Land | May 2025 - Browse Articles

14 pages, 3498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Organic Carbon Content and Density in Alpine Meadows of the Tibetan Plateau in Response to Pika Outbreaks Along the Altitudinal Gradient, West China

by Wenzhi Yao, Jing Zhang and Xilai Li

Land 2025, 14(5), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050981 (registering DOI) - 1 May 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) disturbances and altitude on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage characteristics, including SOC content and density (SOCD). In this study, plateau pika outbreak areas and non-outbreak areas at different altitudes were compared [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) disturbances and altitude on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage characteristics, including SOC content and density (SOCD). In this study, plateau pika outbreak areas and non-outbreak areas at different altitudes were compared in terms of vegetation biomass, soil physicochemical properties, and soil organic carbon content (SOC) and density (SOCD) to establish the relationship between vegetation and soil characteristics (including soil organic carbon content and density). The results showed that soil total nitrogen (TN) content decreased significantly (p < 0.01) with elevation in both plateau sage grouse outbreak and non-outbreak areas, and SOC and SOCD decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in plateau sage grouse outbreak areas, but SOCD increased first and then decreased with elevation in non-outbreak areas. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in total phosphorus (TP) at low elevations and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) at high elevations between outbreak and non-outbreak areas, but other nutrients did not differ hugely between outbreak and non-outbreak areas at the same elevation. Correlation analysis revealed that belowground biomass (BGB) in the plateau pika outbreak area was strongly significantly positively correlated with SOC (p < 0.01); structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis revealed that altitude in the plateau pika outbreak area had a direct effect on SOC (path coefficient = −0.882, p < 0.001), but altitude had a reduced influence on SOC and SOCD in the non-outbreak area; nitrate nitrogen in the plateau pika outbreak area and total nitrogen (TN) were the key influencing factors, which exerted a strong direct influence on SOC and SOCD (path coefficient = −0.666 and 0.639 (p < 0.001), respectively). Therefore, increasing vegetation biomass and nitrogen nutrient content through reseeding pasture and fertilization can facilitate the accumulation and recovery of SOC and SOCD in the ecological restoration of degraded alpine meadows, and it is especially important to quickly enrich soil nitrogen content in the outbreak area of plateau pika populations at high altitudes. Full article

22 pages, 4960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Warming-Induced Hydrological Regime Shifts in Cold Northeast Asia: Insights from the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin

by Jiaoyang Li, Ruixin Wang, Qiwei Huang, Jun Xia, Ping Wang, Yuanhao Fang, Vladimir V. Shamov, Natalia L. Frolova and Dunxian She

Land 2025, 14(5), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050980 (registering DOI) - 1 May 2025

Abstract

Rapid climate warming and intensified human activities are causing profound alterations in terrestrial hydrological systems. Understanding shifts in hydrological regimes and the underlying mechanisms driving these changes is crucial for effective water resource management, watershed planning, and flood disaster mitigation. This study examines [...] Read more.

Rapid climate warming and intensified human activities are causing profound alterations in terrestrial hydrological systems. Understanding shifts in hydrological regimes and the underlying mechanisms driving these changes is crucial for effective water resource management, watershed planning, and flood disaster mitigation. This study examines the hydrological regimes of the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin, a transboundary river basin characterized by extensive permafrost distribution in northeastern Asia, by analyzing long-term daily meteorological (temperature, precipitation, evaporation) and hydrological data from the Komsomolsk, Khabarovsk, and Bogorodskoye stations. Missing daily runoff data were reconstructed using three machine learning methods: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM), and Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Networks (CNN-LSTM). Trend analysis, abrupt change detection, and regression techniques revealed significant warming and increased actual evapotranspiration in the basin from 1950 to 2022, whereas precipitation and snow water equivalent showed no significant trends. Climate warming is significantly altering hydrological regimes by changing precipitation patterns and accelerating permafrost thaw. At the Komsomolsk station, an increase of 1 mm in annual precipitation resulted in a 0.48 mm rise in annual runoff depth, while a 1 °C rise in temperature led to an increase of 1.65 mm in annual runoff depth. Although annual runoff exhibited no significant long-term trend, low-flow runoff demonstrated substantial increases, primarily driven by temperature and precipitation. These findings provide critical insights into the hydrological responses of permafrost-dominated river basins to climate change, offering a scientific basis for sustainable water resource management and strategies to mitigate climate-induced hydrological risks. Full article

26 pages, 7753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decoupling Urban Street Attractiveness: An Ensemble Learning Analysis of Color and Visual Element Contributions

by Tao Wu, Zeyin Chen, Siying Li, Peixue Xing, Ruhang Wei, Xi Meng, Jingkai Zhao, Zhiqiang Wu and Renlu Qiao

Land 2025, 14(5), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050979 (registering DOI) - 1 May 2025

Abstract

Constructing visually appealing public spaces has become an important issue in contemporary urban renewal and design. Existing studies mostly focus on single dimensions (e.g., vegetation ratio), lacking a large-scale integrated analysis of urban color and visual elements. To address this gap, this study [...] Read more.

Constructing visually appealing public spaces has become an important issue in contemporary urban renewal and design. Existing studies mostly focus on single dimensions (e.g., vegetation ratio), lacking a large-scale integrated analysis of urban color and visual elements. To address this gap, this study employs semantic segmentation and color computation on a massive street-view image dataset encompassing 56 cities worldwide, comparing eight machine learning models in predicting Visual Aesthetic Perception Scores (VAPSs). The results indicate that LightGBM achieves the best overall performance. To unpack this “black-box” prediction, we adopt an interpretable ensemble approach by combining LightGBM with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAPs). SHAP assigns each feature a quantitative contribution to the model’s output, enabling transparent, post hoc explanations of how individual color metrics and visual elements drive VAPS. Our findings suggest that the vegetation ratio contributes the most to VAPS, but once greening surpasses a certain threshold, a “saturation effect” emerges and can no longer continuously enhance visual appeal. Excessive Sky Visibility Ratio can reduce VAPS. Moderate road visibility may increase spatial layering and vibrancy, whereas overly dense building significantly degrades overall aesthetic quality. While keeping the dominant color focused, moderate color saturation and complexity can increase the attractiveness of street views more effectively than overly uniform color schemes. Our research not only offers a comprehensve quantitative basis for urban visual aesthetics, but also underscores the importance of balancing color composition and visual elements, offering practical recommendations for public space planning, design, and color configuration. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1717 KiB

Open AccessReview

Agricultural Land Markets: A Systematic Literature Review on the Factors Affecting Land Prices

by Martina Agosta, Emanuele Schimmenti, Caterina Patrizia Di Franco and Antonio Asciuto

Land 2025, 14(5), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050978 (registering DOI) - 1 May 2025

Abstract

The UN 2030 Agenda implicitly recognizes the crucial role of the agricultural land market in several Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those related to food security, environmental sustainability, and economic growth. However, the dynamics of agricultural land prices are highly complex, shaped by multiple [...] Read more.

The UN 2030 Agenda implicitly recognizes the crucial role of the agricultural land market in several Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those related to food security, environmental sustainability, and economic growth. However, the dynamics of agricultural land prices are highly complex, shaped by multiple economic, social, and environmental factors, making it essential to conduct a systematic analysis of the mechanisms driving their variability. This study aimed to identify the key factors influencing agricultural land prices, both at the microlevel (parcel) and the macroeconomic level (country). To achieve this goal, a systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The analysis highlighted how intrinsic factors (soil fertility, access to water resources, plot size, and location) and extrinsic factors (urban pressure, fiscal policies, demographic changes, and climate variations) interact in the determination of land prices. The results suggest that the growing demand for agricultural land, combined with competition from other land uses, is contributing to a significant variation in market values, with implications for the sustainability of the agricultural sector. This study provides a framework for investors, policymakers, and researchers, highlighting the need for more transparent land policies, incentives for sustainable land management, and tools to counter land price speculation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Investment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Urban Resilience: Stormwater Retention and Evapotranspiration Performance of Green Roofs Under Extreme Rainfall Events

by Marc Breulmann, Amelie Merbach, Katy Bernhard and Lucie Moeller

Land 2025, 14(5), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050977 (registering DOI) - 1 May 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanisation and climate change have intensified extreme rainfall events, exacerbating stormwater runoff and overwhelming urban drainage systems. Nature-based solutions, such as green roofs with integrated retention capacity, offer promising strategies to mitigate these challenges. This study investigates the influence of substrate thickness [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanisation and climate change have intensified extreme rainfall events, exacerbating stormwater runoff and overwhelming urban drainage systems. Nature-based solutions, such as green roofs with integrated retention capacity, offer promising strategies to mitigate these challenges. This study investigates the influence of substrate thickness and retention volume on the stormwater retention and evapotranspiration (ET) performance of three green roof variants under extreme rainfall scenarios (natural and 5-, 30- and 100-year events). Using lysimeter-based experimental setups, we show that the overall retention capacity is highly dependent on the filling status of the retention layer. Near full capacity, retention performance decreases significantly, resulting in runoff behaviour similar to that of conventional green roofs, while empty systems store up to 99% of rainfall. In addition, ET rates tend to decrease in systems with higher substrate layers and larger retention spaces due to reduced surface evaporation and greater thermal insulation. However, higher substrate layers store more water, allowing plants to maintain transpiration during dry periods, potentially increasing total cumulative ET over time. Overall, this study highlights the importance of designing intensive retention green roofs with dynamic water management to optimise both rainwater retention and ET, thereby increasing urban resilience to increasing rainfall extremes caused by climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential for Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Green Infrastructure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Farmers into Contract Farming in Peripheral Rural Areas in China

by Jingyu Zhang, Anne Gravsholt Busck and Søren Bech Pilgaard Kristensen

Land 2025, 14(5), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050976 (registering DOI) - 1 May 2025

Abstract

Debates persist regarding the win/lose dichotomy of the implications of contract farming (CF). We address these debates by examining the rule configurations of CF and the power dynamics behind it in a case study in a peripheral rural area in China. Using the [...] Read more.

Debates persist regarding the win/lose dichotomy of the implications of contract farming (CF). We address these debates by examining the rule configurations of CF and the power dynamics behind it in a case study in a peripheral rural area in China. Using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, we investigate the rule configurations of land use, labor relations, and value distribution under CF schemes in Sanxing Township, Southwest China. The findings reveal that, although farmers lose control over their land and labor to a certain extent, they can benefit from adjustments in pricing and redistribution rules. Farmers’ resistance, village collective organizations, and local political resources contribute to farmers defending their rights in CF. Therefore, we argue that CF is neither an inclusive alternative to large-scale land acquisitions, nor does it always place small farmers in disadvantaged positions. We underscore the significance of moving beyond the “win–win” and “win–lose” debates to focus on the different levels of power struggles when assessing the implications of agricultural development programs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Urban Shrinkage on Carbon Emission Intensity and Its Spatial Spillover Effects

by Xiaochun Zhao and Xiaodan Nie

Land 2025, 14(5), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050975 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cities are important consumers of resources, and their carbon emissions are key to realizing China’s dual-carbon goals. However, the trend of urban shrinkage has grown increasingly pronounced in recent years, and how this affects the carbon emissions of cities is a major issue [...] Read more.

Cities are important consumers of resources, and their carbon emissions are key to realizing China’s dual-carbon goals. However, the trend of urban shrinkage has grown increasingly pronounced in recent years, and how this affects the carbon emissions of cities is a major issue that deserves to be studied. This study zeroes in on 278 Chinese cities that rank at or above the prefectural level between 2012 and 2021, employs a comprehensive analytical framework, incorporating multiple methodological approaches including entropy-based measurement, panel fixed-effects regression, mediating effect analysis, and spatial econometric modeling, to systematically investigate how urban shrinkage affects carbon emission intensity. The study’s findings indicate the following: (1) Urban contraction exacerbates the further increase in carbon emission intensity. (2) Mechanism tests show that human capital level and industrial structure advancement are the primary pathways through which urban shrinkage influences carbon intensity. (3) Urban contraction has a greater effect on increasing carbon emission intensity in central, western, and resource-dependent cities, according to the heterogeneity study. (4) Urban shrinkage lowers nearby cities’ carbon intensity through spatial spillovers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Second Edition: Urban Planning Pathways to Carbon Neutrality)

25 pages, 12571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Distribution Evolution Characteristics and Geographical Influencing Factors of Cultural Heritage Sites in Xinjiang, China

by Rouyu Zhengchen, Jiaming Liu, Jiamin Ren, Shuying Zhang and Bingzhi Liu

Land 2025, 14(5), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050974 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cultural Heritage Sites (CHS) serve as tangible evidence of regional human–environment interactions and spatial representation of historical memory. The research developed a Xinjiang CHS database and integrated geographic information technology and historical geography research methods to examine the spatio-temporal distribution evolution characteristics and [...] Read more.

Cultural Heritage Sites (CHS) serve as tangible evidence of regional human–environment interactions and spatial representation of historical memory. The research developed a Xinjiang CHS database and integrated geographic information technology and historical geography research methods to examine the spatio-temporal distribution evolution characteristics and geographic influencing factors in the arid region. It utilized the nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, the center of gravity model, and standard deviation ellipse to explore the spatio-temporal evolution law. Furthermore, it employed spatial overlay and qualitative text to analyze the geographical influence mechanism of the CHS. The results showed the following: (1) The CHS spatial distribution showed a pattern of “multicore agglomeration-linear extension”, concentrated in 13 key cities and four major areas that extended along the Silk Road routes. (2) The CHS diachronic development fluctuated in a pattern of “three peaks and three valleys”. The spatial center of gravity has shifted from southern Xinjiang to northern Xinjiang, manifesting a concentrated-diffused characteristic along the northeast–southwest axis. (3) The spatial selection followed the rules of “preferring lower terrain” and “proximity to water”. The elevation distribution of CHS has shifted from mid-high elevations to low elevations. The proportion of CHS on low-slope terrain increased from 78.6% in the Pre–Qin period to 93.02% in Modern History. 93.02% of CHS in Modern History were distributed within the 10 km buffer zone of rivers. (4) Climate aridity and human activities formed a dynamic influence mechanism; natural factors constructed the base pattern of CHS distribution, and human activities drove the dynamic adjustment. The findings revealed the historical trajectory and driving logic of the evolution of CHS in Xinjiang and provided a scientific basis for cultural heritage protection and ecological governance. This study had limitations in terms of the limited research scope and the lack of comprehensive quantitative analysis of influencing factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Co-Benefits of Heritage Protection and Urban Planning)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time Allocation Effect: How Does the Combined Adoption of Conservation Agriculture Technologies Affect Income?

by Jing Zhang, Jingchun Wang, Yafei Li and Yueying Mu

Land 2025, 14(5), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050973 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

The adoption of conservation agriculture techniques plays a crucial role in preventing soil erosion and guaranteeing food security. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the adoption of conservation agricultural technologies on income. Based on the survey data of [...] Read more.

The adoption of conservation agriculture techniques plays a crucial role in preventing soil erosion and guaranteeing food security. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the adoption of conservation agricultural technologies on income. Based on the survey data of 922 households in five provinces and cities in the Bohai Rim region in 2023, the study analyzes the impact of different attributes of technology adoption on farm household income through ESR (endogenous switching regression) models and different forms of mediated effects models. The empirical results show the following: (1) The income effects generated by different adoption statuses of conservation agriculture (CA) technologies vary, and the income effects for farmers who adopt multiple conservation agriculture (CA) technologies jointly are even worse. (2) Farmers’ time allocation mediates the effects of technology attributes on adoption. Specifically, farm work is the main mediating variable, while off-farm work plays a moderating role between the yield effect and income. (3) The complex technology adoption chain inhibits farmers from increasing production and income, while the farmers’ jobs in the non-agricultural sector have reduced this impact to a certain extent. In terms of policy recommendations, governments should enhance technical training programs for farmers, improve the market environment, and offer access to highly mechanized agricultural production trusteeship services to encourage the greater adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) technology among farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Policy and Food Security: 2nd Edition)

26 pages, 4445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forensic Cadastre Approach in Resolving Land Disputes: Majalengka Regency as Case Study

by Hias Hardika Prabajati, Irwan Meilano, Andri Hernandi, Asep Yusup Saptari, Vera Sadarviana, Risky Andes Syaputra and Nida Ummatun Nadiyah

Land 2025, 14(5), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050972 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Forensic cadastre is the application of forensic science in land dispute resolution to enhance the accuracy of analysis and the precision of recommendations. This study applied forensic science stages—recognition, identification, individualization, and evidence evaluation—to a land overlap dispute between state-owned land and privately [...] Read more.

Forensic cadastre is the application of forensic science in land dispute resolution to enhance the accuracy of analysis and the precision of recommendations. This study applied forensic science stages—recognition, identification, individualization, and evidence evaluation—to a land overlap dispute between state-owned land and privately owned parcels belonging to three individuals in Buntu Village, Ligung District, Majalengka Regency, West Java. Method validation was conducted through expert judgment using a questionnaire to assess its alignment with scientific and professional dispute resolution principles. The reliability test resulted in a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.855 for 10 questionnaire items, indicating a high level of internal consistency, while the validity reached 80%. These findings confirm that forensic cadastre has a strong conceptual validity and good reliability, making it an objective and transparent strategy for resolving land disputes that cannot be settled through traditional methods such as mediation. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 8179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scale Time Series InSAR Integrated with ICA for Deciphering the Coupling Mechanism Between Groundwater Dynamics and Surface Deformation

by Zihan Yu, Qin Wang, Huili Gong, Chaofan Zhou, Beibei Chen and Yongkang Wang

Land 2025, 14(5), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050971 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Land subsidence has become an increasingly serious environmental problem worldwide, especially in areas where groundwater is over-exploited. Hengshui City, as part of the North China Plain in eastern China, has been experiencing increasingly severe land subsidence due to long-term groundwater over-exploitation, which has [...] Read more.

Land subsidence has become an increasingly serious environmental problem worldwide, especially in areas where groundwater is over-exploited. Hengshui City, as part of the North China Plain in eastern China, has been experiencing increasingly severe land subsidence due to long-term groundwater over-exploitation, which has seriously affected local infrastructure and the sustainable utilization of water resources. In order to explore the relationship between hydraulic head changes and subsidence, this study systematically analyzed the ground subsidence characteristics and its driving mechanism in the Hengshui area from January 2018 to July 2022 using the time series InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) technique combined with independent component analysis (ICA). The subsidence signals were decomposed into seasonal, trend, and stochastic features by independent component analysis, revealing the multi-scale time lag effect of hydraulic head fluctuations on subsidence. The results show that the magnitude of land subsidence is increasing under the condition of a continuously decreasing water level, reflecting the groundwater compaction problem triggered by the over-exploitation of groundwater. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for groundwater management and subsidence prevention and control in Hengshui and similar regions. Full article

36 pages, 21401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Italian Renaissance Garden Through the Centuries: A Methodology for Its Study, Evaluation and Valorisation

by Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas

Land 2025, 14(5), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050970 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

The villa of the Veneto is a complex that includes the manor house, the agricultural buildings, as well as the green spaces of the garden, the orchard and the fields. The research presented in this article focuses on the case of Villa Giusti-Puttini [...] Read more.

The villa of the Veneto is a complex that includes the manor house, the agricultural buildings, as well as the green spaces of the garden, the orchard and the fields. The research presented in this article focuses on the case of Villa Giusti-Puttini at Santa Maria in Stelle (Verona, Italy), with the aim of unravelling the history and state of conservation of the villa’s park, which has never been studied before. The research has been carried out by interconnecting the historical archival documentation (written documents and maps) with the current state, always considering the possible interpretations suggested by the specialised related bibliography. The result has been the identification of the elements of permanence and transformation of the territory and landscape of the villa. Elements such as its boundaries, interior paths, vegetation and watercourses make it possible to outline guidelines aimed at recovering the memory of this historic landscape which has been largely preserved over the centuries, and which constitutes one of the most significant heritage aspects of this area of Italy. In addition to providing in-depth knowledge of a specific object, this research can serve as an example for the study of other cultural landscapes. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 73598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Driving Mechanisms of Ecosystem Services in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration: Implications for Sustainable Land Use Planning

by Shuanqging Sheng and Jinchuan Huang

Land 2025, 14(5), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050969 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

The accelerating process of global urbanization has substantially reshaped land use patterns, exerting profound influences on the dynamics of ecosystem service provision. Effective and adaptive ecosystem management necessitates the quantitative identification and analysis of spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their underlying driving [...] Read more.

The accelerating process of global urbanization has substantially reshaped land use patterns, exerting profound influences on the dynamics of ecosystem service provision. Effective and adaptive ecosystem management necessitates the quantitative identification and analysis of spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their underlying driving mechanisms. Using the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration as a case study, this research examines land use dynamics from 2000 to 2020 and projects land use patterns for 2030 under alternative development scenarios. Building upon this foundation, the study quantifies the spatiotemporal evolution of four key ecosystem services—Carbon Storage (CS), Water Yield (WY), Habitat Quality (HQ), and Soil Retention (SDR)—from 2000 to 2030, while elucidating the differential impacts and underlying mechanisms of the driving factors on these services. The findings indicate that: (1) Between 2000 and 2020, cultivated land remained the dominant land use type (47.71%), followed by forestland (21.44%) and grassland (16.23%), whereas built-up land expanded significantly from 8.12% to 12.74%; (2) the proportion of medium-to-high CS areas reached 47.65%, high-value WY areas increased by 4.9%, low-value HQ areas expanded by 4.28%, and low-value SDR areas accounted for 84.44%; (3) the PLUS model validation yielded a Kappa coefficient of 86.1%, indicating high simulation accuracy. Scenario-based predictions suggest that under an ecological protection scenario, the proportion of medium-to-high CS areas would increase by 0.59%, whereas under an economic development scenario, these areas would decline by 2.57%, with low-value HQ areas expanding by 2.04%; (4) slope (X₂) was identified as the dominant factor influencing CS (q = 0.22), HQ (q = 0.36–0.42), and SDR (q = 0.42), while mean annual precipitation (X₄) played a crucial role in determining WY. Furthermore, socioeconomic activities, particularly increasing population density, exhibited a growing negative impact on HQ and CS, highlighting the intensifying role of anthropogenic interventions in shaping ecosystem service patterns. This study unveils the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem services and their driving mechanisms in the context of urbanization, offering valuable insights to inform regional ecological conservation and sustainable development policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Remote Sensing and GIS for Monitoring Land Use Change and Its Ecological Effects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Evolution of Non-Agriculturization Arable Land Use Pattern and Its Driving Mechanisms

by Ying Zhang, Qiang Wang, Yueming Hu, Wei Wang and Xiaoyun Mao

Land 2025, 14(5), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050968 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Arable land is a crucial natural resource for human survival and development, which supports food production, ecological services, and material–energy cycling. It is not only an important production resource for agriculture but also a key guarantee for ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural [...] Read more.

Arable land is a crucial natural resource for human survival and development, which supports food production, ecological services, and material–energy cycling. It is not only an important production resource for agriculture but also a key guarantee for ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural development. Understanding the current utilization of arable land, exploring the spatial–temporal evolution characteristics, and analyzing the driving mechanisms behind its pattern changes are essential for the rational allocation and sustainable utilization of arable land resources. This study focuses on the utilization of arable land in Guangzhou from 2005 to 2018, employing methods such as statistical analysis and spatial econometrics to provide an in-depth analysis of the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics and driving mechanisms of arable land changes. The results show that from 2005 to 2018, the issue of the conversion of arable land to non-agricultural uses was quite severe in Guangzhou, with the primary form being the conversion of arable land into urban residential construction land. Kernel density analysis revealed that non-agriculturization in Guangzhou exhibited spatial clustering, mainly concentrated in areas with lower elevation. Using standard deviation ellipses and centroid migration analysis, it was found that the center of gravity of non-agriculturization in Guangzhou was generally distributed in a southwest–northeast direction, with a more distinct dispersion compared to the northwest–southeast direction. From 2005 to 2010, the rapid increase in the non-agriculturization rate of arable land in Guangzhou was mainly driven by population density and per capita income, both having a positive impact. From 2010 to 2015, the main driving factor shifted to regional GDP. From 2015 to 2018, regional GDP and the value of the tertiary industry became the main driving factors, but unlike the impact of GDP, the tertiary industry exerted a negative influence on non-agriculturization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Farmland Protection, Food Security and Land Use Planning)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rural Land Rights, Markets, and Structural Transformation: A Review of a Ugandan Case

by Noel Kishaija and Bálint Heil

Land 2025, 14(5), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050967 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Uganda is gradually transitioning from communal to private land tenure systems. However, establishing privatized land rights has faced ongoing criticism, particularly concerning their impact on vulnerable groups. Despite the enactment of a national land policy, its benefits have not fully reached rural populations. [...] Read more.

Uganda is gradually transitioning from communal to private land tenure systems. However, establishing privatized land rights has faced ongoing criticism, particularly concerning their impact on vulnerable groups. Despite the enactment of a national land policy, its benefits have not fully reached rural populations. Issues of land tenure insecurity and unclear ownership continue to generate confusion and have reportedly weakened traditional communal land systems, undermining sustainable agricultural production and long-term investment. This paper examines rural land rights, land markets, and the broader structural transformation of Uganda’s land sector, drawing on the existing literature and published reports. This review reveals that land tenure and administrative challenges persist, largely due to the dominance of customary tenure systems. Although land markets are active, they remain imperfect due to tenure insecurity and legal ambiguities. The findings highlight the need for increased public sensitization regarding land policy, gender-sensitive policies that promote joint ownership, continuous incentives for formalization, the acquisition of land documents, and the harmonization and strengthening of relevant land governance institutions. Full article

27 pages, 6116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Tourism Ecological Resilience in China

by Li Jiang, Xingpeng Chen, Lili Pu and Huaju Xue

Land 2025, 14(5), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050966 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Tourism ecological resilience (TER) is an important indicator of the healthy and sustainable development of the tourism industry, which provides a new analytical perspective for the anti-fragility and tourism ecological security of the tourism industry. This study takes 31 provinces in China as [...] Read more.

Tourism ecological resilience (TER) is an important indicator of the healthy and sustainable development of the tourism industry, which provides a new analytical perspective for the anti-fragility and tourism ecological security of the tourism industry. This study takes 31 provinces in China as the research area, constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system of TER based on the theory of evolutionary resilience, and uses a comprehensive evaluation index, GIS spatial analysis technology, kernel density estimation, Dagum–Gini coefficient, and other research methods to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of China’s TER from 2010 to 2022 and the spatial distribution pattern of three dimensions of DPC-ARC-OIC. The results show that (1) In the process of time evolution, the ecological resilience of tourism in China continues to increase, and from 2010 to 2022, China’s TER first increased and then decreased, with an average annual growth rate of 1.47%, among which Yunnan and Jiangxi provinces increased significantly. (2) In the process of spatial evolution, there is an obvious spatial gap in tourism ecological resilience. From 2010 to 2022, China’s TER generally presents a pattern of “high in the east and low in the west, high in the south and low in the north”, forming a hierarchical spatial structure with Beijing and Shanghai as the “dual cores”, decreasing to the periphery. (3) There are obvious spatial differences in the three dimensions of DPC, ARC, and OIC. The DPC of the economically developed regions is higher than that of the economically less developed regions; the ARC fluctuates greatly due to the environmental vulnerability and economic level of the western region, and the OIC, as a whole, rises and presents a multi-polar distribution. (4) The overall difference in China’s TER fluctuates and increases, and regional differences have always been dominant, so it is necessary to take systematic measures according to local conditions to help improve the resilience of the tourism ecosystem and the sustainable development of regional tourism. This study can enrich the theoretical research of TER, but it mainly uses provincial macro data for analysis. It still needs to be strengthened to depict regional heterogeneity characteristics to provide Chinese practice for studying TER. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human–Environmental Relations: Ecotourism and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 8984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Patterns of Land Take in a Mediterranean City: An Assessment of the SDG Indicator 11.3.1 in the Peri-Urban Area of Thessaloniki

by Athena Yiannakou and George Zografos

Land 2025, 14(5), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050965 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Urban sprawl, characterized by continuous or discontinuous spatial patterns of artificial surface expansion, has been a common trend in most cities, even in those with longstanding compact features, such as cities in the northern Mediterranean region. This paper assesses the land take patterns [...] Read more.

Urban sprawl, characterized by continuous or discontinuous spatial patterns of artificial surface expansion, has been a common trend in most cities, even in those with longstanding compact features, such as cities in the northern Mediterranean region. This paper assesses the land take patterns in the peri-urban area of a typical compact city that experienced significant sprawl trends after the mid-1990s, which are closely linked to the specificities of planning regulations regarding the development in peri-urban settlements as well as outside planned areas. Using the rapidly suburbanized southern peri-urban area of Thessaloniki, Greece, as a case study, the paper analyzes the factors influencing the land cover change in the middle-class-led peri-urbanization during the period 2000–2018 and provides an estimate of the SDG indicator 11.3.1 “ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate”, a suitable indicator for monitoring spatial changes. The main conclusions of the study indicate that, during the period examined, the peri-urban zone investigated in the case study exhibited a higher rate of population growth compared to that of artificial surfaces, with the latter showing a higher change during 2006–2012. However, the spatial pattern of urban expansion displays a fragmented yet linear form, creating fragmented enclaves of agricultural land. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Spatial Analysis and Regional Science to Guide Urban Planning)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 17551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multiscale Approach to Identifying Vernacular Landscape Pattern Characteristics in River Basins: A Case Study of the Liuxi River, Guangzhou

by Nanxi Wang, Yan Zha and Zhongxiao Lin

Land 2025, 14(5), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050964 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

In recent years, rapid urbanization has transformed the man–land relationship in rural areas, highlighting issues such as the homogenization of vernacular landscapes. This study uses the Liuxi River in Guangzhou as a case and applies a hierarchical interpretation system for vernacular landscapes, utilizing [...] Read more.

In recent years, rapid urbanization has transformed the man–land relationship in rural areas, highlighting issues such as the homogenization of vernacular landscapes. This study uses the Liuxi River in Guangzhou as a case and applies a hierarchical interpretation system for vernacular landscapes, utilizing methods from landscape character assessment (LCA) and Historic Landscape Characterization (HLC). Focusing on two scales, “basin” and “vernacular unit”, this study proposes a framework for identifying vernacular landscape patterns. This framework includes scale definition, pattern identification, feature description, and factor analysis. At the basin scale, the investigation concentrates on spatial configurations of vernacular landscapes in 1985, whereas the unit-scale analysis delineates temporal evolutionary trajectories spanning 1974–2020. The results indicate significant differences in landscape fragmentation, dominance, and diversity between upstream and downstream at the basin scale. At the unit scale, the landscape connectivity in the Shaxi River unit remains relatively stable, while landscape heterogeneity increases, resulting in greater diversity. This study provides valuable insights into the continuity and development of diversity in analogous vernacular landscape regions globally, particularly those comparable to the Liuxi River basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Landscape Patterns under Land Use Change)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leakage Effects from Reforestation: Estimating the Impact of Agricultural Displacement for Carbon Markets

by Daniel S. Silva and Samia Nunes

Land 2025, 14(5), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050963 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Reforestation is widely promoted as a nature-based solution for climate change, yet its unintended consequences, such as deforestation leakage, remain under-investigated. This study provides empirical evidence of reforestation-induced leakage in the Brazilian Amazon, using municipality-level panel data from 2000 to 2023 and spatial [...] Read more.

Reforestation is widely promoted as a nature-based solution for climate change, yet its unintended consequences, such as deforestation leakage, remain under-investigated. This study provides empirical evidence of reforestation-induced leakage in the Brazilian Amazon, using municipality-level panel data from 2000 to 2023 and spatial Durbin panel models to estimate both the magnitude and spatial reach of agricultural displacement. Despite the positive local effects of reforestation projects, we found a significant displacement of deforestation to the vicinity of municipalities. We estimated a statistically significant deforestation leakage effect of approximately 12% from the reforested area, due to the agricultural displacement of cattle ranching activities. Spatial spillovers are strongest within a 150 km radius and within two years after reforestation onset. Sensitivity tests using alternative spatial weight matrices, including distance decay and land rent-weighted specifications, confirm the robustness of these findings. Livestock intensification, proxied by cattle stocking rates, does not significantly mitigate displacement effects, challenging assumptions about land sparing benefits. These results suggest that current carbon market protocols (e.g., Verra, ART-TREES) may improve their leakage analysis to avoid under- or over-estimating net carbon benefits. Incorporating spatial econometric evidence into offset methodologies and reforestation planning can improve climate policy integrity and reduce unintended environmental trade-offs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Systems and Global Change)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

28 pages, 15125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Agricultural Terraces Platforms Using Machine Learning from Orthophotos and LiDAR-Based Digital Terrain Model: A Case Study in Roya Valley of Southeast France

by Michael Vincent Tubog, Karine Emsellem and Stephane Bouissou

Land 2025, 14(5), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050962 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 118

Abstract

Terraces have long transformed steep slopes into gradual steps, reducing erosion and enabling agriculture on marginal land. In France’s Roya Valley, these dry stone structures, neglected for decades, demonstrated remarkable resilience during storm Alex in October 2020. This prompted civil society and researchers [...] Read more.

Terraces have long transformed steep slopes into gradual steps, reducing erosion and enabling agriculture on marginal land. In France’s Roya Valley, these dry stone structures, neglected for decades, demonstrated remarkable resilience during storm Alex in October 2020. This prompted civil society and researchers to identify terraces that could support food security and agri-tourism initiatives. This study aimed to develop a semi-automatic method for detecting and mapping terraced areas using LiDAR and orthophoto data from French repositories, processed with GIS and analyzed through a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm. The model identified 18 terraces larger than 1 hectare in Saorge and 35 in La Brigue. Field visits confirmed evidence of abandonment in several areas. Accuracy tests showed a user accuracy (UA) of 97% in Saorge and 72% in La Brigue. This disparity reflects site-specific differences, including terrain steepness, vegetation density, and data resolution. These results highlight the value of machine learning for terrace mapping while emphasizing the need to account for local geomorphological and data-quality factors to improve model performance. Enhanced terrace detection supports sustainable land management, agricultural revitalization, and risk mitigation in mountainous regions, offering practical tools for future landscape restoration and food resilience planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Land-Use Systems from Resource-Nexus Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Key Barriers and Challenges to Green Infrastructure Implementation: Policy Insights from the Melbourne Case

by Hing-Wah Chau, Majed Abuseif, Shiran Geng and Elmira Jamei

Land 2025, 14(5), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050961 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 27

Abstract

Urbanisation has resulted in significant environmental challenges, particularly the phenomenon of urban overheating, with a significant increase in temperatures in urban environments. To tackle the adverse impact of urban overheating, the implementation of green infrastructure (GI) has been considered particularly effective. Although there [...] Read more.

Urbanisation has resulted in significant environmental challenges, particularly the phenomenon of urban overheating, with a significant increase in temperatures in urban environments. To tackle the adverse impact of urban overheating, the implementation of green infrastructure (GI) has been considered particularly effective. Although there are various benefits of GI for sustainable urban management, its widespread implementation faces numerous challenges. To effectively scale up the deployment of GI, it is crucial to develop political and institutional frameworks that are both responsive and adaptable to the evolving complexities inherent in human–nature interactions. The barriers to implementation are not merely technical but also embedded in organisational norms, social practices, and governance systems, which makes them particularly difficult to overcome. This paper identifies five key categories of barriers: technical limitations, financial impediments, regulatory constraints, weak political leadership, and governance and coordination challenges. Through a targeted literature review and a detailed case study of Melbourne, the paper explores the city’s primary greening initiatives and examines how these barriers have influenced implementation. By linking specific policy responses to each barrier, this study provides new insights into the institutional and policy dynamics affecting GI adoption. The findings offer lessons for other cities seeking to better implement nature-based solutions through integrated and scalable GI strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Infrastructure Planning and Management for Sustainable Urban Development and Quality of Life)

24 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Institutional Frameworks, Policies, and Land Data: Insights from Monitoring Land Governance and Tenure Security in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals in Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia

by Robert Peter Ndugwa and Clinton Kubondo Omusula

Land 2025, 14(5), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050960 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 137

Abstract

Within the sustainable development goals (SDGs) framework, access to land, its governance, and tenure security play pivotal roles in fostering inclusive and sustainable development. The United Nations estimates that by 2050, Africa’s population will reach close to 2.5 billion. Moreover, the pressure exerted [...] Read more.

Within the sustainable development goals (SDGs) framework, access to land, its governance, and tenure security play pivotal roles in fostering inclusive and sustainable development. The United Nations estimates that by 2050, Africa’s population will reach close to 2.5 billion. Moreover, the pressure exerted on African lands by climate change has significantly impacted productivity of arable land, thereby affecting agriculture—the continent’s most important sector. Therefore, effective management of land resources and protecting land rights of all citizens are now more than ever essential for attaining sustainable development and social stability. This research paper examines the critical role of land governance and tenure security in fostering sustainable development in Africa, a region facing rapid population growth and climate-related challenges. It analyses the institutional frameworks, policies, and land data availability in Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia and how these factors intersect to enhance monitoring land governance and tenure security within the context of the sustainable development goals. The paper explores lessons learnt in these four countries, focusing on SDG indicators related to equitable access to land, secure land rights, and responsible land management practices. Full article

24 pages, 15554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Evolution of Plot Morphology and Design Strategies in Built Heritage Renewal in Central Shanghai from the Perspective of Sharing Cities

by Zhenyu Li, Mengxun Liu and Yichen Zhu

Land 2025, 14(5), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050959 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 150

Abstract

With the rise of the sharing economy and the concept of the sharing city, the field of urban renewal is facing new opportunities and challenges. This paper innovatively explores built heritage renewal in central Shanghai from the perspective of the sharing economy, focusing [...] Read more.

With the rise of the sharing economy and the concept of the sharing city, the field of urban renewal is facing new opportunities and challenges. This paper innovatively explores built heritage renewal in central Shanghai from the perspective of the sharing economy, focusing on the evolution of plot morphology and associated design strategies. Six representative cases, selected within the framework of three urban renewal policies from 1999 to the present, are analyzed using a diachronic method based on the Conzen school and the street frontage index. Combined with historical maps, aerial photographs, and satellite images, the paper analyzes the changes in plot morphology from 1999 to 2024. The paper highlights how the introduction of sharing city principles significantly impacted plot morphology, facilitating the expansion and diversification of space use and driving the restructuring of plot boundaries, including physical, property, and activity boundaries. The study further reveals how the shared city concept has led to the emergence of privately owned public spaces. Additionally, the paper discusses the pursuit of flow, openness, and sharing in urban renewal, noting how these factors have shifted the focus from purely rentable and sellable areas to more efficient space resource allocation, optimizing spatial configurations. Finally, the paper introduces the concept of “sharing by transfer”, proposing that adjustments to plot boundaries under the sharing economy framework can foster more equitable, efficient, and sustainable urban renewal, providing new perspectives and strategic recommendations for built heritage renewal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Planning and Urban Regeneration for Achieving Sustainable Development: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 13129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Socio-Economic Vulnerabilities to Urban Heat: Correlations with Land Use and Urban Morphology in Melbourne, Australia

by Cheuk Yin Wai, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, Nitin Muttil and Hing-Wah Chau

Land 2025, 14(5), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050958 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 132

Abstract

Modern cities are rapidly evolving in terms of urban morphology, driven by exponential population growth that accelerates the urbanisation process. The changes in land use have increased urban area and density, intensifying the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which poses one of the [...] Read more.

Modern cities are rapidly evolving in terms of urban morphology, driven by exponential population growth that accelerates the urbanisation process. The changes in land use have increased urban area and density, intensifying the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which poses one of the biggest threats to human health and well-being, especially in metropolitan regions. One of the most effective strategies to counter urban heat is the implementation of green infrastructure and the use of suitable building materials that help reduce heat stress. However, access to green spaces and the affordability of efficient building materials are not the same among citizens. This paper aims to identify the socio-economic characteristics of communities in Melbourne, Australia, that contribute to their vulnerability to urban heat under local conditions. This study employs remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) to conduct a macro-scale analysis, to investigate the correlation between urban heat patterns and socio-economic characteristics, taking into account factors such as vegetation cover, built-up areas, and land use types. The results from the satellite images and the geospatial data reveal that Deer Park, located in the western suburbs of Melbourne, has the highest land surface temperature (LST) at 32.54 °C, a UHI intensity of 1.84 °C, a normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) of 0.11, and a normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) of −0.081. The LST and UHI intensity indicate a strong negative correlation with the NDVI (r = −0.42) and NDMI (r = −0.6). In contrast, the NDVI and NDMI have a positive correlation with the index of economic resources (IER) with r values of 0.29 and 0.24, indicating that the areas with better finance resources tend to have better vegetation coverage or plant health with less water stress, leading to lower LST and UHI intensity. This study helps to identify the most critical areas in the Greater Melbourne region that are vulnerable to the risk of urban heat and extreme heat events, providing insights for the local city councils to develop effective mitigation strategies and urban development policies that promote a more sustainable and liveable community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Design and Planning for Socio-Environmental Sustainability of Landscapes and Communities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 5041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Machine Learning, SHAP Interpretability, and Deep Learning Approaches in the Study of Environmental and Economic Factors: A Case Study of Residential Segregation in Las Vegas

by Jingyi Liu, Yuxuan Cai and Xiwei Shen

Land 2025, 14(5), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050957 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 143

Abstract

Over the past two decades, research on residential segregation and environmental justice has evolved from spatial assimilation models to include class theory and social stratification. This study leverages recent advances in machine learning to examine how environmental, economic, and demographic factors contribute to [...] Read more.

Over the past two decades, research on residential segregation and environmental justice has evolved from spatial assimilation models to include class theory and social stratification. This study leverages recent advances in machine learning to examine how environmental, economic, and demographic factors contribute to ethnic segregation, using Las Vegas as a case study with broader urban relevance. By integrating traditional econometric techniques with machine learning and deep learning models, the study investigates (1) the correlation between housing prices, environmental quality, and segregation; (2) the differentiated impacts on various ethnic groups; and (3) the comparative effectiveness of predictive models. Among the tested algorithms, LGBM (Light Gradient Boosting) delivered the highest predictive accuracy and robustness. To improve model transparency, the SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) method was employed, identifying key variables influencing segregation outcomes. This interpretability framework helps clarify variable importance and interaction effects. The findings reveal that housing prices and poor environmental quality disproportionately affect minority populations, with distinct patterns across different ethnic groups, which may reinforce these groups’ spatial and economic marginalization. These effects contribute to persistent urban inequalities that manifest themselves in racial segregation and unequal environmental burdens. The methodology of this study is generalizable, offering a reproducible framework for future segregation studies in other cities and informing equitable urban planning and environmental policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Design and Planning for Socio-Environmental Sustainability of Landscapes and Communities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Landslide Monitoring in Complex Environments Using Radiative Transfer Model and SBAS-InSAR Technology

by Bing Wang, Li He, Zhengwei He, Yongze Song, Rui Qu, Jiao Hu, Zhifei Wang and Zehua Zhang

Land 2025, 14(5), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050956 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 109

Abstract

Landslides are among the most frequent geological hazards, often resulting in casualties and economic losses, particularly in alpine valley areas characterized by complex topography and dense vegetation. Landslides in these regions are distinguished by their high altitude, concealment, and sudden onset, which render [...] Read more.

Landslides are among the most frequent geological hazards, often resulting in casualties and economic losses, particularly in alpine valley areas characterized by complex topography and dense vegetation. Landslides in these regions are distinguished by their high altitude, concealment, and sudden onset, which render traditional monitoring methods inefficient. This study proposes a landslide monitoring method for complex environments that leverages multi-source remote sensing data, incorporating the radiative transfer model and Small Baseline Subset-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) technology. The proposed method was implemented to monitor the instability of the Baige landslide in Tibet, China. The results show that the vegetation Canopy Water Content (CWC) estimated using the radiative transfer model indirectly reflects landslide susceptibility. Specifically, excessive soil moisture from rainfall reduces oxygen in plant roots, affecting growth and lowering canopy water content. The region with lower Canopy Water Content (CWC < 0.04) exhibited an increasing trend in the number of pixels, rising from 271 to 549 before the landslide event, indicating poorer vegetation conditions in the area. Additionally, the SBAS-InSAR technique was utilized to extract surface displacement, achieving a maximum displacement of 112 mm during the monitoring period. Ultimately, the spatial changes of the two monitoring signals exhibited a high consistency. This study enhances the reliability of landslide displacement monitoring in complex environments and provides substantial scientific support for future large-scale monitoring efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harnessing the Power of Land Mapping Data for Effective Land Policy Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Physical Features and Behavioral Patterns in Macau Outdoor Community Public Spaces and Older Adults’ Performance of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

by Hong-Zhan Lai, Stephen Siu-Yu Lau and Chen-Yi Sun

Land 2025, 14(5), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050955 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 76

Abstract

Objective: This exploratory study examines potential associations between the physical features and behavioral patterns of outdoor community public spaces and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) performance of older adults in Macau. IADLs refer to abilities that reflect functional independence and cognitive [...] Read more.

Objective: This exploratory study examines potential associations between the physical features and behavioral patterns of outdoor community public spaces and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) performance of older adults in Macau. IADLs refer to abilities that reflect functional independence and cognitive capacity. Methods: Nine representative public spaces were selected in Macau. Field measurements of spatial features, non-participant behavioral observations, and standardized IADL assessments were conducted. Spearman’s correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to examine relationships among environmental factors, observed behaviors, and IADL scores. Variable selection is based on theoretical support and statistical methods, including correlation analysis and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) diagnostics. Results: Findings suggest that a higher visible greenery ratio and a greater density of resting facilities are positively associated with IADL performance. Conversely, frequent engagement in sedentary activities, such as playing board or card games, appears to be linked to lower functional independence. Conclusions: This study highlights possible associations between public space characteristics and older adults’ functional independence. The results underscore the need to further explore how spatial design and behavioral patterns may relate to aging in urban environments. Enhancing green visibility and increasing resting facilities could potentially support functional independence, whereas reducing prolonged sedentary behaviors may also be beneficial. These insights offer preliminary guidance for policymakers and urban planners aiming to develop more age-friendly environments in high-density cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Ageing, Gender and Environment: Problems and Challenges from Different Disciplines II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessReview

Native vs. Non-Native Plants: Public Preferences, Ecosystem Services, and Conservation Strategies for Climate-Resilient Urban Green Spaces

by Alessio Russo, Manuel Esperon-Rodriguez, Annick St-Denis and Mark G. Tjoelker

Land 2025, 14(5), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050954 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 129

Abstract

Climate change is reshaping urban environments, intensifying the need for resilient green space design and management that supports biodiversity, improves ecosystem services, and adapts to changing conditions. Understanding the trade-offs between native and non-native species selection is important for developing climate-resilient urban green [...] Read more.

Climate change is reshaping urban environments, intensifying the need for resilient green space design and management that supports biodiversity, improves ecosystem services, and adapts to changing conditions. Understanding the trade-offs between native and non-native species selection is important for developing climate-resilient urban green spaces. This review examines public preferences for native versus non-native plant species and their implications for urban green space design and management. We critically analyse the ecosystem services and biodiversity benefits provided by both native and non-native plants in urban spaces, highlighting the complex trade-offs involved. Our findings indicate that while native plants can be underrepresented in urban landscapes, they offer significant ecological benefits including support for local wildlife and pollinators. Some studies have highlighted the climate resilience of native plants; however, they are likely to be more affected by climate change. Therefore, conservation strategies are needed, especially for endemic and threatened plant species. Several studies suggest a more flexible approach that integrates plant species from diverse climatic origins to improve resilience. We also explore conservation gardening (CG) as a socio-ecological strategy to integrate endangered native species into urban landscapes, promoting biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. This review stresses the importance of informed plant species selection and community involvement in creating climate-resilient urban green spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Urban Ecology: Application into Landscape Design and Green Infrastructure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Below and Beyond the Map: Stories of Urban Regeneration of the Barcelona Waterfront

by Núria Benach and Núria Font-Casaseca

Land 2025, 14(5), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050953 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 63

Abstract

Urban regeneration is often presented by those responsible as an unquestionable success story. Barcelona’s transformation from the mid-1980s, with its great Olympic momentum and successive attempts to maintain its international status, is perhaps one of the most widely publicized and celebrated. Among the [...] Read more.

Urban regeneration is often presented by those responsible as an unquestionable success story. Barcelona’s transformation from the mid-1980s, with its great Olympic momentum and successive attempts to maintain its international status, is perhaps one of the most widely publicized and celebrated. Among the operations, the waterfront stands out as one of the most significant regeneration efforts due to their territorial scope, social implications, and economic impact. In this text, we want to challenge this official success story with other untold stories: the stories of the preexisting spaces that have been erased, the people who have been displaced, and the industrial heritage that has been destroyed. There are hardly any memories left, and the regeneration projects seem to be built on a previous emptiness. The discourses of success are often accompanied by maps that conceal the process of change and, at the same time, present the regeneration projects as disconnected from other spaces and processes. Maps appear as artifacts with great limitations in their capacity to represent complex and time-delayed processes and, at the same time, have enough power to legitimize urban regeneration as beneficial to all. However, maps can also be powerful tools for changing the way regeneration processes are told and who tells them, thus revealing what has been hidden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Perspectives on Urban Regeneration in Mediterranean Cities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 11852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Changes and the Drivers of Ecological Environmental Quality Based on the Remote Sensing Ecological Index: A Case Study of Shanxi Province, China

by Chi Cheng and Yanqiang Wang

Land 2025, 14(5), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050952 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 60

Abstract

Ecological transition zones spanning semi-humid to semi-arid regions pose distinctive monitoring challenges owing to their climatic vulnerability and geomorphic diversity. This study focuses on Shanxi Province, a typical ecologically fragile area in the Loess Plateau of China. Based on the Google Earth Engine [...] Read more.

Ecological transition zones spanning semi-humid to semi-arid regions pose distinctive monitoring challenges owing to their climatic vulnerability and geomorphic diversity. This study focuses on Shanxi Province, a typical ecologically fragile area in the Loess Plateau of China. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) datasets, we established the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) series from 2000 to 2024 for Shanxi Province. The Theil–Sen Median, Mann–Kendall, and Hurst indices were comprehensively applied to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal differentiation patterns of ecological environmental quality. Furthermore, geodetector-based quantification elucidated the synergistic interactions among topographic, climatic, and anthropogenic drivers. The results indicate the following: (1) From 2000 to 2024, ecological restoration initiatives have shaped an “aggregate improvement-localized degradation” paradigm, with medium-quality territories persistently accounting for 30–40% of the total land area. (2) Significant spatial heterogeneity exists, with the Lüliang Mountain area in the west and the Datong Basin in the north being core degradation zones, while the Taihang Mountain area in the east shows remarkable improvement. However, Theil–Sen Median–Hurst index predictions reveal that 60.07% of the improved areas face potential trend reversal risks. (3) The driving mechanisms exhibit spatial heterogeneity, where land use type, temperature, precipitation, elevation, and slope serve as global dominant factors. This research provides scientific support for formulating differentiated ecological restoration strategies, establishing ecological compensation mechanisms, and optimizing territorial spatial planning in Shanxi Province, contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Landscape Ecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Land, Volume 14, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 71 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI