- Review
Evaluation of Disease Causality of Rare Ixodes ricinus-Borne Infections in Europe
- Tal Azagi,
- Dieuwertje Hoornstra,
- Kristin Kremer,
- Joppe W. R. Hovius and
- Hein Sprong
In Europe, Ixodes ricinus ticks transmit pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). In addition, there is evidence for transmission to humans from I. ricinus of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia diver...

