Plants

22 pages, 8700 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Habitat Suitability and Quality Assessments to Identify Conservation Priorities for Cycas panzhihuaensis

by Yuanfeng Yang, Yuting Ding, Xuefeng Peng, Juan Wang, Peilong Li, Mengjie Wu, Ying Zhang, Xing Liu and Peihao Peng

Plants 2026, 15(4), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040670 - 23 Feb 2026

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Abstract

This study assessed the conservation priorities for Cycas panzhihuaensis, a relict plant endemic to the dry-hot valleys of the Jinsha River, by integrating habitat suitability prediction with habitat quality evaluation. We used the MaxEnt model to identify its potential distribution and key [...] Read more.

This study assessed the conservation priorities for Cycas panzhihuaensis, a relict plant endemic to the dry-hot valleys of the Jinsha River, by integrating habitat suitability prediction with habitat quality evaluation. We used the MaxEnt model to identify its potential distribution and key environmental drivers and the InVEST model to evaluate habitat quality and degradation risk within the study area. Conservation priorities—categorized as hotspots, transition zones, and coldspots—were delineated by overlaying suitability classes with habitat quality levels. Spatial clustering of hotspots was examined using global spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results indicate that: (1) The highly suitable habitat for C. panzhihuaensis covers an area of 799.12 km², primarily concentrated in the dry-hot valleys of the Jinsha, Yalong, and Anning Rivers. January land surface temperature was the most significant environmental determinant of its distribution (contribution: 36.1%). (2) The overall habitat quality of the study region was relatively low (mean: 0.38), with a moderate risk of degradation. Areas of severe degradation spanned 14,629.31 km² (26.10% of the total area), largely coinciding with the river valleys and showing substantial overlap with the species’ suitable habitat. (3) The identified conservation hotspots (799.63 km²) exhibited a moderate and statistically significant positive spatial autocorrelation (global Moran’s I = 0.326). This integrated approach provides a spatially explicit framework for conservation planning, offering valuable insights applicable to other rare species in human-impacted landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Conservation of Protected Plant Species: From Theory to Practice)

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18 pages, 1298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Water and N Regulation for Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Cultivation Under Drip Irrigation Using TOPSIS Method in Mollisols Region of Northeast China

by Dehao Lu, Ying Liu, Yimeng Zhu, Lili Jiang, Tianyi Wang, Peng Chen, Tangzhe Nie and Xingtao Xiao

Plants 2026, 15(4), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040669 - 23 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Optimizing the coupling effect between irrigation and N fertilizer to balance mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) production and the effective utilization of water and fertilizer resources is an important challenge for sustainable agricultural production. In this study, a field drip irrigation experiment [...] Read more.

Optimizing the coupling effect between irrigation and N fertilizer to balance mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) production and the effective utilization of water and fertilizer resources is an important challenge for sustainable agricultural production. In this study, a field drip irrigation experiment was conducted on Mollisols in Northeast China, and twelve treatments were performed: four levels of soil water content (W1, 80~100% of field capacity; W2, 70~90% of field capacity; W3, 60~80% of field capacity; W4, rainfed condition) and three N application treatments (40 (N1), 80 (N2), and 120 (N3) kg/ha). We analyzed the coupling effects of water and N levels on mung bean growth, yield and yield components, water consumption, water use efficiency (WUE) and N partial factor productivity (PFP) in 2021 and 2022 and screened the optimal water and N regulation by the TOPSIS method. The results showed that the amount of N application dominated the regulation of water and N. In the first year, plant height, stem diameter, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, yield, aboveground dry matter accumulation, WUE, and PFP in mung bean decreased with increasing N applications at the same irrigation treatment. Furthermore, except for WUE, all results of the W3N1 treatment reached the highest levels, at 79.14 cm, 13 mm, 12.4, 6.2 g, 1430.45 kg/ha, 79.27 g (the drumming stage), and 35.76 kg/kg, respectively. The second year, plant height, stem diameter, yield and WUE had an increasing trend with increasing N applications at the W1. Based on the TOPSIS method, the W3N1 treatment could obtain the optimal comprehensive benefits of yield, WUE and PFP. This study can provide a most suitable water and N regulation model for guiding mung bean cultivation in the Mollisols region of Northeast China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Technologies in Water and Fertilizer Management for Sustainable Crop Production)

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14 pages, 533 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates and Nitrogen Topdressing at Different Leaf Growth Stages on the Yield, Nitrogen Absorption, and Utilization of Nanjing 9108

by Zheshu Xu, Tao Li, Jingjing Cui, Jianghui Yu, Guangyan Li, Ying Zhu, Guodong Liu, Fangfu Xu, Qun Hu and Haiyan Wei

Plants 2026, 15(4), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040668 - 23 Feb 2026

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Abstract

The effects of nitrogen (N) application rates and N topdressing at different leaf growth stages on the yield, N absorption, and utilization of japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 were studied to screen the optimal N management mode for high yield and high N [...] Read more.

The effects of nitrogen (N) application rates and N topdressing at different leaf growth stages on the yield, N absorption, and utilization of japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 were studied to screen the optimal N management mode for high yield and high N use efficiency. A field experiment was conducted from 2023 to 2024, with nine N regulation treatments (94–351 kg ha⁻¹) established through dynamic allocation of basal, tillering, and topdressing fertilizers. The results showed that with the increase of N application rate, the yield and N use efficiency of Nanjing 9108 first increased and then decreased. At a total N application rate of 270 kg ha⁻¹, the N6 treatment (basal N + tiller N + topdressing at the 13th leaf stage) demonstrated optimal overall performance, achieving the highest yield and N use efficiency. Topdressing at the 13th leaf stage (coinciding with young panicle differentiation) promoted spikelet differentiation and large panicle formation, increasing grains per panicle by 2.36–2.20% compared to other treatments under the same N rate. The N6 treatment exhibited enhanced N uptake and utilization: N accumulation increased by 39.27–67.12% during the elongating to heading stage and by 7.14–62.24% during heading to maturity, while N apparent efficiency and agronomic efficiency rose by 3.51–14.68% and 29.22–58.25%, respectively. At heading, the proportion of high-effective leaf area in N6 was 1.52–7.05% higher than in N4, N5, and N7 treatments, accompanied by a slower leaf area decay rate. These traits provided sustained photosynthetic support for dry matter accumulation in mid-to-late growth stages. Consequently, dry matter accumulation in N6 increased by 5.85–33.44% (elongating to heading) and 0.42–26.98% (heading to maturity), leading to a yield advantage of 3.8–17.2% over other treatments. In summary, the N management strategy combining basal, tiller, and 13th-leaf topdressing at 270 kg ha⁻¹ is most effective for achieving both high yield and high N efficiency in Nanjing 9108. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Crop Field Performance, Growth Optimization, and Physiology)

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36 pages, 2661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Hydrogel Polymer on the Physiology and Antioxidant Activity of Naturally Colored Cotton Cultivars Under Water Deficit

by Edilene Daniel de Araújo, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, Geovani Soares de Lima, Kheila Gomes Nunes, Denis Soares Costa, Allesson Ramos de Souza, Nadiana Praça de Souza, Lucyelly Dâmela Araújo Borborema, Thiago Filipe de Lima Arruda, Francisco de Assis da Silva, André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva, Jailton Garcia Ramos, Viviane Farias Silva, Alberto Soares de Melo, Hans Raj Gheyi and Luciano Marcelo Fallé Saboya

Plants 2026, 15(4), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040667 - 23 Feb 2026

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydrogel polymer application on the antioxidant activity and physiological performance of colored-fiber cotton cultivars grown under different levels of water restriction. Two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. In the first experiment, [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydrogel polymer application on the antioxidant activity and physiological performance of colored-fiber cotton cultivars grown under different levels of water restriction. Two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. In the first experiment, the effects of the hydrogel polymer, cultivars, and irrigation replacement levels were evaluated; in the second, the residual effect of the hydrogel polymer applied in the first experiment was assessed using the same cultivars and irrigation depths. Water restriction negatively affected relative water content, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and antioxidant activity, and increased electrolyte leakage in cotton cultivars. Water deficit reduced relative water content, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and antioxidant activity, while increasing electrolyte leakage in the cultivars. However, hydrogel polymer application up to 6.5 g dm⁻³ of soil and its residual effect in subsequent cycles were beneficial. The polymer increased relative water content and antioxidant activity, in addition to improving gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, suggesting maintenance of plant physiological health. Residual polymer doses also enhanced relative water content, antioxidant activity, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence in plants during Experiment II. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Crop Irrigation System and Management)

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16 pages, 907 KB

Open AccessReview

Kenaf Core as an Alternative Soilless Growing Medium: A Review

by Conner C. Austin, S. Brooks Parrish, David G. Clark and Ann C. Wilkie

Plants 2026, 15(4), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040666 - 23 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) core, an abundant renewable byproduct rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, has emerged as a candidate to replace or supplement peat and coco coir in soilless culture. This review synthesizes the physical, chemical, and biological performance of ground kenaf [...] Read more.

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) core, an abundant renewable byproduct rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, has emerged as a candidate to replace or supplement peat and coco coir in soilless culture. This review synthesizes the physical, chemical, and biological performance of ground kenaf core and benchmarks it against conventional substrates. Kenaf core exhibits low bulk density (0.06 to 0.15 g cm⁻³), high total porosity (approximately 90%), and substantial plant available water (approximately 42%), supporting root aeration and water supply. Its pH (6.0–7.2) is near optimal for most crops, whereas electrical conductivity (EC) (3.2–4.7 dS m⁻¹) can exceed recommended ranges for salt-sensitive species, which necessitates pre-leaching or blending. Growth studies show comparable shoot and root performance in blends containing 20 to 70% kenaf, with composted kenaf often outperforming raw core. Pure kenaf generally requires more frequent irrigation and may shrink at high proportions. We outline processing variables such as core purity, particle size, composting, and leaching that govern stability and plant response, identify critical data gaps (including standardized EC and pH methods, and long-term shrinkage), and frame a sustainability agenda. Practically, studies to date indicate that pre-leached kenaf core, incorporated at up to about 70% by volume into peat or coir-based blends with structurally stable components such as perlite, can maintain growth and quality for several ornamental and bedding crops under greenhouse and nursery conditions. At the same time, reports of poor performance in some conifers and early suppression in direct-sown vegetables underscore that the suitability of kenaf-based substrates remains crop specific and dependent on material processing and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Driving Sustainability: Innovations in Producing Eco-Friendly Substrates for Soilless Culture Systems)

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9 pages, 688 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Herbivory on Banker Plants Enhances Resistance-Related Responses of Neighboring Tomato Plants to the Two-Spotted Spider Mite

by Tomoya Tasaki, Yuka Okemoto, Karin Nakamura, Norihide Hinomoto and Masayoshi Uefune

Plants 2026, 15(4), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040665 - 22 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Banker plants are non-crop plants that sustain populations of biological control agents prior to pest outbreaks, offering a preventive strategy within integrated pest management (IPM). Their benefits have primarily been attributed to top-down regulation via natural enemy-mediated pest suppression; however, their potential bottom-up [...] Read more.

Banker plants are non-crop plants that sustain populations of biological control agents prior to pest outbreaks, offering a preventive strategy within integrated pest management (IPM). Their benefits have primarily been attributed to top-down regulation via natural enemy-mediated pest suppression; however, their potential bottom-up effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that airborne cues emitted from banker plants infested with the zoophytophagous mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenuis altered the performance of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on neighboring tomato plants Solanum lycopersicum. Exposure to airborne cues from infested sesame Sesamum indicum significantly reduced mite fecundity, whereas those from tomato and spider flower Cleome hassleriana had no detectable effect, indicating that the induction of crop resistance is dependent on banker plant species. Moreover, T. urticae infestation of banker plants consistently suppressed mite oviposition on neighboring tomato plants across all banker plant species tested. These findings suggest that banker plants can exert previously unrecognized bottom-up effects by modulating crop resistance-related responses through airborne cues. Therefore, selecting banker plant species that emit effective airborne cues may strengthen crop protection and stabilize biological control performance in sustainable IPM strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Protection: Focusing on Phytophagous Mites)

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22 pages, 6544 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of the YUCCA Gene Family in Wheat and the Potential Roles of TaYUCCA19 and Its Homologs in Male Reproductive Development

by Hao Zhou, Liwen Meng, Yilin Li, Yujiu Wu, Na Niu and Lingjian Ma

Plants 2026, 15(4), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040664 - 22 Feb 2026

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Abstract

YUCCA belongs to the flavin-containing monooxygenas and catalyzes the rate-limiting step in endogenous auxin biosynthesis, thereby regulating local auxin homeostasis and participating in diverse aspects of plant growth, development, and physiological processes. However, the relationship between the YUCCA genes and male fertility regulation [...] Read more.

YUCCA belongs to the flavin-containing monooxygenas and catalyzes the rate-limiting step in endogenous auxin biosynthesis, thereby regulating local auxin homeostasis and participating in diverse aspects of plant growth, development, and physiological processes. However, the relationship between the YUCCA genes and male fertility regulation in wheat remains unclear. In this study, we identified 64 TaYUCCA genes through whole-genome analysis and classified them into three clades, each of which is conserved in motif composition and gene structure. A synteny analysis indicated that family expansion was primarily driven by segmental duplication and tandem duplication, and Ka/Ks analysis suggested that all members are under purifying selection. An analysis of the expression patterns showed that the TaYUCCA genes displayed differential expression across various tissues and reproductive developmental stages. In the temperature-sensitive male-sterile wheat line YS3038, TaYUCCA19, TaYUCCA22, and TaYUCCA25 were specifically highly expressed at the uninucleate pollen stage under fertile conditions. The silencing of TaYUCCA19 resulted in abnormal pollen morphology and a significant reduction in the seed set rate, indicating that it is a key gene required for normal pollen development in wheat. Overall, this study systematically characterizes the wheat YUCCA gene family and provides the first functional evidence of TaYUCCA genes in male reproductive development, offering an important foundation for studies on wheat male sterility mechanisms and the exploitation of heterosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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21 pages, 1061 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Growth Phases and Intensification of Light on Secondary Metabolites and Agro-Morphological Traits of the St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)

by Mina Sadat Tabatabaei, Ahmad Sobhani, Morteza Khanahmadi, Sara Zare and Stefan Wanke

Plants 2026, 15(4), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040663 - 22 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Light regime and growth phase are significant determinants of agro-morphological traits and secondary metabolite accumulation in plants. This study evaluated the effects of two light conditions on agro-morphological and phytochemical traits of two Hypericum perforatum genotypes (Topas and Mariana). Natural daylight and an [...] Read more.

Light regime and growth phase are significant determinants of agro-morphological traits and secondary metabolite accumulation in plants. This study evaluated the effects of two light conditions on agro-morphological and phytochemical traits of two Hypericum perforatum genotypes (Topas and Mariana). Natural daylight and an extended 19 h photoperiod with supplemental white fluorescent light were tested at two growth phases (vegetative versus reproductive (flowering)), based on leaf sampling at the respective phases. Analysis of variance showed significant effects of growth phase, light treatment, and genotype on most traits, with growth phase exerting the most decisive influence (p < 0.01). Significant genotype × growth phase interactions were observed for most traits, whereas genotype × light interactions mainly affected phytochemical parameters. Leaf area, gland number, and gland area increased during the reproductive phase, especially in Topas, and were further enhanced under the 19 h photoperiod. Leaf area increased markedly during the reproductive phase, reaching 118.81 mm² in Topas under the 19 h photoperiod compared with 68.40 mm² under natural light. Prolonged light exposure increased hypericin, pseudo-hypericin, hyperforin, flavonoids, and total phenolics. The highest sum of hypericins (4.67 mg g⁻¹ DW), flavonoids (143.09 mg QE g⁻¹ DW), and phenolics (242.74 mg GA g⁻¹ DW) was observed in the Topas in the reproductive phase under the 19 h photoperiod, whereas hyperforin content peaked in vegetative Mariana (55.65 mg g⁻¹ DW). In contrast, the lowest sum of hypericins (1.80 mg g⁻¹ DW) occurred in vegetative Mariana under natural light, while the minimum flavonoids (74.45 mg QE g⁻¹ DW) and phenolics (133.22 mg GA g⁻¹ DW) contents were recorded in the vegetative Topas under natural light regim, and the lowest hyperforin concentration (19.65 mg g⁻¹ DW) was found in the Mariana genotype under natural light regime and in the reproductive phase. Principal component analysis associated PC1 with agro-morphological traits and hypericin-related metabolites, and PC2 with hyperforin and white gland traits. Heatmap and correlation analyses supported these patterns. Overall, extended photoperiod and growth phase are critical drivers of medicinal compound accumulation in H. perforatum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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30 pages, 1974 KB

Open AccessReview

Ornamental Phytoremediation in Cities: Context-Dependent Roles in Managing Potentially Toxic Elements

by Katalin Horotán, László Orlóci, Jana Táborská, István Dániel Mosonyi, András Neményi, Gábor Boronkay, Zsanett Istvánfi and Szilvia Kisvarga

Plants 2026, 15(4), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040662 - 22 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination of urban soils poses long-term ecological and public health risks. Ornamental vegetation is increasingly discussed within green-infrastructure-based risk management. We screened and synthesised 167 field studies (>120 ornamental and horticultural plant species) to characterise the scope, reporting structure [...] Read more.

Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination of urban soils poses long-term ecological and public health risks. Ornamental vegetation is increasingly discussed within green-infrastructure-based risk management. We screened and synthesised 167 field studies (>120 ornamental and horticultural plant species) to characterise the scope, reporting structure and design features of the available phytoremediation-related evidence. Studies assessed a mean of 3.21 elements (SD = 1.37); Pb, Cd and Zn were most frequently investigated (67%), whereas Ni, Cr and B occurred in <10%. Reported element richness differed by setting, averaging 3.8 ± 1.5 in wastewater-affected sites versus 2.6 ± 1.1 in urban parks. Using a study-by-element presence/absence matrix, co-reporting patterns separated three recurrent co-reporting profiles. The first three PCs explained 64.5% of variance (PC1: Pb–Zn–B; PC2: Cu–Ni; PC3: Cd–Cr). Accumulation was reported most often (56.8%), while stabilisation (17.9%) and translocation (25.3%) were less commonly addressed. For public space applications, accumulation-focused plantings require a defined maintenance pathway (pruning/harvest, biomass removal, and safe handling or disposal) to avoid recirculation of metal-bearing material within the urban environment. Sampling focused on aboveground tissues (73.4%) more than roots (28.9%). In multiple regression, environmental type was associated with element richness (Adj. R² = 0.08, p = 0.001). Here, richness is treated as an index of reporting breadth. Overall, the dominant quantitative signals reflect context-dependent reporting and study design patterns. They do not represent harmonised, concentration-based remediation outcomes. These patterns provide an evidence map to support context-aware interpretation and future study standardisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ornamental Plants and Urban Gardening (3rd Edition))

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21 pages, 7679 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Morpho-Physiological Responses Underlying Salt Tolerance at Different Time Points in Brassica napus Seedlings

by Maria Batool, Ali Mahmoud El-Badri, Lei Zheng, Chunyun Wang, Zongkai Wang, Muhammad Ikram, Maaz Ullah, Muhammad Ikram, Muhammad Waqas, Jie Kuai, Chunyu Zhang, Jinxiong Shen, Bo Wang and Guangsheng Zhou

Plants 2026, 15(4), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040661 - 22 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Soil salinization is a major environmental hazard, hindering rapeseed development due to sodium ion (Na⁺) toxicity and ionic imbalances in plant cells. Understanding tolerance mechanisms and categorizing reliable physiochemical indicators is vital for enhancing rapeseed tolerance. Herein, we aimed to enhance [...] Read more.

Soil salinization is a major environmental hazard, hindering rapeseed development due to sodium ion (Na⁺) toxicity and ionic imbalances in plant cells. Understanding tolerance mechanisms and categorizing reliable physiochemical indicators is vital for enhancing rapeseed tolerance. Herein, we aimed to enhance knowledge about the stress-responsive mechanism of ten rapeseed varieties (C71, C88, C91, C97, C123, C136, C196, C272, C280, and C320) exposed to five NaCl concentrations (0, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mM) through determining key factors related to salt tolerance at the seedling stage. Our results showed that salt stress significantly reduced seedling growth and biomass with increasing salt stress concentration in a similar pattern in all studied varieties, especially in sensitive seedlings. Furthermore, photosynthetic pigment, osmotic solutes, and MDA showed significant variations under salt treatment versus control in all studied varieties. Based on morpho-physiochemical trait analysis of ten rapeseed varieties, C71 and C272 were selected as tolerant and sensitive varieties to study stress responses during six weeks (weekly time points) in the leaf, petiole, stem, and root of seedlings under 250 mM NaCl. Current findings demonstrated superior osmotic adjustment of C71 through higher accumulation of total soluble sugars and protein, reflected in lower MDA levels, which contributed to maintaining cellular homeostasis and membrane integrity to improve resilience under salinity versus C272. Besides, total amino acid content was enhanced in C71 versus C272 seedlings, which was attributed to stress tolerance. In different tissues of C71 and C272, Na⁺ and K⁺ levels varied with increasing growing time, reaching the maximum increment at the 6th week under salt stress conditions. Moreover, Na⁺ initially accumulates in roots and enhances the K⁺ level in tolerant seedlings; besides, K⁺ was accumulated higher in the roots of tolerant seedlings, resulting in K⁺ homeostasis, thereby improving stress tolerance. Our results can be a great reference value for rapeseed plant breeders to develop salt-tolerant cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stress Responses and Quality Formation in Horticultural Crops)

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13 pages, 5098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Insights into Cell Wall-Related Vesicle Secretion with Different Mechanisms

by Jiawen Yang, Sheng Chang, Linlin Li, Xiaoyu Ma, Hua Han, Zheng Liu and Jian Zhu

Plants 2026, 15(4), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040660 - 22 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Exocytosis is a fundamental biological process in all eukaryotes involving the vesicular transport of cellular cargo to the plasma membrane or extracellular space. However, in walled organisms such as plants, fungi, and certain archaea, the rigid cell wall presents a unique barrier to [...] Read more.

Exocytosis is a fundamental biological process in all eukaryotes involving the vesicular transport of cellular cargo to the plasma membrane or extracellular space. However, in walled organisms such as plants, fungi, and certain archaea, the rigid cell wall presents a unique barrier to vesicular secretion. The dense, structured matrix of the mature cell wall restricts the passage of macromolecules and vesicles, raising the fundamental question of how vesicle secretion operates in this constrained environment. In the present study, we integrate transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), and serial section electron tomography (SS-ET) to investigate the structural mechanisms underlying cell wall-related exocytosis. We demonstrate that secretory vesicles do not undergo fusion with the plasma membrane in cell wall-related vesicle secretion in Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). Furthermore, in the floral nectary of A. thaliana, we identify the details of vesicles inside the multivesicular body (MVB)-like structure in cell wall. Collectively, these results reveal distinct vesicle secretion pathways adapted to the presence of a cell wall, expanding our understanding of how secretory vesicles traverse and deliver cargo beyond the plasma membrane in walled eukaryotic cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Cell Biology)

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25 pages, 7373 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pyroxsulam Boosts Wheat Tolerance to Bixlozone: Effects and Mechanisms

by Yaling Geng, Xu Dong, Chencan Wang, Chunhong Liu, Hongliang Wei, Linghui Wang, Jing Xu, Dong Chen and Libing Yuan

Plants 2026, 15(4), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040658 - 22 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Bixlozone has significant potential as a pre-emergence and early post-emergence herbicide in wheat production across China. However, its safety when applied to wheat is poor, frequently causing phytotoxicity. This study confirmed the capacity of pyroxsulam to mitigate bixlozone-induced injury without compromising weed control [...] Read more.

Bixlozone has significant potential as a pre-emergence and early post-emergence herbicide in wheat production across China. However, its safety when applied to wheat is poor, frequently causing phytotoxicity. This study confirmed the capacity of pyroxsulam to mitigate bixlozone-induced injury without compromising weed control efficacy and examined the underlying processes. Wheat exposed to bixlozone alone developed pronounced chlorosis and significant reductions in tiller formation, ultimately lowering the grain yield. In contrast, co-treatment with pyroxsulam substantially relieved chlorosis and restored both the tiller number and yield performance. Bixlozone reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, impairing the function of photosystem II (PSII), which was mitigated by pyroxsulam application. Transcriptome profiling showed that pyroxsulam strongly activated detoxification-related pathways, especially those associated with glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which facilitate the metabolic detoxification or compartmentalization of bixlozone. qRT-PCR further validated the marked induction of key detoxification genes ABCC8-X1, GSTU6 and ABCC10 following pyroxsulam addition. Collectively, this study provides initial mechanistic insight into how pyroxsulam, though itself a herbicide, can enhance wheat tolerance to bixlozone by stimulating endogenous detoxification systems. These findings offer a framework for the development of safer herbicide mixtures and expand current understanding of crop–herbicide interactions, providing meaningful implications for herbicide management and sustainable agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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20 pages, 2099 KB

Open AccessReview

Cedarwood Oils: The Wood Essential Oil Compositions from Trees Known as “Cedar”

by William N. Setzer and Prabodh Satyal

Plants 2026, 15(4), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040659 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 736

Abstract

In addition to the true cedars (Cedrus species), there are several genera of trees commonly called “cedar”, including species of Callitropsis, Calocedrus, Cedrela, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Juniperus, Thuja, and Widdringtonia. The wood essential [...] Read more.

In addition to the true cedars (Cedrus species), there are several genera of trees commonly called “cedar”, including species of Callitropsis, Calocedrus, Cedrela, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Juniperus, Thuja, and Widdringtonia. The wood essential oils (cedarwood oils) of these trees have been used as flavor and fragrance materials, as well as in medicinal applications. In this study, we present summaries of the wood essential oils from trees known as “cedar”. A literature search was carried out on cedarwood oils and, when available, compared with commercial wood essential oils from the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC) collection. Cedrus wood oils are generally dominated by the himachalenes and atlantones. Sesquiterpenoids are abundant in other cedarwood oils, including cedrenes, cedrol, and thujopsene in Cupressus funebris, Juniperus ashei, and Juniperus virginiana. Cadinane sesquiterpenoids are generally abundant in Cedrela odorata and Cryptomeria japonica, while nootkatane sesquiterpenoids are found in Callitropsis nootkatensis and eudesmane sesquiterpenoids are found in Thuja occidentalis. Sesquiterpenoids are generally responsible for the woody fragrances of cedarwood oils, but monoterpenoids can also be dominant (e.g., Calocedrus species). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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23 pages, 10014 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Expression Analysis of MADS-Box Gene Family in Pinus koraiensis and Overexpression of PkMADS9 Promoting Early Flowering in Transgenic Arabidopsis

by Xue Luan, Minghui Zhao, Wenjing Gu, Yan Li, Luping Jiang, Shuanglin Song, Haiyang Yu, Yanming Zhang, Xiaona Pei and Xiyang Zhao

Plants 2026, 15(4), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040657 - 21 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) is a vital woody oil tree species native to Northeast Asia, with its pine nuts serving as the primary global source of edible pine nuts globally due to their rich nutritional content. Currently, seed yield from Korean [...] Read more.

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) is a vital woody oil tree species native to Northeast Asia, with its pine nuts serving as the primary global source of edible pine nuts globally due to their rich nutritional content. Currently, seed yield from Korean pine is low and unstable, failing to meet the market demand. The limited number of female cones is the primary factor restricting its yield. MADS-box family members are crucial in regulating the initiation, differentiation, and morphogenesis of floral organs. However, systematic identification and characterization of MADS-box proteins in Korean pine have not been reported. This study utilized transcriptome data from reproductive and vegetative buds during the flower bud differentiation stage of Korean pine to comprehensively identify MADS-box family members through bioinformatics analysis and molecular biology approaches. A total of 37 PkMADS-box genes were identified, including 6 type I and 31 type II (MIKC) genes, which were classified into 8 subfamilies. The physicochemical properties, conserved domains, conserved motifs, protein structures, gene expression profiles, and protein–protein interaction networks of these genes were analyzed. Key genes associated with physiological differentiation (flower induction) and sexual organogenesis were identified based on expression patterns during flower bud differentiation and flower organ development. Among these, PkMADS4 and PkMADS26 are likely involved in positively regulating flower induction, while PkMADS9 plays a role in the morphological differentiation of sexual organs in a dose-dependent manner and overexpression of PkMADS9 promoting early flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis. These genes were also identified as key candidates for regulating reproductive phase changes and strobilus development. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further investigation of MADS-box genes in reproduction and offers insights into genetic improvements aimed at enhancing the seed yield of Korean pine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics and Transcriptomics for Plant Development and Improvement)

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12 pages, 3177 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fe₃O₄ Nanozyme-Labeled Lateral Flow Immunochromatography Strips for Rapid Detection of PVX and PVY

by Yu Yang, Jiali Wu, Zhaoping Gu, Haowen Yang, Siyi Wang, Yonghong Zhou, Hongju Jian and Dianqiu Lv

Plants 2026, 15(4), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040656 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 374

Abstract

Potato virus X (PVX) and potato virus Y (PVY) are major pathogens that threaten seed potato quality and yield. To improve the efficiency of field screening, we developed monovalent PVX, monovalent PVY, and bivalent PVX/PVY nanozyme strips using Fe₃O₄ nanozymes [...] Read more.

Potato virus X (PVX) and potato virus Y (PVY) are major pathogens that threaten seed potato quality and yield. To improve the efficiency of field screening, we developed monovalent PVX, monovalent PVY, and bivalent PVX/PVY nanozyme strips using Fe₃O₄ nanozymes as labels in a double-antibody sandwich lateral flow immunochromatographic assay. Western blot analysis demonstrated that four monoclonal antibodies (PVX 2, PVX 6, PVY 2, and PVY 5) specifically recognized their corresponding viral coat proteins. Specificity testing showed that the nanozyme strips reacted only with the target viruses and did not cross-react with other common potato viruses, including Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virus M (PVM), Potato virus S (PVS), and Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). The PVX nanozyme strip detected PVX-positive extracts diluted up to 10³-fold, the PVY nanozyme strip up to 10⁴-fold, and the bivalent strip detected PVX/PVY co-infected samples diluted up to 10³-fold. In addition, detection results by strips from 12 samples of plantlets in vitro were fully consistent with RT-PCR. These nanozyme strips provide rapid, simple, specific, and sensitive methods that can be stored at ambient temperature, enabling field surveys, warehouse screening, and on-site testing and supporting early detection of potato virus diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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19 pages, 2816 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Differentiation Among Guatemalan Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) Accessions

by Martha Patricia Herrera-González, Lizbeth Coxaj, Ana Oliva, Margarita Palmieri, Alejandra Zamora-Jerez, Rolando Cifuentes-Velasquez and Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo

Plants 2026, 15(4), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040655 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 512

Abstract

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) is a major export crop in Guatemala; however, its genetic basis remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and differentiation among 288 cardamom accessions from the Northern Transversal Strip, the country’s primary production [...] Read more.

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) is a major export crop in Guatemala; however, its genetic basis remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and differentiation among 288 cardamom accessions from the Northern Transversal Strip, the country’s primary production area. Eleven molecular markers (SSR, ISSR, and EST-SSR) were used to generate multilocus profiles analyzed under a dominant model. Genetic diversity revealed average values of Shannon’s index (I = 0.316) and expected diversity (h = 0.207), with SSR markers providing the highest values (I = 0.364, h = 0.233). Bayesian and hierarchical analysis identified three genetic groups (K = 3). The relatively low diversity observed is consistent with the introduction history of this crop in Guatemala, human-driven selection, and historical bottlenecks caused by Cardamom Mosaic Virus and thrips infestations. Despite these constraints, private and high-frequency bands were detected across genetic groups, offering potential for marker-assisted selection. These findings provide the first genetic baseline for Guatemalan cardamom, supporting future breeding strategies aimed at improving resilience, productivity, and adaptation to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genetic Diversity and Molecular Evolution)

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19 pages, 950 KB

Open AccessReview

Antimutagenic and Anticarcinogenic Evidence of the Genus Ficus L.

by Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Jacqueline Portillo-Reyes, Luis Fernando García-Melo, José A. Morales-González, Marvin Antonio Soriano Ursúa, Manuel Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Jeannett A. Izquierdo-Vega, Aleli Julieta Izquierdo-Vega, Isela Álvarez-González, Ángel Morales-González, Nikola Batina and Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar

Plants 2026, 15(4), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040654 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 680

Abstract

Among the most important species of Ficus L. genus are F. deltoidea, F. exasperata, F. sycomorus, F. religiosa, F. microcarpa, F. hirta Vahl., F. benghalensis, F. racemosa, F. elastica, and F. carica. The genus [...] Read more.

Among the most important species of Ficus L. genus are F. deltoidea, F. exasperata, F. sycomorus, F. religiosa, F. microcarpa, F. hirta Vahl., F. benghalensis, F. racemosa, F. elastica, and F. carica. The genus has more than 30 traditional ethnomedicinal uses, attributed to the combination of different bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, (flavanols, flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, chalcones, anthocyanins), phenolic acids (hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids), terpenes (triterpenes, tetraterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes), phytosterols, coumarins, hydroxybenzoates, phenylpropanoids, chlorins, pheophytins, megastigmans, chitinases, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, alkaloids, and glycosides. With this in mind, the objective of this manuscript was to conduct a scientific search in the main electronic databases (PubMed, SciELO, Latindex, Redalyc, BiologyBrowser, ScienceResearch, ScienceDirect, World Wide Science, Web of Science, Academic Journals, Etnobotany, Scopus, and Google Scholar) to gather information on published research regarding the genoprotective potential of the Ficus L. genus. Unlike most scientific articles, which primarily describe the individual characteristics and properties of each species, this document compiles the largest number of studies (in vitro and in vivo) on Ficus plants described by different authors. Thus, we aim to promote more detailed scientific research and expand studies on the protective capacity of these angiosperm plants to the genetic material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants in Health and Disease: Their Antioxidant, Antigenotoxicity and Protective Properties)

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23 pages, 2452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resolving Species Limits and Evolutionary Distinctiveness of the Libyan Endemic Arbutus pavarii (Ericaceae) Using Multilocus DNA Barcoding and Phylogenetic Analyses

by Ahmed M. H. Gawhari, Alastair Culham, Faten Y. Ellmouni, Ahmed A. Alghamdi, Stephen L. Jury and Ahmed EL-Banhawy

Plants 2026, 15(4), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040653 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 447

Abstract

The taxonomic status of Arbutus pavarii Pamp., a rare and geographically restricted species endemic to northeastern Libya, has long been debated, with some treatments considering it a synonym of A. unedo. To resolve this uncertainty, we applied an integrative molecular framework that [...] Read more.

The taxonomic status of Arbutus pavarii Pamp., a rare and geographically restricted species endemic to northeastern Libya, has long been debated, with some treatments considering it a synonym of A. unedo. To resolve this uncertainty, we applied an integrative molecular framework that combined multilocus DNA barcoding, phylogenetic inference, and multivariate statistical analyses. Five barcode loci—nrITS, matK, rbcL, trnH–psbA, and rps16—were analyzed using barcode-gap diagnostics, TaxonDNA identification tests, and single-locus and concatenated phylogenetic analyses. Barcode-gap analyses based on Kimura 2-parameter distances revealed clear and reproducible separation between intra- and interspecific variation for A. pavarii, particularly for nrITS and the concatenated multilocus dataset, whereas conserved plastid loci showed limited discriminatory power when used individually. Phylogenetic reconstructions consistently recovered A. pavarii as a strongly supported monophyletic lineage, distinct from A. unedo and other Mediterranean congeners, with congruent topologies across the nuclear, plastid, and combined datasets. Multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis and heatmap clustering, further corroborate the genetic cohesion and distinctiveness of A. pavarii samples. Collectively, these results provide robust molecular evidence supporting the recognition of Arbutus pavarii as a distinct evolutionary lineage, rather than an intraspecific variant of A. unedo. This study established a reproducible multilocus framework for species delimitation in Arbutus and highlighted the importance of integrating nuclear and plastid markers to resolve complex taxonomic relationships. The clarified taxonomic status of A. pavarii has important implications for biodiversity assessment and conservation planning in the Mediterranean region, particularly in the Cyrenaican floristic province. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Genomics IV)

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20 pages, 1763 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Stoichiometry-Regulated Microbial Carbon Use Efficiency Between Rhizosphere and Bulk Soils in the Temperate Forests of Northeastern China

by Beixing Duan and Ruihan Xiao

Plants 2026, 15(4), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040652 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 544

Abstract

In forest ecosystems, rhizodeposition can lead to significant differences in the availability of soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) between rhizosphere and bulk soils. Soil stoichiometry affects microbial and enzyme nutrient content and determines the abundance and composition of microbes and [...] Read more.

In forest ecosystems, rhizodeposition can lead to significant differences in the availability of soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) between rhizosphere and bulk soils. Soil stoichiometry affects microbial and enzyme nutrient content and determines the abundance and composition of microbes and thus regulates microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE). However, how soil stoichiometry—particularly its variation between the rhizosphere and bulk soil—regulates microbial CUE by shaping microbial biomass, extracellular enzyme stoichiometry, and community composition remains insufficiently quantified. Here, through the C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios for available soil nutrients, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme activities—(β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminodase (NAG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and acid phosphatase (ACP))—and the composition and activity of microbial communities (based on sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS genes) in the rhizosphere and bulk soils of five temperate forest ecosystems in northeastern China, we aimed to unravel their integrated effects on microbial CUE. Results indicated that soil C, N, and P and their stoichiometry, microbial community composition, and microbial CUE were significantly different between rhizosphere and bulk soils among all tree species. The disproportionate variation in soil nutrient pools between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere regions has led to a stoichiometric imbalance. There was higher microbial CUE in the rhizosphere soil than that in the bulk soil among all tree species. However, the effect pathways of tree species on microbial CUE in the rhizosphere and bulk soils differed. The structural equation model (SEM) further suggested that tree species affected microbial CUE through distinct pathways in different soil compartments. In the rhizosphere, the effect was directly driven by available nutrient stoichiometry. In bulk soil, it was jointly mediated by both available nutrients and microbial biomass stoichiometry. These findings demonstrate that root rhizodeposition shapes microbial carbon cycling by altering soil stoichiometric imbalances, which can strengthen the current understanding of plant–microbe–soil interactions in temperate forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Soil-Microbe Interactions for the Health of Agroforest Ecosystems)

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13 pages, 1775 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coexistence of Calliergonella cuspidata and Hamatocaulis vernicosus Under Different Fen Topography Types and Microhabitat Conditions

by Monika Kalvaitienė and Ilona Jukonienė

Plants 2026, 15(4), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040651 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 327

Abstract

Hamatocaulis vernicosus and Calliergonella cuspidata commonly co-occur in base-rich fens, reflecting overlapping ecological niches. While C. cuspidata is a widespread and ecologically plastic fen species often associated with eutrophicated wetlands, H. vernicosus is a habitat-specialist species of conservation concern. This study investigated the [...] Read more.

Hamatocaulis vernicosus and Calliergonella cuspidata commonly co-occur in base-rich fens, reflecting overlapping ecological niches. While C. cuspidata is a widespread and ecologically plastic fen species often associated with eutrophicated wetlands, H. vernicosus is a habitat-specialist species of conservation concern. This study investigated the competitive interactions between these two moss species and the role of microhabitat conditions in their coexistence. A reciprocal transplant experiment was conducted in a natural, rich fen in southeastern Lithuania using replicated experimental plots across different microtopographic and hydrological conditions. Species cover and spread were monitored to assess competitive performance following transplantation. The results showed that under wet conditions, H. vernicosus was able to expand into surrounding areas and successfully compete with C. cuspidata. In contrast, C. cuspidata showed limited spread within H. vernicosus patches under wet conditions and was gradually displaced. An advantage of C. cuspidata was observed only in hummocky microtopographic settings. These findings indicate that stable hydrological conditions maintaining microhabitat heterogeneity promote the coexistence of both species. Alterations in the water regime may reduce the competitive ability and long-term persistence of H. vernicosus, highlighting the importance of hydrology-focused management for its conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bryophyte Biology, 2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 1554 KB

Open AccessReview

Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm): An Integrative Review of Phytochemistry and Evidence from Preclinical Research to Clinical Studies

by Ioan-Alexandru Cîmpeanu, Casiana Boru, Cristina Adriana Dehelean, Sergio Liga, Raluca Mioara Cosoroabă, Simona Ardelean, Roxana Popescu and Daliborca Vlad

Plants 2026, 15(4), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040650 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 576

Abstract

Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) is a Lamiaceae species widely used in traditional and contemporary herbal practice, yet its reported bioactivities are strongly preparation-dependent, reflecting variability between polyphenol-rich extracts and volatile essential-oil fractions. This integrative review links phytochemistry with recent preclinical findings and [...] Read more.

Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) is a Lamiaceae species widely used in traditional and contemporary herbal practice, yet its reported bioactivities are strongly preparation-dependent, reflecting variability between polyphenol-rich extracts and volatile essential-oil fractions. This integrative review links phytochemistry with recent preclinical findings and available clinical evidence. Across model systems, lemon balm most consistently shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory signatures, with additional domain-specific signals reported in neurobehavioral, cardiometabolic, gastrointestinal, and dermatological models; however, comparability is limited by heterogeneous plant parts, extraction procedures, and chemical standardization. Preclinical findings were organized by biological domain, whereas clinically, the most consistent signals are observed for symptom-oriented endpoints, particularly anxiety/stress and sleep-related outcomes reported in controlled trials, including aromatherapy studies, while evidence for other indications remains mixed or insufficiently confirmed. Overall, the evidence supports continued development of chemically characterized, standardized preparations and mechanism-informed trials with harmonized outcomes and robust safety reporting to improve translational interpretability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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19 pages, 1788 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Hydrogen Improves Storage Quality of Bok Choy by Reducing Water Loss and Maintaining Cell Wall Integrity

by Guanjie Zhu, Ronghui Yu, Yuhao Wang, Pengfei Cheng, Ke Jiang, Xin Zhou, Feng Cao, Zhe Wang and Wenbiao Shen

Plants 2026, 15(4), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040649 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 503

Abstract

Bok choy (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) experiences rapid postharvest quality decline, primarily due to water loss. This study aims to evaluate the effect of H₂-modified atmosphere packaging (MAP; containing 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% H₂) on extending the [...] Read more.

Bok choy (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) experiences rapid postharvest quality decline, primarily due to water loss. This study aims to evaluate the effect of H₂-modified atmosphere packaging (MAP; containing 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% H₂) on extending the shelf life of bok choy. First, we observed that the storage of bok choy for 9 d (4 °C and 85% relative humidity) was accompanied by a decreasing tendency of molecular hydrogen (H₂) production. Subsequently, the effects of hydrogen (H₂) administered via modified atmosphere packaging on the preservation of bok choy were investigated. The results showed that among the treatments, 0.1% H₂ MAP could effectively improve the storage quality of bok choy under identical storage conditions. Compared to the control groups at 9 d, the contents of chlorophyll a/b, carotenoids, total phenols and flavonoids, and total soluble solids were increased by 43.75%, 40%, 27.78%, 28.89%, 102.38%, and 7.29%, and weight loss rate and electrolyte leakage were reduced by 31.77% and 50.19% (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the combined water fraction was increased and respiration rate was decreased. Biochemical evidence further showed that xyloglucan endotransglycosylase 2/3 (XET2/3) transcripts and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) activity, responsible for cell wall degradation, were decreased. By contrast, peroxidase 31/37 (POD31/37) genes and peroxidase (POD) activity, key to the synthesis of lignin, were increased. Importantly, these changes were positively matched with the maintenance of cell wall integrity by H₂ MAP. Together, the results clearly suggested that H₂ MAP could maintain the postharvest quality of bok choy via alleviating water loss and maintaining cell wall integrity. These findings thus provide a useful technology for improving the storage quality of vegetables prone to water loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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22 pages, 4498 KB

Open AccessArticle

Methyl Jasmonate Synergistically Enhances Phenolic Compounds and Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging to Alleviate Drought-Induced Oxidative Damage in Ilex rotunda

by Junhan Guo, Omer Conteh, Ye Zheng, Mingzheng Duan, Huwei Yuan, Yongqing He, Minfen Yu, Wenjun Dai, Yihui Li, Songting Zhang, Qinyuan Shen, Liangye Huang, Bingsong Zheng and Muhammad Junaid Rao

Plants 2026, 15(4), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040648 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 473

Abstract

Drought stress severely compromises the physiological integrity and secondary metabolism of medicinal plants. This study integrated physiological, biochemical, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analyses to investigate the effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on drought-stressed Ilex rotunda seedlings. Drought reduced relative [...] Read more.

Drought stress severely compromises the physiological integrity and secondary metabolism of medicinal plants. This study integrated physiological, biochemical, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analyses to investigate the effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on drought-stressed Ilex rotunda seedlings. Drought reduced relative water content by 29% and chlorophyll by >50%, while elevating H₂O₂ (76%) and malondialdehyde (120%). MeJA application mitigated these impairments, reducing oxidative markers by 25% and enhancing non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, as shown by a 74% increase in DPPH radical scavenging activity and a 141% rise in total phenolic content. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and pathway mapping confirmed a significant reprogramming of the phenolic metabolome, particularly within phenylpropanoid and benzoate biosynthesis pathways. Drought + MeJA-treated plants exhibited a distinct and enriched profile compared to both well-watered control and drought-stressed groups. This reprogramming specifically elevated key hydroxycinnamates, including verbascoside and neochlorogenic acid (increased by 50% and 52%, respectively), while suppressing alternative phenolic branches. These findings demonstrate that MeJA orchestrates a shift from enzymatic scavenging to a potent metabolite-based antioxidant system, positioning it as an effective elicitor for enhancing drought resilience and enriching the high-value phytochemicals in I. rotunda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Responses in Plants: Hormonal Regulation and Multi-Omics Insights Under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses)

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25 pages, 1281 KB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Plant–Microorganism Interactions to Mitigate Biotic and Abiotic Stresses for Sustainable Crops

by Mayara Santana dos Santos, Silas Pessini Rodrigues, Adriana Silva Hemerly, Antonio Alberto Ribeiro Fernandes and Patricia Machado Bueno Fernandes

Plants 2026, 15(4), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040647 - 19 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Climate change has intensified the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses, representing a major threat to agricultural productivity. This climate variability, coupled with the excessive use of agrochemicals, not only compromises environmental sustainability but also exacerbates food insecurity, directly affecting food availability and [...] Read more.

Climate change has intensified the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses, representing a major threat to agricultural productivity. This climate variability, coupled with the excessive use of agrochemicals, not only compromises environmental sustainability but also exacerbates food insecurity, directly affecting food availability and quality. In this context, biotechnological strategies have proven essential for mitigating the effects of stress on plants, promoting practices focused on agricultural sustainability. Notable among these strategies is the use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms, which are emerging as promising alternatives capable of improving plant tolerance to stress conditions and simultaneously reducing dependence on agrochemicals. These microorganisms can act as nitrogen fixers and solubilizers of nutrients, such as phosphorus and potassium. Additionally, they can influence plant immune responses by inducing systemic resistance and promoting the synthesis of phytohormones, such as auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid, which support plant development during the stress response. The interaction between plants and microorganisms represents a sustainable agricultural management strategy capable of enhancing crop tolerance to environmental adversities. In this review, we discuss the microorganisms known to establish beneficial interactions with plants, leading to improved performance under biotic and abiotic stress. Overall, this work highlights the potential of plant–microbe partnerships as a cornerstone for advancing sustainable agriculture in the face of global challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Regulation of Plant Stress Responses)

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23 pages, 2540 KB

Open AccessReview

Unveiling the Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Amazonian Fruit Species from the Genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae): Functional Traits and Applied Perspectives

by Pedro Paulo dos Santos, Josiane Celerino de Carvalho, Elmer Viana Gonçalves, Karen Cristina Pires da Costa, Fernanda Adrielle da Silva Rocha, Acácio de Andrade Pacheco, Hector Henrique Ferreira Koolen, Jaime Paiva Lopes Aguiar, Andreia Varmes Fernandes and José Francisco de Carvalho Gonçalves

Plants 2026, 15(4), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040646 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 442

Abstract

Eugenia (Myrtaceae) is a highly diverse genus of fruit trees native to the Amazon with remarkable potential for food, nutritional, and biotechnological applications. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on morphofunctional traits, ecological strategies, and genetic resources that make several Eugenia species promising [...] Read more.

Eugenia (Myrtaceae) is a highly diverse genus of fruit trees native to the Amazon with remarkable potential for food, nutritional, and biotechnological applications. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on morphofunctional traits, ecological strategies, and genetic resources that make several Eugenia species promising candidates for domestication and cultivation. Its main attributes include shrubby growth habits, racemose inflorescences, nutrient-rich fruits with few seeds, recalcitrant yet viable propagules, and wide distribution across the Americas. Their molecular and phytochemical diversity suggests applications in food systems, pharmaceuticals, and bioindustries. However, key challenges persist, such as irregular fruiting, postharvest perishability, limited germplasm conservation in degraded areas, prospecting biotechnological applications such as antioxidants, and insufficient genomic characterization. By addressing these gaps, Eugenia domestication could contribute to food security, sustainable agriculture, and the bioeconomy of remote Amazonian regions, thereby positioning this genus as a strategic resource in the face of biodiversity loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants for Extreme and Changing Environments: Domestication, Evolution, Crop Breeding and Genetics, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 3102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Profiling of Host Responses Underlying Synergistic Interaction Between the Phloem-Limited Brassica Yellows Virus and Pea Enation Mosaic Virus 2 in Nicotiana benthamiana

by Cuiji Zhou, Xiaoyan Zhang and Chenggui Han

Plants 2026, 15(4), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040645 - 19 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Phloem-restricted poleroviruses cause substantial yield losses in crops. Co-infection of the polerovirus brassica yellows virus (BrYV) with the umbravirus pea enation mosaic virus 2 (PEMV 2) results in synergistic interactions that enable BrYV to overcome phloem limitation in Nicotiana benthamiana, yet the [...] Read more.

Phloem-restricted poleroviruses cause substantial yield losses in crops. Co-infection of the polerovirus brassica yellows virus (BrYV) with the umbravirus pea enation mosaic virus 2 (PEMV 2) results in synergistic interactions that enable BrYV to overcome phloem limitation in Nicotiana benthamiana, yet the associated host transcriptional responses remain poorly understood. At 7 days post inoculation (dpi), BrYV RNA accumulation was increased in plants co-infected with BrYV and PEMV 2, although no visible symptoms or detectable cell death were observed. By 14 dpi, extensive cell death was induced in upper leaves infected with BrYV and PEMV 2. Transcriptome analysis at 14 dpi identified 45, 188, and 1962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves infected with BrYV, PEMV 2, and co-infected with BrYV and PEMV 2, respectively, compared with mock-inoculated plants. A large number of DEGs, Gene Ontology terms, and KEGG pathways were predominantly observed in co-infected plants. Notably, expression changes were observed in genes related to plasmodesmata-associated processes, RNA silencing, photosynthesis, cell death, and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling during co-infection. These results provide a transcriptome-based overview of host responses during the late stage of BrYV and PEMV 2 co-infection and highlight the complexity of viral synergism between phloem-limited and taxonomically distinct plant viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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19 pages, 1755 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Australian Rainforest Rosewood: From Wood Characteristics to Chemical Profile and Biological Activity of Its Essential Oil

by Flavio Polito, Laura Cornara, Paola Malaspina, Annarita La Neve, Erminia La Camera, Greg Trevena, Domenico Trombetta, Vincenzo De Feo and Antonella Smeriglio

Plants 2026, 15(4), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040644 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 430

Abstract

Dysoxylum fraserianum (A.Juss.) Benth. (Meliaceae), commonly known as Australian rosewood, is a rare species endemic to the subtropical rainforests of New South Wales, whose hardwood is used for essential oil (EO) extraction. Despite its commercial relevance, an updated pharmacognostic characterisation of this species [...] Read more.

Dysoxylum fraserianum (A.Juss.) Benth. (Meliaceae), commonly known as Australian rosewood, is a rare species endemic to the subtropical rainforests of New South Wales, whose hardwood is used for essential oil (EO) extraction. Despite its commercial relevance, an updated pharmacognostic characterisation of this species is lacking. This study aimed to provide an integrated analysis of the micromorphological, chemical, and biological features of D. fraserianum hardwood and its EO. Anatomical investigations revealed diffuse-porous wood and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, while histochemical tests showed vessel occlusions with polysaccharide-rich gums, and confirmed the presence of lipophilic extractives within banded axial parenchyma cells. GC–MS and GC-FID analyses identified 52 sesquiterpenes, with ledene (12.74%), β-caryophyllene (8.43%), and δ-cadinene (7.18%) as major constituents, reflecting the chemotaxonomic traits of the Meliaceae family. The EO exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in multiple in vitro assays and showed moderate antibacterial activity with a bacteriostatic effect against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. No fungicidal activity was detected against Candida albicans. These findings confirm the phytochemical uniqueness of D. fraserianum EO and support its biological relevance, offering a modern scientific basis for its potential use in pharmacological and industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficacy, Safety and Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants)

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26 pages, 6855 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Microtechnique with Resin: Towards Plant Histolomics

by Ivan T. Cerritos-Castro, Araceli Patrón-Soberano and Ana Paulina Barba-de la Rosa

Plants 2026, 15(4), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040643 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 523

Abstract

Plant microtechnique involves a sequence of skill-intensive histological procedures that often yield poorly reproducible images and limited quantitative information. Nevertheless, it provides an essential cellular and tissue context needed to understand biological functions. In this work, we present an optimized resin-based microtechnique that [...] Read more.

Plant microtechnique involves a sequence of skill-intensive histological procedures that often yield poorly reproducible images and limited quantitative information. Nevertheless, it provides an essential cellular and tissue context needed to understand biological functions. In this work, we present an optimized resin-based microtechnique that replaces paraffin embedding, incorporates a chemically activated adhesive treatment for glass slides, and develop a trichrome stain for resin sections. All these improvements enhanced section stability and image reproducibility, enabled a broader color palette with sharp contrast of tissues, cells and organelles, and selected ultrastructural features using light microscopy. Based on these preparations, a quantitative micrograph analysis workflow was developed based on image segmentation and feature extraction using MATLAB (R2024a) and Adobe Photoshop (CS6). This approach enables the measurement of a wide range of morphometric and compositional features, generating structured histological datasets that we refer to as plant histolomes. As an illustrative application, this workflow was applied to leaves from several model plants species and integrated multiple anatomical traits into a composite feature, the “C₄ Kranz-anatomy level”, enabling quantitative comparison along the C₃-C₄ anatomical transition. The resin-based microtechnique and the histolomics framework developed in this work provide a robust and reproducible basis for the quantitative plant histology, bridging classical microscopy with a data-driven tissue analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microscopy Techniques in Plant Studies—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stable Inheritance of Transgene and Yellow Fluorescent Protein Gene Expression in Progeny of Transgenic Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Plants

by George Austin, Jesse Jones, Abigail Stevens, Elaine Zhang, Taylor Thompson, Michael Gomez, Geoffrey Vrla, Youngbin Oh, Jean-Philippe Marelli, Carl M. Jones, Brian Staskawicz and Myeong-Je Cho

Plants 2026, 15(4), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040642 - 18 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Genetic engineering tools have the potential to rapidly and precisely improve the genome of slow-to-breed cacao. We previously developed an efficient protocol for transforming cacao using cotyledonary explants derived from secondary somatic embryos via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In this study, we demonstrate that [...] Read more.

Genetic engineering tools have the potential to rapidly and precisely improve the genome of slow-to-breed cacao. We previously developed an efficient protocol for transforming cacao using cotyledonary explants derived from secondary somatic embryos via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In this study, we demonstrate that our transformation protocol is successful in elite cultivars, INIAPG-038 and Matina 1-6, producing fertile seeds with stable visual marker inheritance regardless of whether the transgenic plants were used as the pollen or ovule donor. Three vectors were used in the transformations, each containing genes for enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eyfp) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII). Three transgenic INIAPG-038 events and one transgenic Matina 1-6 event were used to evaluate seed fertility and the stability of transgene inheritance in cacao seeds and plants. The T₁ progeny of these four transgenic events were analyzed for YFP expression and transgene presence. YFP expression segregated at a 1:1 ratio in all events when the transgenic plants were crossed with non-transgenic plants, while a 3:1 segregation was observed when transgenic events were crossed with each other. The transgenic plants exhibited a normal phenotype compared to non-transgenic control plants, producing seeds with a 97% germination rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Transformation and Genome Editing)

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20 pages, 1934 KB

Open AccessArticle

Compartment-Specific Niche Filtering Shapes the Structure and Nutrient-Cycling Potential of Bacterial Communities in Eutrophic Waters with Hydrilla verticillata

by Xiaorong Chen, Chuanxin Chao and Yonghong Xie

Plants 2026, 15(4), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040641 - 18 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Submerged aquatic macrophytes and their microbiomes can help mitigate eutrophication, yet how microbial communities and functions differ across specific plant-associated and surrounding niches remains unclear. Here, we profiled bacterial community composition (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and quantified nitrogen and phosphorus cycling genes ( [...] Read more.

Submerged aquatic macrophytes and their microbiomes can help mitigate eutrophication, yet how microbial communities and functions differ across specific plant-associated and surrounding niches remains unclear. Here, we profiled bacterial community composition (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and quantified nitrogen and phosphorus cycling genes (narG, nirK, nirS, nosZ, phoD by qPCR) across eight distinct compartments associated with the submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata in a eutrophic freshwater wetland. The niches spanned open water, bulk sediment, rhizosphere, and plant phyllosphere (leaf/stem surfaces) and endosphere (leaf/stem/root interiors). Alpha diversity differed significantly among niches: sediments (non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere) exhibited the highest Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) richness and diversity, whereas leaf-associated niches (phyllosphere and endosphere) had the lowest. Beta diversity showed clear separation by niche, indicating strong habitat filtering. Community composition also varied markedly: the water column was dominated by Bacteroidota (~51% of sequences), plant-associated communities were enriched in Pseudomonadota (43–90%), and sediment niches were dominated by Firmicutes (23~48%). Functional gene abundances showed pronounced niche partitioning. Nitrate/nitrite reduction genes (narG, nirK, nirS) were most enriched on leaf phyllosphere, with narG abundance equally high in the water, whereas the N₂O reductase gene nosZ peaked in sediment niches. The alkaline phosphatase gene phoD had its highest copy numbers in leaf biofilms, with significantly lower levels in internal plant tissues. Overall, neutral processes explained ~61% of community variation, but deterministic assembly was evident in the well-connected water and leaf surface niches. These findings reveal strong niche differentiation in plant-associated microbiomes and suggest that compartmentalized microbial functional capacity within the H. verticillata holobiont enhances nitrogen removal and phosphorus cycling in eutrophic waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Stress Physiology and Ecophysiological Responses to Environmental Challenges)

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Plants, Volume 15, Issue 4 (February-2 2026) – 150 articles

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