Spatial Patterns and Urban Indicators on Land Use and Climate Change

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Land Planning and Landscape Architecture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 5840

Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
Interests: urban planning; spatial analysis; climate change; urban accessibility

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Guest Editor
Department of Geography and Environment, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
Interests: political economy; green economy; political science

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Guest Editor
Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
Interests: co-design; sustainable urbanism; architectural visualization; digital technologies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the limited availability of resources and the high frequency and intensity of natural phenomena threatening urban systems have meant that soil protection is now a priority for the governance of territorial and urban transformations. However, the strong frailties and critical issues that characterize these territories are found in the management of territorial transformations that must aim at a sustainable use of the land and, at the same time, balanced long-term urban development. The measurement of land use and its relative consumption is a fundamental element for classifying and interpreting the forms of urban expansion through the use of remote sensing techniques combined with the potential of spatial information systems. A variety of approaches and methodologies proposed so far outline a completely fragmented picture, increasing the difficulties in identifying useful tools and strategies to limit this phenomenon.

The goal of this Special Issue is to collect papers (original research articles and review papers) to provide insights into land use changes in relation to current urban dynamics and challenges. In particular, this Special Issue aims to provide a cognitive framework of different territorial contexts through the use of cutting-edge methods, techniques, and technologies due to current urban changes induced by the secondary effects of climate change (heat islands, urban sprawl), which remains a field still under exploration. In this direction, this call for papers invites contributions to the scientific debate around the theoretical and practical solutions to these issues from international and multidisciplinary perspectives, incorporating insights from spatial models, new indicators, and metrics on land use in order to provide solutions to local decision-makers on how to optimize the use of resources in territories in relation to their management.

This Special Issue welcomes manuscripts that cover the following themes:

  • Land use and climate change;
  • Spatial patterns;
  • Urban indicators.

We look forward to receiving your original research articles and reviews.

Dr. Federica Gaglione
Dr. Ayiine-Etigo David
Prof. Dr. Richard Laing
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • urban planning
  • land use prediction
  • land use change
  • climate change
  • spatial analysis
  • GIS
  • scenario simulation
  • spatial metrics

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

29 pages, 2541 KB  
Article
A Reproducible Space–Time Cube Workflow for Domestic Tourism Mobility: Madrid-Origin Flows Across Spain (September 2019–September 2025)
by José Manuel Sánchez-Martín
Land 2026, 15(5), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15050887 - 20 May 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1082
Abstract
This study analyzes domestic tourism mobility in Spain using aggregated and anonymized mobile phone data, with a particular focus on the outbound market of the municipality of Madrid and its territorial redistribution between September 2019 and September 2025. Using experimental statistics from the [...] Read more.
This study analyzes domestic tourism mobility in Spain using aggregated and anonymized mobile phone data, with a particular focus on the outbound market of the municipality of Madrid and its territorial redistribution between September 2019 and September 2025. Using experimental statistics from the National Institute of Statistics (INE), a monthly series of origin–destination flows to all Spanish municipalities was constructed, harmonizing the municipal database and incorporating intensive indicators to improve inter-territorial comparability. The spatiotemporal dynamics were integrated into a Space–Time Cube (monthly resolution), and Emerging Hot Spot Analysis (EHSA) was applied to classify the persistence, intensification, or attenuation of high- and low-intensity clusters. Additionally, the grouping of time series allowed for the identification of seasonal patterns associated with coastal, urban, and nearby inland destinations. The results show: (i) a synchronous disruption in the spring of 2020 linked to COVID-19; (ii) a staggered recovery beginning in 2021, consolidating in 2023–2025; and (iii) a dual structural pattern, with a strong concentration of volumes in large urban and coastal hubs, along with high relative intensities in small municipalities in the ring surrounding Madrid. EHSA identifies intensifying hotspots in established coastal systems (Costa del Sol and Costa Blanca) and cooling or attenuated dynamics in parts of the inland region, consistent with the reconfiguration of the “tourism radius” following the pandemic. Limitations arising from statistical confidentiality and the representativeness of the source are discussed, and future research directions are proposed based on the integration of the information with expenditure and transportation data and on spatiotemporal modeling to support destination planning and management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Patterns and Urban Indicators on Land Use and Climate Change)
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26 pages, 9154 KB  
Article
Prediction of Urban Growth and Sustainability Challenges Based on LULC Change: Case Study of Two Himalayan Metropolitan Cities
by Bhagawat Rimal, Sushila Rijal and Abhishek Tiwary
Land 2025, 14(8), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081675 - 19 Aug 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4028
Abstract
Urbanization, characterized by population growth and socioeconomic development, is a major driving factor of land use land cover (LULC) change. A spatio-temporal understanding of land cover change is crucial, as it provides essential insights into the pattern of urban development. This study conducted [...] Read more.
Urbanization, characterized by population growth and socioeconomic development, is a major driving factor of land use land cover (LULC) change. A spatio-temporal understanding of land cover change is crucial, as it provides essential insights into the pattern of urban development. This study conducted a longitudinal analysis of LULC change in order to evaluate the tradeoffs of urban growth and sustainability challenges in the Himalayan region. Landsat time-series satellite imagery from 1988 to 2024 were analyzed for two major cities in Nepal—Kathmandu metropolitan city (KMC) and Pokhara metropolitan city (PMC). The LULC classification was conducted using a machine learning support vector machine (SVM) approach. For this study period, our analysis showed that KMC and PMC witnessed urban growth of over 400% and 250%, respectively. In the next step, LULC change and urban expansion patterns were predicted based on the urban development indicator using the Cellular Automata Markov chain (CA-Markov) model for the years 2040 and 2056. Based on the CA-Markov chain analysis, the projected expansion areas of the urban area for the two future years are 282.39 km2 and 337.37 km2 for Kathmandu, and 93.17 km2 and 114.15 km2 for PMC, respectively. The model was verified using several Kappa variables (K-location, K-standard, and K-no). Based on the LULC trends, the majority of urban expansion in both the study areas has occurred at the expense of prime farmlands, which raises grave concern over the sustainability of the food supply to feed an ever-increasing urban population. This haphazard urban sprawl poses a significant challenge for future planning and highlights the urgent need for effective strategies to ensure sustainable urban growth, especially in restoring local food supply to alleviate over-reliance on long-distance transport of agro-produce in high-altitude mountain regions. The alternative planning of sustainable urban growth could involve adequate consideration for urban farming and community gardening as an integral part of the urban fabric, both at the household and city infrastructure levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Patterns and Urban Indicators on Land Use and Climate Change)
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