Viruses

20 pages, 3943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

StM171, a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteriophage That Affects Sensitivity to Antibiotics in Host Bacteria and Their Biofilm Formation

by Ghadeer Jdeed, Vera Morozova, Yuliya Kozlova, Artem Tikunov, Tatyana Ushakova, Alevtina Bardasheva, Andrey Manakhov, Maria Mitina, Elena Zhirakovskaya and Nina Tikunova

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2455; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122455 - 18 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1550

Abstract

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia mainly causes respiratory infections that are associated with a high mortality rate among immunocompromised patients. S. maltophilia exhibits a high level of antibiotic resistance and can form biofilms, which complicates the treatment of patients infected with this bacterium. Phages combined with [...] Read more.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia mainly causes respiratory infections that are associated with a high mortality rate among immunocompromised patients. S. maltophilia exhibits a high level of antibiotic resistance and can form biofilms, which complicates the treatment of patients infected with this bacterium. Phages combined with antibiotics could be a promising treatment option. Currently, ~60 S. maltophilia phages are known, and their effects on biofilm formation and antibiotic sensitivity require further examination. Bacteriophage StM171, which was isolated from hospital wastewater, showed a medium host range, low burst size, and low lytic activity. StM171 has a 44kbp dsDNA genome that encodes 59 open-reading frames. A comparative genomic analysis indicated that StM171, along with the Stenotrophomonas phage Suso (MZ326866) and Xanthomonas phage HXX_Dennis (ON711490), are members of a new putative Nordvirus genus. S. maltophilia strains that developed resistance to StM171 (bacterial-insensitive mutants) showed a changed sensitivity to antibiotics compared to the originally susceptible strains. Some bacterial-insensitive mutants restored sensitivity to cephalosporin and penicillin-like antibiotics and became resistant to erythromycin. StM171 shows strain- and antibiotic-dependent effects on the biofilm formation of S. maltophilia strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses versus Bacteria—Novel Approaches to Phage Therapy as a Tool against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens: Second Edition)

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14 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hepatitis B in Healthcare Personnel: An Update on the Global Landscape

by Georgia B. Nikolopoulou, Ioannis Tzoutzas, Athanasios Tsakris and Helena C. Maltezou

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2454; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122454 - 18 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2398

Abstract

Despite the outstanding progress that has been made in the prevention, detection, and management of hepatitis B during the past decades, hepatitis B remains a problem among healthcare personnel (HCP) in many countries. We reviewed studies on all aspects of hepatitis B in [...] Read more.

Despite the outstanding progress that has been made in the prevention, detection, and management of hepatitis B during the past decades, hepatitis B remains a problem among healthcare personnel (HCP) in many countries. We reviewed studies on all aspects of hepatitis B in HCP published from 2017 through April 2023. They revealed wide variations on the prevalence of infection among HCP, ranging from 0.6% in Europe to >8.7% in Africa, almost always in association with very low vaccination rates. Many studies found a significant association between HCP’s knowledge about hepatitis B and hepatitis B vaccines, their vaccination status, and practices. This research also discloses global inequities regarding vaccination policies against hepatitis B, free-of-charge vaccinations, and access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Strategies to prevent and manage accidental exposures are needed in order to reduce the burden of hepatitis B on HCP, while written policies for all aspects of infection prevention, protective equipment, and PEP should be available. Lastly, HCP should be accordingly educated. These are all imperative given the decline of routine vaccinations in the COVID-19 era, particularly in countries with fragile vaccination programs, and the disruptions of interventions for hepatitis B that are expected to provide a pool of virus transmission to future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis B: From Disease to Prevention)

20 pages, 4044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emergence of Intergenogroup Reassortant G9P[4] Strains Following Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Ghana

by Yen Hai Doan, Francis Ekow Dennis, Nobuhiro Takemae, Kei Haga, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Michael Gyasi Appiah, Belinda Larteley Lartey, Susan Afua Damanka, Takaya Hayashi, Toshihiko Suzuki, Tsutomu Kageyama, George Enyimah Armah and Kazuhiko Katayama

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2453; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122453 - 18 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1238

Abstract

Rotavirus (RVA) is a leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis. RVA vaccines have reduced the global disease burden; however, the emergence of intergenogroup reassortant strains is a growing concern. During surveillance in Ghana, we observed the emergence of G9P[4] RVA strains in the fourth [...] Read more.

Rotavirus (RVA) is a leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis. RVA vaccines have reduced the global disease burden; however, the emergence of intergenogroup reassortant strains is a growing concern. During surveillance in Ghana, we observed the emergence of G9P[4] RVA strains in the fourth year after RVA vaccine introduction. To investigate whether Ghanaian G9P[4] strains also exhibited the DS-1-like backbone, as seen in reassortant G1/G3/G8/G9 strains found in other countries in recent years, this study determined the whole genome sequences of fifteen G9P[4] and two G2P[4] RVA strains detected during 2015–2016. The results reveal that the Ghanaian G9P[4] strains exhibited a double-reassortant genotype, with G9-VP7 and E6-NSP4 genes on a DS-1-like backbone (G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E6-H2). Although they shared a common ancestor with G9P[4] DS-1-like strains from other countries, further intra-reassortment events were observed among the original G9P[4] and co-circulating strains in Ghana. In the post-vaccine era, there were significant changes in the distribution of RVA genotype constellations, with unique strains emerging, indicating an impact beyond natural cyclical fluctuations. However, reassortant strains may exhibit instability and have a limited duration of appearance. Current vaccines have shown efficacy against DS-1-like strains; however, ongoing surveillance in fully vaccinated children is crucial for addressing concerns about long-term effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

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34 pages, 13133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antiviral Activity of the Lectin Griffithsin against SARS-CoV-2 Is Enhanced by the Presence of Structural Proteins

by Arjan Bains, Kathryn Fischer, Wenyan Guan and Patricia J. LiWang

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2452; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122452 - 18 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1840

Abstract

Although COVID-19 transmission has been reduced by the advent of vaccinations and a variety of rapid monitoring techniques, the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself has shown a remarkable ability to mutate and persist. With this long track record of immune escape, researchers are still exploring [...] Read more.

Although COVID-19 transmission has been reduced by the advent of vaccinations and a variety of rapid monitoring techniques, the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself has shown a remarkable ability to mutate and persist. With this long track record of immune escape, researchers are still exploring prophylactic treatments to curtail future SARS-CoV-2 variants. Specifically, much focus has been placed on the antiviral lectin Griffithsin in preventing spike protein-mediated infection via the hACE2 receptor (direct infection). However, an oft-overlooked aspect of SARS-CoV-2 infection is viral capture by attachment receptors such as DC-SIGN, which is thought to facilitate the initial stages of COVID-19 infection in the lung tissue (called trans-infection). In addition, while immune escape is dictated by mutations in the spike protein, coronaviral virions also incorporate M, N, and E structural proteins within the particle. In this paper, we explored how several structural facets of both the SARS-CoV-2 virion and the antiviral lectin Griffithsin can affect and attenuate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. We found that Griffithsin was a better inhibitor of hACE2-mediated direct infection when the coronaviral M protein is present compared to when it is absent (possibly providing an explanation regarding why Griffithsin shows better inhibition against authentic SARS-CoV-2 as opposed to pseudotyped viruses, which generally do not contain M) and that Griffithsin was not an effective inhibitor of DC-SIGN-mediated trans-infection. Furthermore, we found that DC-SIGN appeared to mediate trans-infection exclusively via binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with no significant effect observed when other viral proteins (M, N, and/or E) were present. These results provide etiological data that may help to direct the development of novel antiviral treatments, either by leveraging Griffithsin binding to the M protein as a novel strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection or by narrowing efforts to inhibit trans-infection to focus on DC-SIGN binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)

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11 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metformin and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk Reduction in Diabetic Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: Fact or Fiction?

by Marco Sacco, Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone and Giorgio Maria Saracco

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2451; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122451 - 17 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

Background: Patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) show a higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Successful antiviral therapy has reduced the incidence of post-therapy HCC, but the presence of DM still represents an unfavourable predictive [...] Read more.

Background: Patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) show a higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Successful antiviral therapy has reduced the incidence of post-therapy HCC, but the presence of DM still represents an unfavourable predictive factor even in cured patients. Metformin (MET) is recommended as a first-line therapy for DM, and its use is associated with a significant reduction in HCC among diabetic patients with chronic liver disease of different etiology, but very few studies specifically address this issue in patients with CHC. Aim: the aim of this review is to evaluate whether the use of MET induces a significant decrease in HCC in diabetic patients with CHC, treated or untreated with antiviral therapy. Methods: A search of PubMed, Medline, Web of Sciences and Embase was conducted for publications evaluating the role of MET in reducing the risk of HCC in patients with DM and CHC, with no language and study type restrictions up to 30 June 2023. Only studies fulfilling the following inclusion criteria were considered: (1) data on the incidence of HCC in the follow-up of diabetic patients with CHC only; (2) follow-up ≥24 months; (3) sufficient data to establish the rate of diabetic patients with CHC treated with metformin or other antidiabetic medications; and (4) data on the type of antiviral treatment and the clinical outcome. Results: Three studies met the inclusion criteria. A prospective cohort study considering only patients with DM and untreated advanced CHC, or non-responders to interferon (IFN) therapy, showed that the use of MET was associated with a significant decrease in HCC incidence, liver-related death and liver transplants. A recent retrospective study focusing on a large-scale nationwide cohort of patients with CHC in Taiwan successfully treated with IFN-based therapy stratified patients into 3 groups: non-MET users, MET users and non-diabetic patients, with 5-year cumulative rates of HCC of 10.9%, 2.6% and 3.0%, respectively, showing a significantly higher HCC risk in non-MET users compared with MET users and with non-diabetic patients, while it was not significantly different between MET users and non-diabetic patients. In a recent Italian cohort study focusing on 7007 patients with CHC treated and cured with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), a combined effect of DM and MET therapy was found, showing a higher incidence of HCC in diabetic patients not taking MET compared with those without DM and those with DM taking MET. Conclusion: according to the current evidence, the use of MET should be encouraged in diabetic patients with CHC in order to reduce the risk of HCC; however, a well-designed randomized controlled trial is needed to establish the generalizability of the beneficial effects of MET in this particular subset of patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis C Virus: From Epidemiology to Treatment)

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0 pages, 8276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Detection of Salmonid Alphavirus 3 (SAV3) in Tissues of Atlantic Salmon in a Cohabitation Challenge Model with a Special Focus on the Immune Response to the Virus in the Pseudobranch

by Haitham Tartor, Lisa-Victoria Bernhardt, Saima Nasrin Mohammad, Raoul Kuiper and Simon C. Weli

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2450; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122450 - 17 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1759

Abstract

Salmonid alphavirus strain 3 is responsible for outbreaks of pancreas disease in salmon and rainbow trout in Norway. Although the extensive amount of research on SAV3 focused mainly on the heart and pancreas (of clinical importance), tropism and pathogenesis studies of the virus [...] Read more.

Salmonid alphavirus strain 3 is responsible for outbreaks of pancreas disease in salmon and rainbow trout in Norway. Although the extensive amount of research on SAV3 focused mainly on the heart and pancreas (of clinical importance), tropism and pathogenesis studies of the virus in other salmon tissues are limited. Here, we used a combination of RT-qPCR (Q_nsp1 gene) and in situ hybridization (RNAscope^®) to demonstrate the tropism of SAV3 in situ in tissues of Atlantic salmon, employing a challenge model (by cohabitation). In addition, as previous results suggested that the pseudobranch may harbor the virus, the change in the expression of different immune genes upon SAV3 infection (RT-qPCR) was focused on the pseudobranch in this study. In situ hybridization detected SAV3 in different tissues of Atlantic salmon during the acute phase of the infection, with the heart ventricle showing the most extensive infection. Furthermore, the detection of the virus in different adipose tissues associated with the internal organs of the salmon suggests a specific affinity of SAV3 to adipocyte components. The inconsistent immune response to SAV3 in the pseudobranch after infection did not mitigate the infection in that tissue and is probably responsible for the persistent low infection at 4 weeks post-challenge. The early detection of SAV3 in the pseudobranch after infection, along with the persistent low infection over the experimental infection course, suggests a pivotal role of the pseudobranch in SAV3 pathogenesis in Atlantic salmon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)

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16 pages, 5354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pathogenicity and Interspecies Transmission of Cluster 3 Tembusu Virus Strain TMUV HQ-22 Isolated from Geese

by Qing Yang, Yingying Ding, Weiping Yao, Shuyue Chen, Yaqian Jiang, Linping Yang, Guangbin Bao, Kang Yang, Shinuo Fan, Qingqing Du, Qing Wang and Guijun Wang

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2449; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122449 - 17 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1448

Abstract

Since 2010, the Tembusu virus (TMUV) has been highly prevalent in China, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. In 2022, a suspected outbreak of TMUV occurred at a goose farm located in Anhui Province. A strain of TMUV, TMUV HQ-22, was [...] Read more.

Since 2010, the Tembusu virus (TMUV) has been highly prevalent in China, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. In 2022, a suspected outbreak of TMUV occurred at a goose farm located in Anhui Province. A strain of TMUV, TMUV HQ-22, was isolated from the infected geese. Phylogenetic analysis using the E gene of the HQ-22 strain demonstrated its affiliation with cluster 3, a less commonly reported cluster in comparison to the main circulating cluster, cluster 2. Through a comparison of the envelope (E) protein of HQ-22 with other typical TMUV strains, a mutation at the 157th amino acid position was identified, wherein valine (V) in cluster 3 changed to alanine (A), a characteristic that is unique to cluster 2. These findings highlight the diversity and complexity of the TMUV strains circulating in China. In our experimental analysis, an injection of TMUV HQ-22 into the muscles of 3-day-old goslings resulted in severe neurological symptoms and a mortality rate of 60%. Similarly, the intracranial or intranasal infection of 3-week-old ICR mice with TMUV HQ-22 led to severe neurological symptoms and respective mortality rates of 100% or 10%. In summary, our study isolated a TMUV strain, TMUV HQ-22, from geese that belongs to cluster 3 and exhibits significant pathogenicity in both goslings and ICR mice. These results emphasize the genetic diversity of the TMUV circulating in China and expand the host range beyond mosquitoes to include ducks, chickens, geese, and even mice. It is crucial to not underestimate the risk of TMUV infection in mammals, warranting our utmost attention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)

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26 pages, 3721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Viromes of Six Ecosystem Service Provider Parasitoid Wasps

by Gabriela B. Caldas-Garcia, Vinícius Castro Santos, Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca, João Paulo Pereira de Almeida, Marco Antônio Costa and Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2448; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122448 - 16 Dec 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1830

Abstract

Parasitoid wasps are fundamental insects for the biological control of agricultural pests. Despite the importance of wasps as natural enemies for more sustainable and healthy agriculture, the factors that could impact their species richness, abundance, and fitness, such as viral diseases, remain almost [...] Read more.

Parasitoid wasps are fundamental insects for the biological control of agricultural pests. Despite the importance of wasps as natural enemies for more sustainable and healthy agriculture, the factors that could impact their species richness, abundance, and fitness, such as viral diseases, remain almost unexplored. Parasitoid wasps have been studied with regard to the endogenization of viral elements and the transmission of endogenous viral proteins that facilitate parasitism. However, circulating viruses are poorly characterized. Here, RNA viromes of six parasitoid wasp species are studied using public libraries of next-generation sequencing through an integrative bioinformatics pipeline. Our analyses led to the identification of 18 viruses classified into 10 families (Iflaviridae, Endornaviridae, Mitoviridae, Partitiviridae, Virgaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Chuviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Xinmoviridae, and Narnaviridae) and into the Bunyavirales order. Of these, 16 elements were described for the first time. We also found a known virus previously identified on a wasp prey which suggests viral transmission between the insects. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of virus surveillance in wasps as its service disruption can affect ecology, agriculture and pest management, impacting the economy and threatening human food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Virus-Insect Interactions)

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14 pages, 993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Clinical Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Epigalocatechin-3-Gallate, a Component of Green Tea, against Influenza A(H1N1)pdm Viruses

by Harry Stannard, Paulina Koszalka, Nikita Deshpande, Yves Desjardins and Mariana Baz

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122447 - 16 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1595

Abstract

Influenza antiviral drugs are important tools in our fight against both annual influenza epidemics and pandemics. Polyphenols are a group of compounds found in plants, some of which have demonstrated promising antiviral activity. Previous in vitro and mouse studies have outlined the anti-influenza [...] Read more.

Influenza antiviral drugs are important tools in our fight against both annual influenza epidemics and pandemics. Polyphenols are a group of compounds found in plants, some of which have demonstrated promising antiviral activity. Previous in vitro and mouse studies have outlined the anti-influenza virus effectiveness of the polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG); however, no study has utilised the ferret model, which is considered the gold-standard for influenza antiviral studies. This study aimed to explore the antiviral efficacy of EGCG in vitro and in ferrets. We first performed studies in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) and human lung carcinoma (Calu-3) cells, which demonstrated antiviral activity. In MDCK cells, we observed a selective index (SI, CC50/IC50) of 77 (290 µM/3.8 µM) and 96 (290 µM/3.0 µM) against A/California/07/2009 and A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus, respectively. Calu-3 cells demonstrated a SI of 16 (420 µM/26 µM) and 18 (420 µM/24 µM). Ferrets infected with A/California/07/2009 influenza virus and treated with EGCG (500 mg/kg/day for 4 days) had no change in respiratory tissue viral titres, in contrast to oseltamivir treatment, which significantly reduced viral load in the lungs of treated animals. Therefore, we demonstrated that although EGCG showed antiviral activity in vitro against influenza viruses, the drug failed to impair viral replication in the respiratory tract of ferrets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Volume II)

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21 pages, 4495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Analysis of Influenza A and B Viruses Carrying Baloxavir Resistance-Associated Substitutions Serially Passaged in Human Epithelial Cells

by Brady T. Hickerson, Bruce K. Huang, Svetlana N. Petrovskaya and Natalia A. Ilyushina

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2446; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122446 - 16 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1490

Abstract

Baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir) is an FDA-approved inhibitor of the influenza virus polymerase acidic (PA) protein. Here, we used next-generation sequencing to compare the genomic mutational profiles of IAV H1N1 and H3N2, and IBV wild type (WT) and mutants (MUT) viruses carrying baloxavir resistance-associated [...] Read more.

Baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir) is an FDA-approved inhibitor of the influenza virus polymerase acidic (PA) protein. Here, we used next-generation sequencing to compare the genomic mutational profiles of IAV H1N1 and H3N2, and IBV wild type (WT) and mutants (MUT) viruses carrying baloxavir resistance-associated substitutions (H1N1—PA I38L, I38T, and E199D; H3N2—PA I38T; and IBV—PA I38T) during passaging in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. We determined the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide mutations (d_N/d_S) and identified the location and type of amino acid (AA) substitutions that occurred at a frequency of ≥30%. We observed that IAV H1N1 WT and MUT viruses remained relatively stable during passaging. While the mutational profiles for IAV H1N1 I38L, I38T, and E199D, and IBV I38T MUTs were relatively similar after each passage compared to the respective WTs, the mutational profile of the IAV H3N2 I38T MUT was significantly different for most genes compared to H3N2 WT. Our work provides insight into how baloxavir resistance-associated substitutions may impact influenza virus evolution in natural settings. Further characterization of the potentially adaptive mutations identified in this study is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission)

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16 pages, 1528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Identification of Host Proteins That Interact with Non-Structural Proteins-1α and -1β of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-1

by Sofia Riccio, Kay Childs, Ben Jackson, Simon P. Graham and Julian Seago

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2445; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122445 - 16 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1679

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV-1 and -2) are the causative agents of one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the global pig industry. Previous studies, largely focused on PRRSV-2, have shown that non-structural protein-1α (NSP1α) and NSP1β modulate host cell [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV-1 and -2) are the causative agents of one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the global pig industry. Previous studies, largely focused on PRRSV-2, have shown that non-structural protein-1α (NSP1α) and NSP1β modulate host cell responses; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to identify novel PRRSV-1 NSP1–host protein interactions to improve our knowledge of NSP1-mediated immunomodulation. NSP1α and NSP1β from a representative western European PRRSV-1 subtype 1 field strain (215-06) were used to screen a cDNA library generated from porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), the primary target cell of PRRSV, using the yeast-2-hybrid system. This identified 60 putative binding partners for NSP1α and 115 putative binding partners for NSP1β. Of those taken forward for further investigation, 3 interactions with NSP1α and 27 with NSP1β were confirmed. These proteins are involved in the immune response, ubiquitination, nuclear transport, or protein expression. Increasing the stringency of the system revealed NSP1α interacts more strongly with PIAS1 than PIAS2, whereas NSP1β interacts more weakly with TAB3 and CPSF4. Our study has increased our knowledge of the PRRSV-1 NSP1α and NSP1β interactomes, further investigation of which could provide detailed insight into PRRSV immunomodulation and aid vaccine development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Viruses 2023)

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16 pages, 26942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generation and Characterization of an Influenza D Reporter Virus

by Lukas Probst, Laura Laloli, Manon Flore Licheri, Matthias Licheri, Mitra Gultom, Melle Holwerda, Philip V’kovski and Ronald Dijkman

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122444 - 16 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1848

Abstract

Influenza D virus (IDV) can infect various livestock animals, such as cattle, swine, and small ruminants, and was shown to have zoonotic potential. Therefore, it is important to identify viral factors involved in the broad host tropism and identify potential antiviral compounds that [...] Read more.

Influenza D virus (IDV) can infect various livestock animals, such as cattle, swine, and small ruminants, and was shown to have zoonotic potential. Therefore, it is important to identify viral factors involved in the broad host tropism and identify potential antiviral compounds that can inhibit IDV infection. Recombinant reporter viruses provide powerful tools for studying viral infections and antiviral drug discovery. Here we present the generation of a fluorescent reporter IDV using our previously established reverse genetic system for IDV. The mNeonGreen (mNG) fluorescent reporter gene was incorporated into the IDV non-structural gene segment as a fusion protein with the viral NS1 or NS2 proteins, or as a separate protein flanked by two autoproteolytic cleavage sites. We demonstrate that only recombinant reporter viruses expressing mNG as an additional separate protein or as an N-terminal fusion protein with NS1 could be rescued, albeit attenuated, compared to the parental reverse genetic clone. Serial passaging experiments demonstrated that the mNG gene is stably integrated for up to three passages, after which internal deletions accumulate. We conducted a proof-of-principle antiviral screening with the established fluorescent reporter viruses and identified two compounds influencing IDV infection. These results demonstrate that the newly established recombinant IDV reporter virus can be applied for antiviral drug discovery and monitoring viral replication, adding a new molecular tool for investigating IDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-A Influenza 3.0)

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17 pages, 4067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in the Murine Microbiome and Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle Production in Response to Antibiotic Treatment and Norovirus Infection

by Chanel A. Mosby, Kendall J. Long, Matthew B. Phillips, Julia Bartel and Melissa K. Jones

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2443; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122443 - 16 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1261

Abstract

Norovirus infection is influenced by the presence of commensal bacteria, and both human and murine norovirus (MNV) bind to these bacteria. These virus–bacterial interactions, as well as MNV infection, promote the increased production of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs). However, no correlation has been [...] Read more.

Norovirus infection is influenced by the presence of commensal bacteria, and both human and murine norovirus (MNV) bind to these bacteria. These virus–bacterial interactions, as well as MNV infection, promote the increased production of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs). However, no correlation has been made between specific bacterial groups, their vesicles, and their impact on norovirus infection. The current study evaluated the impact of select bacterial compositions of murine microbiomes using antibiotic (ABX) cocktails on MNV infection and bEV production. The goal of this research was to determine if increases in bEVs following MNV infection in mice were associated with changes in specific bacterial populations. Bacterial taxa were found to be differentially abundant in both ABX-treated and untreated mice, with the greatest change in bacterial taxa seen in mice treated with a broad-spectrum ABX cocktail. Specifically, Lachnospiraeae were found to be differentially abundant between a variety of treatment factors, including MNV infection. Overall, these results demonstrate that MNV infection can alter the abundance of bacterial taxa within the microbiota, as well as their production of extracellular vesicles, and that the use of selective antibiotic treatments can allow the detection of viral impacts on the microbiome that might otherwise be masked. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)

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13 pages, 2263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immune Responses to Influenza D Virus in Calves Previously Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2

by Fernando Vicosa Bauermann, Shollie Falkenberg, Jennifer M. Rudd, Cristina Mendes Peter, Ingryd Merchioratto, Jerry W. Ritchey, John Gilliam, Jared Taylor, Hao Ma and Mayara Fernanda Maggioli

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2442; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122442 - 16 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1173

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces immunosuppression and thymus depletion in calves. This study explores the impact of prior BVDV-2 exposure on the subsequent immune response to influenza D virus (IDV). Twenty 3-week-old calves were divided into four groups. Calves in G1 and [...] Read more.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces immunosuppression and thymus depletion in calves. This study explores the impact of prior BVDV-2 exposure on the subsequent immune response to influenza D virus (IDV). Twenty 3-week-old calves were divided into four groups. Calves in G1 and G3 were mock-treated on day 0, while calves in G2 and G4 received BVDV. Calves in G1 (mock) and G2 (BVDV) were necropsied on day 13 post-infection. IDV was inoculated on day 21 in G3 calves (mock + IDV) and G4 (BVDV + IDV) and necropsy was conducted on day 42. Pre-exposed BVDV calves exhibited prolonged and increased IDV shedding in nasal secretions. An approximate 50% reduction in the thymus was observed in acutely infected BVDV calves (G2) compared to controls (G1). On day 42, thymus depletion was observed in two calves in G4, while three had normal weight. BVDV-2-exposed calves had impaired CD8 T cell proliferation after IDV recall stimulation, and the α/β T cell impairment was particularly evident in those with persistent thymic atrophy. Conversely, no difference in antibody levels against IDV was noted. BVDV-induced thymus depletion varied from transient to persistent. Persistent thymus atrophy was correlated with weaker T cell proliferation, suggesting correlation between persistent thymus atrophy and impaired T cell immune response to subsequent infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Endemic and Emerging Viral Diseases in Livestock)

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20 pages, 3121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Galectin-1 Modulates the Fusogenic Activity of Placental Endogenous Retroviral Envelopes

by Caroline Toudic, Maike Maurer, Guillaume St-Pierre, Yong Xiao, Norbert Bannert, Julie Lafond, Éric Rassart, Sachiko Sato and Benoit Barbeau

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122441 - 16 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1496

Abstract

Syncytin-1 and -2 are glycoproteins encoded by human endogenous retrovirus (hERV) that, through their fusogenic properties, are needed for the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Previous studies suggested that these proteins, in addition to the EnvP(b) envelope protein, are also involved in other [...] Read more.

Syncytin-1 and -2 are glycoproteins encoded by human endogenous retrovirus (hERV) that, through their fusogenic properties, are needed for the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Previous studies suggested that these proteins, in addition to the EnvP(b) envelope protein, are also involved in other cell fusion events. Since galectin-1 is a β-galactoside-binding protein associated with cytotrophoblast fusion during placental development, we previously tested its effect on Syncytin-mediated cell fusion and showed that this protein differently modulates the fusogenic potential of Syncytin-1 and -2. Herein, we were interested in comparing the impact of galectin-1 on hERV envelope proteins in different cellular contexts. Using a syncytium assay, we first demonstrated that galectin-1 increased the fusion of Syncytin-2- and EnvP(b)-expressing cells. We then tested the infectivity of Syncytin-1 and -2 vs. VSV-G-pseudotyped viruses toward Cos-7 and various human cell lines. In the presence of galectin-1, infection of Syncytin-2-pseudotyped viruses augmented for all cell lines. In contrast, the impact of galectin-1 on the infectivity of Syncytin-1-pseudotyped viruses varied, being cell- and dose-dependent. In this study, we report the functional associations between three hERV envelope proteins and galectin-1, which should provide information on the fusogenic activity of these proteins in the placenta and other biological and pathological processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endogenous Retrovirus Proteins and Their Functions)

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18 pages, 32199 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Partial Atomic Model of the Tailed Lactococcal Phage TP901-1 as Predicted by AlphaFold2: Revelations and Limitations

by Jennifer Mahony, Adeline Goulet, Douwe van Sinderen and Christian Cambillau

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2440; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122440 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2764

Abstract

Bacteria are engaged in a constant battle against preying viruses, called bacteriophages (or phages). These remarkable nano-machines pack and store their genomes in a capsid and inject it into the cytoplasm of their bacterial prey following specific adhesion to the host cell surface. [...] Read more.

Bacteria are engaged in a constant battle against preying viruses, called bacteriophages (or phages). These remarkable nano-machines pack and store their genomes in a capsid and inject it into the cytoplasm of their bacterial prey following specific adhesion to the host cell surface. Tailed phages possessing dsDNA genomes are the most abundant phages in the bacterial virosphere, particularly those with long, non-contractile tails. All tailed phages possess a nano-device at their tail tip that specifically recognizes and adheres to a suitable host cell surface receptor, being proteinaceous and/or saccharidic. Adhesion devices of tailed phages infecting Gram-positive bacteria are highly diverse and, for the majority, remain poorly understood. Their long, flexible, multi-domain-encompassing tail limits experimental approaches to determine their complete structure. We have previously shown that the recently developed protein structure prediction program AlphaFold2 can overcome this limitation by predicting the structures of phage adhesion devices with confidence. Here, we extend this approach and employ AlphaFold2 to determine the structure of a complete phage, the lactococcal P335 phage TP901-1. Herein we report the structures of its capsid and neck, its extended tail, and the complete adhesion device, the baseplate, which was previously partially determined using X-ray crystallography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Viruses)

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14 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Virological Failure in First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Diagnosed with HIV-1 between 2010 and 2018 in Israel

by Tali Wagner, Itzchak Levy, Daniel Elbirt, Eduardo Shahar, Karen Olshtain-Pops, Hila Elinav, Michal Chowers, Valery Istomin, Klaris Riesenberg, Dikla Geva, Neta S. Zuckerman, Marina Wax, Rachel Shirazi, Yael Gozlan, Natasha Matus, Shirley Girshengorn, Rotem Marom, Ella Mendelson, Orna Mor and Dan Turner

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2439; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122439 - 15 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1344

Abstract

Despite the progress in contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the continuous changes in treatment guidelines, virological failure (VF) is still an ongoing concern. The goal of this study was to assess factors related to VF after first-line ART. A longitudinal cohort retrospective study [...] Read more.

Despite the progress in contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the continuous changes in treatment guidelines, virological failure (VF) is still an ongoing concern. The goal of this study was to assess factors related to VF after first-line ART. A longitudinal cohort retrospective study of individuals on first-line ART diagnosed with HIV-1 in 2010–2018 and followed-up for a median of two years was conducted. Demographics, baseline and longitudinal CD4 counts, treatment regimens, adherence and VF were recorded. The Cox proportional hazards regression and mixed models were used. A cohort of 1130 patients were included. Overall, 80% were males and 62% were Israeli-born individuals. Compared to individuals diagnosed in 2010–2014, when treatment was initiated according to CD4 levels, those diagnosed in 2015–2018 were older and had lower baseline CD4 counts. VF was recorded in 66 (5.8%) patients. Diagnosis with CD4 <200 cells/mmᶟ with AIDS-defining conditions (HR = 2.75, 95%CI:1.52–4.97, p < 0.001) and non-integrase strand transfer inhibitor regimens (non-INSTI, HR = 1.80, 95%CI:1.01–3.24, p = 0.047) increased VF risk. No impact of baseline resistance was observed. We concluded that the early detection of HIV-1 infection and usage of INSTI-based regimens are recommended to reduce VF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on HIV Drug Resistance and Other Determinants of Treatment Success: 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 5768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nucleolin Regulates the Expression of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus’ Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen through G-Quadruplexes in the mRNA

by Andrew R. Zareie and Subhash C. Verma

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2438; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122438 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1283

Abstract

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes life-long latent infection and is linked to several human malignancies. Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is highly expressed during latency, and is responsible for the replication and maintenance of the viral genome. The expression of LANA is regulated at [...] Read more.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes life-long latent infection and is linked to several human malignancies. Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is highly expressed during latency, and is responsible for the replication and maintenance of the viral genome. The expression of LANA is regulated at transcriptional/translational levels through multiple mechanisms, including the secondary structures in the mRNA sequence. LANA mRNA has multiple G-quadruplexes (G4s) that are bound by multiple proteins to stabilize/destabilize these secondary structures for regulating LANA. In this manuscript, we demonstrate the role of Nucleolin (NCL) in regulating LANA expression through its interaction with G-quadruplexes of LANA mRNA. This interaction reduced LANA’s protein expression through the sequestration of mRNA into the nucleus, demonstrated by the colocalization of G4-carrying mRNA with NCL. Furthermore, the downregulation of NCL, by way of a short hairpin, showed an increase in LANA translation following an alteration in the levels of LANA mRNA in the cytoplasm. Overall, the data presented in this manuscript showed that G-quadruplexes-mediated translational control could be regulated by NCL, which can be exploited for controlling KSHV latency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herpesvirus Manipulation of Cellular Processes 2.0)

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13 pages, 3308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Podophage StenR_269 Suggests a New Family in the Class Caudoviricetes

by Vyacheslav I. Yakubovskij, Vera V. Morozova, Yuliya N. Kozlova, Artem Y. Tikunov, Igor V. Babkin, Alevtina V. Bardasheva, Elena V. Zhirakovskaya, Ivan K. Baykov, Galina B. Kaverina and Nina V. Tikunova

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122437 - 15 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1147

Abstract

Stenotrophomonas rhizophila was first discovered in soil; it is associated with the rhizosphere and capable of both protecting roots and stimulating plant growth. Therefore, it has a great potential to be used in biocontrol. The study of S. rhizophila phages is important for [...] Read more.

Stenotrophomonas rhizophila was first discovered in soil; it is associated with the rhizosphere and capable of both protecting roots and stimulating plant growth. Therefore, it has a great potential to be used in biocontrol. The study of S. rhizophila phages is important for a further evaluation of their effect on the fitness and properties of host bacteria. A novel phage StenR_269 and its bacterial host S. rhizophila were isolated from a soil sample in the remediation area of a coal mine. Electron microscopy revealed a large capsid (~Ø80 nm) connected with a short tail, which corresponds to the podovirus morphotype. The length of the genomic sequence of the StenR_269 was 66,322 bp and it contained 103 putative genes; 40 of them encoded proteins with predicted functions, 3 corresponded to tRNAs, and the remaining 60 were identified as hypothetical ones. Comparative analysis indicated that the StenR_269 phage had a similar genome organization to that of the unclassified Xanthomonas phage DES1, despite their low protein similarity. In addition, the signature proteins of StenR_269 and DES1 had low similarity and these proteins clustered far from the corresponding proteins of classified phages. Thus, the StenR_269 genome is orphan and the analyzed data suggest a new family in the class Caudoviricetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Evolution of Viruses in Ecosystem)

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16 pages, 2214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiologic and Genomic Evidence for Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among People and Animals on a Michigan Mink Farm, United States, 2020

by Ria R. Ghai, Anne Straily, Nora Wineland, Jennifer Calogero, Mary Grace Stobierski, Kimberly Signs, Melissa Blievernicht, Yaritbel Torres-Mendoza, Michelle A. Waltenburg, Jillian A. Condrey, Heather M. Blankenship, Diana Riner, Nancy Barr, Michele Schalow, Jarold Goodrich, Cheryl Collins, Ausaf Ahmad, John Michael Metz, Owen Herzegh, Kelly Straka, Dustin M. Arsnoe, Anthony G. Duffiney, Susan A. Shriner, Markus H. Kainulainen, Ann Carpenter, Florence Whitehill, Natalie M. Wendling, Robyn A. Stoddard, Adam C. Retchless, Anna Uehara, Ying Tao, Yan Li, Jing Zhang, Suxiang Tong and Casey Barton Behravesh Show full author list Hide full author list

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2436; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122436 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1776

Abstract

Farmed mink are one of few animals in which infection with SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in sustained transmission among a population and spillback from mink to people. In September 2020, mink on a Michigan farm exhibited increased morbidity and mortality rates due to confirmed [...] Read more.

Farmed mink are one of few animals in which infection with SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in sustained transmission among a population and spillback from mink to people. In September 2020, mink on a Michigan farm exhibited increased morbidity and mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to identify the source of initial mink exposure, assess the degree of spread within the facility’s overall mink population, and evaluate the risk of further viral spread on the farm and in surrounding wildlife habitats. Three farm employees reported symptoms consistent with COVID-19 the same day that increased mortality rates were observed among the mink herd. One of these individuals, and another asymptomatic employee, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) 9 days later. All but one mink sampled on the farm were positive for SARS-CoV-2 based on nucleic acid detection from at least one oral, nasal, or rectal swab tested by RT-qPCR (99%). Sequence analysis showed high degrees of similarity between sequences from mink and the two positive farm employees. Epidemiologic and genomic data, including the presence of F486L and N501T mutations believed to arise through mink adaptation, support the hypothesis that the two employees with SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection contracted COVID-19 from mink. However, the specific source of virus introduction onto the farm was not identified. Three companion animals living with mink farm employees and 31 wild animals of six species sampled in the surrounding area were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. Results from this investigation support the necessity of a One Health approach to manage the zoonotic spread of SARS-CoV-2 and underscores the critical need for multifaceted public health approaches to prevent the introduction and spread of respiratory viruses on mink farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiple Hosts of SARS-CoV-2: Second Volume)

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27 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessReview

Breaking the Silence: Regulation of HIV Transcription and Latency on the Road to a Cure

by Natasha N. Duggan, Tatjana Dragic, Sumit K. Chanda and Lars Pache

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2435; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122435 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2665

Abstract

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has brought the HIV/AIDS epidemic under control, but a curative strategy for viral eradication is still needed. The cessation of ART results in rapid viral rebound from latently infected CD4+ T cells, showing that control of viral replication alone does [...] Read more.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has brought the HIV/AIDS epidemic under control, but a curative strategy for viral eradication is still needed. The cessation of ART results in rapid viral rebound from latently infected CD4+ T cells, showing that control of viral replication alone does not fully restore immune function, nor does it eradicate viral reservoirs. With a better understanding of factors and mechanisms that promote viral latency, current approaches are primarily focused on the permanent silencing of latently infected cells (“block and lock”) or reactivating HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected cells, in combination with immune restoration strategies to eliminate HIV infected cells from the host (“shock and kill”). In this review, we provide a summary of the current, most promising approaches for HIV-1 cure strategies, including an analysis of both latency-promoting agents (LPA) and latency-reversing agents (LRA) that have shown promise in vitro, ex vivo, and in human clinical trials to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation of HIV-1 Transcription and Latency)

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17 pages, 2898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Vitamin D Mitigates Coronavirus-Induced Lung Inflammation and Damage in Mice

by Gabriel Campolina-Silva, Ana Cláudia dos Santos Pereira Andrade, Manoela Couto, Paloma G. Bittencourt-Silva, Celso M. Queiroz-Junior, Larisse de Souza B. Lacerda, Ian de Meira Chaves, Leonardo C. de Oliveira, Fernanda Martins Marim, Cleida A. Oliveira, Glauber S. F. da Silva, Mauro Martins Teixeira and Vivian Vasconcelos Costa

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2434; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122434 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1914

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (β-CoV) betacoronavirus has posed a significant threat to global health. Despite the availability of vaccines, the virus continues to spread, and there is a need for alternative strategies to alleviate its impact. Vitamin D, a secosteroid [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (β-CoV) betacoronavirus has posed a significant threat to global health. Despite the availability of vaccines, the virus continues to spread, and there is a need for alternative strategies to alleviate its impact. Vitamin D, a secosteroid hormone best known for its role in bone health, exhibits immunomodulatory effects in certain viral infections. Here, we have shown that bioactive vitamin D (calcitriol) limits in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2 and murine coronaviruses MHV-3 and MHV-A59. Comparative studies involving wild-type mice intranasally infected with MHV-3, a model for studying β-CoV respiratory infections, confirmed the protective effect of vitamin D in vivo. Accordingly, mice fed a standard diet rapidly succumbed to MHV-3 infection, whereas those on a vitamin D-rich diet (10,000 IU of Vitamin D₃/kg) displayed increased resistance to acute respiratory damage and systemic complications. Consistent with these findings, the vitamin D-supplemented group exhibited lower viral titers in their lungs and reduced levels of TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ, alongside an enhanced type I interferon response. Altogether, our findings suggest vitamin D supplementation ameliorates β-CoV-triggered respiratory illness and systemic complications in mice, likely via modulation of the host’s immune response to the virus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral-Induced Inflammation)

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16 pages, 1918 KiB

Open AccessReview

Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals

by Malgorzata Kwasnik, Jerzy Rola and Wojciech Rozek

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2433; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122433 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2591

Abstract

Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV possesses unique properties that distinguish it from other influenza viruses, primarily attributed to the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) surface glycoprotein, [...] Read more.

Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV possesses unique properties that distinguish it from other influenza viruses, primarily attributed to the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) surface glycoprotein, which determines the virus’ tropism and wide host range. Cattle are postulated to be the reservoir of IDV, and the virus is identified as one of the causative agents of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) syndrome. Animals associated with humans and susceptible to IDV infection include camels, pigs, small ruminants, and horses. Notably, high seroprevalence towards IDV, apart from cattle, is also observed in camels, potentially constituting a reservoir of the virus. Among wild and captive animals, IDV infections have been confirmed in feral pigs, wild boars, deer, hedgehogs, giraffes, wildebeests, kangaroos, wallabies, and llamas. The transmission potential and host range of IDV may contribute to future viral differentiation. It has been confirmed that influenza D may pose a threat to humans as a zoonosis, with seroprevalence noted in people with professional contact with cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 2023)

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14 pages, 295 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Combination Antiretroviral Treatment on Liver Metabolic Health in HIV-Infected Persons

by Michał Biały, Marcin Czarnecki and Małgorzata Inglot

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2432; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122432 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2160

Abstract

In the last three decades, there has been a considerable improvement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is no longer a common cause of death for people living with HIV (PLWH) in developed countries, and co-infections with hepatitis viruses [...] Read more.

In the last three decades, there has been a considerable improvement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is no longer a common cause of death for people living with HIV (PLWH) in developed countries, and co-infections with hepatitis viruses can be effectively managed. However, metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are emerging threats these days, especially as the HIV-positive population gets older. The factors for MASLD development in PLWH are numerous, including non-specific (common for both HIV-positive and negative) and virus-specific. We focus on what is known for both, and in particular, on the burden of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for metabolic health and liver damage. We review data on contemporary drugs, including different groups and some particular agents in those groups. Among current ART regimens, the switch from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) and particularly its combination with integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) appear to have the most significant impact on metabolic disturbances by increasing insulin resistance, which over the years promotes the evolution of the cascade leading to metabolic syndrome (MetS), MASLD, and eventually metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

12 pages, 2626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Prophage-like Insertion Element within yabG Triggers Early Entry into Sporulation in Clostridium botulinum

by François P. Douillard, Inês Martins Portinha, Yağmur Derman, Cédric Woudstra, Tommi Mäklin, Martin B. Dorner, Hannu Korkeala, Adriano O. Henriques and Miia Lindström

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2431; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122431 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1288

Abstract

Sporulation is a finely regulated morphogenetic program important in the ecology and epidemiology of Clostridium botulinum. Exogenous elements disrupting sporulation-associated genes contribute to sporulation regulation and introduce diversity in the generally conserved sporulation programs of endospore formers. We identified a novel prophage-like [...] Read more.

Sporulation is a finely regulated morphogenetic program important in the ecology and epidemiology of Clostridium botulinum. Exogenous elements disrupting sporulation-associated genes contribute to sporulation regulation and introduce diversity in the generally conserved sporulation programs of endospore formers. We identified a novel prophage-like DNA segment, termed the yin element, inserted within yabG, encoding a sporulation-specific cysteine protease, in an environmental isolate of C. botulinum. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the genetic structure of the yin element resembles previously reported mobile intervening elements associated with sporulation genes. Within a pure C. botulinum culture, we observed two subpopulations of cells with the yin element either integrated into the yabG locus or excised as a circular DNA molecule. The dynamics between the two observed conformations of the yin element was growth-phase dependent and likely mediated by recombination events. The yin element was not required for sporulation by C. botulinum but triggered an earlier entry into sporulation than in a related isolate lacking this element. So far, the yin element has not been found in any other C. botulinum strains or other endospore-forming species. It remains to be demonstrated what kind of competitive edge it provides for C. botulinum survival and persistence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Bacteriophage Research in the Nordic Countries)

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12 pages, 1939 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cellular Release of Infectious Hepatitis C Virus Particles via Endosomal Pathways

by Lin Deng, Muchamad Ridotu Solichin, Dewa Nyoman Murti Adyaksa, Maria Alethea Septianastiti, Rhamadianti Aulia Fitri, Gede Ngurah Rsi Suwardan, Chieko Matsui, Takayuki Abe and Ikuo Shoji

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2430; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122430 - 14 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1737

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The release of infectious HCV particles from infected hepatocytes is a crucial step in viral dissemination and disease progression. While the exact mechanisms of [...] Read more.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The release of infectious HCV particles from infected hepatocytes is a crucial step in viral dissemination and disease progression. While the exact mechanisms of HCV particle release remain poorly understood, emerging evidence suggests that HCV utilizes intracellular membrane trafficking and secretory pathways. These pathways include the Golgi secretory pathway and the endosomal trafficking pathways, such as the recycling endosome pathway and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) pathway. This review provides an overview of recent advances in understanding the release of infectious HCV particles, with a particular focus on the involvement of the host cell factors that participate in HCV particle release. By summarizing the current knowledge in this area, this review aims to contribute to a better understanding of endosomal pathways involved in the extracellular release of HCV particles and the development of novel antiviral strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assembly of RNA Viruses)

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28 pages, 8408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grapevine Virome of the Don Ampelographic Collection in Russia Has Concealed Five Novel Viruses

by Daria Belkina, Daria Karpova, Elena Porotikova, Ilya Lifanov and Svetlana Vinogradova

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2429; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122429 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2123

Abstract

In this study, an analysis of the virome of 51 grapevines from the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya. I. Potapenko (Russia) was performed using high-throughput sequencing of total RNA. A total of 20 previously described grapevine viruses and 4 viroids were identified. [...] Read more.

In this study, an analysis of the virome of 51 grapevines from the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya. I. Potapenko (Russia) was performed using high-throughput sequencing of total RNA. A total of 20 previously described grapevine viruses and 4 viroids were identified. The most detected were grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (98%), hop stunt viroid (98%), grapevine Pinot gris virus (96%), grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 (94%), and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV, 80%). Among the economically significant viruses, the most present were grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (37%), grapevine virus A (24%), and grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (16%). For the first time in Russia, a grapevine-associated tymo-like virus (78%) was detected. After a bioinformatics analysis, 123 complete or nearly complete viral genomes and 64 complete viroid genomes were assembled. An analysis of the phylogenetic relationships with reported global isolates was performed. We discovered and characterized the genomes of five novel grapevine viruses: bipartite dsRNA grapevine alphapartitivirus (genus Alphapartitivirus, family Partitiviridae), bipartite (+) ssRNA grapevine secovirus (genus Fabavirus, family Secoviridae) and three (+) ssRNA grapevine umbra-like viruses 2, -3, -4 (which phylogenetically occupy an intermediate position between representatives of the genus Umbravirus and umbravirus-like associated RNAs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Metagenomics)

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11 pages, 2382 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Molecular Characterization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from Field Samples in South Korea

by Bac Tran Le, Hansani Chathurika Gallage, Min-Hui Kim and Jung-Eun Park

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122428 - 14 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1248

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious enteric pathogen of swine. PEDV has been a major problem in the pig industry since its first identification in 1992. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity, molecular characteristics, and phylogenetic [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious enteric pathogen of swine. PEDV has been a major problem in the pig industry since its first identification in 1992. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity, molecular characteristics, and phylogenetic relationships of PEDVs in field samples from Korea. Six PEDVs were identified from the field samples, and the full spike (S) glycoprotein gene sequences were analyzed. A phylogenetic analysis of the S gene sequences from the six isolates revealed that they were clustered into the G2b subgroup with genetic distance. The genetic identity of the nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of the S genes of those isolates was 97.9–100% and 97.4–100%, respectively. A BLAST search for new PEDVs revealed an identity greater than 99.5% compared to the highest similarity of two different Korean strains. The CO-26K equivalent (COE) epitope had a 521H→Y/Q amino acid substitution compared to the subgroup G2b reference strain (KNU-1305). The CNU-22S11 had 28 amino acid substitutions compared to the KNU-1305 strain, which included two newly identified amino acid substitutions: 562S→F and 763P→L in the COE and SS6 epitopes, respectively. Furthermore, the addition and loss of N-linked glycosylation were observed in the CNU-22S11. The results suggest that various strains of PEDV are prevalent and undergoing evolution at swine farms in South Korea and can affect receptor specificity, virus pathogenicity, and host immune system evasion. Overall, this study provides an increased understanding of the prevalence and control of PEDV in South Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)

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14 pages, 2876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection on HIV Reservoirs and T-Cell Immune Recovery in 3-Dose Vaccinated People Living with HIV

by Meng-Meng Qu, Bing Song, Bao-Peng Yang, Zerui Wang, Minrui Yu, Yi Zhang, Chao Zhang, Jin-Wen Song, Xing Fan, Ruonan Xu, Ji-Yuan Zhang, Chun-Bao Zhou, Fengxia Du, Fu-Sheng Wang, Hui-Huang Huang and Yan-Mei Jiao

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122427 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1286

Abstract

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are a vulnerable population with a higher risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); therefore, vaccination is recommended as a priority. Data on viral reservoirs and immunologic outcomes for PLWH breakthrough infected with severe acute respiratory [...] Read more.

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are a vulnerable population with a higher risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); therefore, vaccination is recommended as a priority. Data on viral reservoirs and immunologic outcomes for PLWH breakthrough infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are currently limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection on hematological parameters, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir size, and T-cell recovery in PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) after SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination. The results indicated that during breakthrough infection, booster vaccination with homologous and heterologous vaccines was safe in PLWH after receiving two doses of inactivated vaccination. The absolute CD4 counts decreased in the heterologous group, whereas the CD8 counts decreased in the homologous booster group after breakthrough infection in PLWH. Breakthrough infection increased HIV reservoirs and was associated with increased T-cell activation in PLWH who received virally suppressed ART and a 3-dose vaccination. According to our data, the breakthrough infection of SARS-CoV-2 may put PLWH at a greater risk for increased HIV reservoirs, even if these individuals were virally suppressed with ART after 3-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recombinant Variants of SARS-CoV-2)

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21 pages, 370 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Literature Review of Treatment-Emergent Integrase Resistance with Dolutegravir-Based Regimens in Real-World Settings

by Cassidy Henegar, Emilio Letang, Ruolan Wang, Charles Hicks, Dainielle Fox, Bryn Jones, Annemiek de Ruiter and Vani Vannappagari

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2426; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122426 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1694

Abstract

After a decade of dolutegravir (DTG) use in various antiretroviral therapy combinations and in diverse populations globally, it is critical to identify HIV strains with reduced drug susceptibility and monitor emergent resistance in people living with HIV who experience virologic failure while on [...] Read more.

After a decade of dolutegravir (DTG) use in various antiretroviral therapy combinations and in diverse populations globally, it is critical to identify HIV strains with reduced drug susceptibility and monitor emergent resistance in people living with HIV who experience virologic failure while on DTG-based regimens. We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases to identify studies that reported DTG resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) emerging under selection pressure. Our review showed that RAMs conferring resistance to DTG were rare in 2-drug and 3-drug regimens used in real-world cohorts, corroborating data from clinical trials. The potency of DTG in maintaining virologic suppression was demonstrated, even in cases of pre-existing resistance to companion drugs in the regimen. Estimates of DTG RAMs depended on the population and certain risk factors, including monotherapy, baseline resistance or lack of genotypic testing, treatment history and prior virologic failure, and suboptimal treatment adherence. The RAMs detected after virologic failure, often in heavily treatment-experienced individuals with prior exposure to integrase strand transfer inhibitors, were G118R, E138K, G140A/C/R/S, Q148H/K/R, N155H, and R263K. Overall, these data highlight the durable effectiveness and high barrier to resistance of DTG as part of combination antiretroviral therapy in a wide variety of settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current ART, Virologic Failure and Implications for HIV Drug Resistance)

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Viruses, Volume 15, Issue 12 (December 2023) – 176 articles

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