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Toxins, Volume 16, Issue 5

May 2024 - 30 articles

Cover Story: To assess the potential health risks of mycotoxins in breakfast cereals for children, this study examined the bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), enniatin B (ENNB), and sterigmatocystin (STG) in cereals. We employed an in vitro gastrointestinal model to investigate how these mycotoxins are released from the cereal during digestion and subsequently absorbed by the intestines. The results revealed that bioaccessibility increased from the stomach to the intestines for AFB1 and STG, but not for ENNB. Bioaccessibility varied across the mycotoxins, ranging from 3.1 to 86.2% for AFB1, 1.5 to 59.3% for STG, and 0.6 to 98.2% for ENNB. Interestingly, milk significantly affected bioaccessibility, and the study found that ENNB and STG exhibited the highest absorption rates when ingested together. View this paper
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Articles (30)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,970 Views
13 Pages

Monoclonal-Antibody-Based Immunoassays for the Mycotoxins NX-2 and NX-3 in Wheat

  • Chris M. Maragos,
  • Martha M. Vaughan and
  • Susan P. McCormick

18 May 2024

The fungal infestation of crops can cause major economic losses. Toxins produced by the causative fungi (mycotoxins) represent a potential safety hazard to people and livestock consuming them. One such mycotoxin is deoxynivalenol (DON, also known as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,944 Views
18 Pages

15 May 2024

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is an important concern for mollusk fisheries, aquaculture, and public health. In Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula, such toxicity has been monitored for a long time using mouse bioassay. Therefore, little information exists...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,633 Views
14 Pages

Quantitative Analysis of Fungal Contamination of Different Herbal Medicines in China

  • Gang Wang,
  • Mingyue Jiao,
  • Junqiang Hu,
  • Yiren Xun,
  • Longyun Chen,
  • Jianbo Qiu,
  • Fang Ji,
  • Yin-Won Lee,
  • Jianrong Shi and
  • Jianhong Xu

15 May 2024

Herbal medicines are widely used for clinical purposes worldwide. These herbs are susceptible to phytopathogenic fungal invasion during the culturing, harvesting, storage, and processing stages. The threat of fungal and mycotoxin contamination requir...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,304 Views
14 Pages

Botulinum Toxin for Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review

  • Marialuisa Gandolfi,
  • Carlo Alberto Artusi,
  • Gabriele Imbalzano,
  • Serena Camozzi,
  • Mauro Crestani,
  • Leonardo Lopiano,
  • Michele Tinazzi and
  • Christian Geroin

15 May 2024

Axial postural abnormalities (APAs), characterized by their frequency, disabling nature, and resistance to pharmacological treatments, significantly impact Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonism patients. Despite advancements in diagnosi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
6,784 Views
14 Pages

A Historical Perspective on Uremia and Uremic Toxins

  • Björn Meijers,
  • Ward Zadora and
  • Jerome Lowenstein

15 May 2024

Uremia, also known as uremic syndrome, refers to the clinical symptoms in the final stage of renal failure. The definition of the term has changed over time due to an improved comprehension of the kidney’s function and the advancement of dialys...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
1,725 Views
16 Pages

Exposure to a Combination of Fusarium Mycotoxins Leads to Lipid Peroxidation and Influences Antioxidant Defenses, Fatty Acid Composition of Phospholipids, and Renal Histology in Laying Hens

  • Szabina Kulcsár,
  • Janka Turbók,
  • György Kövér,
  • Krisztián Balogh,
  • Erika Zándoki,
  • Omeralfaroug Ali,
  • András Szabó and
  • Miklós Mézes

13 May 2024

The effects of combined short-term (3 days) exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins at both the EU recommended limit (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg/kg; DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 5 mg/kg; FB1: 20 mg/kg) and twice the dose (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.5 mg/kg, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDO...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,949 Views
17 Pages

Intramuscular Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes E and A Elicit Distinct Effects on SNAP25 Protein Fragments, Muscular Histology, Spread and Neuronal Transport: An Integrated Histology-Based Study in the Rat

  • Vincent Martin,
  • Denis Carre,
  • Heloise Bilbault,
  • Sebastien Oster,
  • Lorenzo Limana,
  • Florian Sebal,
  • Christine Favre-Guilmard,
  • Mikhail Kalinichev,
  • Christian Leveque and
  • Virginie Boulifard
  • + 2 authors

12 May 2024

Botulinum neurotoxins E (BoNT/E) and A (BoNT/A) act by cleaving Synaptosome-Associated Protein 25 (SNAP25) at two different C-terminal sites, but they display very distinct durations of action, BoNT/E being short acting and BoNT/A long acting. We inv...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,728 Views
16 Pages

Unveiling Novel Kunitz- and Waprin-Type Toxins in the Micrurus mipartitus Coral Snake Venom Gland: An In Silico Transcriptome Analysis

  • Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba,
  • Claudia Clavero-León,
  • Paola Rey-Suarez,
  • Vitelbina Nuñez-Rangel,
  • Ruben Avendaño-Herrera,
  • Stefany Solano-González and
  • Juan F. Alzate

11 May 2024

Kunitz-type peptide expression has been described in the venom of snakes of the Viperidae, Elapidae and Colubridae families. This work aimed to identify these peptides in the venom gland transcriptome of the coral snake Micrurus mipartitus. Transcrip...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,149 Views
14 Pages

Alternariol Monomethyl-Ether Induces Toxicity via Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in Swine Intestinal Epithelial Cells

  • Daniela Eliza Marin,
  • Valeria Cristina Bulgaru,
  • AnaMaria Pertea,
  • Iulian Alexandru Grosu,
  • Gina Cecilia Pistol and
  • Ionelia Taranu

11 May 2024

Alternariol monomethyl-ether (AME), together with altenuene and alternariol, belongs to the Alternaria mycotoxins group, which can contaminate different substrates, including cereals. The aim of the present study was to obtain a deeper understanding...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,045 Views
11 Pages

Pulmonary Thromboembolism following Russell’s Viper Bites

  • Subramanian Senthilkumaran,
  • Sasikumar Sampath,
  • José R. Almeida,
  • Jarred Williams,
  • Harry F. Williams,
  • Ketan Patel,
  • Ponniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian and
  • Sakthivel Vaiyapuri

11 May 2024

Snakebite envenoming and its resulting complications are serious threats to the health of vulnerable people living in rural areas of developing countries. The knowledge of the heterogeneity of symptoms associated with snakebite envenoming and their m...

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Toxins - ISSN 2072-6651