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Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 9
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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 9 (May-1 2025) – 68 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The convergence of non-Hermitian physics, topological matter, and semiconductor engineering offers a compelling route toward resilient, low-power quantum technologies. By exploiting emergent phenomena such as the non-Hermitian skin effect—recently observed in semiconductor-based quantum Hall systems—the recent analysis of the state of the art argues that embedding topologically protected modes into scalable platforms can overcome longstanding limitations in disorder sensitivity, fabrication complexity, and energy inefficiency, ultimately enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation, reconfigurable logic, and ultrasensitive detection; this synthesis of quantum topology and semiconductor science redefines foundational device principles and charts a transformative direction for the future of electronic and photonic systems. View this paper
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24 pages, 11809 KiB  
Article
Effect of Nanosilica on the Undrained Shear Strength of Organic Soil
by Carlos Solórzano-Blacio and Jorge Albuja-Sánchez
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090702 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
Organic soil is widely recognized for its low shear strength and high compressibility, which pose challenges for construction projects. One of the most commonly used methods for enhancing the mechanical properties of soil is chemical stabilization using various additives. In this study, the [...] Read more.
Organic soil is widely recognized for its low shear strength and high compressibility, which pose challenges for construction projects. One of the most commonly used methods for enhancing the mechanical properties of soil is chemical stabilization using various additives. In this study, the undrained shear strength of organic soil from Quito, Ecuador, with an average organic content of 43.84%, was reinforced using 0.5, 1, 3, and 6% nanosilica. A series of tests, including Atterberg limit, specific gravity, compaction, and unconfined compression tests, were conducted on specimens cured for 28 days. The results indicate that increasing the nanosilica content leads to higher plasticity, lower maximum dry density, and higher optimum moisture content. In addition, the modulus of elasticity and undrained shear strength improved. The optimal nanosilica content was found to be 1%, resulting in a 211.28% increase in the undrained shear strength. The mechanisms of soil improvement driven by the chemical interactions between nanosilica, mineralogical components (analyzed via XRD), and soil organic matter are discussed in detail. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering)
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23 pages, 4982 KiB  
Article
Laser-Ablative Structuring of Elastic Bandages—An Experimental Study
by Peijiao Huang, Daoyong Zhang, Wenyuan Lu, Xihuai Wang, Da Chen, Shengbin Zhao and Mingdi Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090701 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
To address the problem of excessive ablation in conventional laser processing caused by the inhomogeneous energy distribution at the focal point, along with the inherent heterogeneity and surface irregularities of textile materials, a new method for laser printing elastic bandage fabrics was developed. [...] Read more.
To address the problem of excessive ablation in conventional laser processing caused by the inhomogeneous energy distribution at the focal point, along with the inherent heterogeneity and surface irregularities of textile materials, a new method for laser printing elastic bandage fabrics was developed. We used flat top light sources, short focal field mirrors, and low power lasers instead of the Gaussian light sources, long focal field mirrors, and high-power lasers used in traditional methods. First, the sample was preheated, and the aspherical lens system was designed and simulated. Then, the physical and chemical properties of laser-processed elastic bandage fabrics were investigated. Finally, based on single-factor experiments, orthogonal experimental analysis was conducted to determine the optimal process parameters. The results show that the optimized optical path can effectively improve the uniformity of the temperature field during laser scanning and enhance focusing performance; as energy gradually accumulates, chemical bonds in polymer molecules break; when the elastic bandage fabric is in a highly elastic state, it exhibits appropriate breaking strength and color difference. The best parameters obtained from the single-factor experiment are as follows: laser power range of 25–34 W, scanning speed range of 2200–2800 mm/s, preheating temperature range of 125–200 °C. The best parameters obtained from the orthogonal experiment are as follows: laser power 28 W, scanning speed 2800 mm/s, and the preheating temperature 175 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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22 pages, 5731 KiB  
Article
Ab Initio Study of the Structures, Bonding Interactions, and Thermal Stability of the Li-Decorated 2D Biphenylene Sheet
by María Begoña Torres, Alexandre Lebon, Luis Enrique González, Luis Javier Gallego and Andrés Vega
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090700 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 240
Abstract
We performed an extensive study on the most stable structures, the electronic properties, and the thermal stability of the 2D biphenylene sheet decorated with Li atoms. Our structural results show that the Li storage capacity of biphenylene is much higher than that recently [...] Read more.
We performed an extensive study on the most stable structures, the electronic properties, and the thermal stability of the 2D biphenylene sheet decorated with Li atoms. Our structural results show that the Li storage capacity of biphenylene is much higher than that recently reported, which increases the interest in this 2D material as a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries, although Li diffusion is not expected at room temperature. Moreover, we found striking phenomena that had not been detected yet, such as the formation of Li zigzag wires and metallic Li monolayers on the biphenylene sheet beyond a certain coverage threshold. In our calculations, we use high-level density-functional theory, quantum chemical topology analysis, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, the latter methodology allows for confirming the stability of the predicted Li-decorated biphenylene structures at room-temperature conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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15 pages, 8761 KiB  
Article
Solvent-Engineered PEACl Passivation: A Pathway to 24.27% Efficiency and Industrially Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells
by Min Xin, Ihtesham Ghani, Yu Zhang, Huaxi Gao, Danish Khan, Xin Yang and Zeguo Tang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090699 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
Addressing the critical challenges of interfacial defects and insufficient stability in perovskite solar cells, this work introduces a co-solvent engineering strategy to dynamically regulate the phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl) passivation layer. The effect of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and a DMSO: IPA (1:100) mixture as [...] Read more.
Addressing the critical challenges of interfacial defects and insufficient stability in perovskite solar cells, this work introduces a co-solvent engineering strategy to dynamically regulate the phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl) passivation layer. The effect of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and a DMSO: IPA (1:100) mixture as solvent for forming the PEACl 2D passivation layer is systematically explored, and the synergistic interplay between solvent coordination strength and crystallization kinetics is systematically investigated. The DMSO: IPA (1:100) blend balances Pb-O coordination (via DMSO) and rapid phase separation (via IPA), enabling the oriented growth of a dense, ultrathin 2D perovskite overlayer. This suppresses defect density (electron traps reduced to 1.68 × 1015 cm−3) and extends carrier lifetime, yielding a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.27%—a significant improvement over the control (22.73%). For the first time, we establish a dual-parameter “solvent coordination-crystallization kinetics” model, providing a universal framework for designing environmentally benign solvent systems and advancing the industrial scalability of high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscale Materials and (Flexible) Devices)
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15 pages, 8916 KiB  
Article
Preheating Modeling of Forming Region and Design of Electrode Structure During Integral Electric Hot Incremental Forming
by Zhengfang Li, Lijia Liu, Jiangpeng Song, Shuang Wu, Li Liu and Xinhao Zhai
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090698 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 210
Abstract
Recently, integral electric hot incremental forming technology has been proposed to form hard-to-form sheet metals and to eliminate some defects obtained through the local heating method via current, such as inhomogeneous temperature distribution, arc burns for the sheet and the tool, unsuitability for [...] Read more.
Recently, integral electric hot incremental forming technology has been proposed to form hard-to-form sheet metals and to eliminate some defects obtained through the local heating method via current, such as inhomogeneous temperature distribution, arc burns for the sheet and the tool, unsuitability for multistage forming, etc. However, the simulation of integral electric hot incremental forming involves coupled electro-thermal-mechanical analysis, which is difficult through existing simulation software. Meanwhile, the effect of the electrode structure on temperature distribution is not clear; therefore, a preheating flux model for Joule heat was proposed to simulate the temperature distribution of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet in this work, which could simplify the coupled electro-thermal-mechanical analysis to the coupled thermal–mechanical simulation. Meanwhile, the effect of the electrode section and length on the temperature distribution was analyzed in detail, and then a design criterion for the electrode length was obtained during integral electric hot incremental forming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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16 pages, 3401 KiB  
Article
Biochar-Enhanced Sulfur: Mechanistic Insights into a Novel and Effective Bactericide
by Yuanqi Peng, Lezhu Su, Meng Liu, Chen Zeng, Bo Xiang, Zhuoyao Xie, Zijing Hu and Nan Zhou
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090697 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 288
Abstract
The development of green, efficient, and stable pesticides for controlling agricultural pathogens remains a critical research focus. Elemental sulfur, although widely used for its bactericidal and insecticidal properties, suffers from aggregation, poor dispersibility, and limited contact with target organisms, restricting its effectiveness. In [...] Read more.
The development of green, efficient, and stable pesticides for controlling agricultural pathogens remains a critical research focus. Elemental sulfur, although widely used for its bactericidal and insecticidal properties, suffers from aggregation, poor dispersibility, and limited contact with target organisms, restricting its effectiveness. In this study, we synthesized a novel biochar–sulfur composite by combining sustainable biochar with sulfur at low temperatures. The resulting material exhibited enhanced dispersibility and a five-fold increase in bactericidal efficacy compared to sulfur alone, as demonstrated in tests against R. solanacearum and E. coli. Additionally, the composite maintained 80% efficacy after five cycles of use, highlighting its favorable cyclic performance. Mechanistic studies revealed that biochar accelerates sulfur’s redox reaction, generating free radicals that drive efficient bactericidal action. This work provides a simple and sustainable approach for developing sulfur-based antimicrobial pesticides, offering new opportunities for sulfur utilization in agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Carbon-Based Materials)
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23 pages, 6020 KiB  
Review
Poly(arylene ether nitrile) Based Dielectrics with High Energy Storage Properties: A Review
by Yongxian Liu, Guangjun Liu, Yayao Jiao, Zaixing Wang, Shumin Bao, Xiufu Hua, Lingling Wang, Bo Tang, Zhiyuan Xiong and Renbo Wei
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090696 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 354
Abstract
Polymer-based nanocomposites have demonstrated significant strategic value in dielectric energy storage systems due to their tunable high energy density and rapid charge–discharge efficiency. Poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN), owing to its superior thermal stability, high mechanical strength, chemical corrosion resistance, and outstanding dielectric properties, [...] Read more.
Polymer-based nanocomposites have demonstrated significant strategic value in dielectric energy storage systems due to their tunable high energy density and rapid charge–discharge efficiency. Poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN), owing to its superior thermal stability, high mechanical strength, chemical corrosion resistance, and outstanding dielectric properties, exhibits distinct advantages in the field of high-performance dielectric energy storage devices. This review focuses on key strategies for enhancing the dielectric energy storage performance of PEN-based composites, emphasizing molecular engineering approaches, microstructural design, the multiscale interface regulation mechanisms within composite systems, and the optimization of the dielectric constant (εr) and breakdown strength (Eb) through thermal stretching. Furthermore, the potential of PEN-based polymer composites in energy storage devices is highlighted, and future research directions are proposed, including the establishment of a dynamic balance mechanism between dielectric/insulating properties and the development of novel composite systems that offer both high energy storage density and stability. These advancements will provide the material foundation for the miniaturization and intellectualization of advanced pulse power equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colloid Chemistry and Applications of Nanomaterials)
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15 pages, 5870 KiB  
Article
High Dielectric Tunability and Figure of Merit at Low Voltage in (001)-Oriented Epitaxial Tetragonal Pb0.52Zr0.48TiO3 Thin Films
by Hongwang Li, Chao Liu and Jun Ouyang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090695 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
Ferroelectric thin films with a high dielectric tunability (η) have great potential in electrically tunable applications, including microwave tunable devices such as phase shifters, filters, delay lines, etc. Using a modified Landau–Devonshire type thermodynamic potential, we show that the dielectric tunability [...] Read more.
Ferroelectric thin films with a high dielectric tunability (η) have great potential in electrically tunable applications, including microwave tunable devices such as phase shifters, filters, delay lines, etc. Using a modified Landau–Devonshire type thermodynamic potential, we show that the dielectric tunability η of a (001) tetragonal ferroelectric film can be analytically solved. After a survey of materials, a large η value above 60% was predicted to be achievable in a (001)-oriented tetragonal Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) film. Experimentally, (001)-oriented PZT thin films were prepared on LaNiO3-coated (100) SrTiO3 substrates by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). These films exhibited good dielectric tunability (η ~ 67.6%) measured at a small electric field E of ~250 kV/cm (corresponding to 5 volts for a 200 nm thick film). It only dropped down to ~54.2% when E was further reduced to 125 kV/cm (2.5 volts for 200 nm film). The measured dielectric tunability η as functions of the applied electric field E and measuring frequency f are discussed for a 500 nm thick PZT film, with the former well described by the theoretical η(E) curves and the latter showing a weak frequency dependence. These observations validate our integrated approach rooted in a theoretical understanding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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30 pages, 7563 KiB  
Article
Influence of Fluorine Doping on Rutile TiO2 Nanostructures for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis: A DFT + U Study
by Fikadu Takele Geldasa and Francis Birhanu Dejene
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090694 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 289
Abstract
In this work, a density functional theory (DFT) with Hubbard correction (U) approaches implemented through the Quantum ESPRESSO code is utilized to investigate the effects of fluorine (F) doping on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of rutile TiO2. Rutile TiO [...] Read more.
In this work, a density functional theory (DFT) with Hubbard correction (U) approaches implemented through the Quantum ESPRESSO code is utilized to investigate the effects of fluorine (F) doping on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of rutile TiO2. Rutile TiO2 is a promising material for renewable energy production and environmental remediation, but its wide bandgap limits its application to the UV spectrum, which is narrow and expensive. To extend the absorption edge of TiO2 into the visible light range, different concentrations of F were substituted at oxygen atom sites. The structural analysis reveals that the lattice constants and bond lengths of TiO2 increased with F concentrations. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD) at 1000 K confirm that both pristine and F-doped rutile TiO2 maintains structural integrity, indicating excellent thermal stability essential for high-temperature photocatalytic applications. Band structure calculations show that pure rutile TiO2 has a bandgap of 3.0 eV, which increases as the F concentration rises, with the 0.25 F-doped structures exhibiting an even larger bandgap, preventing it from responding to visible light. The absorption edge of doped TiO2 shifts towards the visible region, as shown by the imaginary part of the dielectric function. This research provides valuable insights for experimentalists, helping them understand how varying F concentrations influence the properties of rutile TiO2 for photocatalytic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Nanomaterials—Theoretical Design of Green Chemistry Nanomaterials)
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19 pages, 3423 KiB  
Review
Current Landscape of Micro-LED Display Industrialization
by Yang-En Wu, Chia-Hung Tsai, Li-Yin Chen, Fang-Chung Chen and Hao-Chung Kuo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090693 - 4 May 2025
Viewed by 416
Abstract
Micro-LED display technology has emerged as a significant area of interest, with numerous research teams globally approaching it from various disciplines. Concurrently, several enterprises have initiated production or plan to invest in equipment manufacturing. However, the industry currently lacks standardized production processes for [...] Read more.
Micro-LED display technology has emerged as a significant area of interest, with numerous research teams globally approaching it from various disciplines. Concurrently, several enterprises have initiated production or plan to invest in equipment manufacturing. However, the industry currently lacks standardized production processes for Micro-LED displays. This is largely due to major manufacturers adapting their equipment and material choices to suit their specific product applications. Nevertheless, advancements in recent years and developments within the supply chain reveal a gradual convergence of technology across the sector. This review paper aims to provide an investment and cost analysis perspective of the current industrial landscape of Micro-LED technology. It examines key aspects such as the selection of bonding materials, differences in driving modes, considerations for native RGB versus color conversion, strategies for cost optimization, market information and unique differentiation features of Micro-LED displays. To make this paper accessible to a broader audience, including those outside the electronics industry, key technical processes are described with clear explanations and the relevant context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Dots and Micro-LED Display, 3rd Edition)
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11 pages, 4598 KiB  
Communication
Scalable Production and Multifunctional Coating of Gold Nanostars for Catalytic Applications
by Silvia Nuti, Adrián Fernández-Lodeiro, Inmaculada Ortiz-Gómez, Carlos Lodeiro and Javier Fernández-Lodeiro
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090692 - 3 May 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
Gold nanostars (AuNSTs) stabilized with adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were synthesized using a scalable method, achieving a 30-fold yield increase compared to previous studies using AMP as a shaping agent, while also reducing the reaction time to 3 h. The AuNSTs were coated with [...] Read more.
Gold nanostars (AuNSTs) stabilized with adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were synthesized using a scalable method, achieving a 30-fold yield increase compared to previous studies using AMP as a shaping agent, while also reducing the reaction time to 3 h. The AuNSTs were coated with mesoporous silica (mSiO2) via a robust approach, producing the AuNSTs@mSiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with tunable thicknesses and consistent optical properties for a range of morphologies. The NPs were additionally coated with platinum (Pt) before synthesizing the mSiO2 layer, facilitating a comparative analysis of catalytic activity. The catalytic performance of the bare AuNSTs, the AuNSTs@mSiO2, and the AuNSTs@Pt@mSiO2 was evaluated through methylene blue reduction, confirming the gold core as the primary catalytic source. The AuNSTs@Pt@mSiO2 exhibited enhanced activity, highlighting the potential of the mSiO2 coatings. Additionally, solid-phase catalytic tests using 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) on cellulose discs demonstrated the effectiveness of these NPs under diverse conditions. These findings showcase the versatility and broad catalytic potential of silica-coated NPs for solution- and solid-phase applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Noble Metal-Based Nanostructures: Optical Properties and Applications)
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19 pages, 3868 KiB  
Article
Tailoring Metal Phthalocyanine/Graphene Interfaces for Highly Sensitive Gas Sensors
by Daniele Perilli, Alberto Maria Rizzi and Cristiana Di Valentin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090691 - 3 May 2025
Viewed by 343
Abstract
Developing novel gas-sensing materials is critical for overcoming the limitations of current metal oxide semiconductor technologies, which, despite their widely commercial use, require high operating temperatures to achieve optimal performance. In this context, integrating graphene with molecular organic layers provides a promising platform [...] Read more.
Developing novel gas-sensing materials is critical for overcoming the limitations of current metal oxide semiconductor technologies, which, despite their widely commercial use, require high operating temperatures to achieve optimal performance. In this context, integrating graphene with molecular organic layers provides a promising platform for next-generation gas-sensing materials. In this work, we systematically explore the gas-sensing properties of metal phthalocyanine/graphene (MPc/Gr) interfaces using density functional theory calculations. Specifically, we examine the role of different MPcs (FePc, CoPc, NiPc, and CuPc) and Gr doping levels (p-doped, neutral, and n-doped) in the detection of NH3 and NO2 molecules, used as representative electron-donor and -acceptor testing gases, respectively. Our results reveal that a p-doped Gr is necessary for NH3 detection, while the choice of metal cation plays a crucial role in determining sensitivity, following the trend FePc/Gr > CoPc/Gr > NiPc/Gr, with CuPc/Gr exhibiting no response. Remarkably, FePc/Gr demonstrates sensitivity down to the limit of a single NH3 molecule per FePc. Conversely, NO2 detection is possible under both neutral and n-doped Gr, with the strongest response observed for n-doped FePc/Gr and CoPc/Gr. Crucially, we identify the dz2 orbital of the MPc as a key factor in mediating charge transfer between the gas molecule and Gr, governing the electronic interactions that drive the sensing response. These insights provide valuable guidelines for the rational design of high-sensitivity graphene-based gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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12 pages, 3451 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Silicon Anode Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries Through Hybrid Artificial SEI Layer and Prelithiation
by Bo Peng, Weizhai Bao, Kaiwen Sun and Jin Xiao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090690 - 2 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 749
Abstract
Prelithiation has been widely accepted as one of the most promising strategies to compensate for the loss of active substance and to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency in silicon-based anodes for advanced high-energy-density batteries. But because of their unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) [...] Read more.
Prelithiation has been widely accepted as one of the most promising strategies to compensate for the loss of active substance and to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency in silicon-based anodes for advanced high-energy-density batteries. But because of their unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and low initial Coulombic efficiency, they expand in volume during prelithiation and react with moisture, which makes commercialization a difficult process. Herein, we have developed a strategy using lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) treatment to eliminate redundant lithium and generate LiF-based inorganic compounds on the surface of the prelithiated electrode. Such method not only reduces the reactiveness of the prelithiated anode but also enhances the ionic conductivity of the SEI. The rich LiF surface works as an artificial SEI, and according to electrochemical evaluation, the initial Coulombic efficiency of the prelithiated silicon anode treated with LiFSI can reach 92.9%. This technique not only increases the battery’s energy density but also its cycle stability, resulting in superior capacity retention and a longer cycling life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)
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12 pages, 16015 KiB  
Article
Compact Nonvolatile Reconfigurable Mode Converter by Sb2S3 Embedded in 4H-Silicon-Carbide-on-Insulator Platform
by Danfeng Zhu, Junbo Chen, Shaobin Qiu, Dingnan Deng and Jinming Luo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090689 - 1 May 2025
Viewed by 316
Abstract
Nonvolatile switching is emerging and shows potential in integrated optics. A compact nonvolatile reconfigurable mode converter implemented on a 4H-silicon-carbide-on-insulator (4H-SiCOI) platform with a footprint of 0.5 × 1 × 1.8 μm3 is proposed in this study. The functional region features an [...] Read more.
Nonvolatile switching is emerging and shows potential in integrated optics. A compact nonvolatile reconfigurable mode converter implemented on a 4H-silicon-carbide-on-insulator (4H-SiCOI) platform with a footprint of 0.5 × 1 × 1.8 μm3 is proposed in this study. The functional region features an Sb2S3 film embedded in a 4H-SiC strip waveguide. The functionality is achieved through manipulating the phase state of the Sb2S3. The high refractive index contrast between the crystalline Sb2S3 and 4H-SiC enables high-efficiency mode conversion within a compact footprint. The incident TM0 mode is converted to the TM1 mode with a high transmittance (T) beyond 0.91 and a mode purity (MP) over 91.72% across the 1500–1600 nm waveband. Additionally, when the Sb2S3 transitions to its amorphous state, the diminished refractive index contrast efficiently mitigates the mode conversion effect. In this state, the TM0 mode propagates through the functional region with minimal perturbation, exhibiting T ≥ 0.99 and MPTM0 ≥ 97.65% within a 1500–1600 nm waveband. Furthermore, the device performances were investigated under partially crystallized states of Sb2S3. The proposed structure offers a broad range of transmittance differences (−16.42 dB ≤ ΔT ≤ 17.1 dB) and mode purity differences (−90.91% ≤ ΔMP ≤ 96.11%) between the TM0 mode and TM1 mode. The proposed device exhibits a high robustness within ±20 nm Δl and ±10 nm Δw. We believe that the proposed multi-level manipulation can facilitate a large communication capacity and that it can be deployed in neuromorphic optical computing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
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10 pages, 2743 KiB  
Article
Ternary Heterojunction Synaptic Transistors Based on Perovskite Quantum Dots
by Shuqiong Lan, Jinkui Si, Wangying Xu, Lan Yang, Jierui Lin and Chen Wu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090688 - 1 May 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
The traditional von Neumann architecture encounters significant limitations in computational efficiency and energy consumption, driving the development of neuromorphic devices. The optoelectronic synaptic device serves as a fundamental hardware foundation for the realization of neuromorphic computing and plays a pivotal role in the [...] Read more.
The traditional von Neumann architecture encounters significant limitations in computational efficiency and energy consumption, driving the development of neuromorphic devices. The optoelectronic synaptic device serves as a fundamental hardware foundation for the realization of neuromorphic computing and plays a pivotal role in the development of neuromorphic chips. This study develops a ternary heterojunction synaptic transistor based on perovskite quantum dots to tackle the critical challenge of synaptic weight modulation in organic synaptic devices. Compared to binary heterojunction synaptic transistor, the ternary heterojunction synaptic transistor achieves an enhanced hysteresis window due to the synergistic charge-trapping effects of acceptor material and perovskite quantum dots. The memory window decreases with increasing source-drain voltage (VDS) but expands with prolonged program/erase time, demonstrating effective carrier trapping modulation. Furthermore, the device successfully emulates typical photonic synaptic behaviors, including excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and the transition from short-term plasticity (STP) to long-term plasticity (LTP). This work provides a simplified strategy for high-performance optoelectronic synaptic transistors, showcasing significant potential for neuromorphic computing and adaptive intelligent systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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9 pages, 2086 KiB  
Article
Metasurface Design for Dual-Mode Sensors Based on Broken Symmetry Structure
by Rundong Yang, Minjing Dai, Yihao Zhao and Xiangfu Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090687 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 271
Abstract
Dual-mode sensors are currently facing difficulties in achieving independent sensing of parameters as well as low sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a dual-mode sensor using the finite element method (FEM) based on a coupled silver–PDMS–gold (SPG) cavity. We coupled a square ring [...] Read more.
Dual-mode sensors are currently facing difficulties in achieving independent sensing of parameters as well as low sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a dual-mode sensor using the finite element method (FEM) based on a coupled silver–PDMS–gold (SPG) cavity. We coupled a square ring resonant cavity with a double-ring resonant cavity structure, thus identifying a unique resonant cavity structure. The square ring resonator is made of silver and a double-ring resonant cavity filled with PDMS. Our proposed SPG cavity can independently achieve temperature and refractive index sensing. The SPG cavity enables us to obtain the highest biosensing sensitivity of about 1030 nm/RIU and the highest temperature sensitivity of about 216 pm/K. In addition, SPG cavities have excellent tolerances for geometric parameters. Our results provide new methodologies for metasurface design for dual-mode sensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional Materials and Metamaterials in Photonics and Optoelectronics (Second Edition))
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11 pages, 5339 KiB  
Article
Plasmonic Nanosensors Based on Highly Tunable Multiple Fano Resonances Induced in Metal–Insulator–Metal Waveguide Systems
by Ping Jiang and Yilin Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090686 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
We designed and investigated a plasmonic nanosensor with ultra-high sensitivity and tunability, which is composed of a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide integrated with a side-coupled resonator (SR) and metal baffle. Its high performance is derived from Fano resonance, which is generated by the interaction [...] Read more.
We designed and investigated a plasmonic nanosensor with ultra-high sensitivity and tunability, which is composed of a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide integrated with a side-coupled resonator (SR) and metal baffle. Its high performance is derived from Fano resonance, which is generated by the interaction between the modes of the SR and the baffle, and it can be precisely tuned by adjusting the parameters of the SR. Further investigation based on the incorporation of a side-coupled rectangular-ring resonator (SRR) generates three distinct Fano resonances, and the Fano resonance can be accurately tuned by manipulating the parameters of the resonators within the system. Our proposed plasmonic system can serve as a highly sensitive refractive index nanosensor, achieving a sensitivity up to 1150 nm/RIU. The plasmonic structures featuring independently tunable triple Fano resonances open new avenues for applications in nanosensing, bandstop filtering, and slow-light devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics of Low-Dimensional Materials)
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32 pages, 6341 KiB  
Review
Catalytic Oxidative Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Perovskite Catalysts: A Review
by Tong Xu, Chenlong Wang, Yanfei Lv, Bin Zhu and Xiaomin Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090685 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions have become a critical environmental concern due to their contributions to photochemical smog formation, secondary organic aerosol generation, and adverse human health impacts in the context of accelerated industrialization and urbanization. Catalytic oxidation over perovskite-type catalysts is an [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions have become a critical environmental concern due to their contributions to photochemical smog formation, secondary organic aerosol generation, and adverse human health impacts in the context of accelerated industrialization and urbanization. Catalytic oxidation over perovskite-type catalysts is an attractive technological approach for efficient VOC abatement. This review systematically evaluates the advancements in perovskite-based catalysts for VOC oxidation, focusing on their crystal structure–activity relationships, electronic properties, synthetic methodologies, and nanostructure engineering. Emphasis is placed on metal ion doping strategies and supported catalyst configurations, which have been demonstrated to optimize catalytic performance through synergistic effects. The applications of perovskite catalysts in diverse oxidation systems, including photocatalysis, thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and plasma-assisted catalysis, are comprehensively discussed with critical analysis of their respective advantages and limitations. It summarizes the existing challenges, such as catalyst deactivation caused by carbon deposition, sulfur/chlorine poisoning, and thermal sintering, as well as issues like low energy utilization efficiency and the generation of secondary pollutants. By consolidating current knowledge and highlighting future research directions, this review provides a solid foundation for the rational design of next-generation perovskite catalysts for sustainable VOC management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured and Multifunctional Solid Catalysts for Sustainable Chemical Processes)
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13 pages, 5617 KiB  
Article
Oxygen Vacancy in Magnéli Phases and Its Effect on Thermoelectric Performances
by Zhou Guan, Chuangshi Feng, Hongquan Song, Lingxu Yang, Xin Wang, Huijun Liu, Jiawei Zhang, Fanqian Wei, Xin Yuan, Hengyong Yang, Yu Tang and Fuxiang Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090684 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 215
Abstract
Magnéli phases exhibit significant potential for applications in electronic materials in energy conversion due to their high electrical conductivity and excellent thermal stability. In this study, single-phase TinO2n−1 (n = 4, 5, 6) bulk materials were successfully prepared by [...] Read more.
Magnéli phases exhibit significant potential for applications in electronic materials in energy conversion due to their high electrical conductivity and excellent thermal stability. In this study, single-phase TinO2n−1 (n = 4, 5, 6) bulk materials were successfully prepared by a combination of the carbothermal reduction of nano-sized rutile TiO2 and hot-press sintering methods. The relationships between the phase evolution, microstructural features, and thermoelectric performance were investigated systematically. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that the Ti4O7 and Ti5O9 materials had single-phase structures with high densities (relative density > 97%) and no obvious grain boundary holes or microcracks. We tested the thermoelectric properties of the Magnéli phases in the temperature range of 300–1100 K. The Magnéli phases exhibited a significant temperature dependence, with peak zT values of 0.17, 0.18, and 0.14 for Ti4O7, Ti5O9, and Ti6O11, respectively, at 1100 K. This variation in thermoelectric performance was mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the oxygen vacancy concentration and the shear surface density on the carrier concentration and lattice thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the Fermi energy levels and electronic thermal conductivity of the Magnéli phases were calculated using the single parabolic band (SPB) model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanostructures for Thermoelectric Applications)
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14 pages, 3746 KiB  
Article
Scalable Synthesis of PtAu Nanoalloy-Decorated Hydrogenated TiO2 for High-Efficiency Indoor Formaldehyde Photodegradation
by Hairui Cai, Benjamin Yang, Jie Hou, Ziqi Wang and Zhuo Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090683 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
Formaldehyde, a pervasive indoor air pollutant posing significant health risks, has driven extensive research into advanced mitigation strategies to ensure safer living environments. Herein, this study presents a synthesis method for the large-scale production of hydrogenated TiO2 (P25) loaded with PtAu nanoalloys [...] Read more.
Formaldehyde, a pervasive indoor air pollutant posing significant health risks, has driven extensive research into advanced mitigation strategies to ensure safer living environments. Herein, this study presents a synthesis method for the large-scale production of hydrogenated TiO2 (P25) loaded with PtAu nanoalloys (P25(H)-PtAu), using a combination of ball milling and high-temperature annealing. Hydrogenation-induced defect-rich TiO2 efficiently improves visible light absorption, enhancing the utilization of visible light in photocatalytic reactions. Mechanochemical ball milling was employed to prepare ultrasmall PtAu nanoalloys with a size of 3.7 ± 0.1 nm, which were uniformly dispersed on the surface of P25(H). Density functional theory (DFT) results indicate that PtAu nanoalloys synergistically enhance charge separation via Schottky junctions and surface reaction kinetics by optimizing reactant adsorption. As a result, P25(H)-PtAu achieves industrially relevant formaldehyde removal efficiency (97.8%) under ambient light conditions while maintaining scalability (10 g batches). This work provides a scalable framework for developing manufacturable photocatalysts, with immediate applications in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, and air purifiers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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32 pages, 5956 KiB  
Review
Nanomaterial ZnO Synthesis and Its Photocatalytic Applications: A Review
by Chunxiang Zhu and Xihui Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090682 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO), a cheap, abundant, biocompatible, and wide band gap semiconductor material with easy tunable morphologies and properties, makes it one of the mostly studied metal oxides in the area of materials science, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and solid-state electronics. Its versatility, easy [...] Read more.
Zinc oxide (ZnO), a cheap, abundant, biocompatible, and wide band gap semiconductor material with easy tunable morphologies and properties, makes it one of the mostly studied metal oxides in the area of materials science, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and solid-state electronics. Its versatility, easy bandgap engineering with transitional and rare earth metals, as well as the diverse nanomorphology empower ZnO as a promising photocatalyst. The use of ZnO as a functional material is attracting increased attention both for academia and industry, especially under the current energy paradigm shift toward clean and renewable sources. Extensive work has been performed in recent years using ZnO as an active component for different photocatalytic applications. Therefore, a thorough and timely review of the process is necessary. The aim of this review is to provide a general summary of the current state of ZnO nanostructures, synthesis strategies, and modification approaches, with the main application focus on varied photocatalysis applications, serving as an introduction, a reference, and an inspiration for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Nanochemistry for Heterogeneous Catalysis Advancements (2nd Edition))
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30 pages, 9954 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on the Synthesis of Nanostructured Photocatalysts and Their Environmental Applications
by Yanan Niu, Qi Shi, Tai Peng, Xi Cao and Yuguang Lv
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090681 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 279
Abstract
Due to their unique photocatalytic properties, nanostructured photocatalysts have shown broad prospects for application in environmental treatment. In recent years, researchers have significantly enhanced the photocatalytic charge separation efficiency and photocatalytic stability of photocatalysts by regulating semiconductor energy band structures, optimizing interface and [...] Read more.
Due to their unique photocatalytic properties, nanostructured photocatalysts have shown broad prospects for application in environmental treatment. In recent years, researchers have significantly enhanced the photocatalytic charge separation efficiency and photocatalytic stability of photocatalysts by regulating semiconductor energy band structures, optimizing interface and surface properties, constructing heterogeneous structures, and introducing noble metal doping. This review systematically summarizes the basic principles, synthesis methods, and modification strategies of nanostructured photocatalysts and focuses on recent research advances in their environmental applications, such as water pollution control, air purification, and carbon dioxide reduction. Meanwhile, this review analyzes current challenges in the field, such as low quantum efficiency, insufficient stability, and limited industrialization, and outlines future development directions, including smart catalytic technology, fabrication of multifunctional composites, and large-scale synthesis, thereby providing a reference for research and application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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25 pages, 8659 KiB  
Review
Investigation on the Interfaces in Organic Devices by Photoemission Spectroscopy
by Haipeng Xie, Xianjun Cheng and Han Huang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090680 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 417
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have garnered significant interest owing to their low cost, flexibility, and suitability for large-area electronics, making them vital for burgeoning fields such as flexible electronics, wearable devices, and green energy technologies. The performance of organic electronic devices is crucially determined by [...] Read more.
Organic semiconductors have garnered significant interest owing to their low cost, flexibility, and suitability for large-area electronics, making them vital for burgeoning fields such as flexible electronics, wearable devices, and green energy technologies. The performance of organic electronic devices is crucially determined by their interfacial electronic structure. Specifically, interfacial phenomena such as band bending significantly influence carrier injection, transport, and recombination, making their control paramount for enhancing device performance. This review investigates the interplay among molecular orientation, interfacial charge transfer, and interfacial chemical reactions as the primary drivers of interface band bending. Furthermore, it critically examines effective strategies for optimizing interfacial properties via interface engineering, focusing on interlayer insertion and template layer methods. The review concludes with a summary and outlook, emphasizing the integration of interface design with material development and device architecture to realize next-generation, high-performance organic electronic devices exhibiting improved efficiency and stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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15 pages, 7924 KiB  
Article
Strain Engineering of Anisotropic Electronic, Transport, and Photoelectric Properties in Monolayer Sn2Se2P4
by Haowen Xu and Yuehua Xu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090679 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 298
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that the Sn2Se2P4 monolayer exhibits intrinsic anisotropic electronic characteristics with the strain-synergistic modulation of carrier transport and optoelectronic properties, as revealed by various levels of density functional theory calculations combined with the non-equilibrium [...] Read more.
In this study, we demonstrate that the Sn2Se2P4 monolayer exhibits intrinsic anisotropic electronic characteristics with the strain-synergistic modulation of carrier transport and optoelectronic properties, as revealed by various levels of density functional theory calculations combined with the non-equilibrium Green’s function method. The calculations reveal that a-axis uniaxial compression of the Sn2Se2P4 monolayer induces an indirect-to-direct bandgap transition (from 1.73 eV to 0.97 eV, as calculated by HSE06), reduces the hole effective mass by ≥70%, and amplifies current density by 684%. Conversely, a-axis uniaxial expansion (+8%) boosts ballistic transport (a/b-axis current ratio > 105), rivaling black phosphorus. Notably, a striking negative differential conductance arises with the maximum Ipeak/Ivalley in the order of 105 under the 2% uniaxial compression along the b-axis of the Sn2Se2P4 monolayer. Visible-range anisotropic absorption coefficients (~105 cm−1) are achieved, where −4% a-axis strain elevates the photocurrent density (6.27 μA mm−2 at 2.45 eV) and external quantum efficiency (39.2%) beyond many 2D materials benchmarks. Non-monotonic strain-dependent photocurrent density peaks at 2.00 eV correlate with hole effective mass reduction patterns, confirming the carrier mobility of the Sn2Se2P4 monolayer as the governing parameter for photogenerated charge separation. These results establish Sn2Se2P4 as a multifunctional material enabling strain-tailored anisotropy for logic transistors, negative differential resistors, and photovoltaic devices, while guiding future investigations on environmental stabilization and heterostructure integration toward practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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9 pages, 1596 KiB  
Article
Polarization-Independent Broadband Infrared Selective Absorber Based on Multilayer Thin Film
by Shenglan Wu, Hao Huang, Xin Wang, Chunhui Tian, Zhenyong Huang, Zhiyong Zhong and Shuang Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090678 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 311
Abstract
Spectrally selective infrared absorbers play a pivotal role in enabling optoelectronic applications such as infrared detection, thermal imaging, and photothermal conversion. In this paper, a dual-band wide-spectrum infrared selective absorber based on a metal–dielectric multilayer structure is designed. Through optimized design, the absorptance [...] Read more.
Spectrally selective infrared absorbers play a pivotal role in enabling optoelectronic applications such as infrared detection, thermal imaging, and photothermal conversion. In this paper, a dual-band wide-spectrum infrared selective absorber based on a metal–dielectric multilayer structure is designed. Through optimized design, the absorptance of the absorber reaches the peak values of 0.87 and 1.0 in the target bands (3–5 μm and 8–14 μm), while maintaining a low absorptance of about 0.2 in the non-working bands of 5–8 μm, with excellent spectral selectivity. By analyzing the Poynting vector and loss distribution, the synergistic mechanism of the ultra-thin metal localized enhancement effect, impedance matching, and intrinsic absorption of the material is revealed. This structure exhibits good polarization-insensitive characteristics and angle robustness within a large incident angle range, showing strong adaptability to complex optical field environments. Moreover, the proposed planarized structure design is compatible with standard fabrication processes and has good scalability, which can be applied to other electromagnetic wave bands. This research provides new design ideas and technical solutions for advanced optoelectronic applications such as radiation cooling, infrared stealth, and thermal radiation regulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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12 pages, 6465 KiB  
Article
Graphene-Based Organic Semiconductor Film for Highly Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
by Yanghong Xu, Haopeng Tang, Yifei Wang, Xiaofeng Zhu and Long Yang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090677 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 342
Abstract
Mimicking artificial photosynthesis utilizing solar energy for the production of high-value chemicals is a sustainable strategy to tackle the fossil fuel-based energy crisis and mitigate the greenhouse effect. In this study, we developed a two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO)–diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) film photocatalyst. GO [...] Read more.
Mimicking artificial photosynthesis utilizing solar energy for the production of high-value chemicals is a sustainable strategy to tackle the fossil fuel-based energy crisis and mitigate the greenhouse effect. In this study, we developed a two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO)–diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) film photocatalyst. GO nanosheets facilitate the uniform dispersion of DPP nanoparticles (~5 nm) while simultaneously constructing an efficient charge transport network to mitigate carrier recombination. Under visible-light irradiation in an aqueous solution without sacrificial agents, the optimized GO–DPP50 film catalyst exhibited exceptional performance, achieving a CO production rate of 32.62 μmol·g⁻1·h⁻1 with nearly 100% selectivity. This represents 2.77-fold and 3.28-fold enhancements over pristine GO (8.65 μmol·g−1·h−1) and bare DPP (7.62 μmol·g−1·h−1), respectively. Mechanistic analysis reveals a synergistic mechanism. The 2D GO framework not only serves as a high-surface-area substrate for DPP anchoring, but also substantially suppresses charge recombination through rapid electron transport channels. Concurrently, the uniformly distributed DPP nanoparticles improve visible-light absorption efficiency and facilitate effective photogenerated carrier excitation. This work establishes a novel paradigm for the synergistic integration of 2D nanomaterials with organic semiconductors, providing critical design principles for developing high-performance film-based photocatalysts and selectivity control in CO2 reduction applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanostructured Catalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications)
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15 pages, 4032 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Microstructural Changes Produced by Heat Treatment on the Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of Ti-Based MXenes
by Xue Han, Jae Jeong Lee, Ji Soo Kyoung and Yun Sung Woo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090676 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Ti-based MXenes such as Ti3C2TX and Ti2CTX have attracted considerable attention because of their superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness compared to other EMI shielding materials, especially for high electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption. In this [...] Read more.
Ti-based MXenes such as Ti3C2TX and Ti2CTX have attracted considerable attention because of their superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness compared to other EMI shielding materials, especially for high electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption. In this study, we investigated the microstructural changes produced by heat treatment and their effect on the EMI shielding properties of Ti-based MXenes. Ti3C2TX and Ti2CTX films were prepared using vacuum filtration and annealed at temperatures up to 300 °C. The microstructures and chemical bonding properties of these heat-treated Ti3C2TX and Ti2CTX films were analyzed, and the EMI shielding effectiveness was measured in the X-band and THz frequency range. The porous Ti3C2TX film showed higher EM absorption than that calculated using the transfer matrix method. On the other hand, the Ti2CTX films had a more densely stacked structure and lower EM absorption. As the heat treatment temperature increased, Ti3C2TX developed a more porous structure without significant changes in its chemical bonding. Its EM absorption per unit of thickness increased up to 6 dB/μm, while the reflectance remained constant at less than 1 dB/μm after heat treatment. This suggested that the heat treatment of Ti-based MXenes can increase the porosity of the film by removing residual organics without changing the chemical bonds, thereby increasing electromagnetic shielding through absorption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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16 pages, 3205 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Magnetic Response Measurements in Study of Magnetic Nanoparticles Uptake by Mesenchymal Stem Cells
by Vyacheslav Ryzhov, Yaroslav Marchenko, Vladimir Deriglazov, Natalia Yudintceva, Oleg Smirnov, Alexandr Arutyunyan, Tatiana Shtam, Evgenii Ivanov, Stephanie E. Combs and Maxim Shevtsov
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090675 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
Stem cells therapies offer a promising approach in translational oncology, as well as in regenerative medicine due to the tropism of these cells to the damage site. To track the distribution of stem cells, the latter could be labeled by MRI-sensitive superparamagnetic (SPM) [...] Read more.
Stem cells therapies offer a promising approach in translational oncology, as well as in regenerative medicine due to the tropism of these cells to the damage site. To track the distribution of stem cells, the latter could be labeled by MRI-sensitive superparamagnetic (SPM) iron oxide nanoparticles. In the current study, magnetic properties of the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) incorporated into the bone marrow-derived fetal mesenchymal stem cells (FetMSCs) were evaluated employing nonlinear magnetic response measurements. Synthesized dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles were additionally characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The MNP uptake by the FetMSCs 24 h following coincubation was studied by longitudinal nonlinear response to weak alternating magnetic field with registration of the second harmonic of magnetization. Subsequent data processing using a formalism based on the numerical solution of the Fokker–Planck kinetic equation allowed us to determine magnetic and dynamic parameters and the state of MNPs in the cells, as well as in the culture medium. It was found that MNPs formed aggregates in the culture medium; they were absorbed by the cells during coincubation. The aggregates exhibited SPM regime in the medium, and the parameters of the MNP aggregates remained virtually unchanged in the cells, indicating the preservation of the aggregation state of MNPs inside the cells. This implies also the preservation of the organic shell of the nanoparticles inside FetMSCs. The accumulation of MNPs by mesenchymal stem cells gradually increased with the concentration of MNPs. Thus, the study confirmed that the labeling of MSCs with MNPs is an effective method for subsequent cell tracking as incorporated nanoparticles retain their magnetic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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13 pages, 5562 KiB  
Article
ZrBr4-Mediated Phase Engineering in CsPbBr3 for Enhanced Operational Stability of White-Light-Emitting Diodes
by Muhammad Amin Padhiar, Yongqiang Ji, Jing Wang, Noor Zamin Khan, Mengji Xiong and Shuxin Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090674 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 291
Abstract
The persistent operational instability of all-inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) has hindered their integration into white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). This study introduces a transformative approach by engineering a phase transition from CsPbBr3 NCs to zirconium bromide (ZrBr4 [...] Read more.
The persistent operational instability of all-inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) has hindered their integration into white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). This study introduces a transformative approach by engineering a phase transition from CsPbBr3 NCs to zirconium bromide (ZrBr4)-stabilized hexagonal nanocomposites (HNs) through a modified hot-injection synthesis. Structural analyses revealed that the ZrBr4-mediated phase transformation induced a structurally ordered lattice with minimized defects, significantly enhancing charge carrier confinement and radiative recombination efficiency. The resulting HNs achieved an exceptional photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 92%, prolonged emission lifetimes, and suppressed nonradiative decay, attributed to effective surface passivation. The WLEDs with HNs enabled a breakthrough luminous efficiency of 158 lm/W and a record color rendering index (CRI) of 98, outperforming conventional CsPbX3-based devices. The WLEDs exhibited robust thermal stability, retaining over 80% of initial emission intensity at 100 °C, and demonstrated exceptional operational stability with negligible PL degradation during 50 h of continuous operation at 100 mA. Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.35, 0.32) validated pure white-light emission with high chromatic fidelity. This work establishes ZrBr4-mediated HNs as a paradigm-shifting material platform, addressing critical stability and efficiency challenges in perovskite optoelectronics and paving the way for next-generation, high-performance lighting solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Halide Perovskite Nanomaterials)
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24 pages, 5526 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Ti3C2 MXene-Integrated Various Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Energy Storage: A Review
by Adem Sreedhar and Jin-Seo Noh
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090673 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 348
Abstract
The current world is increasingly focusing on renewable energy sources with strong emphasis on the economically viable use of renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions and safeguard human health. Solid-state hydrogen (H2) storage materials offer a higher density compared to traditional [...] Read more.
The current world is increasingly focusing on renewable energy sources with strong emphasis on the economically viable use of renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions and safeguard human health. Solid-state hydrogen (H2) storage materials offer a higher density compared to traditional gaseous and liquid storage methods. In this context, this review evaluates recent advancements in binary, ternary, and complex metal hydrides integrated with 2D Ti3C2 MXene for enhancing H2 storage performance. This perspective highlights the progress made in H2 storage through the development of active sites, created by interactions between multilayers, few-layers, and internal edge sites of Ti3C2 MXene with metal hydrides. Specifically, the selective incorporation of Ti3C2 MXene content has significantly contributed to improvements in the H2 storage performance of various metal hydrides. Key benefits include low operating temperatures and enhanced H2 storage capacity observed in Ti3C2 MXene/metal hydride composites. The versatility of titanium multiple valence states (Ti0, Ti2+, Ti3+, and Ti4+) and Ti-C bonding in Ti3C2 plays a crucial role in optimizing the H2 absorption and desorption processes. Based on these promising developments, we emphasize the potential of solid-state Ti3C2 MXene interfaces with various metal hydrides for fuel cell applications. Overall, 2D Ti3C2 MXenes represent a significant advancement in realizing efficient H2 storage. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions for advancing 2D Ti3C2 MXenes toward commercial-scale H2 storage solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Like Nanomaterials: Simulation, Preparation, Characterization and Applications)
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