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Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 6
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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 6 (March-2 2025) – 63 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This study developed an electrochemical microfluidic sensor chip based on a 3D ionic liquid functionalized graphene assembly decorated with ultrafine RuCu alloy nanoparticles. This technique allows for cell culture and the real-time in situ electrochemical detection of NO released from cancer cells with accurate and stable characteristics in physiological conditions, enabling point-of-care testing. View this paper
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12 pages, 5694 KiB  
Article
Constructing of Ni-Nx Active Sites in Self-Supported Ni Single-Atom Catalysts for Efficient Reduction of CO2 to CO
by Xuemei Zhou, Chunxia Meng, Wanqiang Yu, Yijie Wang, Luyun Cui, Tong Li and Jingang Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060473 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 288
Abstract
The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) represents a promising approach for achieving CO2 resource utilization. Carbon-based materials featuring single-atom transition metal-nitrogen coordination (M-Nx) have attracted considerable research attention due to their ability to maximize catalytic efficiency while [...] Read more.
The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) represents a promising approach for achieving CO2 resource utilization. Carbon-based materials featuring single-atom transition metal-nitrogen coordination (M-Nx) have attracted considerable research attention due to their ability to maximize catalytic efficiency while minimizing metal atom usage. However, conventional synthesis methods often encounter challenges with metal particle agglomeration. In this study, we developed a Ni-doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fiber membrane via electrospinning, subsequently transformed into a nitrogen-doped three-dimensional self-supporting single-atom Ni catalyst (Ni-N-CF) through controlled carbonization. PVDF was partially defluorinated and crosslinked, and the single carbon chain is changed into a reticulated structure, which ensured that the structure did not collapse during carbonization and effectively solved the problem of runaway M-Nx composite in the high-temperature pyrolysis process. Grounded in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), nitrogen coordinates with nickel atoms to form a Ni-N structure, which keeps nickel in a low oxidation state, thereby facilitating CO2RR. When applied to CO2RR, the Ni-N-CF catalyst demonstrated exceptional CO selectivity with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 92%. The unique self-supporting architecture effectively addressed traditional electrode instability issues caused by catalyst detachment. These results indicate that by tuning the local coordination structure of atomically dispersed Ni, the original inert reaction sites can be activated into efficient catalytic centers. This work can provide a new strategy for designing high-performance single-atom catalysts and structurally stable electrodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress on Single-Atom and Nanocluster Materials)
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21 pages, 3524 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Nanostructured Perovskite Oxide Synthesis and Application for Electrocatalysis
by Xiaofeng Xue and Bowen Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060472 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
Nanostructured materials have garnered significant attention for their unique properties, such as the high surface area and enhanced reactivity, making them ideal for electrocatalysis. Among these, perovskite oxides, with compositional and structural flexibility, stand out for their remarkable catalytic performance in energy conversion [...] Read more.
Nanostructured materials have garnered significant attention for their unique properties, such as the high surface area and enhanced reactivity, making them ideal for electrocatalysis. Among these, perovskite oxides, with compositional and structural flexibility, stand out for their remarkable catalytic performance in energy conversion and storage technologies. Their diverse composition and tunable electronic structures make them promising candidates for key electrochemical reactions, including the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR). Nanostructured perovskites offer advantages such as high intrinsic activity and enhanced mass/charge transport, which are crucial for improving electrocatalytic performance. In view of the rapid development of nanostructured perovskites over past few decades, this review aims to provide a detailed evaluation of their synthesis methods, including the templating (soft, hard, colloidal), hydrothermal treatments, electrospinning, and deposition approaches. In addition, in-depth evaluations of the fundamentals, synthetic strategies, and applications of nanostructured perovskite oxides for OER, HER, and CO2RR are highlighted. While progress has been made, further research is needed to expand the synthetic methods to create more complex perovskite structures and improve the mass-specific activity and stability. This review offers insights into the potential of nanostructured perovskite oxides in electrocatalysis and provides potential perspectives for the ongoing research endeavor on the nanostructural engineering of perovskites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Synthesis of New Nanostructured Catalysts)
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18 pages, 3751 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Photocatalytic Oxidation and Reductive Activation of Peroxymonosulfate by Bi-Based Heterojunction for Highly Efficient Organic Pollutant Degradation
by Xiaopeng Zhao, Yang Wang, Fangning Liu, Xiaobin Ye, Shangxiong Wei, Yilin Sun and Jinghui He
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060471 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
Organic pollutants present a substantial risk to both ecological systems and human well-being. Activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have emerged as an effective strategy for the degradation of organic pollutants. Bi-based heterojunction is commonly used as a photocatalyst for reductively activating PMS, but single-component [...] Read more.
Organic pollutants present a substantial risk to both ecological systems and human well-being. Activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have emerged as an effective strategy for the degradation of organic pollutants. Bi-based heterojunction is commonly used as a photocatalyst for reductively activating PMS, but single-component Bi-based heterojunction frequently underperforms due to its restricted absorption spectrum and rapid combination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Herein, BiVO4 was selected as the oxidative semiconductor to form an S-type heterojunction with CuBi2O4—x-CuBi2O4/BiVO4 (x = 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8) for PMS photoactivation. The built-in electric field (BEF) in x-CuBi2O4/BiVO4 promoted electron transfer to effectively activate PMS. The x-CuBi2O4/BiVO4 heterojunctions also demonstrate stronger adsorption of the polar PMS than pure CuBi2O4 or BiVO4. In addition, the BEF prompts photoelectrons able to reduce O2 to •O2− and photogenerated holes in the valence band of BiVO4 able to oxidize H2O to generate •OH. Therefore, under visible light irradiation, 95.1% of ciprofloxacin (CIP) can be degraded. The 0.5-CuBi2O4/BiVO4 demonstrated the best degradation efficiency and excellent stability in cyclic tests, as well as a broad applicability in degrading other common pollutants. The present work demonstrates the high-efficiency S-type heterojunctions in the coupled photocatalytic and PMS activation technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Enabled Materials for Clean Water and Energy Generation)
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15 pages, 3357 KiB  
Article
Development and Characterization of PEGylated Poly D,L-Lactic Acid Nanoparticles for Skin Rejuvenation
by Seunghwa Lee, Hyoung-Wook Moon, Seong-Jin Lee and Jin-Cheol Cho
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060470 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 433
Abstract
Recently, various biocompatible and biodegradable materials have garnered significant attention as cosmetic fillers for skin rejuvenation. Among these, poly ε-caprolactone (PCL), poly L-lactic acid (PLLA), poly D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA), and polydioxanone (PDO) microspheres have been developed and commercialized as a dermal filler. However, [...] Read more.
Recently, various biocompatible and biodegradable materials have garnered significant attention as cosmetic fillers for skin rejuvenation. Among these, poly ε-caprolactone (PCL), poly L-lactic acid (PLLA), poly D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA), and polydioxanone (PDO) microspheres have been developed and commercialized as a dermal filler. However, its irregularly hydrophobic microspheres pose hydration challenges, often causing syringe needle blockages and side effects such as delayed onset nodules and papules after the procedure. In this study, we synthesized a polyethylene glycol-poly D,L-lactic acid (mPEG-PDLLA) copolymer to address the limitations of conventional polymer fillers. Comprehensive characterization of the copolymer was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The mPEG-PDLLA copolymers demonstrated a unimodal size distribution of approximately 121 ± 20 nm in an aqueous solution. The in vitro cytotoxicity and collagen genesis of mPEG-PDLLA copolymers were evaluated using human dermal fibroblast cells. In this study, angiogenesis was observed over time in hairless mice injected with mPEG-PDLLA copolymers, confirming its potential role in enhancing collagen synthesis. To assess the inflammatory response, the expression levels of the genes MMP1 and IL-1β were analyzed. Additionally, gene expression levels such as transforming growth factor-β and collagen types I and III were compared with Rejuran® in animal studies. The newly developed collagen-stimulating PEGylated PDLLA may be a safe and effective option for skin rejuvenation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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22 pages, 3211 KiB  
Article
The Composition of the Dispersion Medium Determines the Antibacterial Properties of Copper (II) Oxide Nanoparticles Against Escherichia coli Bacteria
by Olga V. Zakharova, Alexander A. Gusev, Peter A. Baranchikov, Svetlana P. Chebotaryova, Svetlana S. Razlivalova, Elina Y. Koiava, Anna A. Kataranova, Gregory V. Grigoriev, Nataliya S. Strekalova and Konstantin V. Krutovsky
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060469 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 463
Abstract
Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) attract much attention as a promising antimicrobial agent. We studied the antibacterial properties of three types of CuO NPs against Escherichia coli bacteria: flake-shaped particles with a diameter of 50–200 nm and a thickness of 10–20 nm [...] Read more.
Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) attract much attention as a promising antimicrobial agent. We studied the antibacterial properties of three types of CuO NPs against Escherichia coli bacteria: flake-shaped particles with a diameter of 50–200 nm and a thickness of 10–20 nm (CuO-CD synthesized by chemical deposition), spherical particles with a size of 20–90 nm (CuO-EE obtained by electrical explosion), and rod-shaped particles with a length of 100–200 nm and a diameter of 30 × 70 nm (CuO-CS commercial sample). We tested how the shape, size, and concentration of the NPs, and composition of the dispersion medium affected the properties of the CuO NPs. We prepared dispersions based on distilled water, a 0.9% NaCl solution, and the LB broth by Lennox and used Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as stabilizers. The concentration of NPs was 1–100 mg L−1. We showed that the dispersion medium composition and stabilizer type had the greatest influence on the antibacterial effects of CuO NPs. We observed the maximum antibacterial effect for all CuO NP types dispersed in water without a stabilizer, as well as in LB broth with the SDS stabilizer. The maximum inhibition of culture growth was observed under the influence of CuO-EE (by 30%) and in the LB broth with the SDS stabilizer (by 1.3–1.8 times depending on the type of particles). In the saline solution, the antibacterial effects were minimal; in some cases, the CuO NPs even promoted bacterial culture growth. SDS increased the antibacterial effects of NPs in broth and saline but decreased them in water. Finally, among the particle types, CuO-CS turned out to be the most bactericidal, which is probably due to their rod-shaped morphology and small diameter. At the same time, the concentration and aggregation effects of CuO NPs in the colloidal systems we studied did not have a linear action on their antibacterial properties. These results can be used in the development of antibacterial coatings and preparations based on CuO NPs to achieve their maximum efficiency, taking into account the expected conditions of their use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Antimicrobial Nanomaterials)
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18 pages, 7917 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Turbostratic Graphene Derived from Biomass Waste Using Long Pulse Joule Heating Technique
by Sukasem Watcharamaisakul, Nisa Janphuang, Warisara Chueangam, Kriettisak Srisom, Anuchit Rueangwittayanon, Ukit Rittihong, Sarayut Tunmee, Narong Chanlek, Peerapol Pornsetmetakul, Warodom Wirojsirasak, Nantida Watanarojanaporn, Kampon Ruethaivanich and Pattanaphong Janphuang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060468 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 538
Abstract
This study addresses the challenge of the scalable, cost-effective synthesis of high-quality turbostratic graphene from low-cost carbon sources, including biomass waste such as sugarcane leaves, bagasse, corncobs, and palm bunches, using the Direct Current Long Pulse Joule Heating (DC-LPJH) technique. By optimizing the [...] Read more.
This study addresses the challenge of the scalable, cost-effective synthesis of high-quality turbostratic graphene from low-cost carbon sources, including biomass waste such as sugarcane leaves, bagasse, corncobs, and palm bunches, using the Direct Current Long Pulse Joule Heating (DC-LPJH) technique. By optimizing the carbonization process and blending biomass-derived carbon with carbon black and turbostratic graphene, the gram-scale production of turbostratic graphene was achieved in just a few seconds. The synthesis process involved applying an 18 kJ electrical energy pulse for 1.5 s, resulting in temperatures of approximately 3000 K that facilitated the transformation of the carbon atoms into well-ordered turbostratic graphene. Structural and morphological characterization via Raman spectroscopy revealed low-intensity or absent D bands, with a high I2D/IG ratio (~0.8–1.2), indicating monolayer turbostratic graphene formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) identified sp2-hybridized carbon and oxygenated functional groups, while NEXAFS spectroscopy confirmed the presence of graphitic features and both sp2 and sp3 bonding states. Energy consumption calculations for the DC-LPJH process demonstrated approximately 10 kJ per gram, demonstrating the potential for cost-effective production. This work presents an efficient approach for producing high-quality turbostratic graphene from low-cost carbon sources, with applications in enhancing the properties of composites, polymers, and building materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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17 pages, 3301 KiB  
Article
Adsorption of Macrolide Antibiotics by Aged Microplastics of Different Sizes: Mechanisms and Effects
by Qi Li, Jingnan Tan, Haichao Sha, Ke Li and Xi Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060467 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics are widely detected in water bodies. However, the adsorption behavior and mechanism of different particle size polystyrene (PS) MPs on macrolide antibiotics under natural aging remain to be elucidated. In this study, potassium persulfate (K2S2O [...] Read more.
Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics are widely detected in water bodies. However, the adsorption behavior and mechanism of different particle size polystyrene (PS) MPs on macrolide antibiotics under natural aging remain to be elucidated. In this study, potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) was used to simulate the natural aging process of PS MPs. The adsorption behavior and mechanism of different size PS (80 and 400 μm) toward azithromycin (AZI), clarithromycin (CLA), and erythromycin (ERY) were investigated. Results of SEM showed that the surface roughness of aged PS MPs increased with the appearance of cracks, pits, and pores. XPS and FTIR analyses showed enhanced C=O functional groups in the aging process. The adsorption isotherm models revealed that the aging processes enhanced the AZI, CLA, and ERY adsorption tendency, as evidenced by the highest adsorption capacity for aged-80 μm (645, 665, 184 mg/kg) > original-80 μm (412, 420, 120 mg/kg), and aged-400 μm (280, 330, 110 mg/kg) > original-400 μm (197, 308, 100 mg/kg). Kinetic model fitting revealed that the adsorption process occurred in three stages: rapid, slow, and saturation. Adsorption kinetic curves for original and aged PS MPs conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In contrast, the adsorption isotherm data fit the Langmuir model, indicating that the process primarily involved uniform monolayer chemical adsorption. Our findings provide insights into the substantial changes in the interactions between PS and macrolide antibiotics with aging processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas–Liquid–Solid Interface Characterization and Targeted Regulation)
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16 pages, 3253 KiB  
Article
N3C-Defect-Tuned g-C3N4 Photocatalysts: Structural Optimization and Enhanced Tetracycline Degradation Performance
by Yu Lu, Chengbao Liu, Leizhi Zheng, Feng Chen, Junchao Qian, Xianrong Meng, Zhigang Chen, Sheng Zhong and Bin He
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060466 - 19 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 283
Abstract
The introduction of nitrogen defects in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has the important effect of improving its photocatalytic performance. This study employs a simple and environmentally friendly one-step pyrolysis method, successfully preparing g-C3N4 materials with adjustable [...] Read more.
The introduction of nitrogen defects in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has the important effect of improving its photocatalytic performance. This study employs a simple and environmentally friendly one-step pyrolysis method, successfully preparing g-C3N4 materials with adjustable N3C defect concentrations through the calcination of a urea and ammonium acetate mixture. By introducing N3C defects and adjusting the band structure, the conduction band of the g-C3N4 was shifted downward by 0.12 V, overcoming the traditional application limitations of N3C defects and enabling an innovative transition from enhanced oxidation to enhanced reduction capabilities. This transition significantly enhanced the adsorption and activation of O2. Characterization results showed that the introduction of N3C defects increased the specific surface area from 44.07 m2/g to 87.08 m2/g, enriching reactive sites, while narrowing the bandgap to 2.41 eV enhanced visible light absorption capacity. The g-C3N4 with N3C defects showed significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity, achieving peak performance of 54.8% for tetracycline (TC), approximately 1.5 times that of the original g-C3N4, with only a 5.4% (49.4%) decrease in photocatalytic efficiency after four cycles of testing. This study demonstrates that the introduction of N3C defects significantly enhances the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4, expanding its potential applications in environmental remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials in Efficient Energy Conversion and Storage)
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17 pages, 2602 KiB  
Article
Oral Exposure to Nylon-11 and Polystyrene Nanoplastics During Early-Life in Rats
by Ninell P. Mortensen, Maria Moreno Caffaro, Archana Krovi, Jean Kim, Scott L. Watson, Rodney W. Snyder, Purvi R. Patel, Timothy R. Fennell and Leah M. Johnson
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060465 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
A critical knowledge gap currently exists regarding the potential risks of exposure to nanoplastics (NPs), particularly early in life during key stages of growth and development. Globally abundant plastics, polyamide (nylon) and polystyrene (PS), exist in various products and have been detected in [...] Read more.
A critical knowledge gap currently exists regarding the potential risks of exposure to nanoplastics (NPs), particularly early in life during key stages of growth and development. Globally abundant plastics, polyamide (nylon) and polystyrene (PS), exist in various products and have been detected in food and beverages as small-scale plastics. In this study, we evaluated how early-life exposure to NPs affects key biological metrics in rat pups. Male and female animals received an oral dose (20 mg/kg/day) of nylon-11 NPs (114 ± 2 nm) or PS NPs (85 ± 1 nm) between postnatal day (PND) 7 and 10. The results showed slight differences in the ratio of liver weight to body weight for male rat pups exposed to PS NPs. Cardiac performance and levels of neurotransmitters and related metabolites in brain tissue showed no differences between animals exposed to NPs and controls. The endogenous metabolite profile in plasma was altered by oral administration of NPs, suggesting perturbation of metabolic pathways involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism. This study explored the biological impacts of oral NP exposure early in life, supporting the need for continued investigations into the potential health effects from exposure to NPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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21 pages, 28273 KiB  
Article
Multiscale Interfacial Structure and Organization of sII Gas Hydrate Interfaces Using Molecular Dynamics
by Samuel Mathews, Phillip Servio and Alejandro Rey
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060464 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 295
Abstract
Gas hydrate systems display complex structural arrangements in their bulk and interfacial configurations. Controlling nucleation and growth in the context of potential applications requires a characterization of these structures such that they can be manipulated at the atomic and molecular scale to fine [...] Read more.
Gas hydrate systems display complex structural arrangements in their bulk and interfacial configurations. Controlling nucleation and growth in the context of potential applications requires a characterization of these structures such that they can be manipulated at the atomic and molecular scale to fine tune macroscale applications. This work uses molecular dynamics to show the different methods of identifying interface location and thickness, the drawbacks of certain methods, and proposes improved methodology to overcome sampling issues. We characterize the interfacial position and thickness using structure and dipole-based methods at different conditions for water/sII natural gas hydrate mixtures. We find that phases with similar densities are particularly sensitive to the regression technique employed and may not resolve the thickness of the complex pre-melting layer adequately, while the dipole moments may provide better resolution. The dipole shows the complex natural of the small and compressed layer that presents on the hydrate surface. These results show that the interface is thin but dynamic and careful characterization required analysis of multiple molecular phenomena. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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24 pages, 4959 KiB  
Article
Feature of Nonlinear Electromagnetic Properties and Local Atomic Structure of Metals in Two Systems of Nanocomposites Cox(MgF2)100−x and (CoFeZr)x(MgF2)100−x
by Evelina Pavlovna Domashevskaya, Sergey Alexandrovich Ivkov, Elena Alexandrovna Ganshina, Lyubov Vladimirovna Guda, Valeriy Grigoryevich Vlasenko and Alexander Victorovich Sitnikov
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060463 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 250
Abstract
Based on modern concepts of the nonlinear percolation mechanisms of electrical and magnetic properties in granular metal–dielectric nanocomposites, the authors present for the first time a comparative analysis of their own results of a comprehensive study of nonlinear electromagnetic properties in two nanocomposite [...] Read more.
Based on modern concepts of the nonlinear percolation mechanisms of electrical and magnetic properties in granular metal–dielectric nanocomposites, the authors present for the first time a comparative analysis of their own results of a comprehensive study of nonlinear electromagnetic properties in two nanocomposite systems: metal–dielectric Cox(MgF2)100−x and alloy–dielectric (CoFeZr)x(MgF2)100−x, obtained by ion-beam sputtering of composite targets in a wide range of different compositions. For the first time, the features of the influence of atomic composition and structural-phase transitions on nonlinear magnetoresistive, magnetic, and magneto-optical properties in two systems are presented in comparison, one of which, Cox(MgF2)100−x, showed soft magnetic properties, and the second, (CoFeZr)x(MgF2)100−x, hard magnetic properties, during the transition from the superparamagnetic to the ferromagnetic state. Moreover, for the first time, the concentration dependences of the oscillating fine structure of XANES K-absorption edges of Co atoms in the first system and Co and Fe atoms in the second system are presented, which undergo changes at the percolation thresholds in each of the two systems and thus confirm the nonlinear nature of the electromagnetic properties changes in each of the two systems at the atomic level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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23 pages, 4794 KiB  
Article
Investigating Simulated Cellular Interactions on Nanostructured Surfaces with Antibacterial Properties: Insights from Force Curve Simulations
by Jonathan Wood, Dennis Palms, Quan Trong Luu, Krasimir Vasilev and Richard Bright
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060462 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 336
Abstract
This study investigates the simulation of interactions between cells and antibacterial nanostructured surfaces. Understanding the physical interaction forces between cells and nanostructured surfaces is crucial for developing antibacterial materials, yet existing physical models are limited. Force simulation studies can simplify analysis by focusing [...] Read more.
This study investigates the simulation of interactions between cells and antibacterial nanostructured surfaces. Understanding the physical interaction forces between cells and nanostructured surfaces is crucial for developing antibacterial materials, yet existing physical models are limited. Force simulation studies can simplify analysis by focusing on mechanical interactions while disregarding factors such as bacterial deformation and complex biochemical signals. To simulate these interactions, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was employed to generate force curves, allowing precise monitoring of the interaction between a 5 µm spherical cantilever tip and titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) surfaces. AFM uniquely enables customized approaches and retraction cycles, providing detailed insights into attractive–repulsive forces across different surface morphologies. Two nanostructured surfaces, created via hydrothermal etching using KOH and NaOH, were compared to a Ti6Al4V control surface. Results demonstrated significant changes in nanomechanical properties due to surface chemistry and morphology. The Ti6Al4V control surface exhibited a 44 ± 5 N/m stiffness, which decreased to 20 ± 3 N/m on KOH-etched nanostructured (NS) surfaces and 29 ± 4 N/m on NaOH-etched NS surfaces. Additionally, surface energy decreased by magnitude on nanostructured surfaces compared to the control. The nature of interaction forces also varied: short-range forces were predominant on KOH-etched surfaces, while NaOH-etched surfaces exhibited stronger long-range forces. These findings provide valuable insights into how nanostructure patterning influences cell-like interactions, offering potential applications in antibacterial surface design. By tailoring nanomechanical properties through specific etching techniques, biomaterial performance can be optimized for clinical applications, enhancing antibacterial efficacy and reducing microbial adhesion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications (Second Edition))
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18 pages, 6473 KiB  
Article
Fluid and Electric Field Simulation and Optimization of the Multi-Vane and Multi-Slit Electrospinning Nozzle
by Jian Liu, Shoujun Dong, Yongru Liu, Shanshan Pan and Zhaosong Yin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060461 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 244
Abstract
A multi-vane and multi-slit electrospinning nozzle for diversion was proposed to respond to the issues of easiness of clogging, existing End Effect among needles in current multi-needle electrospinning, and uncontrollable Taylor cone position in needleless electrospinning. The upper part of the novel nozzle [...] Read more.
A multi-vane and multi-slit electrospinning nozzle for diversion was proposed to respond to the issues of easiness of clogging, existing End Effect among needles in current multi-needle electrospinning, and uncontrollable Taylor cone position in needleless electrospinning. The upper part of the novel nozzle is a cylindrical straight pipe, and the lower part is a flow channel expansion structure composed of multiple vane components that spread outward at an angle. Ansys software was used to study the effect of different opening angles of the vanes on the spreading of the electrospinning solution. In the fluid simulation, for the novel nozzle with a central slit and a support structure, when the vanes have an opening angle of 35° and a length of 11 mm, the droplet holding time is 16 s, twice as long as the nozzle without support (8 s). This result corresponds to the subsequent droplet holding experiment, showing that the support structure aids droplet holding and enhances electrospinning stability. Comsol Multiphysics software was used to investigate the effect of the vanes’ parameters on the uniformity of the electric field. The results indicate that when the vanes of the new electrospinning nozzle are set at an opening angle of 35°, with four vanes each 11 mm in length, a receiving distance of 200 mm, and a voltage of 30 kV, the novel nozzle achieves an average electric field intensity of 5.26 × 10⁶ V/m with a CV value of 6.93%. Metal 3D printing was used to create a new nozzle for electrospinning, which successfully produced stable multiple jets and increased nanofiber output. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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13 pages, 2285 KiB  
Article
Enhancement in Performance and Reliability of Fully Transparent a-IGZO Top-Gate Thin-Film Transistors by a Two-Step Annealing Treatment
by Shuaiying Zheng, Chengyuan Wang, Shaocong Lv, Liwei Dong, Zhijun Li, Qian Xin, Aimin Song, Jiawei Zhang and Yuxiang Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060460 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 371
Abstract
A two-step annealing treatment was applied on a fully transparent amorphous InGaZnO4 (a-IGZO) top-gate thin-film transistor (TG-TFT) to improve the device performance. The electrical properties and stabilities of a-IGZO TG TFTs were significantly improved as the first-annealing temperature increased from 150 °C to [...] Read more.
A two-step annealing treatment was applied on a fully transparent amorphous InGaZnO4 (a-IGZO) top-gate thin-film transistor (TG-TFT) to improve the device performance. The electrical properties and stabilities of a-IGZO TG TFTs were significantly improved as the first-annealing temperature increased from 150 °C to 350 °C with a 300 °C second-annealing treatment. The a-IGZO TG-TFT with the 300 °C first-annealing treatment demonstrated the overall best performance, which has a mobility of 13.05 cm2/(V·s), a threshold voltage (Vth) of 0.33 V, a subthreshold swing of 130 mV/dec, and a Ion/Ioff of 1.73 × 108. The Vth deviation (ΔVth) was −0.032 V and −0.044 V, respectively, after a 7200 s positive and negative bias stress under the gate bias voltage VG = ±3 V and VD = 0.1 V. The Photoluminescence spectra results revealed that the distribution and the density of defects in a-IGZO films were changed after the first-annealing treatment, whereas the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results displayed that contents of the oxygen vacancy and Ga-O bond varied in annealed a-IGZO films. In addition, a-IGZO TG-TFTs had achieved a transmittance of over 90%. Research on the effects of the first-annealing treatment will contribute to the fabrication of highly stable top-gate TFTs in the fields of transparent flexible electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscale Materials and (Flexible) Devices)
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35 pages, 7430 KiB  
Review
Emerging Thermal Detectors Based on Low-Dimensional Materials: Strategies and Progress
by Yang Peng, Jun Liu, Jintao Fu, Ying Luo, Xiangrui Zhao and Xingzhan Wei
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060459 - 18 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 379
Abstract
Thermal detectors, owing to their broadband spectral response and ambient operating temperature capabilities, represent a key technological avenue for surpassing the inherent limitations of traditional photon detectors. A fundamental trade-off exists between the thermal properties and the response performance of conventional thermosensitive materials [...] Read more.
Thermal detectors, owing to their broadband spectral response and ambient operating temperature capabilities, represent a key technological avenue for surpassing the inherent limitations of traditional photon detectors. A fundamental trade-off exists between the thermal properties and the response performance of conventional thermosensitive materials (e.g., vanadium oxide and amorphous silicon), significantly hindering the simultaneous enhancement of device sensitivity and response speed. Recently, low-dimensional materials, with their atomically thin thickness leading to ultralow thermal capacitance and tunable thermoelectric properties, have emerged as a promising perspective for addressing these bottlenecks. Integrating low-dimensional materials with metasurfaces enables the utilization of subwavelength periodic configurations and localized electromagnetic field enhancements. This not only overcomes the limitation of low light absorption efficiency in thermal detectors based on low-dimensional materials (TDLMs) but also imparts full Stokes polarization detection capability, thus offering a paradigm shift towards multidimensional light field sensing. This review systematically elucidates the working principle and device architecture of TDLMs. Subsequently, it reviews recent research advancements in this field, delving into the unique advantages of metasurface design in terms of light localization and interfacial heat transfer optimization. Furthermore, it summarizes the cutting-edge applications of TDLMs in wideband communication, flexible sensing, and multidimensional photodetection. Finally, it analyzes the major challenges confronting TDLMs and provides an outlook on their future development prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Advanced Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation and Applications)
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21 pages, 3704 KiB  
Article
Effective Polarizability in Near-Field Microscopy of Phonon-Polariton Resonances
by Viktoriia E. Babicheva
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060458 - 18 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 277
Abstract
We investigate the resonant characteristics of planar surfaces and distinct edges of structures with the excitation of phonon-polaritons. We analyze two materials supporting phonon-polariton excitations in the mid-infrared spectrum: silicon carbide, characterized by an almost isotropic dielectric constant, and hexagonal boron nitride, notable [...] Read more.
We investigate the resonant characteristics of planar surfaces and distinct edges of structures with the excitation of phonon-polaritons. We analyze two materials supporting phonon-polariton excitations in the mid-infrared spectrum: silicon carbide, characterized by an almost isotropic dielectric constant, and hexagonal boron nitride, notable for its pronounced anisotropy in a spectral region exhibiting hyperbolic dispersion. We formulate a theoretical framework that accurately captures the excitations of the structure involving phonon-polaritons, predicts the response in scattering-type near-field optical microscopy, and is effective for complex resonant geometries where the locations of hot spots are uncertain. We account for the tapping motion of the probe, perform analysis for different heights of the probe, and demodulate the signal using a fast Fourier transform. Using this Fourier demodulation analysis, we show that light enhancement across the entire apex is the most accurate characteristic for describing the response of all resonant excitations and hot spots. We demonstrate that computing the demodulation orders of light enhancement in the microscope probe accurately predicts its imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Optical Nanostructures, Metasurfaces, and Photonic Devices)
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15 pages, 3797 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Application of Hydrophobic and Breathable Carbon Nanocoils/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Flexible Strain Sensors
by Yanming Sun, Yanchen Huang, Xiaoying Lu, Hao Song and Guoping Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060457 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 309
Abstract
The emphasis on physical activity and health monitoring has increased the demand for developing multifunctional, flexible sensors through straightforward methods. A hydrophobic, breathable, and flexible strain sensor was prepared using a filtration method, employing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as a substrate, carbon nanocoils (CNCs) [...] Read more.
The emphasis on physical activity and health monitoring has increased the demand for developing multifunctional, flexible sensors through straightforward methods. A hydrophobic, breathable, and flexible strain sensor was prepared using a filtration method, employing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as a substrate, carbon nanocoils (CNCs) as conductive fillers, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a binder. The sensing layer, prepared using the unique three-dimensional helical structure of carbon nanocoils, achieved a hydrophobic angle of 143° and rapidly changed the color of the pH test paper in 5 s. The sensor had a strain range of 40% and a gauge factor of 34, and achieved a linear fit of R2 = 0.98 in the 5–35% strain range. The CNCs/TPU sensor exhibits high reliability and stability after 1000 tensile cycle tests. These favorable features ensure that the sensors are comfortable to wear and respond quickly and accurately to movements in all body parts, meeting the need for human motion detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Flexible Sensing and Devices)
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19 pages, 3530 KiB  
Article
Green Synthesis of Sodium Alginate/Casein Gel Beads and Applications
by Ruixing Ge, Jiaji Wang, Junlong Piao, Zhenghua Pan, Zhehao Zhang, Yating Yang, Jin Huang and Zhiguo Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060456 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 280
Abstract
Green-synthesized gel materials can efficiently absorb and remove organic dyes from wastewater. This investigation designed and synthesized a novel modification method of sodium alginate gel beads based on the protein glycosylation reaction (Maillard reaction) using green chemistry principles. The prepared gel beads were [...] Read more.
Green-synthesized gel materials can efficiently absorb and remove organic dyes from wastewater. This investigation designed and synthesized a novel modification method of sodium alginate gel beads based on the protein glycosylation reaction (Maillard reaction) using green chemistry principles. The prepared gel beads were subsequently applied to examine their efficacy in adsorbing the organic dye methylene blue. The adsorption process and mechanism were characterized and analyzed. At an adsorption equilibrium of 300 K, the adsorption value can reach 908 mg/g. The dry casein glycosylated gel beads synthesized in this study demonstrate the potential for further development as a novel adsorbent for organic dyes in wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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19 pages, 8130 KiB  
Article
Silicon/Hard Carbon Composites Synthesized from Phenolic Resin as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Yu-Hsuan Li, Sompalli Kishore Babu, Duncan H. Gregory, Soorathep Kheawhom, Jeng-Kuei Chang and Wei-Ren Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060455 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 704
Abstract
Silicon could revolutionize the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its formidable theoretical gravimetric capacity, approximately ten times that of graphite. However, huge volume expansion during charge/discharge processes and poor electronic conductivity inhibited its commercialization. To address the problems, new carbon-silicon core-shell [...] Read more.
Silicon could revolutionize the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its formidable theoretical gravimetric capacity, approximately ten times that of graphite. However, huge volume expansion during charge/discharge processes and poor electronic conductivity inhibited its commercialization. To address the problems, new carbon-silicon core-shell microparticles have emerged for prospective anodes in LIBs. In this study, we develop a core-shell structure by using hard carbon derived from phenolic resin as the core and nano silicon/pitch coating as the shell to the resulting HC@Si-P composite anode. A composition-optimized 20 wt.% pitch coated-Si/HC composite anode delivers superior cycling stability over 200 cycles under 1 A/g current density, showing a 398 mAh/g capacity. At 5.0 A/g current density during charge and discharge processes, the reversible capacity reaches 215 mAh/g. Upon reducing the current density to 0.1 A/g, the capacity remains high at 537 mAh/g. Impedance testing shows that after pitch coating, the RSEI impedance decreases and the diffusion coefficient of HC@Si-P increases. Moreover, the facile and scalable preparation technique is encouraging for the potential practical application of silicon-based anode materials of this type in the upcoming generation of LIBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanoarchitectures for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Battery Applications)
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12 pages, 6048 KiB  
Article
Towards Thin Calcium Metal Anodes—An Essential Component for High-Energy-Density Calcium Batteries
by Christoph Kiesl, Reinhard Böck, Holger Kaßner, Joachim Häcker, Marco Kögel, Timo Sörgel and Şeniz Sörgel
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060454 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 348
Abstract
Metal anodes, such as those based on Ca, Mg, Na and Li, are considered to be one of the keys to the further development of high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. The thickness of these metal anodes directly affects the energy density of the battery. However, [...] Read more.
Metal anodes, such as those based on Ca, Mg, Na and Li, are considered to be one of the keys to the further development of high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. The thickness of these metal anodes directly affects the energy density of the battery. However, the fabrication of thin anodes poses technical challenges which often result in using excessively thick metal anodes in batteries. Here we present, for the first time, a study on the development of a thin Ca battery anode fabricated by electrodeposition. The battery anode with a thickness of approximately 10 µm corresponds to a charge density of 4.0 mAh cm−2. This study systematically investigates the electrodeposition behavior of Ca using a 1.0 M Ca(BH4)2 in THF as the electrolyte. A systematic evaluation of electrodeposition parameters—including substrate pretreatment, current density, hydrodynamics and charge density by area—is conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and complementary image analysis provide detailed insights into these parameters. Electrodeposition offers a promising route to achieve a defined battery cell balance with minimal excess of metal at the anode. This will improve overall battery performance and efficiency. The findings contribute to the advancement of fundamental aspects of rechargeable batteries, particularly Ca-based batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films and Coatings for Electrochemical Applications)
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9 pages, 2881 KiB  
Article
Compact Near-Infrared Imaging Device Based on a Large-Aperture All-Si Metalens
by Zhixi Li, Wei Liu, Yubing Zhang, Feng Tang, Liming Yang and Xin Ye
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060453 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
Near-infrared imaging devices are extensively used in medical diagnosis, night vision, and security monitoring. However, existing traditional imaging devices rely on a bunch of refracting lenses, resulting in large, bulky imaging systems that restrict their broader utility. The emergence of flat meta-optics offers [...] Read more.
Near-infrared imaging devices are extensively used in medical diagnosis, night vision, and security monitoring. However, existing traditional imaging devices rely on a bunch of refracting lenses, resulting in large, bulky imaging systems that restrict their broader utility. The emergence of flat meta-optics offers a potential solution to these limitations, but existing research on compact integrated devices based on near-infrared meta-optics is insufficient. In this study, we propose an integrated NIR imaging camera that utilizes large-size metalens with a silicon nanostructure with high transmission efficiency. Through the detection of target and animal and plant tissue samples, the ability to capture biological structures and their imaging performance was verified. Through further integration of the NIR imaging device, the device significantly reduces the size and weight of the system and optimizes the aperture to achieve excellent image brightness and contrast. Additionally, venous imaging of human skin shows the potential of the device for biomedical applications. This research has an important role in promoting the miniaturization and lightweight of near-infrared optical imaging devices, which is expected to be applied to medical testing and night vision imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)
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46 pages, 11894 KiB  
Review
Fabrication of Conjugated Conducting Polymers by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method
by Meysam Heydari Gharahcheshmeh
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060452 - 16 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 977
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a highly adaptable manufacturing technique used to fabricate high-quality thin films, making it essential across numerous industries. As materials fabrication processes progress, CVD has advanced to enable the precise deposition of both inorganic 2D materials, such as graphene [...] Read more.
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a highly adaptable manufacturing technique used to fabricate high-quality thin films, making it essential across numerous industries. As materials fabrication processes progress, CVD has advanced to enable the precise deposition of both inorganic 2D materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, and high-quality polymeric thin films, offering excellent conformality and precise nanostructure control on a wide range of substrates. Conjugated conducting polymers have emerged as promising materials for next-generation electronic, optoelectronic, and energy storage devices due to their unique combination of electrical conductivity, optical transparency, ionic transport, and mechanical flexibility. Oxidative CVD (oCVD) involves the spontaneous reaction of oxidant and monomer vapors upon their adsorption onto the substrate surface, resulting in step-growth polymerization that commonly produces conducting or semiconducting polymer thin films. oCVD has gained significant attention for its ability to fabricate conjugated conducting polymers under vacuum conditions, allowing precise control over film thickness, doping levels, and nanostructure engineering. The low to moderate deposition temperature in the oCVD method enables the direct integration of conducting and semiconducting polymer thin films onto thermally sensitive substrates, including plants, paper, textiles, membranes, carbon fibers, and graphene. This review explores the fundamentals of the CVD process and vacuum-based manufacturing, while also highlighting recent advancements in the oCVD method for the fabrication of conjugated conducting and semiconducting polymer thin films. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Novel Nanomaterials in Flexible Organic Electronics)
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11 pages, 6021 KiB  
Article
Merging of Accidental Bound States in the Continuum in Symmetry and Symmetry-Broken Terahertz Photonic Crystal Slabs
by Jiale Chen, Jianjun Liu, Fangzhou Shu, Yong Du and Zhi Hong
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060451 - 16 Mar 2025
Viewed by 456
Abstract
Recently, the merging of accidental bound states in the continuum (BICs) has attracted significant attention due to the enhanced light–matter interactions. Here, we theoretically demonstrate the merging of accidental BICs in perturbed all-silicon terahertz photonic crystal (PhC) slabs with C2 and C [...] Read more.
Recently, the merging of accidental bound states in the continuum (BICs) has attracted significant attention due to the enhanced light–matter interactions. Here, we theoretically demonstrate the merging of accidental BICs in perturbed all-silicon terahertz photonic crystal (PhC) slabs with C2 and C2 broken-symmetry structures. The PhC slabs consist of an array of four cylindrical holes and support a TM symmetry protected (SP) vector BIC at the Γ point. Our results indicate that the merging and band transition of accidental BICs can be achieved by varying the diameter of diagonal holes in a C2-symmetry structure. Notably, in a C2 broken-symmetry PhC slab, the SP BIC will first convert to a quasi-BIC, then transit to a new accidental BIC, which are well displayed and interpreted by tracing the accidental BICs in momentum space. We believe that the results presented in this work show potential for the design and application of BICs in both symmetric and asymmetric PhC slabs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Terahertz Nano-Metamaterials)
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14 pages, 5378 KiB  
Article
Development and Performance Study of Continuous Oil–Water Separation Device Based on Superhydrophobic/Oleophilic Mesh
by Tianxin Chen, Yue Wang, Jing Li, Liang Zhao, Xingyang Zhang and Jian He
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060450 - 16 Mar 2025
Viewed by 521
Abstract
Oil–water separation is an important method for treating oily wastewater and recovering oil resources. Based on the different affinities of superhydrophobic surfaces to water and oil, long-term oil–water separation devices with low-energy and high efficiency can be developed through the optimization of structure [...] Read more.
Oil–water separation is an important method for treating oily wastewater and recovering oil resources. Based on the different affinities of superhydrophobic surfaces to water and oil, long-term oil–water separation devices with low-energy and high efficiency can be developed through the optimization of structure and process parameters. Superhydrophobic coatings were prepared on stainless-steel mesh surfaces using a spray method to construct single-channel oil–water separation equipment with superhydrophobic/oleophilic meshes, and the effects of structural and process parameters on separation efficiency were systematically investigated. Additionally, a multi-channel oil–water separation device was designed and fabricated to evaluate the feasibility and stability of long-term continuous operations. The optimized single V-shaped channel should be horizontally placed and made from 150-mesh stainless-steel mesh folded at an angle of 38.9°. For the oil–water mixtures containing 20 wt.% oil, the oil–water separation efficiencies for single and two-stage separation were 92.79% and 98.96%, respectively. After 36 h of continuous operation, the multi-channel separation device achieved single-stage and two-stage separation efficiencies of 94.60% and 98.76%, respectively. The maximum processing capacity of the multi-channel device reached 168 L/h. The modified stainless mesh can remain stable with a contact angle (CA) higher than 150° to water for 34 days. The average residence time and contact area during the oil–water separation process significantly affect separation efficiency. By optimizing oil–water separation structures and process parameters, and using a superhydrophobic spray modification method, separation efficiency can be improved while avoiding the generation of secondary pollutants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Nanomaterials: Preparation, Performance, and Practical Application)
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9 pages, 5541 KiB  
Article
Uniform Molecular Alignment on Ag-Doped Nickel Oxide Films
by Dong Wook Lee, Tae-Hyun Kim, Young Kwon Kim and Dae-Shik Seo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060449 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 433
Abstract
This study presents the uniform alignment of liquid crystal (LC) molecules on silver (Ag)-doped nickel oxide (NiO) films. The films were fabricated using a solution brush coating process, with Ag doping concentrations of 0, 10, and 20 wt%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the [...] Read more.
This study presents the uniform alignment of liquid crystal (LC) molecules on silver (Ag)-doped nickel oxide (NiO) films. The films were fabricated using a solution brush coating process, with Ag doping concentrations of 0, 10, and 20 wt%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of the films, while atomic force microscopy revealed nano/microgroove anisotropic structures, attributed to brush hair movement during coating. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the films’ amorphous nature. Optical transmittance measurements demonstrated their suitability for electronic display applications. Polarized optical microscopy verified uniform LC molecular alignment and effective optical control. The fabricated LC cells exhibited increased LC polar anchoring energy, improving device stability. The polar anchoring energy increased by 1159.02% after Ag doping. Additionally, reduced residual charge was observed, suggesting minimized image sticking. These findings indicate that Ag-doped NiO films are a promising alternative for LC alignment layers in functional LC systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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19 pages, 10730 KiB  
Article
Oxygen Ion Concentration Distribution Effect on Bipolar Switching Properties of Neodymium Oxide Film’s Resistance and Random Access Memory Devices
by Kai-Huang Chen, Ming-Cheng Kao, Hsin-Chin Chen and Yao-Chin Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060448 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 400
Abstract
In this study, the bipolar resistance switching behavior and electrical conduction transport properties of a neodymium oxide film’s resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices for using different top electrode materials were observed and discussed. Different related electrical properties and transport mechanisms are important [...] Read more.
In this study, the bipolar resistance switching behavior and electrical conduction transport properties of a neodymium oxide film’s resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices for using different top electrode materials were observed and discussed. Different related electrical properties and transport mechanisms are important factors in applications in a film’s RRAM devices. For aluminum top electrode materials, the electrical conduction mechanism of the neodymium oxide film’s RRAM devices all exhibited hopping conduction behavior, with 1 mA and 10 mA compliance currents in the set state for low/high voltages applied. For TiN and ITO (Indium tin oxide) top electrode materials, the conduction mechanisms all exhibited ohmic conduction for the low voltage applied, and all exhibited hopping conduction behavior for the high voltage applied. In addition, the electrical field strength simulation resulted in an increase in the reset voltage, indicating that oxygen ions have diffused into the vicinity of the ITO electrode during the set operation. This was particularly the case in the three physical models proposed, and based on the relationship between different ITO electrode thicknesses and the oxygen ion concentration distribution effect of the neodymium oxide film’s RRAM devices, they were investigated and discussed. To prove the oxygen concentration distribution expands over the area of the ITO electrode, the simulation software was used to analyze and simulate the distribution of the electric field for the Poisson equation. Finally, the neodymium oxide film’s RRAM devices for using different top electrode materials all exhibited high memory window properties, bipolar resistance switching characteristics, and non-volatile properties for incorporation into next-generation non-volatile memory device applications in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Thin Films: Growth, Characteristics and Applications: 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 7168 KiB  
Article
Robust Carbon Nanotube Transistor Ion Sensors with Near-Nernstian Sensitivity for Multi-Ion Detection in Neurological Diseases
by Lidan Yan, Yang Zhang, Zhibiao Zhu, Yuqi Liang and Mengmeng Xiao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060447 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 504
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of sodium and potassium ions in biological fluids is crucial for diseases related to electrolyte imbalance. Low-dimensional materials such as carbon nanotubes can be used to construct biochemical sensors based on high-performance field effect transistor (FET), but they face the problems [...] Read more.
Accurate monitoring of sodium and potassium ions in biological fluids is crucial for diseases related to electrolyte imbalance. Low-dimensional materials such as carbon nanotubes can be used to construct biochemical sensors based on high-performance field effect transistor (FET), but they face the problems of poor device consistency and difficulty in stable and reliable operation. In this work, we mass-produced carbon nanotube (CNT) floating-gate field-effect transistor devices with high uniformity and consistency through micro-/nanofabrication technology to improve the accuracy and reliability of detection without the need for statistical analysis based on machine learning. By introducing waterproof hafnium oxide gate dielectrics on the CNT FET channel, we not only effectively protect the channel area but also significantly improve the stability of the sensor. We have prepared array sensing technology based on CNT FET that can detect potassium, sodium, calcium, and hydrogen ions in artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The detection concentration range is 10 μM–100 mM and pH 3–pH 9, with a sensitivity close to the Nernst limit, and exhibits selective and long-term stable responses. This could help achieve early diagnosis and real-time monitoring of central nervous system diseases, highlighting the potential of this ion-sensing platform for highly sensitive and stable detection of various neurobiological markers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Low-Dimensional Materials for Sensing Applications)
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17 pages, 6367 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Studies of Boron Phosphide Polycrystalline Synthesized at High Pressure and High Temperature
by Peng Yang, Ziwei Li, Haidong Yu, Shan Gao, Xiaopeng Jia, Hongan Ma and Xilian Jin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060446 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
In this study, a combination of theoretical calculations and experiments were carried out to analyze boron phosphide materials. Amorphous boron powder and amorphous red phosphorus were used as raw materials to directly synthesize the target samples in one step under high-pressure and high-temperature [...] Read more.
In this study, a combination of theoretical calculations and experiments were carried out to analyze boron phosphide materials. Amorphous boron powder and amorphous red phosphorus were used as raw materials to directly synthesize the target samples in one step under high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions. Theoretical calculations were then carried out based on the XRD spectra of boron phosphide at 4 GPa and 1200 °C. The experimental results show that the target samples can be successfully prepared at HPHT. The electrical properties of the samples were characterized, and it was found that their conductivity increased with the increase in temperature, and they have a semiconducting nature, which is consistent with the theoretical calculations. Its Seebeck coefficient is positive at different temperatures, indicating that the synthesized boron phosphide is a P-type semiconductor. The combination of theoretical calculations and experiments shows that high pressure can reduce the lattice constant of boron phosphide, thus reducing its forbidden bandwidth, which improves its electrical properties. EDS shows a homogeneous distribution of the elements in the samples. Successful synthesis of BP crystals will probably stimulate more research into its semiconductor properties. It may also provide some assistance in the application of BP in aero-engine high-temperature monitoring systems as well as thermally controlled coatings for deep-space probes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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11 pages, 5855 KiB  
Article
Graphene-Supported Cun (n = 5, 6) Clusters for CO2 Reduction Catalysis
by Yanling Guo, Lisu Zhang, Yanbo Zou, Xingguo Wang and Qian Ning
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060445 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 398
Abstract
In recent years, driven by the swift progress in nanotechnology and catalytic science, researchers in the field of physical chemistry have been vigorously exploring novel catalysts designed to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of a broad spectrum of chemical reactions. Against this backdrop, [...] Read more.
In recent years, driven by the swift progress in nanotechnology and catalytic science, researchers in the field of physical chemistry have been vigorously exploring novel catalysts designed to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of a broad spectrum of chemical reactions. Against this backdrop, Cu clusters supported on defective graphene (Cun@GR, where n = 5, 6) function as two-dimensional nanocatalysts, demonstrating exceptional catalytic activity in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR). A comprehensive investigation into the catalytic properties of these materials has been undertaken using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. By tailoring the configuration of Cun@GR, specific reduction products such as CH4 and CH3OH can be selectively produced. The product selectivity is quantitatively analyzed through free energy calculations. Remarkably, the Cu5@GR catalyst enables the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CH4 with a significantly low overpotential of −0.31 eV. Furthermore, the overpotential of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is higher than that of the conversion of CO2 to CH4; hence, the HER is unlikely to interfere and impede the efficiency of CH4 production. This study demonstrates that Cu5@GR offers low overpotential and high catalytic efficiency, providing a theoretical foundation for the design and experimental synthesis of composite nanocatalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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15 pages, 5983 KiB  
Article
Mn2+-Doped CsPbBr2I Quantum Dots Photosensitive Films for High-Performance Photodetectors
by Mengwei Chen, Wei Huang, Chenguang Shen, Yingping Yang and Jie Shen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060444 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 568
Abstract
The variable bandgap and high absorption coefficient of all-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs), particularly CsPbBr2I make them highly promising for photodetector applications. However, their high defect density and poor stability limit their performance. To overcome these problems, Mn2+-doped [...] Read more.
The variable bandgap and high absorption coefficient of all-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs), particularly CsPbBr2I make them highly promising for photodetector applications. However, their high defect density and poor stability limit their performance. To overcome these problems, Mn2+-doped CsPbBr2I QDs with varying concentrations were synthesized via the one-pot method in this work. By replacing Pb2+ ions, moderate Mn2+ doping caused lattice contraction and improved crystallinity. At the same time, Mn2+-doping effectively passivated surface defects, reducing the defect density by 33%, and suppressed non-radiative recombination, thereby improving photoluminescence (PL) intensity and carrier mobility. The optimized Mn:CsPbBr2I QDs-based photodetector exhibited superior performance, with a dark current of 1.19 × 10−10 A, a photocurrent of 1.29 × 10−5 A, a responsivity (R) of 0.83 A/W, a specific detectivity (D*) of 3.91 × 1012 Jones, an on/off ratio up to 105, and the response time reduced to less than 10 ms, all outperforming undoped CsPbBr2I QDs devices. Stability tests demonstrated enhanced durability, retaining 80% of the initial photocurrent after 200 s of cycling (compared to 50% for undoped devices) and stable operation over 20 days. This work offers a workable strategy for rational doping and structural optimization in the construction of high-performance perovskite optoelectronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Nanofilms)
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