetherian ring, then R-mod is an abelian category and every R-module is a finite direct sum of indecomposable R-modules. Finite Group Modular Representation Theory concerns the study of left finitely generated OG-modules where G is a finite group and O is a complete discrete valuation ring with O/J(O) a field of prime characteristic p. Thus OG is a noetherian O-algebra. The Green Theory in this area yields for each isomorphism type of finitely generated indecomposable (and hence for each isomorphism type of finitely generated simple OG-module) a theory of vertices and sources invariants. The vertices are derived from the set of p-subgroups of G. As suggested by the above, in Basic Definition and Main Results for Rings Section, let Σ be a fixed subset of subrings of the ring R and we develop a theory of Σ-vertices and sources for finitely generated R-modules. We conclude Basic Definition and Main Results for Rings Section with examples and show that our results are compatible with a ring isomorphic to R. For Idempotent Morita Equivalence and Virtual Vertex-Source Pairs of Modules of a Ring Section, let e be an idempotent of R such that R=ReR. Set B=eRe so that B is a subring of R with identity e. Then, the functions eRR:RmodBmod and ReB:BmodRmod form a Morita Categorical Equivalence. We show, in this Section, that such a categorical equivalence is compatible with our vertex-source theory. In Two Applications with Idemptent Morita Equivalence Section, we show such compatibility for source algebras in Finite Group Block Theory and for naturally Morita Equivalent Algebras. Full article
28 pages, 1845 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis for a Class of Variational Integrators
by Yihan Shen and Yajuan Sun
Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2326; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152326 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2025
Abstract
In this paper, we study a geometric framework for second-order differential systems arising in classical and relativistic mechanics. For this class of systems, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for their Lagrangian description. The main objectives of this work are to construct efficient [...] Read more.
In this paper, we study a geometric framework for second-order differential systems arising in classical and relativistic mechanics. For this class of systems, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for their Lagrangian description. The main objectives of this work are to construct efficient structure-preserving variational integrators in a variational framework. To achieve this, we develop new variational integrators through Lagrangian splitting and prove their equivalence to composition methods. We display the superiority of the newly derived numerical methods for the Kepler problem and provide rigorous error estimates by analysing the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector. The framework provides tools applicable to geometric numerical integration of both ordinary and partial differential equations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Numerical Integration of Differential Equations)
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15 pages, 2775 KiB  
Article
Quantifying the Complexity of Rough Surfaces Using Multiscale Entropy: The Critical Role of Binning in Controlling Amplitude Effects
by Alex Kondi, Vassilios Constantoudis, Panagiotis Sarkiris and Evangelos Gogolides
Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2325; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152325 - 22 Jul 2025
Abstract
A salient feature of modern material surfaces used in cutting-edge technologies is their structural and spatial complexity, which endows them with novel properties and multifunctionality. The quantitative characterization of material complexity is a challenge that must be addressed to optimize their production and [...] Read more.
A salient feature of modern material surfaces used in cutting-edge technologies is their structural and spatial complexity, which endows them with novel properties and multifunctionality. The quantitative characterization of material complexity is a challenge that must be addressed to optimize their production and performance. While numerous metrics exist to quantify the complexity of spatial structures in various scientific domains, methods specifically tailored for characterizing the spatial complexity of material surface morphologies at the micro- and nanoscale are relatively scarce. In this paper, we utilize the concept of multiscale entropy to quantify the complexity of surface morphologies of rough surfaces across different scales and investigate the effects of amplitude fluctuations (i.e., surface height distribution) in both stepwise and smooth self-affine rough surfaces. The crucial role of the binning scheme in regulating amplitude effects on entropy and complexity measurements is highlighted and explained. Furthermore, by selecting an appropriate binning strategy, we analyze the impact of 2D imaging on the complexity of a rough surface and demonstrate that imaging can artificially introduce peaks in the relationship between complexity and surface amplitude. The results demonstrate that entropy-based spatial complexity effectively captures the scale-dependent heterogeneity of stepwise rough surfaces, providing valuable insights into their structural properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chaos Theory and Complexity)
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