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Cosmetics, Volume 11, Issue 6

2024 December - 45 articles

Cover Story: The regulation of cosmetics in the European Union has evolved substantially since the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, which established stringent safety and quality standards. This regulatory milestone reinforced the ban on carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reproductive toxic (CMR) substances and prohibited animal testing, aligning with modern ethical and scientific trends. However, gaps remain, particularly in post-market surveillance and environmental impact assessments, as evidenced by the bioaccumulation of UV filters in aquatic ecosystems. This article examines these weaknesses, highlighting advances in alternative methodologies for risk assessment and emphasizing the need for enhanced rigor in cosmetovigilance to balance innovation, consumer safety, and environmental sustainability. View this paper
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Articles (45)

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
11,637 Views
11 Pages

Dye Laser Applications in Cosmetic Dermatology: Efficacy and Safety in Treating Vascular Lesions and Scars

  • Alessandro Clementi,
  • Giovanni Cannarozzo,
  • Simone Amato,
  • Elena Zappia,
  • Luigi Bennardo,
  • Simone Michelini,
  • Cristiano Morini,
  • Mario Sannino,
  • Caterina Longo and
  • Steven Paul Nistico

23 December 2024

Cosmetic dermatology increasingly utilizes laser technologies to address various aesthetic concerns. This study evaluates the efficacy of the flash-lamp pulsed-dye laser (FPDL) in treating vascular and scar-related conditions. A cohort of 71 patients...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
11,345 Views
16 Pages

Formulation and Evaluation of Facial Serum Containing Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) from Indonesia as an Anti-Aging: Stability, In Vitro, and Skin Irritation Assessments

  • Ira Maya,
  • Sriwidodo Sriwidodo,
  • Soraya Ratnawulan Mita,
  • Cahya Khairani Kusumawulan,
  • Norisca Aliza Putriana,
  • Eri Amalia,
  • Rizqa Nurul Aulia,
  • Hadiyan Nur Sofyan,
  • Fauzan Dzulfannazhir and
  • Moh Hamdan Nugraha

20 December 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly recognized as free radicals, significantly contribute to skin damage by disrupting defense and repair mechanisms, thereby accelerating the aging process. An effective strategy to prevent and alleviate skin agin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,306 Views
13 Pages

Clinical Efficacy of Endocannabinoid-Mimetic Fatty Acid Amide as a Skin-Soothing Ingredient

  • Sungwoo Kim,
  • Yeonjae Kim,
  • Juyeon Jung,
  • Hyun-Jung Kim,
  • Sekyoo Jeong,
  • Heesung Shin,
  • Wuk-Sang Ryu,
  • Jung-Hoon Sohn and
  • Gaewon Nam

17 December 2024

Despite the potential benefits of cannabidiol as a skin-soothing ingredient, its regulatory status hampers its general use in cosmetic products in many countries. To develop an alternative to cannabidiol, fatty acid amide molecules mimicking the chem...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,882 Views
21 Pages

Multifunctional, Novel Formulation for Repairing Photoaged and Sun-Damaged Skin: Insights from In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Studies

  • María Moneo-Sánchez,
  • Nagore de Pablo,
  • Leire Arana-Pascual,
  • Itziar Beitia,
  • Sandra Benito-Cid and
  • Raúl Pérez-González

17 December 2024

Prolonged sun exposure disrupts the skin’s structural, mechanical, and functional properties, accelerating aging and contributing to skin disorders. To counteract these effects, we developed a formulation containing potent antioxidant, anti-inf...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
7,007 Views
11 Pages

Skin Barrier-Improving and Skin-Soothing Effects of Autophagy-Activating Peptide on Sensitive Skin

  • Sohee Eun,
  • Minhye Lim,
  • Juyeon Jung,
  • Kayoung Shin,
  • Sungwoo Kim,
  • Yeonjae Kim,
  • Gaewon Nam,
  • Sekyoo Jeong and
  • Hyunjung Kim

17 December 2024

Among the complex and diverse triggering and aggravating factors for sensitive skin syndrome, potential defects in skin barrier function are considered one of the most important ones. Previously, we have reported improvements in skin barrier function...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7,343 Views
17 Pages

Comparative Assessments of New Hair-Straightening Cosmetic Formulations on Wavy Type 2 Hair

  • Celso Martins Junior,
  • Matheus Henrique Vieira,
  • Érica Savassa Pinto Cacoci,
  • Ursulandrea Sanches Abelan,
  • Fernanda Daud Sarruf,
  • Cibele Castro Lima and
  • Chung Man Chin

16 December 2024

Hair straighteners are among the most technically complex products to be safely and effectively developed, and this challenge has increased even more with the higher incidence of resistant hair among consumers. This underscores the importance of stud...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,897 Views
13 Pages

Multispectral Imaging and OCT-Guided Precision Treatment of Rhinophyma with CO2 and Dye Lasers: A Comprehensive Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach

  • Simone Amato,
  • Steven Paul Nisticò,
  • Alessandro Clementi,
  • Giorgio Stabile,
  • Fortunato Cassalia,
  • Annunziata Dattola,
  • Giuseppe Rizzuto and
  • Giovanni Cannarozzo

13 December 2024

Background/Objectives: Rhinophyma, an advanced form of rosacea, is characterized by significant nasal tissue enlargement and deformation, leading to aesthetic and psychosocial challenges. Traditional treatments are often invasive with variable outcom...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
14,835 Views
30 Pages

Addressing the Unmet Need in Acne Management: A Novel Dermocosmetics Guideline Tailored to Asian Patient Subgroups

  • Hei Sung Kim,
  • Joo Yeon Ko,
  • Dong Hye Suh,
  • Hwa Jung Ryu,
  • Eunsun Baek and
  • Soyun Cho

12 December 2024

Acne, a commonly treated skin disease, requires control of one’s daily routine for an optimal outcome. As skincare products continue to advance, and with the introduction of dermocosmetics (active cosmetics, functional cosmetics, cosmeceuticals...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,541 Views
19 Pages

Insights from Biophotonic Imaging and Biochemical Analysis on Cellular and Molecular Alterations Exhibited in Dull Skin

  • Akira Matsubara,
  • Tatsuya Omotezako,
  • Ying Xu,
  • Anna Evdokiou,
  • Lijuan Li,
  • Wenzhu Zhao,
  • Camila Pereira Braga,
  • Dionne Swift,
  • Hitomi Nagasawa and
  • Tomohiro Hakozaki
  • + 4 authors

12 December 2024

Dullness or lack of radiance in facial appearance is a common concern among females. Previous studies have linked skin dullness to aging and revealed alterations in skin pigments. However, younger individuals (ages ≤ 35) also report concerns about...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
5,296 Views
21 Pages

AI Dermatochroma Analytica (AIDA): Smart Technology for Robust Skin Color Classification and Segmentation

  • Abderrachid Hamrani,
  • Daniela Leizaola,
  • Nikhil Kumar Reddy Vedere,
  • Robert S. Kirsner,
  • Kacie Kaile,
  • Alexander Lee Trinidad and
  • Anuradha Godavarty

10 December 2024

Traditional methods for skin color classification, such as visual assessments and conventional image classification, face limitations in accuracy and consistency under varying conditions. To address this, we developed AI Dermatochroma Analytica (AIDA...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
8,898 Views
24 Pages

Research Progress on Evaluating the Effectiveness and Safety of Transdermal Absorption of Cosmetics

  • Meixuan Wang,
  • Lu Zhang,
  • Linxin Zheng,
  • Jiayuan Shi,
  • Hongxin Gao,
  • Congfen He and
  • Liya Song

9 December 2024

This review systematically summarizes research progress in the evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of the transdermal absorption of cosmetics, focusing on the classification, applicability, and relevant regulations of different evaluation meth...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
6,255 Views
19 Pages

9 December 2024

Skin protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation has long been crucial due to its role in photoaging, sunburn, and wrinkles. This study focuses on developing a bio-based sunscreen from Calendula arvensis capitula extract. Various extraction methods...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,899 Views
11 Pages

1,2-Dihydroxy-9H-Xanthen-9-One, a Multifunctional Nature-Inspired Active Ingredient

  • Ana Jesus,
  • Sara F. Vieira,
  • Gonçalo Brites,
  • Mylène Carrascal,
  • Helena Ferreira,
  • Nuno M. Neves,
  • Honorina Cidade,
  • Madalena Pinto,
  • Emília Sousa and
  • Maria T. Cruz
  • + 1 author

8 December 2024

Incorporating antioxidants into cosmetics is the mainstay for developing new products to mitigate skin aging. However, identifying novel multifunctional antioxidant ingredients with additional relevant properties that block the skin hallmarks of agin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
5,389 Views
19 Pages

The Potential of Tecoma stans (Linn.) Flower Extract as a Natural Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Agent for Skin Care Products

  • Panikchar Wichayapreechar,
  • Anchalee Prasansuklab,
  • Pimchanok Charoongchit and
  • Ranit Charoenjittichai

8 December 2024

Tecoma stans belongs to the Bignoniaceae family and possesses various pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant, and wound-healing activities. Although numerous studies have highlighted the benefi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,619 Views
14 Pages

Evaluation of the Effects of Age, Sex, and Dexpanthenol-Containing Skin Care on the Facial and Body Skin Microbiome

  • Zainab Qaizar,
  • Raffaella de Salvo,
  • Gregor Bieri,
  • Katrin Unbereit,
  • Shannon Montgomery and
  • Erwan Peltier

6 December 2024

Given the pivotal role played by the microbiome in skin health, it is important to understand how its composition varies with age, sex, and body site and regular use of topical products. Four studies were carried out to determine the effects of long-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
6,534 Views
13 Pages

Penetration of Vegetable Oils into Textured Hair Fibers: Integrating Molecular Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ioni-Zation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy (MALDI TOF/TOF MS) Analysis with Mechanical Measurements

  • Carolina Botelho Lourenço,
  • Rebeca Mantuan Gasparin,
  • Fernanda Malanconi Thomaz,
  • Renato Grimaldi,
  • Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos and
  • Priscila Gava Mazzola

5 December 2024

The promotion of natural beauty has empowered women with textured hair to embrace their natural hair texture and opt for bleaching as a means of style variation. However, bleaching exacerbates the inherent fragility of this hair type, necessitating t...

  • Review
  • Open Access
24 Citations
19,321 Views
27 Pages

Essential Oils as Dermocosmetic Agents, Their Mechanism of Action and Nanolipidic Formulations for Maximized Skincare

  • Shamama Javed,
  • Bharti Mangla,
  • Ahmad Salawi,
  • Muhammad H. Sultan,
  • Yosif Almoshari and
  • Waquar Ahsan

2 December 2024

Essential oils (EOs) are known for their diverse bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, skin-barrier repairing and anticancer, and therefore, hold profound potential to be used in cosmetic and s...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
10,724 Views
22 Pages

Aberrances of the Wound Healing Process: A Review

  • Montserrat Fernandez-Guarino,
  • Jorge Naharro-Rodriguez and
  • Stefano Bacci

28 November 2024

Wound healing is a complex biological process that can lead to chronic wounds, keloids, and hypertrophic scars when disrupted. Chronic wounds result from a prolonged inflammatory phase and impaired re-epithelialization. Keloids are characterized by e...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
25,745 Views
14 Pages

28 November 2024

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that primarily affects sebaceous-rich areas such as the scalp, face, and upper trunk. While the precise etiology remains multifactorial, the role of the skin microbiome, particularly t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12,657 Views
12 Pages

28 November 2024

The aim of this study was to measure the level of self-esteem among individuals with piercings, evaluate body image perception, and screen the study group for body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Two hundred and six individuals from Poland completed th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
12,322 Views
8 Pages

26 November 2024

Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming aesthetic dermatology, introducing new opportunities for personalized, predictive, and adaptive approaches in skin diagnostics, treatment planning, and patient management. This review examines...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
12,080 Views
13 Pages

Research on the Correlation Between Skin Elasticity Evaluation Parameters and Age

  • Dandan Chen,
  • Shipeng Yin,
  • Xuelian Lu,
  • Haokun Fu,
  • Hongqi Gao and
  • Suning Zhang

26 November 2024

This study aims to explore the impact of aging on skin elasticity, a key biomechanical property that diminishes over time, using the Cutometer to assess viscoelastic parameters. Methods: Researchers analyzed 22 viscoelastic parameters from the facial...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
11,791 Views
14 Pages

Potential of Deer Placenta Extract in Hair Cell Regeneration and Its Nanoniosome-Microspicule Gel as a Transfollicular Delivery System

  • Worranan Rangsimawong,
  • Sureewan Duangjit,
  • Phaijit Sritananuwat,
  • Tanasait Ngawhirunpat and
  • Praneet Opanasopit

26 November 2024

Background: Deer placenta extract (DPE), rich in bioactive macromolecules, promotes regenerative effects in both normal and damaged cells. However, effective delivery of these macromolecules through the skin remains a challenge. Objectives: To invest...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,484 Views
21 Pages

Retinol and Hydroxyasiaticoside Synergistically Relieve Histamine-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Activity by Repressing TRPV1, L1R1, and CD130 Targets

  • Qin Liu,
  • Peng Shu,
  • Qingle Song,
  • Zhenhai Huang,
  • Jiyu Weng,
  • Lanyue Zhang,
  • Yuan Wang and
  • Qingqing Liu

25 November 2024

Background: Retinol, an important bioactive substance with multiple physiological functions such as promoting collagen synthesis, inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase activity, alleviating oxidative stress, regulating gene expression, and promoting ep...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,290 Views
21 Pages

Peloids in Skin Care and Cosmeceuticals

  • M. Lourdes Mourelle,
  • Carmen P. Gómez and
  • José L. Legido

22 November 2024

Peloids are mixtures of clays, sediments, or peat with mineral–medicinal water or seawater, or salt-lake water used in spa therapy for different treatments, including dermatological ones. The origin of peloids can be natural; that is, they are...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,861 Views
20 Pages

21 November 2024

Coffea arabica, Centella asiatica, and Curcuma longa extracts have demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-aging activities. However, research on combining these three extracts in specific proportions to enhance their antioxidant and anti-hyalu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,698 Views
22 Pages

Willaertia Lysate: A Hydrobiome-Biosourced Ingredient with Multi-Site Antioxidative and Antiaging Properties

  • Morgan Dos Santos,
  • Julie Rorteau,
  • Kilian Laho,
  • Hanan Osman-Ponchet,
  • Manon Barthe,
  • Benjamin Quelard,
  • Antoine Carlino,
  • Adeline Saha and
  • Sandrine Troussieux

21 November 2024

Aging is synonymous with the skin becoming increasingly thin and fragile, which is associated with a decrease in epidermal cell layers. Beyond this intrinsic aging process, the skin is continually exposed to environmental stressors such as UV radiati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,677 Views
17 Pages

Development of Transethosomes Loaded with Fruit Extract from Carissa carandas L. as a Brightening and Anti-Aging Cosmeceutical Ingredient

  • Sitthiphong Soradech,
  • Worawan Tiatragoon,
  • Phongsapak Phanphothong,
  • Kanyarat Ouamkan,
  • Pattarawadee Kengkwasingh,
  • Supatjaree Ruengsomwong,
  • Somkamol Intawong and
  • Thanchanok Muangman

21 November 2024

The ethanolic extract of Carissa carandas L. (ECE) inhibited the enzyme tyrosinase, enhanced the proliferation of normal human dermal fibroblast cells, and increased the formation of collagen type I, indicating possible anti-aging and whitening effec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5,922 Views
18 Pages

Microencapsulation, Cream Development, and Controlled Clinical Study of an Upcycled Polyphenolic Extract Combined with sh-Oligopeptide-1

  • Teo Mayayo,
  • Gabriella Russo,
  • Ana Leticia Jiménez-Escobar,
  • Noelia Pérez-González,
  • Beatriz Clares,
  • Adolfina Ruiz,
  • Lidia Tomás-Cobos,
  • Ana Valera,
  • Almudena Gómez-Farto and
  • Trinidad Montero-Vilchez
  • + 1 author

20 November 2024

Olive mills produce pomace as a by-product of olive oil production process, which has a negative environmental impact. In this study, the dry extract of pomace (OG2), rich in polyphenols, was used for cosmetic purposes. The polyphenolic extract was e...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
15,761 Views
16 Pages

The Potential Applications of Natural Colostrum in Skin Health

  • Ecem Bolat,
  • Zeynep Karagöz,
  • José Luiz de Brito Alves,
  • José Patrocínio Ribeiro Cruz Neto,
  • Anna Maria Witkowska,
  • Hesham El-Seedi,
  • Mauro Lombardo and
  • Sercan Karav

20 November 2024

Skin is a crucial organ for preserving the body’s equilibrium. Like other parts of the body, skin also ages due to extrinsic and intrinsic factors, leading to several signs such as wrinkles, spots, and a decline in elasticity, causing a range o...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
6,353 Views
15 Pages

20 November 2024

Palmyra palm is a resourceful plant species that can be put to use in superabundance. Its extensive range of use stretches in all directions—making it useful for consumption in countless forms, and the cosmetic industry is not a deviation from...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
8,186 Views
33 Pages

A Journey Along the Boulevard of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources, with Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Potential: Bee Venom, Cobra Venom, Ficus carica

  • Monica Dinu,
  • Carmen Galea,
  • Ana Maria Chirilov,
  • Alin Laurențiu Tatu,
  • Lawrence Chukwudi Nwabudike,
  • Olimpia Dumitriu Buzia and
  • Claudia Simona Stefan

18 November 2024

Animal venom and plant extracts have been used since ancient times in traditional medicine worldwide. Natural components, valued for their safety and effectiveness, have been consistently used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. We propose a...

  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
3 Citations
11,436 Views
8 Pages

15 November 2024

This article describes a technique for gluteal augmentation using cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA) filler, with a focus on long-term patient follow-up. The rising demand for buttock enhancement driven by esthetic preferences has led to the explorati...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
32,887 Views
15 Pages

Current Understanding of Microneedling Procedures for Acne Skin: A Narrative Review

  • Șoimița Emiliana Măgerușan,
  • Gabriel Hancu and
  • Aura Rusu

14 November 2024

Acne vulgaris, the most prevalent skin disorder among teenagers and young adults, is often perceived as a moderate skin condition; however, it imposes a substantial economic and psychological burden on individuals and society. Microneedling emerges a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,940 Views
11 Pages

Facial Gold Reinforcement: 28 Years of Experience in the Use of Gold Threads

  • Alexey E. Avdeev,
  • Valentin I. Sharobaro,
  • Arslan A. Penaev,
  • Anastasia S. Borisenko,
  • Elena V. Mitish and
  • Anna S. Bairamova

12 November 2024

Introduction: Gold threads became widely used in esthetic surgery in the early 1990s. Produced in Spain, these threads consisted of a gold thread (5/0) with a diameter of 0.1 mm, composed of 99.99% pure gold, which was combined with a polyglycolic th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
13,645 Views
18 Pages

5 November 2024

Skin diseases are a common health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Effective treatment often depends on the precise delivery of drugs to the affected areas. One promising approach is currently the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS...

  • Review
  • Open Access
4 Citations
19,866 Views
15 Pages

Mechanisms of Sensitive Skin and the Soothing Effects of Active Compounds: A Review

  • Bei Chen,
  • Haiyan Tang,
  • Zhihui Liu,
  • Kun Qiao,
  • Xiaoting Chen,
  • Shuji Liu,
  • Nan Pan,
  • Tingru Chen and
  • Zhiyu Liu

1 November 2024

The incidence of skin sensitivity issues in human populations has increased steadily because of external factors, such as environmental changes and emotional stress. Skin sensitivity refers to a state of skin hyperreactivity that occurs under certain...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
7,363 Views
14 Pages

30 October 2024

In order to reduce chronic hair flyaways/frizz, both reducing and oxidizing agents have to be used, leaving aside the hair damage issues. This study presents changes in hair morphology caused by treatment with a shampoo containing only reducing agent...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5,522 Views
20 Pages

Electric Stimulation at 448 kHz Modulates Proliferation and Differentiation of Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells

  • María Antonia Martínez-Pascual,
  • Silvia Sacristán,
  • Elena Toledano-Macías and
  • María Luisa Hernández-Bule

30 October 2024

Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) regulate the hair cycle and play important roles in hair growth and regeneration. Alopecia is a pathology caused by a deregulation in the hair cycle phases. Currently, the use of physical therapies such as radiofrequency (...

  • Commentary
  • Open Access
9 Citations
7,201 Views
5 Pages

30 October 2024

Regenerative medicine has revolutionized the field of biological sciences, pharmacology and healthcare, bringing a new approach to treatments of various health conditions. Dermatology and aesthetic medicine are interested in these new scientific appr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,581 Views
19 Pages

Enhancing Antioxidant Activity from Aquatic Plant Cymodocea nodosa for Cosmetic Formulation Through Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Using Response Surface Methodology

  • Emna Chaabani,
  • Sarra Mgaidi,
  • Ameni Ben Abdennebi,
  • Sarra Dakhlaoui,
  • Majdi Hammami,
  • Sawssen Selmi,
  • Mohamed Zariat,
  • Abdessalem Shili,
  • Othmane Merah and
  • Iness Bettaieb Rebey

26 October 2024

This study aimed to enhance antioxidant extraction from the aquatic plant Cymodocea nodosa for cosmetic formulation through optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology. The optimized conditions—30 min of extracti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
11,479 Views
16 Pages

25 October 2024

Background: Skin is the largest organ in the human body. Some skin parameters like moisturization and sebum secretion play a vital role in the skin’s functioning. This study aims to assess the effects of topical chemical peels of different conc...

  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
18,269 Views
28 Pages

Regulation and Safety of Cosmetics: Pre- and Post-Market Considerations for Adverse Events and Environmental Impacts

  • Daniela Vieira,
  • Joana Duarte,
  • Pedro Vieira,
  • Maria Beatriz S. Gonçalves,
  • Ana Figueiras,
  • Alka Lohani,
  • Francisco Veiga and
  • Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo

24 October 2024

Cosmetic products have been increasingly regulated, particularly in Europe. With the introduction of the cosmetic regulation in 2013, stricter quality standards were implemented, surpassing those set by the 1976 legislation. The primary objective of...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
15,774 Views
20 Pages

24 October 2024

Human hair is characterised by variability, determined by genetic and macromolecular factors. Whilst the European hair type has been a focus of extensive research, Afro-textured hair care faces challenges created by insufficient knowledge of its prop...

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Cosmetics - ISSN 2079-9284