Research

16 pages, 5538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Subunit Vaccine Based on Outer Capsid Proteins of Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) Provides Protective Immunity against GCRV Infection in Rare Minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)

by Changyong Mu, Vikram N. Vakharia, Yong Zhou, Nan Jiang, Wenzhi Liu, Yan Meng, Yiqun Li, Mingyang Xue, Jieming Zhang, Lingbing Zeng, Qiwang Zhong and Yuding Fan

Pathogens 2020, 9(11), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110945 - 13 Nov 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1965

Abstract

The grass carp hemorrhagic disease, caused by the grass carp reovirus (GCRV), has resulted in severe economic losses in the aquaculture industry in China. VP4 and VP35 are outer capsid proteins of GCRV and can induce an immune response in the host. Here, [...] Read more.

The grass carp hemorrhagic disease, caused by the grass carp reovirus (GCRV), has resulted in severe economic losses in the aquaculture industry in China. VP4 and VP35 are outer capsid proteins of GCRV and can induce an immune response in the host. Here, three recombinant baculoviruses, AcMNPV-VP35, AcMNPV-VP4, and AcMNPV-VP35-VP4, were generated to express recombinant VP4 and VP35 proteins from GCRV type II in insect cells by using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system to create a novel subunit vaccine. The expression of recombinant VP35, VP4, and VP35-VP4 proteins in Sf-9 cells were confirmed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Recombinant VP35, VP4, and VP35-VP4 were purified from baculovirus-infected cell lysates and injected intraperitoneally (3 μg/fish) into the model rare minnow, Gobiocypris rarus. After 21 days, the immunized fish were challenged with virulent GCRV. Liver, spleen, and kidney samples were collected at different time intervals to evaluate the protective efficacy of the subunit vaccines. The mRNA expression levels of some immune-related genes detected by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were significantly upregulated in the liver, spleen, and kidney, with higher expression levels in the VP35-VP4 group. The nonvaccinated fish group showed 100% mortality, whereas the VP35-VP4, VP4, and VP35 groups exhibited 67%, 60%, and 33% survival, respectively. In conclusion, our results revealed that recombinant VP35 and VP4 can induce immunity and protect against GCRV infection, with their combined use providing the best effect. Therefore, VP35 and VP4 proteins can be used as a novel subunit vaccine against GCRV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

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17 pages, 4963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthetic Peptides as a Promising Alternative to Control Viral Infections in Atlantic Salmon

by Constanza Cárdenas, Fanny Guzmán, Marisela Carmona, Cristian Muñoz, Luis Nilo, Alvaro Labra and Sergio H. Marshall

Pathogens 2020, 9(8), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080600 - 23 Jul 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2643

Abstract

Viral infections in salmonids represent an ongoing challenge for the aquaculture industry. Two RNA viruses, the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), have become a latent risk without healing therapies available for either. In this context, antiviral [...] Read more.

Viral infections in salmonids represent an ongoing challenge for the aquaculture industry. Two RNA viruses, the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), have become a latent risk without healing therapies available for either. In this context, antiviral peptides emerge as effective and relatively safe therapeutic molecules. Based on in silico analysis of VP2 protein from IPNV and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from ISAV, a set of peptides was designed and were chemically synthesized to block selected key events in their corresponding infectivity processes. The peptides were tested in fish cell lines in vitro, and four were selected for decreasing the viral load: peptide GIM182 for IPNV, and peptides GIM535, GIM538 and GIM539 for ISAV. In vivo tests with the IPNV GIM 182 peptide were carried out using Salmo salar fish, showing a significant decrease of viral load, and proving the safety of the peptide for fish. The results indicate that the use of peptides as antiviral agents in disease control might be a viable alternative to explore in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

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18 pages, 2520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interaction of the Amino-Terminal Domain of the ISAV Fusion Protein with a Cognate Cell Receptor

by Nicolás Ojeda, Constanza Cárdenas and Sergio Marshall

Pathogens 2020, 9(6), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060416 - 27 May 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2135

Abstract

The infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), etiological agent of the disease by the same name, causes major losses to the salmon industry. Classified as a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, ISAV is characterized by the presence of two surface glycoproteins termed hemagglutinin esterase [...] Read more.

The infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), etiological agent of the disease by the same name, causes major losses to the salmon industry. Classified as a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, ISAV is characterized by the presence of two surface glycoproteins termed hemagglutinin esterase (HE) and fusion protein (F), both of them directly involved in the initial interaction of the virus with the target cell. HE mediates receptor binding and destruction, while F promotes the fusion process of the viral and cell membranes. The carboxy-terminal end of F (F₂) possesses canonical structural characteristics of a type I fusion protein, while no functional properties have been proposed for the amino-terminal (F₁) region. In this report, based on in silico modeling, we propose a tertiary structure for the F₁ region, which resembles a sialic acid binding domain. Furthermore, using recombinant forms of both HE and F proteins and an in vitro model system, we demonstrate the interaction of F with a cell receptor, the hydrolysis of this receptor by the HE esterase, and a crucial role for F₁ in the fusion mechanism. Our interpretation is that binding of F to its cell receptor is fundamental for membrane fusion and that the esterase in HE modulates this interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

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9 pages, 886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Strain SNU1 Isolated in Korea

by Woo Taek Oh, Jin Woo Jun, Sib Sankar Giri, Saekil Yun, Hyoun Joong Kim, Sang Guen Kim, Sang Wha Kim, Se Jin Han, Jun Kwon and Se Chang Park

Pathogens 2019, 8(4), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040200 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2675

Abstract

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), one of the most important pathogenic fish viruses, affects trout fisheries and causes considerable economic losses. Currently, in Korea, more studies on IHNV infection are being reported. However, relatively less data is available on Korean isolates than on [...] Read more.

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), one of the most important pathogenic fish viruses, affects trout fisheries and causes considerable economic losses. Currently, in Korea, more studies on IHNV infection are being reported. However, relatively less data is available on Korean isolates than on those from other countries. Few studies have focused on gene sequence analyses of IHNV glycoprotein (G) gene and almost none have focused on other gene fragments. Therefore, considering the dearth of adequate phylogenetic and genomic studies on Korean IHNV strains because of the lack of data, our study aimed to provide sufficient relevant data by sequencing the complete genome of the IHNV strain SNU1, which was recently isolated from a Korean rainbow trout farm. Moreover, we focused on expanding the perspectives on the phylogenesis of IHNV isolates from Korea and other Asian countries. IHNV was isolated from pooled hematopoietic tissue samples using Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells, and phylogenetic analysis and genome study were conducted using complete G, N, and nonvirion (NV) gene sequences. Our main achievements were the development of a phylogenetic analytical method based on the NV gene and complete genome sequence analysis of the IHNV strain SNU1, which was compared with other Asian isolate sequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

12 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Old and the New on Viral Diseases in Sturgeon

by Davide Mugetti, Paolo Pastorino, Vasco Menconi, Claudio Pedron and Marino Prearo

Pathogens 2020, 9(2), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020146 - 21 Feb 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4079

Abstract

Although sturgeon production by aquaculture has increased worldwide, a major factor limiting its expansion are infectious diseases, although few data about viral diseases are available however. This review provides a rapid overview of viral agents detected and described to date. Following a general [...] Read more.

Although sturgeon production by aquaculture has increased worldwide, a major factor limiting its expansion are infectious diseases, although few data about viral diseases are available however. This review provides a rapid overview of viral agents detected and described to date. Following a general introduction on viral diseases are four sections arranged by virus classification: sturgeon nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, herpesviruses, white sturgeon adenovirus 1, and other viruses. Molecular diagnosis is currently the best tool to detect viral diseases, since cell culture isolation is not yet applicable for the detection of most sturgeon viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

46 pages, 1423 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review

by Isabel Bandín and Sandra Souto

Pathogens 2020, 9(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020106 - 09 Feb 2020

Cited by 166 | Viewed by 8903

Abstract

The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research [...] Read more.

The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

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25 pages, 1593 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) and its Virulence Determinants: What is Known and What Should be Known

by Carlos P. Dopazo

Pathogens 2020, 9(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020094 - 04 Feb 2020

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6987

Abstract

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a disease of great concern in aquaculture, mainly among salmonid farmers, since losses in salmonid fish—mostly very young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnery) fry and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt—frequently reach 80–90% of stocks. The [...] Read more.

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a disease of great concern in aquaculture, mainly among salmonid farmers, since losses in salmonid fish—mostly very young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnery) fry and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt—frequently reach 80–90% of stocks. The virus causing the typical signs of the IPN disease in salmonids, named infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), has also been isolated from other fish species either suffering related diseases (then named IPNV-like virus) or asymptomatic; the general term aquabirnavirus is used to encompass all these viruses. Aquabirnaviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral bisegmented dsRNA viruses, whose genome codifies five viral proteins, three of which are structural, and one of them is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Due to the great importance of the disease, there have been great efforts to find a way to predict the level of virulence of IPNV isolates. The viral genome and proteins have been the main focus of research. However, to date such a reliable magic marker has not been discovered. This review describes the processes followed for decades in the attempts to discover the viral determinants of virulence, and to help the reader understand how viral components can be involved in virulence modulation in vitro and in vivo. There is also a brief description of the disease, of host defenses, and of the molecular structure and function of the virus and its viral components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

8 pages, 2076 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Carp Edema Virus and Cyprinid Herpesvirus-3 Coinfection is Associated with Mass Mortality of Koi (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) in the Republic of Korea

by Sang Wha Kim, Sib Sankar Giri, Sang Guen Kim, Jun Kwon, Woo Taek Oh and Se Chang Park

Pathogens 2020, 9(3), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030222 - 17 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3682

Abstract

As koi and common carp gain importance in the Korean fish industry, the need for better diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of associated diseases has increased. In June 2019, the first known case of mass mortality involving cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) and the second involving [...] Read more.

As koi and common carp gain importance in the Korean fish industry, the need for better diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of associated diseases has increased. In June 2019, the first known case of mass mortality involving cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) and the second involving carp edema virus (CEV) occurred in a koi farm in Jeolla-do, Korea. Notably, the CEV exhibited a closer phylogenetic relationship with certain CEV strains originating from Poland, Germany, and India than with strains originating from China or Japan. Epidemiological studies and detailed surveillance and control for CEV and CyHV-3 are needed along with quarantine inspections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

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8 pages, 1990 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Two New Sturgeon Species are Susceptible to Acipenser Iridovirus European (AcIV-E) Infection

by Davide Mugetti, Paolo Pastorino, Vasco Menconi, Margherita Messina, Loretta Masoero, Luisa Ceresa, Claudio Pedron and Marino Prearo

Pathogens 2020, 9(3), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030156 - 25 Feb 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3126

Abstract

We report the first case of Acipenser iridovirus European (AcIV-E) infection in starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) and in sterlet (A. ruthenus) reared in Northern Italy. During 2018, mortality began in A. stellatus and A. ruthenus specimens reared in co-habitation [...] Read more.

We report the first case of Acipenser iridovirus European (AcIV-E) infection in starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) and in sterlet (A. ruthenus) reared in Northern Italy. During 2018, mortality began in A. stellatus and A. ruthenus specimens reared in co-habitation with Russian sturgeon positive for AcIV-E. Molecular analyses were done on the gills to amplify a fragment of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene using real-time PCR against AcIV-E. DNA of the positive samples was further sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed. The MCP gene sequences were highly similar to a virus previously identified in Italy (nucleotide identities between 99.38% and 99.69%). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed our hypothesis of passage of the virus from the infected Russian sturgeon. The detection of AcIV-E in new species of the Acipenseridae family may impact on sturgeon production, with relevant economic losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

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