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ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., Volume 11, Issue 1 (January 2022) – 71 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): A comprehensive information system of the historic Vltava River valley contains numbers of resources, either spatial or non-spatial. Old maps and their georeferencing and potential problems in creating seamless mosaics are the core issues. Other sources of data such as old photographs are localized and stored in the system along with the spatial definition point. The vectorization of data was undertaken for area features used for the analysis of land-use changes, and for contours used for the creation of historic DEM. Vectorized footprints of buildings and vectors of other functional areas subsequently serve as a basis for the procedural modeling of the virtual 3D landscape. The aim of creating such a complex and broad information system is to draw attention to a possible approach to the presentation and visualization of the historical landscape, along with links to important documents. View this paper
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14 pages, 3062 KiB  
Article
Indoor Positioning Algorithm Based on Reconstructed Observation Model and Particle Filter
by Li Ma, Ning Cao, Xiaoliang Feng, Jianping Zhang and Jingjing Yan
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010071 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2880
Abstract
In a complex indoor environment, wireless signals are affected by multiple factors such as reflection, scattering or diffuse reflection of electromagnetic waves from indoor walls and other objects, and the signal strength will fluctuate significantly. For the signal strength and the distance between [...] Read more.
In a complex indoor environment, wireless signals are affected by multiple factors such as reflection, scattering or diffuse reflection of electromagnetic waves from indoor walls and other objects, and the signal strength will fluctuate significantly. For the signal strength and the distance between the unknown nodes and the known nodes are a typical nonlinear estimation problem, and the unknown nodes cannot receive all Access Points (APs) signal strength data, this paper proposes a Particle Filter (PF) indoor position algorithm based on the Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM) reconstruction observation model. Firstly, on the basis of establishing a fingerprint database of wireless signal strength and unknown node position, we use KELM to convert the fingerprint location problem into a machine learning problem and establish the mapping relationship between the location of the unknown node and the wireless signal strength, thereby refocusing construct an observation model of the indoor positioning system. Secondly, according to the measured values obtained by KELM, PF algorithm is adopted to obtain the predicted value of the unknown nodes. Thirdly, the predicted value is fused with the measured value obtained by KELM to locate the position of the unknown nodes. Moreover, a novel control strategy is proposed by introducing a reception factor to deal with the situation that unknown nodes in the system cannot receive all of the AP data, i.e., data loss occurs. This indoor positioning experimental results show that the accuracy of the method is significantly improved contrasted with commonly used PF, GP-PF and other positioning algorithms. Full article
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12 pages, 15939 KiB  
Article
Analyzing the Behaviors of OpenStreetMap Volunteers in Mapping Building Polygons Using a Machine Learning Approach
by Müslüm Hacar
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010070 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3583
Abstract
Mapping as an action in volunteered geographic information is complex in light of the human diversity within the volunteer community. There is no integrated solution that models and fixes all data heterogeneity. Instead, researchers are attempting to assess and understand crowdsourced data. Approaches [...] Read more.
Mapping as an action in volunteered geographic information is complex in light of the human diversity within the volunteer community. There is no integrated solution that models and fixes all data heterogeneity. Instead, researchers are attempting to assess and understand crowdsourced data. Approaches based on statistics are helpful to comprehend trends in crowd-drawing behaviors. This study examines trends in contributors’ first decisions when drawing OpenStreetMap (OSM) buildings. The proposed approach evaluates how important the properties of a point are in determining the first point of building drawings. It classifies the adjacency types of the buildings using a random forest classifier for the properties and aids in inferring drawing trends from the relative impact of each property. To test the approach, detached and attached building groups in Istanbul and Izmir, Turkey, were used. The result had an 83% F-score. In summary, the volunteers tended to choose as first points those further away from the street and building centroid and provided lower point density in the detached buildings than the attached ones. This means that OSM volunteers paid more attention to open spaces when drawing the first points of the detached buildings in the study areas. The study reveals common drawing trends in building-mapping actions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cartographic Communication of Big Data)
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25 pages, 7139 KiB  
Article
A Fast and Accurate Spatial Target Snapping Method for 3D Scene Modeling and Mapping in Mobile Augmented Reality
by Kejia Huang, Chenliang Wang, Runying Liu and Guoxiong Chen
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010069 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3956
Abstract
High-performance spatial target snapping is an essential function in 3D scene modeling and mapping that is widely used in mobile augmented reality (MAR). Spatial data snapping in a MAR system must be quick and accurate, while real-time human–computer interaction and drawing smoothness must [...] Read more.
High-performance spatial target snapping is an essential function in 3D scene modeling and mapping that is widely used in mobile augmented reality (MAR). Spatial data snapping in a MAR system must be quick and accurate, while real-time human–computer interaction and drawing smoothness must also be ensured. In this paper, we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of several spatial data snapping algorithms, such as the 2D computational geometry method and the absolute distance calculation method. To address the issues that existing algorithms do not adequately support 3D data snapping and real-time snapping of high data volumes, we present a new adaptive dynamic snapping algorithm based on the spatial and graphical characteristics of augmented reality (AR) data snapping. Finally, the algorithm is experimented with by an AR modeling system, including the evaluation of snapping efficiency and snapping accuracy. Through the experimental comparison, we found that the algorithm proposed in this paper is substantially improved in terms of shortening the snapping time, enhancing the snapping stability, and improving the snapping accuracy of vector points, lines, faces, bodies, etc. The snapping efficiency of the algorithm proposed in this paper is 1.6 times higher than that of the traditional algorithm on average, while the data acquisition accuracy based on the algorithm in this paper is more than 6 times higher than that of the traditional algorithm on average under the same conditions, and its data accuracy is improved from the decimeter level to the centimeter level. Full article
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27 pages, 5592 KiB  
Article
Positioning Localities for Vague Spatial Location Description: A Supervaluation Semantics Approach
by Peng Ye, Xueying Zhang, Chunju Zhang and Yulong Dang
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010068 - 15 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3973
Abstract
In the big data era, spatial positioning based on location description is the foundation to the intelligent transformation of location-based-services. To solve the problem of vagueness in location description in different contexts, this paper proposes a positioning method based on supervaluation semantics. Firstly, [...] Read more.
In the big data era, spatial positioning based on location description is the foundation to the intelligent transformation of location-based-services. To solve the problem of vagueness in location description in different contexts, this paper proposes a positioning method based on supervaluation semantics. Firstly, through combing the laws of human spatial cognition, the types of elements that people pay attention to in location description are clarified. On this basis, the source of vagueness in the location description and its embodiment in the expression form of each element are analyzed from multiple levels. Secondly, the positioning model is constructed from the following three aspects: spatial object, distance relation and direction relation. The contexts of multiple location description are super-valued, respectively, while the threshold of observations is obtained from the context semantics. Thus, the precisification of location description is realized for positioning. Thirdly, a question-answering system is designed to the collect contexts of location description, and a case study on the method is conducted. The case can verify the transformation of a set of users’ viewpoints on spatial cognition into the real-world spatial scope, to realize the representation of vague location description in the geographic information system. The result shows that the method proposed in the paper breaks through the traditional vagueness modeling, which only focuses on spatial relationship, and enhances the interpretability of semantics of vague location description. Moreover, supervaluation semantics can obtain the precisification results of vague location description in different situations, and the positioning localities are more suitable to individual subjective cognition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS Software and Engineering for Big Data)
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21 pages, 11959 KiB  
Article
Using an Eigenvector Spatial Filtering-Based Spatially Varying Coefficient Model to Analyze the Spatial Heterogeneity of COVID-19 and Its Influencing Factors in Mainland China
by Meijie Chen, Yumin Chen, John P. Wilson, Huangyuan Tan and Tianyou Chu
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010067 - 15 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3260
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to many deaths and economic disruptions across the world. Several studies have examined the effect of corresponding health risk factors in different places, but the problem of spatial heterogeneity has not been adequately addressed. The purpose of this [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to many deaths and economic disruptions across the world. Several studies have examined the effect of corresponding health risk factors in different places, but the problem of spatial heterogeneity has not been adequately addressed. The purpose of this paper was to explore how selected health risk factors are related to the pandemic infection rate within different study extents and to reveal the spatial varying characteristics of certain health risk factors. An eigenvector spatial filtering-based spatially varying coefficient model (ESF-SVC) was developed to find out how the influence of selected health risk factors varies across space and time. The ESF-SVC was able to take good control of over-fitting problems compared with ordinary least square (OLS), eigenvector spatial filtering (ESF) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models, with a higher adjusted R2 and lower cross validation RMSE. The impact of health risk factors varied as the study extent changed: In Hubei province, only population density and wind speed showed significant spatially constant impact; while in mainland China, other factors including migration score, building density, temperature and altitude showed significant spatially varying impact. The influence of migration score was less contributive and less significant in cities around Wuhan than cities further away, while altitude showed a stronger contribution to the decrease of infection rates in high altitude cities. The temperature showed mixed correlation as time passed, with positive and negative coefficients at 2.42 °C and 8.17 °C, respectively. This study could provide a feasible path to improve the model fit by considering the problem of spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity that exists in COVID-19 modeling. The yielding ESF-SVC coefficients could also provide an intuitive method for discovering the different impacts of influencing factors across space in large study areas. It is hoped that these findings improve public and governmental awareness of potential health risks and therefore influence epidemic control strategies. Full article
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18 pages, 3287 KiB  
Article
Indoor Emergency Path Planning Based on the Q-Learning Optimization Algorithm
by Shenghua Xu, Yang Gu, Xiaoyan Li, Cai Chen, Yingyi Hu, Yu Sang and Wenxing Jiang
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010066 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3695
Abstract
The internal structure of buildings is becoming increasingly complex. Providing a scientific and reasonable evacuation route for trapped persons in a complex indoor environment is important for reducing casualties and property losses. In emergency and disaster relief environments, indoor path planning has great [...] Read more.
The internal structure of buildings is becoming increasingly complex. Providing a scientific and reasonable evacuation route for trapped persons in a complex indoor environment is important for reducing casualties and property losses. In emergency and disaster relief environments, indoor path planning has great uncertainty and higher safety requirements. Q-learning is a value-based reinforcement learning algorithm that can complete path planning tasks through autonomous learning without establishing mathematical models and environmental maps. Therefore, we propose an indoor emergency path planning method based on the Q-learning optimization algorithm. First, a grid environment model is established. The discount rate of the exploration factor is used to optimize the Q-learning algorithm, and the exploration factor in the ε-greedy strategy is dynamically adjusted before selecting random actions to accelerate the convergence of the Q-learning algorithm in a large-scale grid environment. An indoor emergency path planning experiment based on the Q-learning optimization algorithm was carried out using simulated data and real indoor environment data. The proposed Q-learning optimization algorithm basically converges after 500 iterative learning rounds, which is nearly 2000 rounds higher than the convergence rate of the Q-learning algorithm. The SASRA algorithm has no obvious convergence trend in 5000 iterations of learning. The results show that the proposed Q-learning optimization algorithm is superior to the SARSA algorithm and the classic Q-learning algorithm in terms of solving time and convergence speed when planning the shortest path in a grid environment. The convergence speed of the proposed Q- learning optimization algorithm is approximately five times faster than that of the classic Q- learning algorithm. The proposed Q-learning optimization algorithm in the grid environment can successfully plan the shortest path to avoid obstacle areas in a short time. Full article
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16 pages, 807 KiB  
Article
Spatial Variability of the ‘Airbnb Effect’: A Spatially Explicit Analysis of Airbnb’s Impact on Housing Prices in Sydney
by William Thomas Thackway, Matthew Kok Ming Ng, Chyi-Lin Lee, Vivien Shi and Christopher James Pettit
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010065 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5608
Abstract
Over the last decade, the emergence and significant growth of home-sharing platforms, such as Airbnb, has coincided with rising housing unaffordability in many global cities. It is in this context that we look to empirically assess the impact of Airbnb on housing prices [...] Read more.
Over the last decade, the emergence and significant growth of home-sharing platforms, such as Airbnb, has coincided with rising housing unaffordability in many global cities. It is in this context that we look to empirically assess the impact of Airbnb on housing prices in Sydney—one of the least affordable cities in the world. Employing a hedonic property valuation model, our results indicate that Airbnb’s overall effect is positive. A 1% increase in Airbnb density is associated with approximately a 2% increase in property sales price. However, recognizing that Airbnb’s effect is geographically uneven and given the fragmented nature of Sydney’s housing market, we also employ a GWR to account for the spatial variation in Airbnb activity. The findings confirm that Airbnb’s influence on housing prices is varied across the city. Sydney’s northern beaches and parts of western Sydney experience a statistically significant value uplift attributable to Airbnb activity. However, traditional tourist locations focused around Sydney’s CBD and the eastern suburbs experience insignificant or negative property price impacts. The results highlight the need for policymakers to consider local Airbnb and housing market contexts when deciding the appropriate level and design of Airbnb regulation. Full article
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13 pages, 2819 KiB  
Article
Where Maps Lie: Visualization of Perceptual Fallacy in Choropleth Maps at Different Levels of Aggregation
by Giedrė Beconytė, Andrius Balčiūnas, Aurelija Šturaitė and Rita Viliuvienė
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010064 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3959
Abstract
This paper proposes a method for quantitative evaluation of perception deviations due to generalization in choropleth maps. The method proposed is based on comparison of class values assigned to different aggregation units chosen for representing the same dataset. It is illustrated by the [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a method for quantitative evaluation of perception deviations due to generalization in choropleth maps. The method proposed is based on comparison of class values assigned to different aggregation units chosen for representing the same dataset. It is illustrated by the results of application of the method to population density maps of Lithuania. Three spatial aggregation levels were chosen for comparison: the 1 × 1 km statistical grid, elderships (NUTS3), and municipalities (NUTS2). Differences in density class values between the reference grid map and the other two maps were calculated. It is demonstrated that a perceptual fallacy on the municipality level population map of Lithuania leads to a misinterpretation of data that makes such maps frankly useless. The eldership level map is, moreover, also largely misleading, especially in sparsely populated areas. The method proposed is easy to use and transferable to any other field where spatially aggregated data are mapped. It can be used for visual analysis of the degree to which a generalized choropleth map is liable to mislead the user in particular areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cartographic Communication of Big Data)
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12 pages, 22201 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Landscape Structure on Wildlife–Vehicle Collisions: Geostatistical Analysis on Hot Spot and Habitat Proximity Relations
by Lina Galinskaitė, Alius Ulevičius, Vaidotas Valskys, Arūnas Samas, Peter E. Busher and Gytautas Ignatavičius
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010063 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3146
Abstract
Vehicle collisions with animals pose serious issues in countries with well-developed highway networks. Both expanding wildlife populations and the development of urbanised areas reduce the potential contact distance between wildlife species and vehicles. Many recent studies have been conducted to better understand the [...] Read more.
Vehicle collisions with animals pose serious issues in countries with well-developed highway networks. Both expanding wildlife populations and the development of urbanised areas reduce the potential contact distance between wildlife species and vehicles. Many recent studies have been conducted to better understand the factors that influence wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) and provide mitigation methods. Most of these studies examined road density, traffic volume, seasonal fluctuations, etc. However, in analysing the distribution of WVC, few studies have considered a spatial and significant distance geostatistical analysis approach that includes how different land-use categories are associated with the distance to WVCs. Our study investigated the spatial distribution of agricultural land, meadows and pastures, forests, built-up areas, rivers, lakes, and ponds, to highlight the most dangerous sections of roadways where WVCs occur. We examined six potential ‘hot spot’ distances (5–10–25–50–100–200 m) to evaluate the role different landscape elements play in the occurrence of WVC. The near analysis tool showed that a distance of 10–25 m to different landscape elements provided the most sensitive results. Hot spots associated with agricultural land, forests, as well as meadows and pastures, peaked on roadways in close proximity (10 m), while hot spots associated with built-up areas, rivers, lakes, and ponds peaked on roadways farther (200 m) from these land-use types. We found that the order of habitat importance in WVC hot spots was agricultural land < forests < meadows and pastures < built-up areas < rivers < lakes and ponds. This methodological approach includes general hot-spot analysis as well as differentiated distance analysis which helps to better reveal the influence of landscape structure on WVCs. Full article
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20 pages, 7705 KiB  
Article
Network Patterns of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration in China Based on Baidu Migration Data
by Zhenkai Yang, Yixin Hua, Yibing Cao, Xinke Zhao and Minjie Chen
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010062 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3211
Abstract
As a new product of the Internet and big data era, migration data are of great significance for the revealing of the complex dynamic network patterns of urban agglomerations and for studying the relations between cities by using the “space of flows” model. [...] Read more.
As a new product of the Internet and big data era, migration data are of great significance for the revealing of the complex dynamic network patterns of urban agglomerations and for studying the relations between cities by using the “space of flows” model. Based on Baidu migration data of one week in 2021, this paper constructs a 30 × 30 rational data matrix for cities in Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration and depicts the network pattern from static and dynamic perspectives by using social network analysis and dynamic network visualization. The results show that the network of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration is characterized by a circular structure with Zhengzhou as the center, a city belt around Zhengzhou as the connection, subcentral cities as the support and peripheral cities as the extension. Zhengzhou is the core city of the entire network, related to which the central and backbone networks divided in this paper account for nearly 40% of the total migration. Shangqiu, Luoyang, Zhoukou and Handan also play an important role in the structure of the migration network as subcentral cities. For a single city, the migration scale generally peaks on weekends and reaches its minimum during Tuesday to Thursday. Regarding the relations between cities, the migration variation can be divided into four types: peaking on Monday, peaking on weekends, bimodal and stable, and there are obvious phenomena of weekly commuting. In general, the links between cities outside Henan Province and other cities in the urban agglomeration are relatively weak, and the constraints of administrative regionalization on intercity migration are presumed to still exist. According to the results, the location advantage for multi-layer development and construction of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration should be made use of. In addition, the status as the core city and the radiation range should be strengthened, and the connections between the peripheral cities and the other cities should be improved, so as to promote the integrated and efficient development of the whole urban agglomeration. Full article
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27 pages, 17502 KiB  
Article
Long and Short-Term Coastal Changes Assessment Using Earth Observation Data and GIS Analysis: The Case of Sperchios River Delta
by Emmanouil Psomiadis
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010061 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3287
Abstract
The present study provides information about the evolution of the Sperchios River deltaic area over the last 6500 years. Coastal changes, due to natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities, were analyzed utilizing a variety of geospatial data such as historic records, topographic maps, aerial [...] Read more.
The present study provides information about the evolution of the Sperchios River deltaic area over the last 6500 years. Coastal changes, due to natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities, were analyzed utilizing a variety of geospatial data such as historic records, topographic maps, aerial photos, and satellite images, covering a period from 4500 BC to 2020. A qualitative approach for the period, from 4500 BC to 1852, and a quantitative analysis, from 1852 to the present day, were employed. Considering their scale and overall quality, the data were processed and georeferenced in detail based on the very high-resolution orthophoto datasets of the area. Then, the multitemporal shorelines were delineated in a geographical information system platform. Two different methods were utilized for the estimation of the shoreline changes and trends, namely the coastal change area method and the cross-section analysis, by implementing the digital shoreline analysis system with two statistical approaches, the end point rate and the linear regression rate. Significant river flow and coastline changes were observed with the overall increase in the delta area throughout the study period reaching 135 km2 (mean annual growth of 0.02 km2/yr) and the higher accretion rates to be detected during the periods 1805–1852, 1908–1945 and 1960–1986, especially at the central and north part of the gulf. During the last three decades, the coastline has remained relatively stable with a decreasing tendency, which, along with the expected sea-level rise due to climate change, can infer significant threats for the coastal zone in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Geomorphology)
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15 pages, 23283 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Risk of Imported COVID-19 Infections at Maritime Ports Based on the Mobility of International-Going Ships
by Zhihuan Wang, Chenguang Meng, Mengyuan Yao and Christophe Claramunt
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010060 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3025
Abstract
Maritime ports are critical logistics hubs that play an important role when preventing the transmission of COVID-19-imported infections from incoming international-going ships. This study introduces a data-driven method to dynamically model infection risks of international ports from imported COVID-19 cases. The approach is [...] Read more.
Maritime ports are critical logistics hubs that play an important role when preventing the transmission of COVID-19-imported infections from incoming international-going ships. This study introduces a data-driven method to dynamically model infection risks of international ports from imported COVID-19 cases. The approach is based on global Automatic Identification System (AIS) data and a spatio-temporal clustering algorithm that both automatically identifies ports and countries approached by ships and correlates them with country COVID-19 statistics and stopover dates. The infection risk of an individual ship is firstly modeled by considering the current number of COVID-19 cases of the approached countries, increase rate of the new cases, and ship capacity. The infection risk of a maritime port is mainly calculated as the aggregation of the risks of all of the ships stopovering at a specific date. This method is applied to track the risk of the imported COVID-19 of the main cruise ports worldwide. The results show that the proposed method dynamically estimates the risk level of the overseas imported COVID-19 of cruise ports and has the potential to provide valuable support to improve prevention measures and reduce the risk of imported COVID-19 cases in seaports. Full article
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24 pages, 5197 KiB  
Article
New Insight into the Coupled Grain–Disaster–Economy System Based on a Multilayer Network: An Empirical Study in China
by Hongjiao Qu, Junli Li, Weiyin Wang, Wenwen Xin, Cheng Zhou and Zongyi He
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010059 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2574
Abstract
Natural disasters occur frequently causing huge economic losses and reduced grain production. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly explore the spatial correlations between grain, disaster, and the economy. Based on inter-provincial panel data in China in 2019, this study integrates complex network and [...] Read more.
Natural disasters occur frequently causing huge economic losses and reduced grain production. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly explore the spatial correlations between grain, disaster, and the economy. Based on inter-provincial panel data in China in 2019, this study integrates complex network and co-occurrence theory into a coupled grain–disaster–economy (GDE) multilayer network, which provides a new perspective to further explore the spatial correlation between these three systems. We identify the spatial coupled characteristics of the GDE multilayer network using three aspects: degree, centrality, and community detection. The research results show the following: (1) Provinces in the major grain-producing regions have a stronger role in allocating and controlling grain resources, and the correlation between grain and disasters in these provinces is stronger and more prone to disasters. Whereas provinces in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei economic zone, and the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta economic zones, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang, have a high level of economic development, thereby a stronger ability to allocate economic resources. (2) The economic subsystem assumes a more important, central role compared with the grain and disaster subsystems in the formation and development of the coupled GDE multilayer network, with a stronger coordination for the co-development between the complex grain, disaster, and economy systems in the nodal provinces of the network. (3) The community modularity of the coupled GDE multilayer network is significantly higher than that of the three single-layer networks, indicating a more reasonable community division after coupling the three subsystems. The identification of the spatial characteristics of GDE using multilayer network analysis offers a new perspective on taking various measures to improve the joint sustainable development of grain, disaster, and the economy in different regions of China according to local conditions. Full article
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18 pages, 786 KiB  
Article
Achieving ‘Active’ 30 Minute Cities: How Feasible Is It to Reach Work within 30 Minutes Using Active Transport Modes?
by Alan Both, Lucy Gunn, Carl Higgs, Melanie Davern, Afshin Jafari, Claire Boulange and Billie Giles-Corti
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010058 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7121
Abstract
Confronted with rapid urbanization, population growth, traffic congestion, and climate change, there is growing interest in creating cities that support active transport modes including walking, cycling, or public transport. The ‘30 minute city’, where employment is accessible within 30 min by active transport, [...] Read more.
Confronted with rapid urbanization, population growth, traffic congestion, and climate change, there is growing interest in creating cities that support active transport modes including walking, cycling, or public transport. The ‘30 minute city’, where employment is accessible within 30 min by active transport, is being pursued in some cities to reduce congestion and foster local living. This paper examines the spatial relationship between employment, the skills of residents, and transport opportunities, to answer three questions about Australia’s 21 largest cities: (1) What percentage of workers currently commute to their workplace within 30 min? (2) If workers were to shift to an active transport mode, what percent could reach their current workplace within 30 min? and (3) If it were possible to relocate workers closer to their employment or relocate employment closer to their home, what percentage could reach work within 30 min by each mode? Active transport usage in Australia is low, with public transport, walking, and cycling making up 16.8%, 2.8%, and 1.1% respectively of workers’ commutes. Cycling was found to have the most potential for achieving the 30 min city, with an estimated 29.5% of workers able to reach their current workplace were they to shift to cycling. This increased to 69.1% if workers were also willing and able to find a similar job closer to home, potentially reducing commuting by private motor vehicle from 79.3% to 30.9%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geo-Information Applications in Active Mobility and Health in Cities)
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16 pages, 9337 KiB  
Article
Multiscale Effects of Multimodal Public Facilities Accessibility on Housing Prices Based on MGWR: A Case Study of Wuhan, China
by Lingbo Liu, Hanchen Yu, Jie Zhao, Hao Wu, Zhenghong Peng and Ru Wang
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010057 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4468
Abstract
The layout of public service facilities and their accessibility are important factors affecting spatial justice. Previous studies have verified the positive influence of public facilities accessibility on house prices; however, the spatial scale of the impact of various public facilities accessibility on house [...] Read more.
The layout of public service facilities and their accessibility are important factors affecting spatial justice. Previous studies have verified the positive influence of public facilities accessibility on house prices; however, the spatial scale of the impact of various public facilities accessibility on house prices is not yet clear. This study takes transportation analysis zone of Wuhan city as the spatial unit, measure the public facilities accessibility of schools, hospitals, green space, and public transit stations with four kinds of accessibility models such as the nearest distance, real time travel cost, kernel density, and two step floating catchment area (2SFCA), and explores the multiscale effect of public services accessibility on house prices with multiscale geographically weighted regression model. The results show that the differentiated scale effect not only exists among different public facility accessibilities, but also exists in different accessibility models of the same sort of facility. The article also suggests that different facilities should adopt its appropriate accessibility model. This study provides insights into spatial heterogeneity of urban public service facilities accessibility, which will benefit decision making in equal accessibility planning and policy formulation for the layout of urban service facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geo-Information for Developing Urban Infrastructures)
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23 pages, 8483 KiB  
Article
Automated Residential Area Generalization: Combination of Knowledge-Based Framework and Similarity Measurement
by Xiaorong Gao, Haowen Yan, Xiaomin Lu and Pengbo Li
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010056 - 12 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2143
Abstract
The major reason that the fully automated generalization of residential areas has not been achieved to date is that it is difficult to acquire the knowledge that is required for automated generalization and for the calculation of spatial similarity degrees between map objects [...] Read more.
The major reason that the fully automated generalization of residential areas has not been achieved to date is that it is difficult to acquire the knowledge that is required for automated generalization and for the calculation of spatial similarity degrees between map objects at different scales. Furthermore, little attention has been given to generalization methods with a scale reduction that is larger than two-fold. To fill this gap, this article develops a hybrid approach that combines two existing methods to generalize residential areas that range from 1:10,000 to 1:50,000. The two existing methods are Boffet’s method for free space acquisition and kernel density analysis for city hotspot detection. Using both methods, the proposed approach follows a knowledge-based framework by implementing map analysis and spatial similarity measurements in a multiscale map space. First, the knowledge required for residential area generalization is obtained by analyzing multiscale residential areas and their corresponding contributions. Second, residential area generalization is divided into two subprocesses: free space acquisition and urban area outer boundary determination. Then, important parameters for the two subprocesses are obtained through map analysis and similarity measurements, reflecting the knowledge that is hidden in the cartographer’s mind. Using this acquired knowledge, complete generalization steps are formed. The proposed approach is tested using multiscale datasets from Lanzhou City. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is better than the traditional methods in terms of location precision and actuality. The approach is robust, comparatively insensitive to the noise of the small buildings beyond urban areas, and easy to implement in GIS software. Full article
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15 pages, 6814 KiB  
Article
Detecting and Visualizing Observation Hot-Spots in Massive Volunteer-Contributed Geographic Data across Spatial Scales Using GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Estimation
by Guiming Zhang
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010055 - 12 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3387
Abstract
Volunteer-contributed geographic data (VGI) is an important source of geospatial big data that support research and applications. A major concern on VGI data quality is that the underlying observation processes are inherently biased. Detecting observation hot-spots thus helps better understand the bias. Enabled [...] Read more.
Volunteer-contributed geographic data (VGI) is an important source of geospatial big data that support research and applications. A major concern on VGI data quality is that the underlying observation processes are inherently biased. Detecting observation hot-spots thus helps better understand the bias. Enabled by the parallel kernel density estimation (KDE) computational tool that can run on multiple GPUs (graphics processing units), this study conducted point pattern analyses on tens of millions of iNaturalist observations to detect and visualize volunteers’ observation hot-spots across spatial scales. It was achieved by setting varying KDE bandwidths in accordance with the spatial scales at which hot-spots are to be detected. The succession of estimated density surfaces were then rendered at a sequence of map scales for visual detection of hot-spots. This study offers an effective geovisualization scheme for hierarchically detecting hot-spots in massive VGI datasets, which is useful for understanding the pattern-shaping drivers that operate at multiple spatial scales. This research exemplifies a computational tool that is supported by high-performance computing and capable of efficiently detecting and visualizing multi-scale hot-spots in geospatial big data and contributes to expanding the toolbox for geospatial big data analytics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mapping, Modeling and Prediction with VGI)
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29 pages, 5165 KiB  
Article
Bridges and Barriers: An Exploration of Engagements of the Research Community with the OpenStreetMap Community
by A. Yair Grinberger, Marco Minghini, Godwin Yeboah, Levente Juhász and Peter Mooney
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010054 - 12 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5636
Abstract
The academic community frequently engages with OpenStreetMap (OSM) as a data source and research subject, acknowledging its complex and contextual nature. However, existing literature rarely considers the position of academic research in relation to the OSM community. In this paper we explore the [...] Read more.
The academic community frequently engages with OpenStreetMap (OSM) as a data source and research subject, acknowledging its complex and contextual nature. However, existing literature rarely considers the position of academic research in relation to the OSM community. In this paper we explore the extent and nature of engagement between the academic research community and the larger communities in OSM. An analysis of OSM-related publications from 2016 to 2019 and seven interviews conducted with members of one research group engaged in OSM-related research are described. The literature analysis seeks to uncover general engagement patterns while the interviews are used to identify possible causal structures explaining how these patterns may emerge within the context of a specific research group. Results indicate that academic papers generally show few signs of engagement and adopt data-oriented perspectives on the OSM project and product. The interviews expose that more complex perspectives and deeper engagement exist within the research group to which the interviewees belong, e.g., engaging in OSM mapping and direct interactions based on specific points-of-contact in the OSM community. Several conclusions and recommendations emerge, most notably: that every engagement with OSM includes an interpretive act which must be acknowledged and that the academic community should act to triangulate its interpretation of the data and OSM community by diversifying their engagement. This could be achieved through channels such as more direct interactions and inviting members of the OSM community to participate in the design and evaluation of research projects and programmes. Full article
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26 pages, 2377 KiB  
Article
A Pricing Model for Urban Rental Housing Based on Convolutional Neural Networks and Spatial Density: A Case Study of Wuhan, China
by Hang Shen, Lin Li, Haihong Zhu and Feng Li
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010053 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3015
Abstract
With the development of urbanization and the expansion of floating populations, rental housing has become an increasingly common living choice for many people, and housing rental prices have attracted great attention from individuals, enterprises and the government. The housing rental prices are principally [...] Read more.
With the development of urbanization and the expansion of floating populations, rental housing has become an increasingly common living choice for many people, and housing rental prices have attracted great attention from individuals, enterprises and the government. The housing rental prices are principally estimated based on structural, locational and neighborhood variables, among which the relationships are complicated and can hardly be captured entirely by simple one-dimensional models; in addition, the influence of the geographic objects on the price may vary with the increase in their quantities. However, existing pricing models usually take those structural, locational and neighborhood variables as one-dimensional inputs into neural networks, and often neglect the aggregated effects of geographical objects, which may lead to fluctuating rental price estimations. Therefore, this paper proposes a rental housing price model based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) and the synthetic spatial density of points of interest (POIs). The CNN can efficiently extract the complex characteristics among the relevant variables of housing, and the two-dimensional locational and neighborhood variables, based on the synthetic spatial density, effectively reflect the aggregated effects of the urban facilities on rental housing prices, thereby improving the accuracy of the model. Taking Wuhan, China, as the study area, the proposed method achieves satisfactory and accurate rental price estimations (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.9097, root mean square error (RMSE) = 3.5126) in comparison with other commonly used pricing models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geo-Information Science in Planning and Development of Smart Cities)
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2 pages, 1823 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Yang et al. Influence of Relief Degree of Land Surface on Street Network Complexity in China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 705
by Nai Yang, Le Jiang, Yi Chao, Yang Li and Pengcheng Liu
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010052 - 11 Jan 2022
Viewed by 1600
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
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12 pages, 1581 KiB  
Communication
Interoperability and Integration: An Updated Approach to Linked Data Publication at the Dutch Land Registry
by Alexandra Rowland, Erwin Folmer, Wouter Beek and Rob Wenneker
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010051 - 10 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2790
Abstract
Kadaster, the Dutch National Land Registry and Mapping Agency, has been actively publishing their base registries as linked (open) spatial data for several years. To date, a number of these base registers as well as a number of external datasets have been successfully [...] Read more.
Kadaster, the Dutch National Land Registry and Mapping Agency, has been actively publishing their base registries as linked (open) spatial data for several years. To date, a number of these base registers as well as a number of external datasets have been successfully published as linked data and are publicly available. Increasing demand for linked data products and the availability of new linked data technologies have highlighted the need for a new, innovative approach to linked data publication within the organisation in the interest of reducing the time and costs associated with said publication. The new approach to linked data publication is novel in both its approach to dataset modelling, transformation, and publication architecture. In modelling whole datasets, a clear distinction is made between the Information Model and the Knowledge Model to capture both the organisation-specific requirements and to support external, community standards in the publication process. The publication architecture consists of several steps where instance data are loaded from their source as GML and transformed using an Enhancer and published in the triple store. Both the modelling and publication architecture form part of Kadaster’s larger vision for the development of the Kadaster Knowledge Graph through the integration of the various linked datasets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semantic Spatial Web)
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24 pages, 6306 KiB  
Article
A Poverty Measurement Method Incorporating Spatial Correlation: A Case Study in Yangtze River Economic Belt, China
by Qianqian Zhou, Nan Chen and Siwei Lin
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010050 - 10 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2720
Abstract
The UN 2030 Agenda sets poverty eradication as the primary goal of sustainable development. An accurate measurement of poverty is a critical input to the quality and efficiency of poverty alleviation in rural areas. However, poverty, as a geographical phenomenon, inevitably has a [...] Read more.
The UN 2030 Agenda sets poverty eradication as the primary goal of sustainable development. An accurate measurement of poverty is a critical input to the quality and efficiency of poverty alleviation in rural areas. However, poverty, as a geographical phenomenon, inevitably has a spatial correlation. Neglecting the spatial correlation between areas in poverty measurements will hamper efforts to improve the accuracy of poverty identification and to design policies in truly poor areas. To capture this spatial correlation, this paper proposes a new poverty measurement model based on a neural network, namely, the spatial vector deep neural network (SVDNN), which combines the spatial vector neural network model (SVNN) and the deep neural network (DNN). The SVNN was applied to measure spatial correlation, while the DNN used the SVNN output vector and explanatory variables dataset to measure the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). To determine the optimal spatial correlation structure of SVDNN, this paper compares the model performance of the spatial distance matrix, spatial adjacent matrix and spatial weighted adjacent matrix, selecting the optimal performing spatial distance matrix as the input data set of SVNN. Then, the SVDNN model was used for the MPI measurement of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, after which the results were compared with three baseline models of DNN, the back propagation neural network (BPNN), and artificial neural network (ANN). Experiments demonstrate that the SVDNN model can obtain spatial correlation from the spatial distance dataset between counties and its poverty identification accuracy is better than other baseline models. The spatio-temporal characteristics of MPI measured by SVDNN were also highly consistent with the distribution of urban aggregations and national-level poverty counties in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The SVDNN model proposed in this paper could effectively improve the accuracy of poverty identification, thus reducing the misallocation of resources in tracking and targeting poverty in developing countries. Full article
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23 pages, 12513 KiB  
Article
Spatial Evolution of Coastal Tourist City Using the Dyna-CLUE Model in Koh Chang of Thailand during 1990–2050
by Katawut Waiyasusri and Srilert Chotpantarat
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010049 - 10 Jan 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3395
Abstract
Spatial evolution can be traced by land-use change (LUC), which is a frontier issue in the field of geography. Using the limited areas of Koh Chang in Thailand as the research case, this study analyzed the simulation of its spatial evolution from a [...] Read more.
Spatial evolution can be traced by land-use change (LUC), which is a frontier issue in the field of geography. Using the limited areas of Koh Chang in Thailand as the research case, this study analyzed the simulation of its spatial evolution from a multi-scenario perspective on the basis of the 1900–2020 thematic mapper/operational land imager (TM/OLI) remote sensing data obtained through the transfer matrix model, and modified LUC and the dynamic land-use change model (Dyna-CLUE). Over the past 30 years, the expansion of recreation areas and urban and built-up land has been very high (2944.44% and 486.99%, respectively) along the western coast of Koh Chang, which replaced the original mangrove forests, orchards, and communities. Logistic regression analysis of important variables affecting LUC revealed that population density variables and coastal plain topography significantly affected LUC, which showed strong β coefficients prominently in the context of a coastal tourist city. The results of the LUC and logistic regression analyses were used to predict future LUCs in the Dyna-CLUE model to simulate 2050 land-use in three scenarios: (1) natural evolution scenario, where a large patch expansion of agricultural land extends along the edge of the entire forest boundary around the island, particularly the southwestern areas of the island that should be monitored; (2) reserved area protection scenario, where the boundary of the conservation area is incorporated into the model, enabling forest preservation in conjunction with tourism development; and (3) recreation area growth scenario, where the southern area is the most susceptible to change at the new road crossing between Khlong Kloi village to Salak Phet village, and where land-use of the recreation area type is expanding. The model-projected LUC maps provide insights into possible changes under multiple pathways, which could help local communities, government agencies, and stakeholders jointly allocate resource planning in a systematic way, so that the development of various infrastructures to realize the potential impact on the environment is a sustainable coastal tourist city development. Full article
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29 pages, 126182 KiB  
Article
Drought Assessment Based on Fused Satellite and Station Precipitation Data: An Example from the Chengbi River Basin, China
by Chongxun Mo, Xuechen Meng, Yuli Ruan, Yafang Wang, Xingbi Lei, Zhenxiang Xing and Shufeng Lai
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010048 - 10 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2333
Abstract
Drought poses a significant constraint on economic development. Drought assessment using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) uses only precipitation data, eliminating other redundant and complex calculation processes. However, the sparse stations in southwest China and the lack of information on actual [...] Read more.
Drought poses a significant constraint on economic development. Drought assessment using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) uses only precipitation data, eliminating other redundant and complex calculation processes. However, the sparse stations in southwest China and the lack of information on actual precipitation measurements make drought assessment highly dependent on satellite precipitation data whose accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Fortunately, the Chengbi River Basin in Baise City is rich in station precipitation data. In this paper, based on the evaluation of the accuracy of IMERG precipitation data, geographically weighted regression (GWR), geographic difference analysis (GDA), and cumulative distribution function (CDF) are used to fuse station precipitation data and IMERG precipitation data, and finally, the fused precipitation data with the highest accuracy are selected to evaluate the drought situation. The results indicate that the accuracy of IMERG precipitation data needs to be improved, and the quality of CDF-fused precipitation data is higher than the other two. The drought analysis indicated that the Chengbi River Basin is in a cyclical drought and flood situation, and from October to December 2014, the SPI was basically between +1 and −1, showing a spatial pattern of slight flooding, normal conditions, and slight drought. Full article
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15 pages, 3984 KiB  
Article
Scenario Expression Method for Regional Geological Structures
by Handong He, Yanrong Liu, Jing Cui and Di Hu
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010047 - 10 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2361
Abstract
Knowing the GIS expression of geological phenomena is an important basis for the combination of geology and GIS. Regional geological structures include folds, faults, strata, rocks, and other typical geological phenomena and are the focus of geological GIS research. However, existing research on [...] Read more.
Knowing the GIS expression of geological phenomena is an important basis for the combination of geology and GIS. Regional geological structures include folds, faults, strata, rocks, and other typical geological phenomena and are the focus of geological GIS research. However, existing research on the GIS expression of regional geological structure focuses on the expression of the spatial and attribute characteristics of geological structures, and our knowledge of the expression of the semantic, relationship, and evolution processes of geological structures is not comprehensive. In this paper, a regional geological structure scene expression model with the semantic terms positional accuracy, geometric shape, relationship type, attribute type, and time-type attributes and operations is proposed. A regional geological structure scenario markup language (RGSSML) and a method for mapping it with graphics are designed to store and graphically express regional geological structure information. According to the geological time scale, a temporal reference coordinate system is defined to dynamically express the evolution of regional geological structures. Based on the dynamic division of the time dimension of regional geological structures, the expression method of “time dimension + space structure” for the regional geological structure evolution process is designed based on the temporal model. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the regional geological structure scene expression method proposed in this paper is verified using the Ningzhen Mountain (Nanjing section) as an example. The research results show that the regional geological structure scene expression method designed in this paper has the following characteristics: (1) It can comprehensively express the spatial characteristics, attribute characteristics, semantics, relationships, and evolution processes of regional geological structures; (2) it can be used to realize formalized expression and unified storage of regional geological information; and (3) it can be used to realize dynamic expression of the regional geological structure evolution process. Moreover, it has significant advantages for the expression of regional geological structure semantics, relationships, and evolution processes. This study improves our knowledge of the GIS expression of regional geological structures and is expected to further promote the combination and development of geology and GIS. Full article
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20 pages, 10727 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Long and Short-Term Water Surface Area Changes in Coastal Ramsar Sites in Turkey with Google Earth Engine
by Adalet Dervisoglu
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010046 - 10 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3460
Abstract
Deltas and lagoons, which contain many flora and fauna, have rich coastal ecological and biological environments, and are wetlands of vital importance for humans. In this study, the current problems in all coastal Ramsar sites in Turkey are summarized, and changes in water [...] Read more.
Deltas and lagoons, which contain many flora and fauna, have rich coastal ecological and biological environments, and are wetlands of vital importance for humans. In this study, the current problems in all coastal Ramsar sites in Turkey are summarized, and changes in water surface areas are investigated using Landsat and Sentinel 1/2 satellite images on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. Landsat TM and OLI images were used in the long-term analysis, and time series were created by taking annual and July to September averages between 1985 and 2020. In the short-term analysis, monthly averages were determined using Sentinel 2 images between 2016 and 2020. Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images were used in the months when optical data were not suitable for use in monthly analysis. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) was used to extract water surface areas from the optical images. Afterwards, a thresholding process was used for both optical and radar images to determine the changes. The changes were analyzed together with the meteorological data and the information obtained from the management plans and related studies in the literature. Changes in the water surface areas of all coastal Ramsar sites in Turkey were determined from 1985 to 2020 at different rates. There was a decreasing trend in the Goksu and Kızılırmak Deltas, which also have inland wetlands. The decreasing rates from 1985 to 2020 were −24.52% and −2.86%, for annual average water surfaces for the Goksu and Kızılırmak Deltas, respectively, and −21.64% and −6.34% for the dry season averages, respectively. However, Akyatan Lagoon, which also has inland wetlands, showed an increasing trend. Observing the annual average surface area from 1985 to 2020, an increase of 438 ha was seen, corresponding to 7.65%. Every year, there was an increasing trend in the Gediz Delta and Yumurtalık Lagoons, that do not have inland wetlands. The increasing rates from 1985 to 2020 were 46.01% and 17.31% for the annual average surface area, for the Gediz Delta and Yumurtalık Lagoons, respectively, and 38.34% and 21.04% for the dry season average, respectively. The obtained results reveal the importance of using remote sensing methods in formulating strategies for the sustainable management of wetlands. Full article
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17 pages, 4852 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Oracle Bone Inscription Recognition Accuracy: A Deep Learning Perspective
by Xuanming Fu, Zhengfeng Yang, Zhenbing Zeng, Yidan Zhang and Qianting Zhou
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010045 - 9 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7189
Abstract
Deep learning techniques have been successfully applied in handwriting recognition. Oracle bone inscriptions (OBI) are the earliest hieroglyphs in China and valuable resources for studying the etymology of Chinese characters. OBI are of important historical and cultural value in China; thus, textual research [...] Read more.
Deep learning techniques have been successfully applied in handwriting recognition. Oracle bone inscriptions (OBI) are the earliest hieroglyphs in China and valuable resources for studying the etymology of Chinese characters. OBI are of important historical and cultural value in China; thus, textual research surrounding the characters of OBI is a huge challenge for archaeologists. In this work, we built a dataset named OBI-100, which contains 100 classes of oracle bone inscriptions collected from two OBI dictionaries. The dataset includes more than 128,000 character samples related to the natural environment, humans, animals, plants, etc. In addition, we propose improved models based on three typical deep convolutional network structures to recognize the OBI-100 dataset. By modifying the parameters, adjusting the network structures, and adopting optimization strategies, we demonstrate experimentally that these models perform fairly well in OBI recognition. For the 100-category OBI classification task, the optimal model achieves an accuracy of 99.5%, which shows competitive performance compared with other state-of-the-art approaches. We hope that this work can provide a valuable tool for character recognition of OBI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Cultural Heritage)
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14 pages, 3069 KiB  
Article
End-to-End Pedestrian Trajectory Forecasting with Transformer Network
by Hai-Yan Yao, Wang-Gen Wan and Xiang Li
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010044 - 9 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3679
Abstract
Analysis of pedestrians’ motion is important to real-world applications in public scenes. Due to the complex temporal and spatial factors, trajectory prediction is a challenging task. With the development of attention mechanism recently, transformer network has been successfully applied in natural language processing, [...] Read more.
Analysis of pedestrians’ motion is important to real-world applications in public scenes. Due to the complex temporal and spatial factors, trajectory prediction is a challenging task. With the development of attention mechanism recently, transformer network has been successfully applied in natural language processing, computer vision, and audio processing. We propose an end-to-end transformer network embedded with random deviation queries for pedestrian trajectory forecasting. The self-correcting scheme can enhance the robustness of the network. Moreover, we present a co-training strategy to improve the training effect. The whole scheme is trained collaboratively by the original loss and classification loss. Therefore, we also achieve more accurate prediction results. Experimental results on several datasets indicate the validity and robustness of the network. We achieve the best performance in individual forecasting and comparable results in social forecasting. Encouragingly, our approach achieves a new state of the art on the Hotel and Zara2 datasets compared with the social-based and individual-based approaches. Full article
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19 pages, 2404 KiB  
Article
Improving Road Surface Area Extraction via Semantic Segmentation with Conditional Generative Learning for Deep Inpainting Operations
by Calimanut-Ionut Cira, Martin Kada, Miguel-Ángel Manso-Callejo, Ramón Alcarria and Borja Bordel Sanchez
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010043 - 9 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3232
Abstract
The road surface area extraction task is generally carried out via semantic segmentation over remotely-sensed imagery. However, this supervised learning task is often costly as it requires remote sensing images labelled at the pixel level, and the results are not always satisfactory (presence [...] Read more.
The road surface area extraction task is generally carried out via semantic segmentation over remotely-sensed imagery. However, this supervised learning task is often costly as it requires remote sensing images labelled at the pixel level, and the results are not always satisfactory (presence of discontinuities, overlooked connection points, or isolated road segments). On the other hand, unsupervised learning does not require labelled data and can be employed for post-processing the geometries of geospatial objects extracted via semantic segmentation. In this work, we implement a conditional Generative Adversarial Network to reconstruct road geometries via deep inpainting procedures on a new dataset containing unlabelled road samples from challenging areas present in official cartographic support from Spain. The goal is to improve the initial road representations obtained with semantic segmentation models via generative learning. The performance of the model was evaluated on unseen data by conducting a metrical comparison where a maximum Intersection over Union (IoU) score improvement of 1.3% was observed when compared to the initial semantic segmentation result. Next, we evaluated the appropriateness of applying unsupervised generative learning using a qualitative perceptual validation to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed method in very complex scenarios and gain a better intuition of the model’s behaviour when performing large-scale post-processing with generative learning and deep inpainting procedures and observed important improvements in the generated data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Computer Vision for GeoInformation Sciences)
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21 pages, 4921 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Spatiotemporal Variation of High-Efficiency Ride-Hailing Orders: A Case Study of Haikou, China
by Mingyang Du, Xuefeng Li, Mei-Po Kwan, Jingzong Yang and Qiyang Liu
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010042 - 9 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2543
Abstract
Understanding the spatiotemporal variation of high-efficiency ride-hailing orders (HROs) is helpful for transportation network companies (TNCs) to balance the income of drivers through reasonable order dispatch, and to alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand by improving the pricing mechanism, so as to [...] Read more.
Understanding the spatiotemporal variation of high-efficiency ride-hailing orders (HROs) is helpful for transportation network companies (TNCs) to balance the income of drivers through reasonable order dispatch, and to alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand by improving the pricing mechanism, so as to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the ride-hailing industry and urban transportation. From the perspective of TNCs for order management, this study investigates the spatiotemporal variation of HROs and common ride-hailing orders (CROs) for ride-hailing services using the trip data of Didi Chuxing in Haikou, China. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models are established to examine the factors that affect the densities of HROs and CROs during different time periods, such as morning, evening, afternoon and night, with considering various built environment variables. The OLS models show that factors including road density, average travel time rate, companies and enterprises and transportation facilities have significant impacts on HROs and CROs for most periods. The results of the GWR models are consistent with the global regression results and show the local effects of the built environment on HROs and CROs in different regions. Full article
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