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Languages, Volume 10, Issue 6

2025 June - 31 articles

Cover Story: This article tests claims made in the linguistic literature that some language varieties within the Sinitic (Chinese) family traditionally called dialects differ as much from each other as some European (Germanic, Romance, Slavic) varieties that are traditionally called languages. More generally, we examine whether distances within and across European language families are larger than those within and across Sinitic language varieties. The claims turn out to be true only in terms of shared vocabulary and similarity of historically related words. However, differences in word order are 20 times smaller in Chinese than in European languages. This finding at least partially supports the dialect status of Chinese language varieties. It also shows that word order should matter in discussions of linguistic similarity. View this paper
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Articles (31)

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,427 Views
29 Pages

This study investigates L3 Spanish perception patterns among L1 Korean–L2 English bilinguals with varying L3 proficiency levels, aiming to test the applicability of traditional L2 perceptual models in multilingual contexts. We conducted two exp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,827 Views
32 Pages

This paper presents a comprehensive synchronic and diachronic analysis of the Sino-Vietnamese negative prefixes bất (Chinese 不 ), (無 ), and phi (非 fēi), examining their historical development...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,018 Views
13 Pages

This research investigated the use of I think as different types of markers by Thai learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) to determine whether the use of I think by Thai intermediate- and advanced-level EFL participants showed any significa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,919 Views
13 Pages

This study offers a detailed comparative analysis of the reflexes of Proto-Bantu noun class prefixes within nine Gabonese languages belonging to the B50, B60, and B70 groups of Guthrie’s referential inventory of the Bantu languages. Genealogica...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,638 Views
22 Pages

Phonetically Based Corpora for Anglicisms: A Tijuana–San Diego Contact Outcome

  • Ruben Roberto Peralta-Rivera,
  • Carlos Ivanhoe Gil-Burgoin and
  • Norma Esthela Valenzuela-Miranda

Research in Loanword Phonology has extensively examined the adaptation processes of Anglicisms into recipient languages. In the Tijuana–San Diego border region, where English and Spanish have reciprocally existed, Anglicisms exhibit two main ph...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,824 Views
7 Pages

This Special Issue is closely linked to the international conference Research on Social and Affective Factors in Home Language Maintenance and Development (#HOLM2023), which was held at Tallinn University, Estonia, from 14 to 16 December 2023 [...]

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,953 Views
37 Pages

We studied the Japanese dialect by calculating aggregated PMI Levenshtein distances among local Japanese dialects using data from 2400 locations and 141 items from the Linguistic Atlas of Japan Database (LAJDB). Through factor analysis, we found the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,461 Views
25 Pages

This study is the first to scrutinize the rates of, and the lexical diversity in, adjective intensification in second language (L2) German. We additionally attend to the issue concerning whether sociodemographic variables (i.e., length of residence,...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
1,162 Views
7 Pages

Linguistic practices in heritage language (HL) acquisition refer to the ways in which language is used, managed, and passed on within families, communities, or institutions to help children, adolescents, and young adults learn and maintain it [...]

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,856 Views
24 Pages

The adverb anymore is standardly a negative polarity item (NPI), which must be licensed by triggers of non-positive polarity. Some Englishes also allow anymore in positive-polarity clauses. Linguists have posited that this non-polarity anymore (NPAM)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
5,816 Views
17 Pages

Language-in-education policies often serve hidden political and economic agendas, and thus language policy research must examine policies beyond official state discourse. This article critically analyzes Morocco’s Language Alternation Policy (L...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,617 Views
18 Pages

Previous research on non-finite catenative complementation (for example, start Ving/to V; force NP into Ving/to V) has largely been restricted to BrE and/or AmE. The present study seeks to expand the regional coverage of such research by analysing a...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,708 Views
6 Pages

This Special Issue on the acquisition of sociolinguistic competence showcases current research at the juncture of Language Variation and Change (LVC) and Second Language Acquisition (SLA) (Regan, in press) [...]

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,770 Views
18 Pages

How Synonymic Taste Words Alter Perceived Taste in American Consumers

  • Tamara Marie Johnson and
  • Simone Eveline Pfenninger

Investigations into crispy and crunchy in American English have demonstrated that these synonymic taste words have differing effects on perceived taste depending on association. To test the generalizability of these findings, category fluency tasks w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,715 Views
21 Pages

The middle construction (MC) is a term originally used to account for derived intransitives in the generative tradition and is well-documented in many Indo-European languages. While diverse views exist on the Chinese MC, some scholars have argued tha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,391 Views
27 Pages

Is negation negative? For some authors, in some languages, it is not. This is the case for so-called strict negative concord languages (e.g., Russian), in which negation is taken to be non-negative, following the cross-linguistic analysis for negativ...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,292 Views
33 Pages

This paper examines Gorgia Toscana (GT), a phenomenon of stop lenition observed in Tuscan varieties of Italian. Traditionally, this process has been understood to occur in post-vocalic positions, which, in the native lexicon, corresponds to onset pos...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,624 Views
21 Pages

Task repetition is a technique that promotes the development of utterance fluency, but the addition of an accuracy enhancement is necessary. The study tested the effects of an accuracy enhancement where a Target Structure was used in response to what...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
7,201 Views
29 Pages

Chinese “Dialects” and European “Languages”: A Comparison of Lexico-Phonetic and Syntactic Distances

  • Chaoju Tang,
  • Vincent J. van Heuven,
  • Wilbert Heeringa and
  • Charlotte Gooskens

In this article, we tested some specific claims made in the literature on relative distances among European languages and among Chinese dialects, suggesting that some language varieties within the Sinitic family traditionally called dialects are, in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,369 Views
21 Pages

Despite the increase in studies on Spanish as a heritage language (SHL), few focus on spelling, with research limited to the U.S. According to the adaptive control hypothesis, language production is governed by control processes, which adapt to the d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
9,247 Views
23 Pages

Despite the growing acceptance of the varieties of English, standard language ideology continues to cause some to be valorized and denigrated. This paper examines the attitudes of Filipino-Americans within an inner-circle English variety zone towards...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,192 Views
51 Pages

Negative Indefinite Constructions in Bantu: ‘Nobody’

  • Maud Devos,
  • Johan van der Auwera and
  • Rasmus Bernander

This paper presents a first typology of negative indefinites in Bantu languages. The lack of interest in expressions of ‘nobody’ in Bantu languages is connected with the idea that they merely involve a generic noun for ‘person&rsquo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5,001 Views
28 Pages

Despite being fundamental for speech processing, L2 perceptual training often lacks attention in L2 classrooms, especially among English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners navigating complex English phonology. The current study investigates the impac...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,075 Views
24 Pages

From the late 19th to the early 20th century, Argentina experienced a wave of mass migration due to political, economic, and social instability in Europe. This study examines how idiomatic expressions in Argentine Spanish incorporate Italianisms and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,185 Views
21 Pages

The article explores the concept of family language policy in relation to heritage languages and child agency in the context of Latvian as a heritage language. Its aim is to find out what role Latvian may have in relation to other languages within th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,798 Views
24 Pages

This study provides a bibliometric analysis of polarity sensitivity research from 1980 to 2023, examining intellectual structure, collaboration patterns, and emerging trends. Analysing 835 documents using Bibliometrix (V.4.1.0), CiteSpace (V.6.1.R6),...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,329 Views
31 Pages

Inherently Long Consonants in Contemporary Italian Varieties: Regional Variation and Orthographic Effects

  • Paolo Mairano,
  • Rosalba Nodari,
  • Fabio Ardolino,
  • Valentina De Iacovo and
  • Daniela Mereu

In this article, we analyse durational variation for inherently long consonants in Italian. Productions by 40 speakers of four regional varieties were elicited via a read-aloud task containing target words with inherently long consonants in the post-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,307 Views
20 Pages

Historically, the field of discourse marker research has moved from relying on intuition to more and more ecological data, with written, spoken, and now multimodal corpora available to study these pervasive pragmatic devices. For some topics, video i...

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Languages - ISSN 2226-471X