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Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 7
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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 7 (April-1 2025) – 93 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In this study, we developed silk fibroin-based memristors embedded with silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) and investigated their resistive switching (RS) performance. The incorporation of Ag NPs significantly improved switching behavior by facilitating the formation of stable conductive filaments, resulting in sharp set/reset transitions and a high HRS/LRS ratio. The biocompatible and flexible nature of silk fibroin makes these devices promising for future bioelectronic and implantable memory systems. This work demonstrates the potential of combining natural biomaterials with nanotechnology to create sustainable, low-power memristive devices suitable for bio-integrated applications. View this paper
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10 pages, 4624 KiB  
Article
Broadband and Wide Field-of-View Refractive and Meta-Optics Hybrid Imaging System for Mid-Wave Infrared
by Bo Liu, Yunqiang Zhang, Zhu Li, Bingyan Wei, Xuetao Gan and Xin Xie
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070566 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 260
Abstract
We propose a wide field-of-view (FOV) refractive and meta-optics hybrid imaging system designed for the mid-wave infrared spectrum (3–5 μm) to address the challenge of high-quality imaging in wide FOV applications. The system consists of only three refractive lenses and two metasurfaces (one [...] Read more.
We propose a wide field-of-view (FOV) refractive and meta-optics hybrid imaging system designed for the mid-wave infrared spectrum (3–5 μm) to address the challenge of high-quality imaging in wide FOV applications. The system consists of only three refractive lenses and two metasurfaces (one functioning as a circular polarizer and the other as a phase element), with a total length of 29 mm. Through a detailed analysis of modulation transfer function curves and spot diagrams, the system achieves 178° FOV while maintaining exceptional imaging performance across a temperature range of −40 °C to 60 °C. The system demonstrates the potential for extending applications to other wavelengths and scenarios, thereby contributing to the advancement of high-performance compact optical systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Photonics, Plasmonics and Metasurfaces)
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23 pages, 6067 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Application of Core–Shell Nanocarbon-Based Slow-Release Foliar Fertilizer
by Ting Zhang, Xinheng Chen, Hongtao Gu, Huayi Chen, Kaichun Huang, Jinjin Wang, Huijuan Xu, Yulong Zhang and Wenyan Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070565 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 344
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology offers a promising solution to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency by mitigating the losses and volatilization of conventional fertilizers, contributing to sustainable agriculture. In this study, a core–shell nanocarbon-based slow-release foliar fertilizer (CN@mSiO2-NH2@Urea@PDA) was synthesized using [...] Read more.
The application of nanotechnology offers a promising solution to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency by mitigating the losses and volatilization of conventional fertilizers, contributing to sustainable agriculture. In this study, a core–shell nanocarbon-based slow-release foliar fertilizer (CN@mSiO2-NH2@Urea@PDA) was synthesized using nanocarbon (CN) as the core, amino-functionalized mesoporous silica (mSiO2-NH2) as the shell, and polydopamine (PDA) as the coating layer. BET analysis revealed a 3.5-fold and 1.9-fold reduction in material porosity after PDA encapsulation, confirming successful synthesis. The controlled-release performance was enhanced, with a 24% decrease in the release rate and a prolonged nutrient delivery duration. Hydrophobicity tests demonstrated a 20° increase in the contact angle, indicating improved adhesion. Seed germination assays validated biosafety, while field trials showed a 69.94% increase in the choy sum (Brassica rapa) yield, 21.64% higher nitrogen utilization efficiency, and 22.21% reduced nitrogen loss. The foliar application increased the plant nitrogen use efficiency by 18.37%. These findings highlight the potential of CN@mSiO2-NH2@Urea@PDA as an advanced foliar fertilizer, providing a strategic approach to promote nanomaterial applications in agriculture and enhance the acceptance of functional fertilizers among farmers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Evaluation of Nanomaterials for Agriculture)
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32 pages, 6990 KiB  
Review
Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensing Interfaces for Monitoring Heavy Metal Ions in Aqueous Environments
by Cheng Yin, Yao Liu, Tingting Hu and Xing Chen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070564 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 407
Abstract
The persistent threat of heavy metal ions (e.g., Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+) in aqueous environments to human health underscores an urgent need for advanced sensing platforms capable of rapid and precise pollutant monitoring. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 [...] Read more.
The persistent threat of heavy metal ions (e.g., Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+) in aqueous environments to human health underscores an urgent need for advanced sensing platforms capable of rapid and precise pollutant monitoring. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a metal-free polymeric semiconductor, has emerged as a revolutionary material for constructing next-generation environmental sensors due to its exceptional physicochemical properties, including tunable electronic structure, high chemical/thermal stability, large surface area, and unique optical characteristics. This review systematically explores the integration of g-C3N4 with functional nanomaterials (e.g., metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanomaterials, carbonaceous materials, and conduction polymer) to engineer high-performance sensing interfaces for heavy metal detection. The structure-property relationship is critically analyzed, emphasizing how morphology engineering (nanofibers, nanosheets, and mesoporous) and surface functionalization strategies enhance sensitivity and selectivity. Advanced detection mechanisms are elucidated, including electrochemical signal amplification, and photoinduced electron transfer processes enabled by g-C3N4’s tailored bandgap and surface active sites. Furthermore, this review addresses challenges in real-world deployment, such as scalable nanomaterial synthesis, matrix interference mitigation, and long-term reliable detection. This work provides valuable insights for advancing g-C3N4-based electrochemical sensing technologies toward sustainable environmental monitoring and intelligent pollution control systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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15 pages, 27251 KiB  
Article
Single-Frame Vignetting Correction for Post-Stitched-Tile Imaging Using VISTAmap
by Anthony A. Fung, Ashley H. Fung, Zhi Li and Lingyan Shi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070563 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 294
Abstract
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) nanoscopy imaging offers unprecedented insights into tissue molecular architecture but often requires stitching multiple high-resolution tiles to capture large fields of view. This process is time-consuming and frequently introduces vignetting artifacts—grid-like intensity fluctuations that degrade image quality and hinder [...] Read more.
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) nanoscopy imaging offers unprecedented insights into tissue molecular architecture but often requires stitching multiple high-resolution tiles to capture large fields of view. This process is time-consuming and frequently introduces vignetting artifacts—grid-like intensity fluctuations that degrade image quality and hinder downstream quantitative analyses and processing such as super-resolution deconvolution. We present VIgnetted Stitched-Tile Adjustment using Morphological Adaptive Processing (VISTAmap), a simple tool that corrects these shading artifacts directly on the final stitched image. VISTAmap automatically detects the tile grid configuration by analyzing intensity frequency variations and then applies sequential morphological operations to homogenize the image. In contrast to conventional approaches that require increased tile overlap or pre-acquisition background sampling, VISTAmap offers a pragmatic, post-processing solution without the need for separate individual tile images. This work addresses pressing concerns by delivering a robust, efficient strategy for enhancing mosaic image uniformity in modern nanoscopy, where the smallest details make tremendous impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Applications of Nanoscale Imaging and Nanoscopy)
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35 pages, 3912 KiB  
Review
Pr3+ Visible to Ultraviolet Upconversion for Antimicrobial Applications
by Miroslav D. Dramićanin, Mikhail G. Brik, Željka Antić, Radu Bănică, Cristina Mosoarca, Tatjana Dramićanin, Zoran Ristić, George Daniel Dima, Tom Förster and Markus Suta
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070562 - 6 Apr 2025
Viewed by 350
Abstract
This paper addresses the upconversion of blue light to ultraviolet-C (UVC) with Pr3+-activated materials for antibacterial applications of UVC. It discusses the processes through which UV radiation provides biocidal effects on microorganisms, along with the most popular UVC sources employed in [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the upconversion of blue light to ultraviolet-C (UVC) with Pr3+-activated materials for antibacterial applications of UVC. It discusses the processes through which UV radiation provides biocidal effects on microorganisms, along with the most popular UVC sources employed in these processes. We describe the electronic and optical properties of the Pr3+ ion, emphasizing the conditions the host material must meet to obtain broad and intense emission in the UVC from parity-allowed transitions from the 4f5d levels and provide a list of materials that fulfill these conditions. This paper also delineates lanthanide-based upconversion, focusing on Pr3+ blue to UVC upconversion via the 3P0 and 1D2 intermediate states, and suggests routes for improving the quantum efficiency of the process. We review literature related to the use of upconversion materials in antimicrobial photodynamic treatments and for the blue to UVC upconversion germicidal effects. Further, we propose the spectral overlap between the UVC emission of Pr3+ materials and the germicidal effectiveness curve as a criterion for assessing the potential of these materials in antimicrobial applications. Finally, this paper briefly assesses the toxicity of materials commonly used in the preparation of upconversion materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
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16 pages, 5813 KiB  
Article
Unlocking the Potential of Mg-Doped Rare Earth Manganites: Machine Learning-Guided Synthesis and Insights into Structural and Optical Properties
by Chikh Lakhdar Ben Messaoud, Zoulikha Hebboul, Ibn Khaldoun Lefkaier, Ahmed Draoui, Ahmed Lamine Ben Kamri, Souraya Goumri-Said, Mohammed Benali Kanoun, Romualdo S. Silva, Jr., José A. Alonso and Sophie Laurent
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070561 - 6 Apr 2025
Viewed by 353
Abstract
By leveraging machine learning insights from prior perovskite studies and employing the sol–gel method, we successfully synthesized two novel perovskite nanoceramics—M0.5 Ca0.25Mg0.25MnO3 (M = La, Pr)—as multifunctional nanomaterials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed their orthorhombic Pnma crystal structure. [...] Read more.
By leveraging machine learning insights from prior perovskite studies and employing the sol–gel method, we successfully synthesized two novel perovskite nanoceramics—M0.5 Ca0.25Mg0.25MnO3 (M = La, Pr)—as multifunctional nanomaterials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed their orthorhombic Pnma crystal structure. The Williamson–Hall method estimated average particle sizes of 59.5 nm for PCMMO and 21.8 nm for LCMMO, while the Scherrer method provided corresponding values of 32.59 nm and 20.43 nm. SEM, UV-Vis, and FTIR analyses validated the chemical composition, homogeneity, and optical properties of the synthesized compounds, revealing band gaps of 3.25 eV (LCMMO) and 3.71 eV (PCMMO) with Urbach energies of 0.29 eV and 0.26 eV, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights into the structural and optical properties of LCMMO and PCMMO, highlighting their potential as multifunctional materials for advanced device applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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16 pages, 2288 KiB  
Review
Potential of Carbon Nanodots (CNDs) in Cancer Treatment
by Walaa Alibrahem, Nihad Kharrat Helu, Csaba Oláh and József Prokisch
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070560 - 6 Apr 2025
Viewed by 353
Abstract
Carbon Nanodots (CNDs) are characterized by their nanoscale size (<10 nm), biocompatibility, stability, fluorescence, and photoluminescence, making them a promising candidate for cancer therapy. The difference in the methods of synthesis of CNDs, whether top-down or bottom-up, affects the formation, visual, and surface [...] Read more.
Carbon Nanodots (CNDs) are characterized by their nanoscale size (<10 nm), biocompatibility, stability, fluorescence, and photoluminescence, making them a promising candidate for cancer therapy. The difference in the methods of synthesis of CNDs, whether top-down or bottom-up, affects the formation, visual, and surface characteristics of CNDs, which are crucial for their biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. The urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies from CNDs is due to the limitations and barriers posed by conventional therapies including drug resistance and cytotoxicity. Nano-loaded chemotherapy treatments are highly effective and can enhance the solubility and targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce cancer cell cytotoxicity, and regulate intracellular signaling pathways. Their ability to be designed for cellular uptake and exact intracellular localization further improves their therapeutic potential. In addition to working on drug delivery, CNDs are highlighted for their dual functionality in imaging and therapy, which allows real-time observing of treatment efficacy. Despite the development of these treatments and the promising results for the future, challenges still exist in cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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25 pages, 4700 KiB  
Article
Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Effective Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment
by Mahmoud Abou-Okada, Mansour El-Matbouli and Mona Saleh
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070559 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 326
Abstract
This study explores the use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), either singly or in combination, for the nanoremediation of aquaculture wastewater. Aquaculture wastewater was treated with varying doses of Ag NPs and ZnO NPs across the following [...] Read more.
This study explores the use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), either singly or in combination, for the nanoremediation of aquaculture wastewater. Aquaculture wastewater was treated with varying doses of Ag NPs and ZnO NPs across the following six groups: Group 1 (0.05 mg Ag NPs/L), Group 2 (1 mg ZnO NPs/L), Group 3 (0.05 mg Ag NPs/L + 1 mg ZnO NPs/L), Group 4 (0.025 Ag NPs/L + 0.5 mg ZnO NPs/L), Group 5 (0.1 mg Ag NPs/L + 2 mg ZnO NPs/L), and a control group. Water quality, microbial loads and nanomaterial concentrations were assessed over ten days. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed average particle sizes of 102.5 nm for Ag NPs and 110.27 nm for ZnO NPs. The removal efficiencies of NH4-N were over 98% across treatment groups. In addition, COD removal efficiencies were 33.33%, 68.82%, 49.59%, 61.49%, and 37.65%. The log-reductions in aerobic plate counts for the nanoparticle-treated wastewater were 1.191, 1.947, 1.133, 1.071, and 0.087, compared to a reduction of 0.911 in untreated wastewater. Silver concentrations ranged from 0.0079 to 0.0192 mg/L, while zinc concentrations ranged from 0.3040 to 0.9740 mg/L, indicating that ZnO-NPs represent a sustainable treatment method for aquaculture wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanotechnology in Detection and Removal of Pollutants in Water System)
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14 pages, 7873 KiB  
Article
Factors Influencing Removal of Trichloroethylene in a Zero-Valent Iron Fenton System
by Yangyang Sun, Shichao Liang and Pengfei Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070558 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 205
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a volatile organic compound commonly used as a solvent, is frequently detected in contaminated groundwater. In the zero-valent iron (ZVI) Fenton process, TCE can be eventually dechlorinated into non-toxic products, which is mainly caused by hydroxyl radicals derived from H2 [...] Read more.
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a volatile organic compound commonly used as a solvent, is frequently detected in contaminated groundwater. In the zero-valent iron (ZVI) Fenton process, TCE can be eventually dechlorinated into non-toxic products, which is mainly caused by hydroxyl radicals derived from H2O2. However, some key factors in the dechlorination of TCE in the zero-valent iron Fenton process have not been studied clearly. In the present study, the effects of the initial TCE concentration, initial H2O2 concentration, dosage of ZVI, initial pH, and temperature on TCE degradation in the ZVI Fenton process were studied. In addition, the structure and surface morphology of the ZVI used in this study were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption–desorption, and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The experimental results demonstrated that the dosage of ZVI and initial H2O2 concentration had obvious impacts on TCE degradation. At a ZVI dosage of 2 g/L and an initial H2O2 concentration of 0.53 mol/L, more than 97% of TCE could be degraded within 24 h at 25 °C. We found that the ZVI Fenton process could efficiently degrade TCE at a broad pH range and room temperature, making it applicable to groundwater remediation. TCE degradation was associated with Fe2+ concentration. Spectroscopic analyses indicated that the oxide film formed on the ZVI surface was associated with Fe2+ concentration in enhanced TCE dechlorination. The ZVI Fenton process could work at a wide range of TCE concentrations (0–200 mg/L). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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8 pages, 2553 KiB  
Communication
In Situ Observation of the Thermal Behavior of Graphene on Insulating and Metal Substrates
by Mikihiro Kato and Xinwei Zhao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070557 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 292
Abstract
In general, graphene is known to be thermally stable. In this study, we analyzed the Raman spectra of graphene prepared on copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as well as monolayer and multilayer graphene transferred onto SiO2 under [...] Read more.
In general, graphene is known to be thermally stable. In this study, we analyzed the Raman spectra of graphene prepared on copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as well as monolayer and multilayer graphene transferred onto SiO2 under vacuum heating. We observed a shift in the position of the graphene G peak due to temperature changes for all substrates. For graphene on insulating substrates, the peak position returned to its original position after heating when the substrate returned to room temperature, indicating the thermal and chemical stability of graphene. In contrast, the Raman spectra of graphene on Cu and Ni, which have different carbon solubilities, showed significant shifts and broadening of the G peak as the temperature increased. We also utilized optical microscopy to observe morphological changes during heating, which complemented the Raman spectroscopy analysis. The optical microscopy images obtained in the previous study revealed morphological changes on the graphene surface that correlate with the shifts observed in the Raman spectra, especially in graphene on metal substrates. These combined findings from Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy could provide insights for optimizing graphene growth processes. In addition, knowledge of the thermal behavior of graphene on insulating substrates could be useful for device construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials and Metamaterials in Photonics and Optoelectronics)
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12 pages, 3311 KiB  
Article
Pulsed Alternating Fields Magnetic Hyperthermia in Combination with Chemotherapy (5-Fluorouracil) as a Cancer Treatment for Glioblastoma Multiform: An In Vitro Study
by Lilia Souiade, Miguel-Ramon Rodriguez-Garcia, José-Javier Serrano-Olmedo and Milagros Ramos-Gómez
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070556 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
Inducing magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) involves locally raising the temperature to 39–45 °C, which increases the susceptibility of tumor cells to therapeutic agents without damaging healthy tissues. Recent studies on trapezoidal pulsed alternating magnetic fields (TP-AMFs) have proven their considerable efficacy in increasing the [...] Read more.
Inducing magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) involves locally raising the temperature to 39–45 °C, which increases the susceptibility of tumor cells to therapeutic agents without damaging healthy tissues. Recent studies on trapezoidal pulsed alternating magnetic fields (TP-AMFs) have proven their considerable efficacy in increasing the temperature of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) compared to sinusoidal fields. Thermal therapies have been known to incorporate multiple combinations of therapeutic approaches to optimize the medical procedure for healing cancer patients such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The combination of MHT with chemotherapy aims to enhance the therapeutic effects against cancer due to the synergistic interaction in tumor cells. In this study, we aim to exploit the synergistic effects of combining MHT produced by TP-AMFs with a low concentration of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) to optimize the therapeutic outcomes in comparison to TP-AMFs MHT alone. Hence, we exposed a glioblastoma cell line (CT2A) incubated with iron oxide nanoparticles at 1 mg/mL to two cycles of MHT employing a trapezoidal-square waveform at 200 kHz and 2 mT for 30 min for each cycle, separated by a 45 min break, both as a single treatment and in combination with 0.1 μg/mL of 5-FU. Our findings demonstrated the efficacy of the synergistic effect between MHT treatment via TP-AMFs and the 5-FU, increasing the cell death to 58.9 ± 2%, compared to 31.4 ± 3% with MHT treatment alone. Cell death was primarily driven by the necrosis pathway (47.3 ± 2%) compared to apoptosis (11.6 ± 2). The addition of 5-FU enhanced the cytotoxic effect of MHT on CT2A cells, increasing the calreticulin (CRT) positive cells to 17 ± 1% compared to 10 ± 1% as produced by MHT treatment alone. Furthermore, this combination suggests that the employed treatment approach can promote immune system activation due to the exposure of CRT in the treated cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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12 pages, 4609 KiB  
Article
Reduction of Interface State Density in 4H-SiC MOS Capacitors Modified by ALD-Deposited Interlayers
by Zhenyu Wang, Zhaopeng Bai, Yunduo Guo, Chengxi Ding, Qimin Huang, Lin Gu, Yi Shen, Qingchun Zhang and Hongping Ma
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070555 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 342
Abstract
This study proposed an innovative method for growing gate oxide on silicon carbide (SiC), where silicon oxide (SiO2) was fabricated on a deposited Al2O3 layer, achieving high quality gate oxide. A thin Al2O3 passivation layer [...] Read more.
This study proposed an innovative method for growing gate oxide on silicon carbide (SiC), where silicon oxide (SiO2) was fabricated on a deposited Al2O3 layer, achieving high quality gate oxide. A thin Al2O3 passivation layer was deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD), followed by Si deposition and reoxidation to fabricate a MOS structure. The effects of different ALD growth cycles on the interface chemical composition, trap density, breakdown characteristics, and bias stress stability of the MOS capacitors were systematically investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that an ALD Al2O3 passivation layer with 10 growth cycles effectively suppresses the formation of the proportion of Si-OxCy bonds. Additionally, the SiO2/Al2O3/SiC gate stack with 10 ALD growth cycles exhibited optimal electrical properties, including a minimum interface state density (Dit) value of 3 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 and a breakdown field (Ebd) of 10.9 MV/cm. We also systematically analyzed the bias stress stability of the capacitors at room temperature and elevated temperatures. Analysis of flat-band voltage (ΔVfb) and midgap voltage (ΔVmg) hysteresis after high-temperature positive and negative bias stress demonstrated that incorporating a thin Al2O3 layer at the interface is the key factor in enhancing the stability of Vfb and midgap voltage Vmg. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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41 pages, 9104 KiB  
Review
Progress in Modeling and Applications of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layers for Lithium Metal Anodes
by Zhicong Wei, Weitao Zheng, Yijuan Li and Shaoming Huang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070554 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
The increasing demand for high-specific-energy lithium batteries has stimulated extensive research on the lithium metal anode owing to its high specific capacity and low electrode potential. However, the lithium metal will irreversibly react with the electrolyte during the first cycling process, forming an [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for high-specific-energy lithium batteries has stimulated extensive research on the lithium metal anode owing to its high specific capacity and low electrode potential. However, the lithium metal will irreversibly react with the electrolyte during the first cycling process, forming an uneven and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which results in the non-uniform deposition of Li ions and thus the formation of lithium dendrites. This could cause a battery short circuit, resulting in safety hazards such as thermal runaway. In addition, the continuous rupture and repair of the SEIs during the repeated charge/discharge processes will constantly consume the active lithium, which leads to a significant decrease in battery capacity. An effective strategy to address these challenges is to design and construct ideal artificial SEIs on the surface of the lithium metal anode. This review analyzes and summarizes the mathematical modeling of SEI, the functional characteristics of SEIs with different components, and finally discusses the challenges faced by artificial SEIs in practical applications of lithium metal batteries and future development directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)
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40 pages, 18562 KiB  
Review
Progress, Challenges and Prospects of Biomass-Derived Lightweight Carbon-Based Microwave-Absorbing Materials
by Xujing Ren, Meirong Zhen, Fuliang Meng, Xianfeng Meng and Maiyong Zhu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070553 - 4 Apr 2025
Viewed by 463
Abstract
The widespread use of electronic devices in daily life, industry and military has led to a large amount of electromagnetic pollution, which has become an increasingly serious security issue. To eliminate or mitigate such risks and hazards, various advanced microwave absorption technologies and [...] Read more.
The widespread use of electronic devices in daily life, industry and military has led to a large amount of electromagnetic pollution, which has become an increasingly serious security issue. To eliminate or mitigate such risks and hazards, various advanced microwave absorption technologies and materials have been reported. As a new type of microwave absorber, biomass-derived carbon-based materials have received extensive attention. They have the characteristics of low cost, easy preparation, high porosity and environmental friendliness while retaining the advantageous adjustable dielectric properties, high conductivity and good stability of traditional carbon materials. The development of biomass microwave-absorbing materials not only provides a new idea for solving electromagnetic radiation but also helps to create an environmentally friendly and harmonious environment. Herein, various biomass-derived carbon-based microwave-absorbing materials (MAMs) including plant shells, plant fibers and other potential biomass materials are generalized and discussed including their preparation technology, microstructure design and so on. The two critical factors affecting microwave absorption properties, impedance matching and attenuation characteristics, are analyzed in detail. Finally, the confronting challenges and future development prospects of biomass-based microwave-absorbing materials are pointed out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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11 pages, 2896 KiB  
Article
Hydrophobic Silicon Quantum Dots for Potential Imaging of Tear Film Lipid Layer
by Sidra Sarwat, Fiona Stapleton, Mark D. P. Willcox, Peter B. O’Mara and Maitreyee Roy
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070552 - 4 Apr 2025
Viewed by 832
Abstract
The tear film, consisting of the aqueous and lipid layers, maintains the homeostasis of the ocular surface; therefore, when disturbed, it can cause dry eye, which affects millions of people worldwide. Understanding the dynamics of the tear film layers is essential for developing [...] Read more.
The tear film, consisting of the aqueous and lipid layers, maintains the homeostasis of the ocular surface; therefore, when disturbed, it can cause dry eye, which affects millions of people worldwide. Understanding the dynamics of the tear film layers is essential for developing efficient drug delivery systems for dry eye disease. Quantum dots (QDs) offer the potential for real-time monitoring of tear film and evaluating its dynamics. Hydrophilic silicon QDs (Si-QDs) have already been optimised to image the aqueous layer of the tear film. This study was conducted to optimise hydrophobic Si-QDs to image the lipid layer of the tear film. Si-QDs were synthesised in solution and characterised by transmission electron microscope and spectrofluorophotometry. The fluorescence emission of Si-QDs was monitored in vitro when mixed with artificial tears. The cytotoxicity was assessed in cultured human corneal epithelial cells using an MTT assay following 24 h of exposure. Si-QDs were 2.65 ± 0.35 nm in size and were non-toxic at <16 µg/mL. Si-QDs emitted stable green fluorescence for 20 min but demonstrated aggregation at higher concentrations. These findings highlight the potential of hydrophobic Si-QDs as a biomarker for the real-time imaging of the tear film lipid layer. However, further research on surface functionalisation and preclinical evaluations are recommended for enhanced solubility and biocompatibility in the ocular surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy: 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 4125 KiB  
Article
Photosensitizer and Charge Separator Roles of g-C₃N₄ Integrated into the CuO-Fe₂O₃ p-n Heterojunction Interface for Elevating PEC Water Splitting Potential
by Ramesh Reddy Nallapureddy, Sai Kumar Arla, Andrés Ibáñez, Durga Prasad Pabba, Jae Hak Jung and Sang Woo Joo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070551 - 4 Apr 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
In sustainable hydrogen generation, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting stands as a crucial technology, offering solutions to the global energy crisis while tackling environmental challenges. PEC water splitting relies on metal oxide nanostructures due to their unique electronic and optical characteristics. This research highlights [...] Read more.
In sustainable hydrogen generation, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting stands as a crucial technology, offering solutions to the global energy crisis while tackling environmental challenges. PEC water splitting relies on metal oxide nanostructures due to their unique electronic and optical characteristics. This research highlights the development of a CuO-Fe2O3@g-C3N4 nanocomposite, created through the integration of three components and fabricated via a one-pot hydrothermal process, precisely engineered to enhance PEC water-splitting efficiency. The combination of CuO, Fe2O3, and g-C3N4 results in a unified heterojunction structure that efficiently mitigates issues associated with charge carrier recombination and structural stability. Additionally, the analyses of both the structure and composition confirmed the precise synthesis of the composite. The CuO-Fe2O3@g-C3N4 nanocomposite achieved a photocurrent density of 1.33 mA cm−2 vs. Ag/AgCl upon exposure to light, demonstrating superior PEC performance and outperforming the individual CuO and Fe2O3 components. The enhanced performance is attributed to g-C3N4 acting as a photoactive material, generating charge carriers, while the combination of CuO-Fe2O3 enables efficient carrier separation and mobility. This synergistic interaction significantly enhances photocurrent generation and ensures long-term stability, positioning the material as a highly promising solution for sustainable hydrogen production. These results highlight the promise of hybrid nanocomposites in driving progress in renewable energy technologies, opening new avenues for the development of more efficient and long-lasting PEC systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanoenergetic Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Emerging Applications)
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17 pages, 5130 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of CQDs-Modified Layered g-C3N4/Flower-like ZnO Heterojunction for Efficient Degradation of Ciprofloxacin
by Qing Liu, Wei Deng, Hai Zhang, Jiajun Fang, Yushi Xie, Congwen Liu, Xiaochen Han, Xiaoling Xu and Zuowan Zhou
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070550 - 4 Apr 2025
Viewed by 289
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation has the advantages of high efficiency and stability compared with traditional antibiotic treatment. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable photocatalysts is essential for antibiotic degradation in water treatment. In this study, layered g-C3N4/flower-like ZnO heterojunction loaded [...] Read more.
Photocatalytic degradation has the advantages of high efficiency and stability compared with traditional antibiotic treatment. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable photocatalysts is essential for antibiotic degradation in water treatment. In this study, layered g-C3N4/flower-like ZnO heterojunction loaded with different amounts of CQDs (Cx%CNZO (x = 1, 2, 3, 4)) were precisely synthesized at room temperature. The as-prepared photocatalyst showed enhanced performance in degrading ciprofloxacin (CIP). The heterojunction with CQDs loaded at 3 wt% (C3%CNZO) achieved a 91.0% removal rate of CIP at 120 min under a sunlight simulator illumination, and the photodegradation reaction data were consistent with the first-order kinetic model. In addition, cycling experiments confirmed that the C3%CNZO heterojunction had good reusability and photocatalytic stability after four cycles. According to the experimental results, superoxide radical (•O2−) was the main active species involved in CIP degradation. Furthermore, C3%CNZO was found to conform to a type II electron transfer pathway. Finally, the possible degradation pathways of CIP were analyzed. This work may provide an effective strategy for the removal of various antibiotics in water treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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25 pages, 5095 KiB  
Article
Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) Oriented Approach to Assess In Vitro Hazard of Silica and Lignin Nanomaterials Derived from Biomass Residues
by Rossella Daniela Bengalli, Maurizio Gualtieri, Mariana Ornelas, Tzanko Tzanov and Paride Mantecca
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070549 - 4 Apr 2025
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Bio-based nanomaterials (B-NMs), such as silica oxide (SiO2)- and lignin (Lig)- based nanoparticles (NPs) derived from biomass waste, have gained attention in the last few years in the view of promoting the sustainability principles in several applications. However, scarce data are [...] Read more.
Bio-based nanomaterials (B-NMs), such as silica oxide (SiO2)- and lignin (Lig)- based nanoparticles (NPs) derived from biomass waste, have gained attention in the last few years in the view of promoting the sustainability principles in several applications. However, scarce data are available about their safety. Thus, a hazard-testing strategy was designed considering as a reference the safe-and-sustainable-by-design (SSbD) framework for chemicals and materials, prioritizing the use of new approach methodologies (NAMs), such as in vitro and adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) approaches, for generating data about the potential hazard of B-NMs. Literature research was performed to identify the adverse outcomes (AOs) related to the selected B-NMs. All the AOPs investigated shared at least oxidative stress, inflammation and cytotoxicity as key events (KEs) that were investigated in lung and immune cells. The tested B-NMs resulted either non-toxic or moderately toxic towards human cells, validating their biocompatibility when compared to reference NMs of similar composition, but not of bio-origin. However, attention should be given to possible AOs deriving after specific functionalization of the B-NMs. Considering the lack of knowledge in this field, the studies performed represent a step forward in the state of the art of the safety assessment of B-NMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approach Methodologies for the Toxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials)
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7 pages, 4310 KiB  
Communication
Controlled Vapor-Phase Synthesis of VSe2 via Selenium-Driven Gradual Transformation of Single-Crystalline V2O5 Nanosheets
by Gangtae Jin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070548 - 4 Apr 2025
Viewed by 316
Abstract
We report a gas-phase precursor modulation strategy for the controlled synthesis of 1T-phase vanadium diselenide (VSe2) from vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanosheets by systematically adjusting the vapor pressure of selenium. By controlling the selenium vapor pressure, selenium-free vapor [...] Read more.
We report a gas-phase precursor modulation strategy for the controlled synthesis of 1T-phase vanadium diselenide (VSe2) from vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanosheets by systematically adjusting the vapor pressure of selenium. By controlling the selenium vapor pressure, selenium-free vapor transport of vanadium dioxide led to the spontaneous oxidation and formation of tens-of-micrometer-sized rectangular V2O5 crystals, while moderate selenium introduction produced intermediate oxygen-rich phases with trapezoidal crystal facets, and a highly selenium-rich environment yielded trigonal VSe2 crystals. Raman scattering measurements confirmed the stepwise transformation from V2O5 to VSe2, and atomic force microscopy revealed well-defined layered morphologies and distinct conformation within an atomically thin regime. Additionally, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy validated the orthorhombic and trigonal crystal structures of V2O5 and VSe2, respectively. This work demonstrates the versatility of fine-tuned vapor-phase growth conditions in vanadium-based layered compounds, providing useful platforms to optimize structural composition with atomic precision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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22 pages, 23066 KiB  
Article
Indoor Evaluation of a Temperature-Controlled Gel Intelligent Diversion System
by Zhifeng Luo, Qunlong Wu, Weiyu Chen, Haoran Fu, Kun Xu and Haojiang Xi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070547 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
The Bohai SZ36-1 oilfield, the largest offshore oilfield in China, features a high-porosity, high-permeability reservoir with significant heterogeneity and permeability variations. After extended water injection, the reservoir’s pore structure evolved, increasing heterogeneity and reducing the effectiveness of traditional production methods. To address these [...] Read more.
The Bohai SZ36-1 oilfield, the largest offshore oilfield in China, features a high-porosity, high-permeability reservoir with significant heterogeneity and permeability variations. After extended water injection, the reservoir’s pore structure evolved, increasing heterogeneity and reducing the effectiveness of traditional production methods. To address these issues, this study introduces an intelligent diversion and balanced unblocking technology, using a temperature-controlled diversion system to block dominant flow channels and ensure even distribution of treatment fluids while maintaining reservoir integrity. The technology’s scientific validity and feasibility were confirmed through extensive testing. Results show that the diversion system offers excellent injectability, with controllable solidification time, phase change temperature, and strong compatibility, allowing for a “liquid–solid–liquid” phase transition in the reservoir. The technology also demonstrates high plugging strength, rapid plugging rate, significant diversion effects, and moderate injection intensity, all meeting construction requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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23 pages, 5590 KiB  
Article
Pushing the Limits of Thermal Resistance in Nanocomposites: A Comparative Study of Carbon Black and Nanotube Modifications
by Johannes Bibinger, Sebastian Eibl, Hans-Joachim Gudladt, Bernhard Schartel and Philipp Höfer
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070546 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 320
Abstract
Enhancing the thermal resistance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) with flame retardants or coatings often leads to increased weight and reduced mechanical integrity. To address these challenges, this study introduces an innovative approach for developing nanocomposites using carbon-based nanoparticles, while preserving the structural [...] Read more.
Enhancing the thermal resistance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) with flame retardants or coatings often leads to increased weight and reduced mechanical integrity. To address these challenges, this study introduces an innovative approach for developing nanocomposites using carbon-based nanoparticles, while preserving the structural lightweight properties. For this, carbon black particles (CBPs) up to 10% and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) up to 1.5% were incorporated into the RTM6/G939 composite material. The obtained samples were then analyzed for their properties and heat resistance under one-sided thermal loading at a heat flux of 50 kW/m2. Results demonstrate that integrating these particles improves heat conduction without compromising the material’s inherent advantages. As a result, thermo-induced damage and the resulting loss of mechanical strength are delayed by 17% with CBPs and 7% with CNTs compared to the unmodified material. Thereby, the thermal behavior can be accurately modeled by a straightforward approach, using calibrated, effective measurements of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix rather than relying on theoretical assumptions. This approach thus provides a promising methode to characterize and improve thermal resistance without significant trade-offs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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21 pages, 7503 KiB  
Article
Rational Design of Core–Shell MoS2@ZIF-67 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline
by Maruthasalam Pannerselvam, Vadivel Siva, Anbazhagan Murugan, Abdul Samad Shameem, Thirugnanam Bavani, Sahadevan Jhelai, Sengottaiyan Shanmugan, Imran Hussain Showkath Ali and Karthik Kannan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070545 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 376
Abstract
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and their composites are attractive materials for photocatalytic applications due to their distinct characteristics. Core–shell ZIFs have lately emerged as a particularly appealing type of metal–organic frameworks, with improved light-absorption and charge-separation capabilities. In this study, hybrid nanocomposite materials [...] Read more.
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and their composites are attractive materials for photocatalytic applications due to their distinct characteristics. Core–shell ZIFs have lately emerged as a particularly appealing type of metal–organic frameworks, with improved light-absorption and charge-separation capabilities. In this study, hybrid nanocomposite materials comprising a zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) were fabricated with a core–shell structure. The prepared core–shell MoS2@ZIF-67 nanocomposites were studied using XRD, FTIR, XPS, and HR-TEM techniques. The crystalline nature and the presence of characteristic functional groups of the composites were analyzed using XRD and FTIR, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic tetracycline (TC) was measured using visible light irradiation. Compared to pristine MoS2 (12%) and ZIF-67 (34%), the most active MoS2@ZIF-67 nanocomposite (72%) exhibited a greater tetracycline degradation efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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9 pages, 2386 KiB  
Article
The Macroscopic Stress–Macroscopic Strain Relationship of the Hierarchical Honeycomb Nanoporous Materials by the Spherical Nanoindentation Simulation
by Fue Han, Hongwei Zhang and Jingnan Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070544 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 256
Abstract
The spherical nanoindentation macroscopic stress–macroscopic strain relationship of hierarchical honeycomb nanoporous material is defined by combining the spherical nanoindentation simulation and the uniaxial compression simulation. At the same time, the macroscopic elastic modulus and the macroscopic yielding stress of the hierarchical material are [...] Read more.
The spherical nanoindentation macroscopic stress–macroscopic strain relationship of hierarchical honeycomb nanoporous material is defined by combining the spherical nanoindentation simulation and the uniaxial compression simulation. At the same time, the macroscopic elastic modulus and the macroscopic yielding stress of the hierarchical material are obtained from the curves through different methods. The results show that the macroscopic stress–macroscopic strain curve of the hierarchical nanoporous materials nanoindented to a depth of 30 nm is basically consistent with the curve of the hierarchical nanoporous materials when uniaxially compressed down to 25 nm. Through the nanoindentation and uniaxial compression, the macroscopic elastic moduli and the macroscopic yielding stresses are also close to the scale formula. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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12 pages, 1880 KiB  
Article
Combustion of High-Energy Compositions (HECs) Containing Al-B, Ti-B and Fe-B Ultrafine Powders (UFPs)
by Weiqiang Pang, Ivan Sorokin and Alexander Korotkikh
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070543 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
Metal and metalloid powders are widely used in high-energy compositions (HECs) and solid propellants (SPs), increasing their energetic characteristics in the combustion chamber. The particle size distribution, protective coatings of the particles and heat of combustion of the metal powders influence the ignition [...] Read more.
Metal and metalloid powders are widely used in high-energy compositions (HECs) and solid propellants (SPs), increasing their energetic characteristics in the combustion chamber. The particle size distribution, protective coatings of the particles and heat of combustion of the metal powders influence the ignition and combustion parameters of the HECs as well as the characteristics of the propulsion systems. Boron-based metallic fuels achieve high-energy potentials during their combustion. The effect of Al-B, Fe-B and Ti-B (Me-B) mixture ultrafine powders (UFPs) on the ignition and combustion characteristics of a model HEC based on a solid oxidizer and a polymer combustible binder was investigated. The Me-B mass ratios in the mixture UFPs corresponded to the phase composition of the borides AlB2, FeB and TiB2. It was found that replacing the aluminum UFP with Al-B, Fe-B and Ti-B UFPs in the HECs changed the exponent (n) in the correlations of the ignition delay time tign(q) and burning rate u(p). The maximum burning rate and n over the pressure range of 0.5–5.0 MPa were obtained for the HEC with Al-B UFPs due to the increase in the heat release rate near the sample surface during the joint combustion of the Al and B particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)
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25 pages, 30610 KiB  
Review
Synthesis, Characterization, Magnetic Properties, and Applications of Carbon Dots as Diamagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents: A Review
by Endale Mulugeta, Tirusew Tegafaw, Ying Liu, Dejun Zhao, Ahrum Baek, Jihyun Kim, Yongmin Chang and Gang Ho Lee
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070542 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are metal-free carbon-based nanoparticles. They possess excellent photoluminescent properties, various physical properties, good chemical stability, high water solubility, high biocompatibility, and tunable surface functionalities, suitable for biomedical applications. Their properties are subject to synthetic conditions such as pH, reaction time, [...] Read more.
Carbon dots (CDs) are metal-free carbon-based nanoparticles. They possess excellent photoluminescent properties, various physical properties, good chemical stability, high water solubility, high biocompatibility, and tunable surface functionalities, suitable for biomedical applications. Their properties are subject to synthetic conditions such as pH, reaction time, temperature, precursor, and solvent. Until now, a large number of articles on the synthesis and biomedical applications of CDs using their photoluminescent properties have been reported. However, their research on magnetic properties and especially, diamagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (diaCEST) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very poor. The diaCEST MRI contrast agents are based on exchangeable protons of materials with bulk water protons and thus, different from conventional MRI contrast agents, which are based on enhancements of proton spin relaxations of bulk water and tissue. In this review, various syntheses, characterizations, magnetic properties, and potential applications of CDs as diaCEST MRI contrast agents are reviewed. Finally, future perspectives of CDs as the next-generation diaCEST MRI contrast agents are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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24 pages, 6071 KiB  
Review
New Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials: Biochars, Scaffolds, Rare Earth, and Ferrite-Based Materials
by Dragana Marinković, Slađana Dorontić, Dejan Kepić, Kamel Haddadi, Muhammad Yasir, Blaž Nardin and Svetlana Jovanović
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070541 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1051
Abstract
In this review, a comprehensive systematic study of the research background, developments, classification, trends, and advances over the past few years in research on new electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials will be described. The following groups of new materials for EMI shielding will [...] Read more.
In this review, a comprehensive systematic study of the research background, developments, classification, trends, and advances over the past few years in research on new electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials will be described. The following groups of new materials for EMI shielding will be discussed: biochars, scaffolds, rare earth, and ferrite-based materials. We selected two novel, organic, lightweight materials (biochars and scaffolds) and compared their shielding effectiveness to inorganic materials (ferrite and rare earth materials). This article will broadly discuss the EMI shielding performance, the basic principles of EMI shielding, the preparation methods of selected materials, and their application prospects. Biochars are promising, eco-friendly, sustainable, and renewable materials that can be potentially used as a filter in polymer composites for EMI shielding, along with scaffolds. Scaffolds are new-generation, easy-to-manufacture materials with excellent EMI shielding performance. Rare earth (RE) plays an important role in developing high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption materials due to the unique electronic shell configurations and higher ionic radii of RE elements. Ferrite-based materials are often combined with other components to achieve enhanced EMI shielding, mechanical strength, and electrical and thermal conductivity. Finally, the current challenges and future outlook of new EMI shielding materials will be highlighted in the hope of obtaining guidelines for their future development and application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Electromagnetic Shielding and Absorption Applications)
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39 pages, 1995 KiB  
Review
Precisely Targeted Nanoparticles for CRISPR-Cas9 Delivery in Clinical Applications
by Xinmei Liu, Mengyu Gao and Ji Bao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070540 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 747
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), an emerging gene-editing technology, has recently gained rapidly increasing attention. However, the lack of efficient delivery vectors to deliver CRISPR-Cas9 to specific cells or tissues has hindered the translation of this biotechnology into clinical [...] Read more.
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), an emerging gene-editing technology, has recently gained rapidly increasing attention. However, the lack of efficient delivery vectors to deliver CRISPR-Cas9 to specific cells or tissues has hindered the translation of this biotechnology into clinical applications. Chemically synthesized nanoparticles (NPs), as attractive non-viral delivery platforms for CRISPR-Cas9, have been extensively investigated because of their unique characteristics, such as controllable size, high stability, multi-functionality, bio-responsive behavior, biocompatibility, and versatility in chemistry. In this review, the key considerations for the precise design of chemically synthesized-based nanoparticles include efficient encapsulation, cellular uptake, the targeting of specific tissues and cells, endosomal escape, and controlled release. We discuss cutting-edge strategies to integrate chemical modifications into non-viral nanoparticles that guide the CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing machinery to specific edits. We also highlighted the rationale of intelligent nanoparticle design. In particular, we have summarized promising functional groups and molecules that can effectively optimize carrier function. In addition, this review focuses on advances in the widespread application of NPs delivery in the biomedical fields to promote the development of safe, specific, and efficient NPs for delivering CRISPR-Cas9 systems, providing references for accelerating their clinical translational applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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18 pages, 4897 KiB  
Article
Zein Nanoparticles Loaded with Vitis vinifera L. Grape Pomace Extract: Synthesis and Characterization
by Ana Guadalupe Luque-Alcaraz, Jesús Antonio Maldonado-Arriola, Pedro Amado Hernández-Abril, Mario Enrique Álvarez-Ramos and Cynthia Nazareth Hernández-Téllez
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070539 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 323
Abstract
This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of zein nanoparticles (ZNp) loaded with grape pomace extract (GPE) from Vitis vinifera L. for applications in controlled release and antioxidant delivery. Grape pomace, a byproduct of the winemaking industry, is rich in bioactive compounds, including [...] Read more.
This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of zein nanoparticles (ZNp) loaded with grape pomace extract (GPE) from Vitis vinifera L. for applications in controlled release and antioxidant delivery. Grape pomace, a byproduct of the winemaking industry, is rich in bioactive compounds, including phenols and flavonoids, which possess antioxidant properties. To overcome the limitations of these compounds, such as photosensitivity and thermal degradation, they were incorporated into zein nanoparticles using the antisolvent technique. The physicochemical properties of the ZNp-GPE system were thoroughly characterized, including size, morphology, ζ-potential, and total phenol content. Results showed high encapsulation efficiency (89–97%) and favorable loading capacities. Characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS), confirmed that GPE was successfully incorporated into the nanoparticles, thereby enhancing their antioxidant properties. The encapsulation process did not significantly alter the spherical morphology of the nanoparticles, and loading GPE resulted in a decrease in particle size. Total phenol content analysis showed that the ZNp-GPE nanoparticles effectively retained these compounds, confirming their potential as efficient delivery systems for antioxidants. This approach not only provides a method for protecting and enhancing the bioavailability of natural antioxidants but also contributes to the valorization of agricultural waste, promoting sustainability in bio-based industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Medicine and Healthcare)
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21 pages, 3618 KiB  
Article
Ternary Restoration Binders as Piezoresistive Sensors: The Effect of Superplasticizer and Graphene Nanoplatelets’ Addition
by Maria-Evangelia Stogia, Ermioni D. Pasiou, Zoi S. Metaxa, Stavros K. Kourkoulis and Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070538 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 301
Abstract
The present article investigates the effect of superplasticizer and graphene nanoplatelet addition on the flexural and electrical behaviour of nanocomposites for applications related to the restoration/conservation of Cultural Heritage Monuments in laboratory scale. Graphene nanoplatelets’ addition is used to transform the matrix into [...] Read more.
The present article investigates the effect of superplasticizer and graphene nanoplatelet addition on the flexural and electrical behaviour of nanocomposites for applications related to the restoration/conservation of Cultural Heritage Monuments in laboratory scale. Graphene nanoplatelets’ addition is used to transform the matrix into a piezo-resistive self-sensor by efficiently dispersing electrically conductive graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) in the material matrix to create electrically conductive paths. Nevertheless, the appropriate dispersion is difficult to be achieved as the GnPs tend to agglomerate due to Van der Waals forces. To this end, the effect of the addition of carboxyl-based superplasticizer (SP) is proposed in the present investigation to efficiently disperse the GnPs in the water mix of the binders. Five (5) different ratios of SP per GnPs addition were examined. The GnPs concentration was chosen to be within the range of 0.05 to 1.50 wt.% of the binder. The same ultrasonic energy was applied in all of the suspensions to further aid the dispersion process. The incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets at low concentrations (0.15 wt.%) significantly increases flexural strength when added in equal quantity to superplasticizer (SP1 series). The SP addition at higher concentrations does not enhance the mechanical properties through effective dispersion of the GnPs. Additionally, a correlation was established between the electrical resistivity (ρ) values of the produced nanocomposites and the modulus of elasticity as a function of the GnPs concentration. The functional correlation between these parameters was also confirmed by linear regression analysis, resulting from the experimental data fitting. Finally, the acoustic emission (AE) can effectively capture damage evolution in such lime-based composites, while the emitted cumulative energy rises as the GnPs concentration is increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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17 pages, 6149 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity of AgCl Photocatalyst by CeO2 Modification for Degrading Multiple Organic Pollutants
by Li Xu, Ning Yang, Tong Xu, Yang Yang and Yanfei Lv
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070537 - 1 Apr 2025
Viewed by 359
Abstract
A new type of CeO2-modified AgCl catalyst (CeO2/AgCl) was prepared by a one-step method, which efficiently inhibits the recombination of photogenerated carriers. During the visible-light degradation process, this catalyst exhibited excellent and stable performance. It could not only effectively [...] Read more.
A new type of CeO2-modified AgCl catalyst (CeO2/AgCl) was prepared by a one-step method, which efficiently inhibits the recombination of photogenerated carriers. During the visible-light degradation process, this catalyst exhibited excellent and stable performance. It could not only effectively degrade rhodamine B (RhB), methyl orange (MO) and crystal violet (CV) but also maintain excellent activity under different environmental conditions. In the RhB degradation experiment in particular, the CeO2/AgCl-30 composite with the optimal proportion had a degradation rate 5.43 times that of pure AgCl in the seawater system and 9.17 times that of pure AgCl in the deionized water condition, while also showing excellent stability. Through characterization tests such as XRD, XPS and ESR, its crystal structure, elemental composition and so on were analyzed. Based on the characterization results, the CeO2/AgCl composite showed a relatively wide light absorption range and a relatively high photo-induced charge separation efficiency. Meanwhile, it was inferred that the main active species in the reaction process were ·O2⁻ and ·OH. Finally, based on its electronic band structure, an S-scheme heterojunction structure was proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured and Multifunctional Solid Catalysts for Sustainable Chemical Processes)
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