Electromaterials for Environment & Energy

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

In a developing world, the demands for energy, water on one side and the damage to the integrity of our environment on the other side are constantly increasing. Electrochemistry can be a great tool to solve these problems, with an impact that we can minimize or at least control in our environment, since the main driver of the reaction is the electron that can be produced by sustainable routes.

In electrochemical approaches of energy conversion and production, as well as in drinking water production or wastewater treatment, materials and interfaces are key pieces that will greatly affect system performance.

The objective of this topic is to propose a set of publications bringing together the trends of current research in the fields of energy, water and environmental pollution treatment, with a focus on the control of the material and interfaces, with a view to the optimization of processes.

Prof. Dr. Marc Cretin
Dr. Sophie Tingry
Dr. Zhenghua Tang
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Electrochem electrochem	-	7.4	2020	20.5 Days	CHF 1000
Materials materials	3.2	6.4	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600
Membranes membranes	3.6	7.9	2011	14.9 Days	CHF 2200
Nanomaterials nanomaterials	4.3	9.2	2010	14.1 Days	CHF 2400
Catalysts catalysts	4.0	7.6	2011	13.9 Days	CHF 2200

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Published Papers (58 papers)

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26 pages, 10830 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Comparative Review on the Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries (AZIBs) and Flexible Zinc-Ion Batteries (FZIBs)

by Md. Al-Amin, Saiful Islam, Sayed Ul Alam Shibly and Samia Iffat

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(22), 3997; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12223997 - 13 Nov 2022

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 10516

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been considered an easily accessible battery technology because of their low weight, cheapness, etc. Unfortunately, they have significant drawbacks, such as flammability and scarcity of lithium. Since the components of zinc-ion batteries are nonflammable, nontoxic, and cheap, AZIBs could [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been considered an easily accessible battery technology because of their low weight, cheapness, etc. Unfortunately, they have significant drawbacks, such as flammability and scarcity of lithium. Since the components of zinc-ion batteries are nonflammable, nontoxic, and cheap, AZIBs could be a suitable replacement for LIBs. In this article, the advantages and drawbacks of AZIBs over other energy storage devices are briefly discussed. This review focused on the cathode materials and electrolytes for AZIBs. In addition, we discussed the approaches to improve the electrochemical performance of zinc batteries. Here, we also discussed the polymer gel electrolytes and the electrodes for flexible zinc-ion batteries (FZIBs). Moreover, we have outlined the importance of temperature and additives in a flexible zinc-ion battery. Finally, we have discussed anode materials for both AZIBs and FZIBs. This review has summarized the advantages and disadvantages of AZIBs and FZIBs for future applications in commercial battery technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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1 pages, 158 KiB  

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Chen et al. New n-p Junction Floating Gate to Enhance the Operation Performance of a Semiconductor Memory Device. Materials 2022, 15, 3640

by Yi-Yueh Chen, Su-Jien Lin and Shou-Yi Chang

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6738; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196738 - 28 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1213

Abstract

The authors would like to make corrections to a recently published paper [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

26 pages, 3527 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Development and Applications of Embedded Passives and Interconnects Employing Nanomaterials

by Shanggui Deng, Sharad Bhatnagar, Shan He, Nabeel Ahmad, Abdul Rahaman, Jingrong Gao, Jagriti Narang, Ibrahim Khalifa and Anindya Nag

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193284 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2612

Abstract

The advent of nanotechnology has initiated a profound revolution in almost all spheres of technology. The electronics industry is concerned with the ongoing miniaturization of devices and as such requires packaging technologies that will make the devices more compact and resilient. 3D packaging, [...] Read more.

The advent of nanotechnology has initiated a profound revolution in almost all spheres of technology. The electronics industry is concerned with the ongoing miniaturization of devices and as such requires packaging technologies that will make the devices more compact and resilient. 3D packaging, system in package, and system on chip are the various packaging techniques that utilize nanoscale components for their implementation. The active components of the ICs have kept pace with Moore’s law, but the passive components have proven an impediment in the race for miniaturization. Moreover, the toxic effects and nano-scale problems associated with conventional soldering techniques have entailed the active involvement of nanotechnology in the search for answers. Recent advances in these fields and the diverse nanomaterials which are being employed to resolve these issues have been discussed in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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14 pages, 3196 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Versatile Bifunctional and Supported IrNi Oxide Catalyst for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

by Sifani Zavahir, Umme Hafsa, Hyunwoong Park and Dong Suk Han

Catalysts 2022, 12(9), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12091056 - 16 Sep 2022

Viewed by 2661

Abstract

Designing a high-performance electrocatalyst that operates with photon-level energy is of the utmost importance in order to address the world’s urgent energy concerns. Herein, we report IrNi nanoparticles uniformly distributed on cost-effective activated carbon support with a low mass loading of 3% by [...] Read more.

Designing a high-performance electrocatalyst that operates with photon-level energy is of the utmost importance in order to address the world’s urgent energy concerns. Herein, we report IrNi nanoparticles uniformly distributed on cost-effective activated carbon support with a low mass loading of 3% by weight to drive the overall water splitting reaction under light illumination over a wide pH range. The prepared IrNi nanomaterials were extensively characterized by SEM/EDX, TEM, XRD, Raman, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The experimental results demonstrate that when the Ir:Ni ratio is 4:1, the water splitting rate is high at 32 and 25 mA cm⁻² for hydrogen (at −1.16 V) and oxygen evolution reactions (at 1.8 V) in alkaline electrolyte, respectively, upon the light irradiation (100 mW cm⁻²). The physical and electrochemical characterization of metal and alloy combinations show that the cumulative effect of relatively high crystallinity (among the materials used in this study), reduced charge recombination rate, and improved oxygen vacancies observed with the 4Ir1Ni@AC electrode is the reason for the superior activity obtained. A high level of durability for hydrogen and oxygen evolution under light illumination is seen in the chronoamperometric study over 15 h of operation. Overall water splitting examined in 0.1 M of NaOH medium at a 50 mV s⁻¹ scan rate showed a cell voltage of 1.94 V at a 10 mA cm⁻² current density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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19 pages, 4307 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Large Electrocaloric Responsivity and Energy Storage Response in the Lead-Free Ba(Ge_xTi_1−x)O₃ Ceramics

by Bouchra Asbani, Yaovi Gagou, Said Ben Moumen, Jean-Luc Dellis, Abdelilah Lahmar, M’Barek Amjoud, Daoud Mezzane, Mimoun El Marssi, Brigita Rozic and Zdravko Kutnjak

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155227 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2557

Abstract

Ferroelectric property that induces electrocaloric effect was investigated in Ba(Ge_xTi_1−x)O₃ ceramics, known as BTGx. X-ray diffraction analysis shows pure perovskite phases in tetragonal symmetry compatible with the P4mm (No. 99) space group. Dielectric permittivity exhibits [...] Read more.

Ferroelectric property that induces electrocaloric effect was investigated in Ba(Ge_xTi_1−x)O₃ ceramics, known as BTGx. X-ray diffraction analysis shows pure perovskite phases in tetragonal symmetry compatible with the P4mm (No. 99) space group. Dielectric permittivity exhibits first-order ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition, confirmed by specific heat measurements, similar to that observed in BaTiO₃ (BTO) crystal. Curie temperature varies weakly as a function of Ge-content. Using the direct and indirect method, we confirmed that the adiabatic temperature change ΔT reached its higher value of 0.9 K under 8 kV/cm for the composition BTG6, corresponding to an electrocaloric responsivity ΔT/ΔE of 1.13 × 10⁻⁶ K.m/V. Such electrocaloric responsivity significantly exceeds those obtained so far in other barium titanate-based lead-free electrocaloric ceramic materials. Energy storage investigations show promising results: stored energy density of ~17 mJ/cm³ and an energy efficiency of ~88% in the composition BTG5. These results classify the studied materials as candidates for cooling devices and energy storage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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22 pages, 6625 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Review of the Electrospinning Process and the Electro-Conversion of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into Added-Value Chemicals

by Maximilien Coronas, Yaovi Holade and David Cornu

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124336 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3317

Abstract

Electrochemical converters (electrolyzers, fuel cells, and batteries) have gained prominence during the last decade for the unavoidable energy transition and the sustainable synthesis of platform chemicals. One of the key elements of these systems is the electrode material on which the electrochemical reactions [...] Read more.

Electrochemical converters (electrolyzers, fuel cells, and batteries) have gained prominence during the last decade for the unavoidable energy transition and the sustainable synthesis of platform chemicals. One of the key elements of these systems is the electrode material on which the electrochemical reactions occur, and therefore its design will impact their performance. This review focuses on the electrospinning method by examining a number of features of experimental conditions. Electrospinning is a fiber-spinning technology used to produce three-dimensional and ultrafine fibers with tunable diameters and lengths. The thermal treatment and the different analyses are discussed to understand the changes in the polymer to create usable electrode materials. Electrospun fibers have unique properties such as high surface area, high porosity, tunable surface properties, and low cost, among others. Furthermore, a little introduction to the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) electrooxidation coupled to H₂ production was included to show the benefit of upgrading biomass derivates in electrolyzers. Indeed, environmental and geopolitical constraints lead to shifts towards organic/inorganic electrosynthesis, which allows for one to dispense with polluting, toxic and expensive reagents. The electrooxidation of HMF instead of water (OER, oxygen evolution reaction) in an electrolyzer can be elegantly controlled to electro-synthesize added-value organic chemicals while lowering the required energy for CO₂-free H₂ production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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12 pages, 3955 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Insight into a Nitrogen-Doping Mechanism in a Hard-Carbon-Microsphere Anode Material for the Long-Term Cycling of Potassium-Ion Batteries

by Changdong Chen, Kai Zhao, Ming La and Chenghao Yang

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124249 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2946

Abstract

To investigate the alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries have attracted considerable interest due to the cost-efficiency of potassium resources and the relatively lower standard redox potential of K⁺/K. Among various alternative anode materials, hard carbon has the advantages of extensive [...] Read more.

To investigate the alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries have attracted considerable interest due to the cost-efficiency of potassium resources and the relatively lower standard redox potential of K⁺/K. Among various alternative anode materials, hard carbon has the advantages of extensive resources, low cost, and environmental protection. In the present study, we synthesize a nitrogen-doping hard-carbon-microsphere (N-SHC) material as an anode for potassium-ion batteries. N-SHC delivers a high reversible capacity of 248 mAh g⁻¹ and a promoted rate performance (93 mAh g⁻¹ at 2 A g⁻¹). Additionally, the nitrogen-doping N-SHC material also exhibits superior cycling long-term stability, where the N-SHC electrode maintains a high reversible capacity at 200 mAh g⁻¹ with a capacity retention of 81% after 600 cycles. DFT calculations assess the change in K ions’ absorption energy and diffusion barriers at different N-doping effects. Compared with an original hard-carbon material, pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N defects introduced by N-doping display a positive effect on both K ions’ absorption and diffusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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11 pages, 4405 KiB  

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improving the Stability of Lithium Aluminum Germanium Phosphate with Lithium Metal by Interface Engineering

by Yue Zhang, Hanshuo Liu, Zhong Xie, Wei Qu and Jian Liu

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(11), 1912; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111912 - 3 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2841

Abstract

Lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP) solid electrolyte is receiving increasing attention due to its high ionic conductivity and low air sensitivity. However, the poor interface compatibility between lithium (Li) metal and LAGP remains the main challenge in developing all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLB) with [...] Read more.

Lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP) solid electrolyte is receiving increasing attention due to its high ionic conductivity and low air sensitivity. However, the poor interface compatibility between lithium (Li) metal and LAGP remains the main challenge in developing all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLB) with a long cycle life. Herein, this work introduces a thin aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) film on the surface of the LAGP pellet as a physical barrier to Li/LAGP interface by the atomic layer deposition technique. It is found that this layer induces the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase, which significantly improves the structural and electrochemical stability of LAGP toward metallic Li. As a result, the optimized symmetrical cell exhibits a long lifetime of 360 h with an areal capacity of 0.2 mAh cm⁻² and a current density of 0.2 mA cm⁻². This strategy provides new insights into the stabilization of the solid electrolyte/Li interface to boost the development of ASSLB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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12 pages, 2620 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Coupling LaNiO₃ Nanorods with FeOOH Nanosheets for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

by Minghong Sun, Qicheng Zhang, Qiming Chen, Xiaohan Hou, Wenchao Peng, Yang Li, Fengbao Zhang, Qing Xia and Xiaobin Fan

Catalysts 2022, 12(6), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12060594 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3316

Abstract

Perovskite-based electrocatalysts with compositional flexibility and tunable electronic structures have emerged as one of the promising non-noble metal candidates for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, we propose a heterostructure comprising perovskite oxide (LaNiO₃) nanorods and iron oxide hydroxide (FeOOH) nanosheets as [...] Read more.

Perovskite-based electrocatalysts with compositional flexibility and tunable electronic structures have emerged as one of the promising non-noble metal candidates for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, we propose a heterostructure comprising perovskite oxide (LaNiO₃) nanorods and iron oxide hydroxide (FeOOH) nanosheets as an effective electrochemical catalyst for OER. The optimized 0.25Fe-LNO catalyst with an interesting 1D-2D hierarchical structure shows a low overpotential of 284 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and a small Tafel slope of 69 mV dec⁻¹. The enhanced performance can be explained by the synergistic effect between LaNiO₃ and FeOOH, resulting in an improved electrochemically active surface area, facilitated charge transfer and the optimized adsorption of OH intermediates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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21 pages, 7017 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Conversion Kinetics and Ionic Conductivity in Na-β”-Alumina + YSZ (Naβ”AY) Sodium Solid Electrolyte via Vapor Phase Conversion Process

by Liangzhu Zhu and Anil V. Virkar

Membranes 2022, 12(6), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060567 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3107

Abstract

Sodium ion batteries have been receiving increasing attention and may see potential revival in the near future, particularly in large-scale grid energy storage coupling with wind and solar power generation, due to the abundant sodium resources, low cost, and sufficiently high energy density. [...] Read more.

Sodium ion batteries have been receiving increasing attention and may see potential revival in the near future, particularly in large-scale grid energy storage coupling with wind and solar power generation, due to the abundant sodium resources, low cost, and sufficiently high energy density. Among the known sodium ion conductors, the Na-β”-alumina electrolyte remains highly attractive because of its high ionic conductivity. This study focuses on the vapor phase synthesis of a Na-β”-Alumina + YSZ (Naβ”AY) composite sodium electrolyte, which has higher mechanical strength and stability than conventional single phase β”-Alumina. The objectives are the measurement of conversion kinetics through a newly developed weight-gain based model and the determination of sodium ionic conductivity in the composite electrolyte. Starting samples contained ~70 vol% α-Alumina and ~30 vol% YSZ (3 mol% Y₂O₃ stabilized Zirconia) with and without a thin alumina surface layer made by sintering in air at 1600 °C. The sintered samples were placed in a powder of Na-β”-alumina and heat-treated at 1250 °C for various periods. Sample dimensions and weight were measured as a function of heat treatment time. The conversion of α-Alumina in the α-Alumina + YSZ composite into Naβ”AY occurred by coupled diffusion of sodium ions through Na-β”-alumina and of oxygen ions through YSZ, effectively diffusing Na₂O. From the analysis of the time dependence of sample mass and dimensions, the effective diffusion coefficient of Na₂O through the sample, $D_{eff}$, was estimated to be 1.74 × 10⁻⁷ cm² s⁻¹, and the effective interface transfer parameter, $k_{eff}$, was estimated as 2.33 × 10⁻⁶ cm s⁻¹. By depositing a thin alumina coating layer on top of the bulk composite, the chemical diffusion coefficient of oxygen through single phase Na-β”-alumina was estimated as 4.35 × 10⁻¹⁰ cm² s⁻¹. An AC impedance measurement was performed on a fully converted Naβ”AY composite, and the conductivity of the composite electrolyte was 1.3 × 10⁻¹ S cm⁻¹ at 300 °C and 1.6 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at 25 °C, indicating promising applications in solid state or molten salt batteries at low to intermediate temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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17 pages, 3762 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Degassing Treatment on the Ink Properties and Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

by Pengcheng Liu, Daijun Yang, Bing Li, Cunman Zhang and Pingwen Ming

Membranes 2022, 12(5), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12050541 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5293

Abstract

Degradation occurs in catalyst inks because of the catalytic oxidation of the solvent. Identification of the generation process of impurities and their effects on the properties of HSC ink and LSC ink is crucial in mitigating them. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [...] Read more.

Degradation occurs in catalyst inks because of the catalytic oxidation of the solvent. Identification of the generation process of impurities and their effects on the properties of HSC ink and LSC ink is crucial in mitigating them. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that oxidation of NPA and EA was the primary cause of impurities such as acetic acid, aldehyde, propionic acid, propanal, 1,1-dipropoxypropane, and propyl propionate. After the degassing treatment, the degradation of the HSC ink was suppressed, and the concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, and propyl propionate plummeted from 0.0898 wt.%, 0.00224 wt.%, and 0.00046 wt.% to 0.0025 wt.%, 0.0126 wt.%, and 0.0003 wt.%, respectively. The smaller particle size and higher zeta potential in the degassed HSC ink indicated the higher utilization of Pt, thus leading to optimized mass transfer in the catalyst layer (CL) during working conditions. The electrochemical performance test result shows that the MEA fabricated from the degassed HSC ink had a peak power density of 0.84 W cm⁻², which was 0.21 W cm⁻² higher than that fabricated from the normal HSC ink. However, the introduction of propionic acid in the LSC ink caused the Marangoni flux to inhibit the coffee ring effect and promote the uniform deposition of the catalyst. The RDE tests indicated that the electrode deposited from the LSC ink with propionic acid possessed a mass activity of 84.4 mA∙mg_Pt⁻¹, which was higher than the 60.5 mA∙mg_Pt⁻¹ of the electrode deposited from the normal LSC ink. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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10 pages, 3059 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

New n-p Junction Floating Gate to Enhance the Operation Performance of a Semiconductor Memory Device

by Yi-Yueh Chen, Su-Jien Lin and Shou-Yi Chang

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3640; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103640 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2581 | Correction

Abstract

To lower the charge leakage of a floating gate device and improve the operation performance of memory devices toward a smaller structure size and a higher component capability, two new types of floating gates composed of pn-type polysilicon or np-type polysilicon were developed [...] Read more.

To lower the charge leakage of a floating gate device and improve the operation performance of memory devices toward a smaller structure size and a higher component capability, two new types of floating gates composed of pn-type polysilicon or np-type polysilicon were developed in this study. Their microstructure and elemental compositions were investigated, and the sheet resistance, threshold voltages and erasing voltages were measured. The experimental results and charge simulation indicated that, by forming an n-p junction in the floating gate, the sheet resistance was increased, and the charge leakage was reduced because of the formation of a carrier depletion zone at the junction interface serving as an intrinsic potential barrier. Additionally, the threshold voltage and erasing voltage of the np-type floating gate were elevated, suggesting that the performance of the floating gate in the operation of memory devices can be effectively improved without the application of new materials or changes to the physical structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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14 pages, 1701 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Silver-Carbonaceous Microsphere Precursor-Derived Nano-Coral Ag Catalyst for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction

by Xiangxiang Li, Shuling Chang, Yanting Wang and Lihong Zhang

Catalysts 2022, 12(5), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050479 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2896

Abstract

The selective and effective conversion of CO₂ into available chemicals by electrochemical methods was applied as a promising way to mitigate the environment and energy crisis. Metal silver is regarded as an efficient electrocatalyst that can selectively convert CO₂ into CO [...] Read more.

The selective and effective conversion of CO₂ into available chemicals by electrochemical methods was applied as a promising way to mitigate the environment and energy crisis. Metal silver is regarded as an efficient electrocatalyst that can selectively convert CO₂ into CO at room temperature. In this paper, a series of coral-like porous Ag (CD-Ag) catalysts were fabricated by calcining silver-carbonaceous microsphere (Ag/CM) precursors with different Ag content and the formation mechanism of CD-Ag catalysts was proposed involving the Ag precursor reduction and CM oxidation. In the selective electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to CO, the catalyst 15 CD-Ag showed a stable current density at −6.3 mA/cm² with a Faraday efficiency (FE) of ca. 90% for CO production over 5 h in −0.95 V vs. RHE. The excellent performance of the 15 CD-Ag catalysts is ascribed to the special surface chemical state and the particular nano-coral porous structure with uniformly distributed Ag particles and pore structure, which can enhance the electrochemical active surface areas (ECSA) and provide more active sites and porosity compared with other CD-Ag catalysts and even Ag foil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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16 pages, 3221 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

NiFe₂O₄/Ketjen Black Composites as Efficient Membrane Separators to Suppress the Shuttle Effect for Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

by Wen Jiang, Lingling Dong, Shuanghui Liu, Shuangshuang Zhao, Kairu Han, Weimin Zhang, Kefeng Pan and Lipeng Zhang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(8), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12081347 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3130

Abstract

Lithium-sulfur batteries exhibit great potential as one of the most promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical energy density and specific capacity. However, the shuttle effect of the soluble polysulfide intermediates could lead to a severe self-discharge effect that hinders the [...] Read more.

Lithium-sulfur batteries exhibit great potential as one of the most promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical energy density and specific capacity. However, the shuttle effect of the soluble polysulfide intermediates could lead to a severe self-discharge effect that hinders the development of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this paper, a battery separator has been prepared based on NiFe₂O₄/Ketjen Black (KB) modification by a simple method to solve the shuttle effect and improve the battery performance. The as-modified separator with the combination of small-size KB and NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles can effectively use the physical and chemical double-layer adsorption to prevent polysulfide from the shuttle. Moreover, it can give full play to its catalytic effect to improve the conversion efficiency of polysulfide and activate the dead sulfur. The results show that the NiFe₂O₄/KB-modified separator battery still maintains a discharge capacity of 406.27 mAh/g after 1000 stable cycles at a high current density of 1 C. Furthermore, the coulombic efficiency remains at 99%, and the average capacity attenuation per cycle is only 0.051%. This simple and effective method can significantly improve the application capacity of lithium-sulfur batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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10 pages, 2350 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Sn/SnO₂/C Nano-Composite Structure: High-Performance Negative Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Jaffer Saddique, Honglie Shen, Jiawei Ge, Xiaomin Huo, Nasir Rahman, Muhammad Mushtaq, Khaled Althubeiti and Hamza Al-Shehri

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2475; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072475 - 27 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3602

Abstract

Tin oxide (SnO₂) and tin-based composites along with carbon have attracted significant interest as negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, tin-based composite electrodes have some critical drawbacks, such as high volume expansion, low capacity at high current density due to [...] Read more.

Tin oxide (SnO₂) and tin-based composites along with carbon have attracted significant interest as negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, tin-based composite electrodes have some critical drawbacks, such as high volume expansion, low capacity at high current density due to low ionic conductivity, and poor cycle stability. Moreover, complex preparation methods and high-cost carbon coating procedures are considered main challenges in the commercialization of tin-based electrodes for LIBs. In this study, we prepared a Sn/SnO₂/C nano-composite structure by employing a low-cost hydrothermal method, where Sn nanoparticles were oxidized in glucose and carboxymethyl cellulose CMC was introduced into the solution. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope revealed the irregular structure of Sn nanoparticles and SnO₂ phases in the conductive carbon matrix. The as-prepared Sn/SnO₂/C nano-composite showed high first-cycle reversible discharge capacity (2248 mAhg⁻¹) at 100 mAg⁻¹ with a first coulombic efficiency of 70%, and also displayed 474.64 mAhg⁻¹ at the relatively high current density of about 500 mAg⁻¹ after 100 cycles. A low-cost Sn/SnO₂/C nano-composite with significant electrochemical performance could be the next generation of high-performance negative electrodes for LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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14 pages, 8229 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Improving Energy Harvesting from Bridge Vibration Excited by Moving Vehicles with a Bi-Stable Harvester

by Zhiyong Zhou, Haiwei Zhang, Weiyang Qin, Pei Zhu and Wenfeng Du

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062237 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2807

Abstract

To monitor the health status of the bridge, many sensors are needed to be mounted on it. Converting bridge vibration energy to electrical energy is considered as a potential solution to the problem of providing reliable electric power to these sensors. The objective [...] Read more.

To monitor the health status of the bridge, many sensors are needed to be mounted on it. Converting bridge vibration energy to electrical energy is considered as a potential solution to the problem of providing reliable electric power to these sensors. The objective of this work is to present an operable strategy for improving the electric energy output of a piezoelectric energy harvester installed on a bridge by introducing bi-stable characteristics. A bi-stable harvester is proposed. By adjusting the tip and fixed magnets, different types of potential energy can be generated, and then the harvester can exhibit the linear, mono-stable and bi-stable characteristics. In the bi-stable state, the harvester triggers snap-through motions easily and generates large outputs. The corresponding prototype was fabricated, and the experiment was carried out to validate the advantage of the bi-stable energy harvester. The experiment results show that the bi-stable energy harvester outperforms the classical linear harvester over the whole range of vehicle speed. As the vehicle speed exceeds a critical one, the snap-through motion will happen, which is beneficial to enhancing the electricity output. This conceptual design may provide guidance for promoting the performance of bridge energy harvesting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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11 pages, 6142 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Sintering Densification of Multi-Scale Silver Layer

by Peijie Liang, Zhiliang Pan, Liang Tang, Guoqi Zhang, Daoguo Yang, Siliang He and Haidong Yan

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062232 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3988

Abstract

Based on molecular dynamics (MD), in this study, a model was established to simulate the initial coating morphology of silver paste by using a random algorithm, and the effects of different sizes of particles on sintering porosity were also analyzed. The MD result [...] Read more.

Based on molecular dynamics (MD), in this study, a model was established to simulate the initial coating morphology of silver paste by using a random algorithm, and the effects of different sizes of particles on sintering porosity were also analyzed. The MD result reveals that compared with the sintering process using large-scale silver particles, the sintering process using multi-scale silver particles would enhance the densification under the same sintering conditions, which authenticates the feasibility of adding small silver particles to large-scale silver particles in theory. In addition, to further verify the feasibility of the multi-scale sintering, a semi in-situ observation was prepared for a sintering experiment using micro-nano multi-scale silver paste. The feasibility of multi-scale silver sintering is proved by theoretical and experimental means, which can provide a meaningful reference for optimizing the sintering process and the preparation of silver paste for die-attach in powering electronics industry. In addition, it is hoped that better progress can be made on this basis in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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15 pages, 9253 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Water Management for μDMFC with Foamed Stainless Steel Cathode Current Collector

by Fan Zhang, Yanhui Zhang and Zhengang Zhao

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(6), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12060948 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2572

Abstract

For micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC), water flooding on the cathode seriously affects the performance stability. Additionally, the effect of material and wettability of the cathode current collector (CCC) on the drainage capacity is studied to improve the μDMFC’s [...] Read more.

For micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC), water flooding on the cathode seriously affects the performance stability. Additionally, the effect of material and wettability of the cathode current collector (CCC) on the drainage capacity is studied to improve the μDMFC’s performance. To this end, a CCC with foamed stainless steel was prepared to assemble the μDMFC due to its absorbency. Further, based on analyzing the gas–liquid two-phase flow characteristics of the μDMFC cathode, it was found that the gradient wettability CCC could accelerate the discharge of cathode water. Hence, the foam stainless steel CCC was partially immersed in a KOH solution to complete the gradient corrosion using its capillary force. Then, four different types of gradient wettability CCC were prepared by controlling the time of chemical corrosion. Finally, the performance of the μDMFC with different gradient wettability CCC was tested at room temperature using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and discharge voltage. The experimental results show that the gradient wettability CCC can improve the performance of the μDMFC by slowing down the rate of cathode flooding. The optimum corrosion time is 5 min at a concentration of 1 mol/L. Under these conditions, the CCC has the best gradient wettability, and the μDMFC has the lowest total impedance. The discharge voltage of the μDMFC with corroded CCC is increased by 33.33% compared to the uncorroded CCC μDMFC. The gradient wettability CCC designed in this study is economical, convenient, and practical for water management of the μDMFC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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Supplementary material:
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14 pages, 2410 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

VO₂ as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

by Yun-Hyuk Choi

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(6), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12060939 - 12 Mar 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4136

Abstract

Herein, we report high electrocatalytic activity of monoclinic VO₂ (M1 phase) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for the first time. The single-phase VO₂ (M1) nanoparticles are prepared in the form of uniformly covering the surface of individual carbon fibers constituting [...] Read more.

Herein, we report high electrocatalytic activity of monoclinic VO₂ (M1 phase) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for the first time. The single-phase VO₂ (M1) nanoparticles are prepared in the form of uniformly covering the surface of individual carbon fibers constituting a carbon fiber paper (CFP). The VO₂ nanoparticles reveal the metal-insulator phase transition at ca. 65 °C (heating) and 62 °C (cooling) with low thermal hysteresis, indicating a high concentration of structural defect which is considered a grain boundary among VO₂ nanoparticles with some particle coalescence. Consequently, the VO₂/CFP shows a high electrocatalytic OER activity with the lowest η₁₀ (350 mV) and Tafel slope (46 mV/dec) values in a 1 M aqueous solution of KOH as compared to those of the vacuum annealed V₂O₅ and the hydrothermally grown VO₂ (M1), α-V₂O₅, and γ′-V₂O₅. The catalytically active site is considered V⁴⁺ components and V^4+/5+ redox couples in VO₂. The oxidation state of V⁴⁺ is revealed to be more favorable to the OER catalysis compared to that of V⁵⁺ in vanadium oxide through comparative studies. Furthermore, the amount of V⁵⁺ component is found to be increased on the surface of VO₂ catalyst during the OER, giving rise to the performance degradation. This work suggests V⁴⁺ and its redox couple as a novel active component for the OER in metal-oxide electrocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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13 pages, 4849 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Computation of the Electrical Resistance of a Low Current Multi-Spot Contact

by Gideon Gwanzuwang Dankat and Laurentiu Marius Dumitran

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062056 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5794

Abstract

In high complexity electrical systems such as those used in the automotive industries, electric connectors play an important role. The automotive industry is gradually shifting its attention to electric cars, which means more electrical connectors for sensors and data collection. A fault in [...] Read more.

In high complexity electrical systems such as those used in the automotive industries, electric connectors play an important role. The automotive industry is gradually shifting its attention to electric cars, which means more electrical connectors for sensors and data collection. A fault in connectors for sensors used in a vehicle can cause drastic damage to capital equipment and, in the worst case, the loss of life. The studies of faults or degradation of electrical contacts are essential for safety in vehicles and various industries. Although such faults can be due to numerous factors (such as dust, humidity, mechanical vibration, etc.) and some yet to be discovered, high contact resistance is the main factor causing erratic behavior of electrical contacts. This paper presents a study on the computation of electrical contact resistance of two metal conductors (in the form of a disk) with analytical relations and a numerical computation model based on the finite element method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics. The contact spots were considered to have a higher electrical resistivity value (ρ_cs) than those of the two metal conductors (ρ_Cu). Studies such as the one in view that is carried out on a microscopic level are often difficult to investigate experimentally. Therefore, with the help of a simplified numerical model, the consequences of the degradation of electrical contacts are investigated. To validate the FEM model, the numerical results were compared to those obtained from analytical models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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20 pages, 7636 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Steps Magnetic Flux Entrance/Exit at Thermomagnetic Avalanches in the Plates of Hard Superconductors

by Viktor Chabanenko, Adam Nabiałek and Roman Puźniak

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062037 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2092

Abstract

Avalanche cascades of magnetic flux have been detected at thermomagnetic instability of the critical state in the plates of Nb-Ti alloy. It was found that, the magnetic flux Φ enters conventional superconductor in screening regime and leaves in trapping regime in the form [...] Read more.

Avalanche cascades of magnetic flux have been detected at thermomagnetic instability of the critical state in the plates of Nb-Ti alloy. It was found that, the magnetic flux Φ enters conventional superconductor in screening regime and leaves in trapping regime in the form of a multistage “stairways”, with the structure dependent on the magnetic field strength and magnetic history, with approximately equal successive portions ΔΦ in temporal Φ(t) dependence, and with the width depending almost linearly on the plate thickness. The steady generation of cascades was observed for the full remagnetization cycle in the field of 2–4 T. The structure of inductive signal becomes complex already in the field of 0–2 T and it was shown, on the base of Fourier analysis, that, the avalanche flux dynamic produces, in this field range, multiple harmonics of the electric field. The physical reason of complex spectrum of the low-field avalanche dynamics can be associated with rough structure of moving flux front and with inhomogeneous relief of induction. It was established that the initiation of cascades occurs mainly in the central part of the lateral surface. The mechanism of cascades generation seems to be connected to the “resonator’s properties” of the plates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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Supplementary material:
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17 pages, 3728 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Iron Phosphide Precatalyst for Electrocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye and Removal of Escherichia coli from Simulated Wastewater

by Takwa Chouki, Manel Machreki, Jelena Topić, Lorena Butinar, Plamen Stefanov, Erika Jez, Jack S. Summers, Matjaz Valant, Aaron Fait and Saim Emin

Catalysts 2022, 12(3), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12030269 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4356

Abstract

Electrocatalysis using low-cost materials is a promising, economical strategy for remediation of water contaminated with organic chemicals and microorganisms. Here, we report the use of iron phosphide (Fe₂P) precatalyst for electrocatalytic water oxidation; degradation of a representative aromatic hydrocarbon, the dye [...] Read more.

Electrocatalysis using low-cost materials is a promising, economical strategy for remediation of water contaminated with organic chemicals and microorganisms. Here, we report the use of iron phosphide (Fe₂P) precatalyst for electrocatalytic water oxidation; degradation of a representative aromatic hydrocarbon, the dye rhodamine B (RhB); and inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. It was found that during anodic oxidation, the Fe₂P phase was converted to iron phosphate phase (Fe₂P-iron phosphate). This is the first report that Fe₂P precatalyst can efficiently catalyze electrooxidation of an organic molecule and inactivate microorganisms in aqueous media. Using a thin film of Fe₂P precatalyst, we achieved 98% RhB degradation efficiency and 100% E. coli inactivation under an applied bias of 2.0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode in the presence of in situ generated reactive chlorine species. Recycling test revealed that Fe₂P precatalyst exhibits excellent activity and reproducibility during degradation of RhB. High-performance liquid chromatography with UV-Vis detection further confirmed the electrocatalytic (EC) degradation of the dye. Finally, in tests using Lepidium sativum L., EC-treated RhB solutions showed significantly diminished phytotoxicity when compared to untreated RhB. These findings suggest that Fe₂P-iron phosphate electrocatalyst could be an effective water remediation agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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11 pages, 3000 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

An Array of Flag-Type Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Harvesting Wind Energy

by Zhiqiang Zhao, Bin Wei, Yan Wang, Xili Huang, Bo Li, Fang Lin, Long Ma, Qianxi Zhang, Yongjiu Zou, Fang Yang, Hongchen Pang, Jin Xu and Xinxiang Pan

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(4), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040721 - 21 Feb 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3623

Abstract

Harvesting wind energy from the ambient environment is a feasible method for powering wireless sensors and wireless transmission equipment. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have proven to be a stable and promising technology for harvesting ambient wind energy. This study explores a new method for [...] Read more.

Harvesting wind energy from the ambient environment is a feasible method for powering wireless sensors and wireless transmission equipment. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have proven to be a stable and promising technology for harvesting ambient wind energy. This study explores a new method for the performance enhancement and practical application of TENGs. An array of flag-type triboelectric nanogenerators (F-TENGs) for harvesting wind energy is proposed. An F-TENG consists of one piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane, which has two carbon-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membranes on either side with their edges sealed. The PTFE was pre-ground to increase the initial charge on the surface and to enhance the effective contact area by improving the surface roughness, thus achieving a significant improvement in the output performance. The vertical and horizontal arrays of F-TENGs significantly improved the power output performance. The optimal power output performance was achieved when the vertical parallel distance was approximately 4D/15 (see the main text for the meaning of D), and the horizontal parallel distance was approximately 2D. We found that the peak output voltage and current of a single flag-type TENG of constant size were increased by 255% and 344%, respectively, reaching values of 64 V and 8 μA, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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18 pages, 487 KiB  

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relation between Charging Times and Storage Properties of Nanoporous Supercapacitors

by Timur Aslyamov, Konstantin Sinkov and Iskander Akhatov

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(4), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040587 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2668

Abstract

An optimal combination of power and energy characteristics is beneficial for the further progress of supercapacitors-based technologies. We develop a nanoscale dynamic electrolyte model, which describes both static capacitance and the time-dependent charging process, including the initial square-root dependency and two subsequent exponential [...] Read more.

An optimal combination of power and energy characteristics is beneficial for the further progress of supercapacitors-based technologies. We develop a nanoscale dynamic electrolyte model, which describes both static capacitance and the time-dependent charging process, including the initial square-root dependency and two subsequent exponential trends. The observed charging time corresponds to one of the relaxation times of the exponential regimes and significantly depends on the pore size. Additionally, we find analytical expressions providing relations of the time scales to the electrode’s parameters, applied potential, and the final state of the confined electrolyte. Our numerical results for the charging regimes agree with published computer simulations, and estimations of the charging times coincide with the experimental values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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13 pages, 3958 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Structural, Electrical, and Mechanical Properties Investigation of Open-Cell Aluminum Foams Obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering and Replication on Polyurethane Template

by Alexandra Kosenko, Konstantin Pushnitsa, Artem Kim, Pavel Novikov and Anatoliy A. Popovich

Materials 2022, 15(3), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030931 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3292

Abstract

The present paper illustrates a comparison of open-cell aluminum foams. The foams were fabricated by two different methods: spark plasma sintering and replication on a polyurethane template. The influence of pressure, temperature, and diameter of space holding material on foam obtained by the [...] Read more.

The present paper illustrates a comparison of open-cell aluminum foams. The foams were fabricated by two different methods: spark plasma sintering and replication on a polyurethane template. The influence of pressure, temperature, and diameter of space holding material on foam obtained by the spark plasma sintering method was investigated. Additionally, the aluminum powder content in slurry and atmosphere during thermal processing of foam prepared by the replication technique were studied. The morphology and structure of obtained samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Supplementarily, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity were studied. The porosity of obtained samples was 83% for the SPS sample and 85% for the replication sample. The results of the studies carried out gave us an understanding that the SPS method is more promising for using the obtained foams as cathode current collectors in lithium-ion batteries due to excessive aluminum oxidation during sintering in the furnace. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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12 pages, 2651 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Polyaniline Ni-Complex Catalytic Electrode by Plasma Deposition for Electrochemical Detection of Phosphate through Glucose Redox Reaction as Mediator

by Hyun-Woong Lee, Jae-Ni Yoo, In-Keun Yu and Seong-Ho Choi

Catalysts 2022, 12(2), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12020128 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2951

Abstract

We report here the preparation and characterization of polyaniline Ni-complex catalytic electrode by one-pot plasma deposition for the electrochemical detection of phosphate via the redox reaction of glucose. We first prepared a precursory solution by combining NiCl₂ and 3-aminobenzoic acid in a [...] Read more.

We report here the preparation and characterization of polyaniline Ni-complex catalytic electrode by one-pot plasma deposition for the electrochemical detection of phosphate via the redox reaction of glucose. We first prepared a precursory solution by combining NiCl₂ and 3-aminobenzoic acid in a mixed solution of methanol (MeOH) and water, and adding aniline as a conductive polymeric precursor for increasing the electron transfer potential. We then synthesized the catalytic electrode in a one-step cold plasma process by preparing the precursors on ITO glass. We characterized the obtained Ni-coordinate catalytic electrode via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical methods. Electrochemical characterization produced stable redox properties of Ni³⁺/Ni²⁺ couples in a 0.1 M NaOH solution. Cyclic voltametric experiments have drastically increased electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction of glucose by increasing the concentration of phosphate (PO₄³⁻) ions using the prepared Ni-modified catalytic electrodes. From these results, the prepared catalytic electrode could be used as the electrochemical sensor for phosphate in actual water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 4036 KiB)

17 pages, 6833 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Sludge Derived Carbon Modified Anode in Microbial Fuel Cell for Performance Improvement and Microbial Community Dynamics

by Kaili Zhu, Yihu Xu, Xiao Yang, Wencai Fu, Wenhao Dang, Jinxia Yuan and Zhiwei Wang

Membranes 2022, 12(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020120 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3475

Abstract

The conversion of activated sludge into high value-added materials, such as sludge carbon (SC), has attracted increasing attention because of its potential for various applications. In this study, the effect of SC carbonized at temperatures of 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 °C on [...] Read more.

The conversion of activated sludge into high value-added materials, such as sludge carbon (SC), has attracted increasing attention because of its potential for various applications. In this study, the effect of SC carbonized at temperatures of 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 °C on the anode performance of microbial fuel cells and its mechanism are discussed. A pyrolysis temperature of 1000 °C for the loaded electrode (SC1000/CC) generated a maximum areal power density of 2.165 ± 0.021 W·m⁻² and a current density of 5.985 ± 0.015 A·m⁻², which is 3.017- and 2.992-fold that of the CC anode. The addition of SC improves microbial activity, optimizes microbial community structure, promotes the expression of c-type cytochromes, and is conducive to the formation of electroactive biofilms. This study not only describes a technique for the preparation of high-performance and low-cost anodes, but also sheds some light on the rational utilization of waste resources such as aerobic activated sludge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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10 pages, 5147 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Study on Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance of Jarosite/C Composites

by Junxue Chen, Sijia Li, Zizheng Qu, Zhonglin Li, Ding Wang, Jialong Shen and Yibing Li

Materials 2022, 15(2), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020668 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2596

Abstract

In the electrolysis of water process, hydrogen is produced and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) dominates the reaction rate of the entire process. Currently, OER catalysts mostly consist of noble metal (NM) catalysts, which cannot be applied in industries due to the [...] Read more.

In the electrolysis of water process, hydrogen is produced and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) dominates the reaction rate of the entire process. Currently, OER catalysts mostly consist of noble metal (NM) catalysts, which cannot be applied in industries due to the high price. It is of great importance to developing low-cost catalysts materials as NM materials substitution. In this work, jarosite (AFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆, A = K⁺, Na⁺, NH⁴⁺, H₃O⁺) was synthesized by a one-step method, and its OER catalytic performance was studied using catalytic slurry (the weight ratios of jarosite and conductive carbon black are 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2). Microstructures and functional groups of synthesized material were analyzed using XRD, SEM, FI-IR, etc. The OER catalytic performance of (NH₄)Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆/conductive carbon black were examined by LSV, Tafel, EIS, ECSA, etc. The study found that the OER has the best catalytic performance when the weight ratio of (NH₄)Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ to conductive carbon black is 2:1. It requires only 376 mV overpotential to generate current densities of 10 mA cm⁻² with a small Tafel slope (82.42 mV dec⁻¹) and large C_dl value (26.17 mF cm⁻²). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 137 KiB)

11 pages, 6167 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Encapsulating Metal-Organic-Framework Derived Nanocages into a Microcapsule for Shuttle Effect-Suppressive Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

by Jinyun Liu, Yajun Zhu, Junfei Cai, Yan Zhong, Tianli Han, Zhonghua Chen and Jinjin Li

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(2), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12020236 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2839

Abstract

Long-term stable secondary batteries are highly required. Here, we report a unique microcapsule encapsulated with metal organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived Co₃O₄ nanocages for a Li-S battery, which displays good lithium-storage properties. ZIF-67 dodecahedra are prepared at room temperature then converted to [...] Read more.

Long-term stable secondary batteries are highly required. Here, we report a unique microcapsule encapsulated with metal organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived Co₃O₄ nanocages for a Li-S battery, which displays good lithium-storage properties. ZIF-67 dodecahedra are prepared at room temperature then converted to porous Co₃O₄ nanocages, which are infilled into microcapsules through a microfluidic technique. After loading sulfur, the Co₃O₄/S-infilled microcapsules are obtained, which display a specific capacity of 935 mAh g⁻¹ after 200 cycles at 0.5C in Li-S batteries. A Coulombic efficiency of about 100% is achieved. The constructed Li-S battery possesses a high rate-performance during three rounds of cycling. Moreover, stable performance is verified under both high and low temperatures of 50 °C and −10 °C. Density functional theory calculations show that the Co₃O₄ dodecahedra display large binding energies with polysulfides, which are able to suppress shuttle effect of polysulfides and enable a stable electrochemical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 547 KiB)

20 pages, 1782 KiB  

Open AccessPerspective

Flash Sintering Research Perspective: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Eva Gil-González, Luis A. Pérez-Maqueda, Pedro E. Sánchez-Jiménez and Antonio Perejón

Materials 2022, 15(2), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020416 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3518

Abstract

Flash Sintering (FS), a relatively new Field-Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST) for ceramic processing, was proposed for the first time in 2010 by Prof. Rishi Raj’s group from the University of Colorado at Boulder. It quickly grabbed the attention of the scientific community and [...] Read more.

Flash Sintering (FS), a relatively new Field-Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST) for ceramic processing, was proposed for the first time in 2010 by Prof. Rishi Raj’s group from the University of Colorado at Boulder. It quickly grabbed the attention of the scientific community and since then, the field has rapidly evolved, constituting a true milestone in materials processing with the number of publications growing year by year. Moreover, nowadays, there is already a scientific community devoted to FS. In this work, a general picture of the scientific landscape of FS is drawn by bibliometric analysis. The target sources, the most relevant documents, hot and trending topics as well as the social networking of FS are unveiled. A separate bibliometric analysis is also provided for Reaction or Reactive Flash Sintering (RFS), where not only the sintering, but also the synthesis is merged into a single step. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of this nature carried out in this field of research and it can constitute a useful tool for researchers to be quickly updated with FS as well as to strategize future research and publishing approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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14 pages, 5760 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Improving Fast Charging-Discharging Performances of Ni-Rich LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ Cathode Material by Electronic Conductor LaNiO₃ Crystallites

by Tongxin Li, Donglin Li, Qingbo Zhang, Jianhang Gao, Long Zhang and Xiaojiu Liu

Materials 2022, 15(1), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010396 - 5 Jan 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5231

Abstract

Fast charging-discharging is one of the important requirements for next-generation high-energy Li-ion batteries, nevertheless, electrons transport in the active oxide materials is limited. Thus, carbon coating of active materials is a common method to supply the routes for electron transport, but it is [...] Read more.

Fast charging-discharging is one of the important requirements for next-generation high-energy Li-ion batteries, nevertheless, electrons transport in the active oxide materials is limited. Thus, carbon coating of active materials is a common method to supply the routes for electron transport, but it is difficult to synthesize the oxide-carbon composite for LiNiO₂-based materials which need to be calcined in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. In this work, LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ (NCM811) coated with electronic conductor LaNiO₃ (LNO) crystallites is demonstrated for the first time as fast charging-discharging and high energy cathodes for Li-ion batteries. The LaNiO₃ succeeds in providing an exceptional fast charging-discharging behavior and initial coulombic efficiency in comparison with pristine NCM811. Consequently, the NCM811@3LNO electrode presents a higher capacity at 0.1 C (approximately 246 mAh g⁻¹) and a significantly improved high rate performance (a discharge specific capacity of 130.62 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 C), twice that of pristine NCM811. Additionally, cycling stability is also improved for the composite material. This work provides a new possibility of active oxide cathodes for high energy/power Li-ion batteries by electronic conductor LaNiO₃ coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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20 pages, 5821 KiB  

Open AccessReview

A Review on the Effects of ZnO Nanowire Morphology on the Performance of Interpenetrating Bulk Heterojunction Quantum Dot Solar Cells

by Meibo Xing, Longxiang Wang and Ruixiang Wang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12010114 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3209

Abstract

Interpenetrating bulk heterojunction (IBHJ) quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) offer a direct pathway for electrical contacts to overcome the trade-off between light absorption and carrier extraction. However, their complex three-dimensional structure creates higher requirements for the optimization of their design due to their [...] Read more.

Interpenetrating bulk heterojunction (IBHJ) quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) offer a direct pathway for electrical contacts to overcome the trade-off between light absorption and carrier extraction. However, their complex three-dimensional structure creates higher requirements for the optimization of their design due to their more difficult interface defect states control, more complex light capture mechanism, and more advanced QD deposition technology. ZnO nanowire (NW) has been widely used as the electron transport layer (ETL) for this structure. Hence, the optimization of the ZnO NW morphology (such as density, length, and surface defects) is the key to improving the photoelectric performance of these SCs. In this study, the morphology control principles of ZnO NW for different synthetic methods are discussed. Furthermore, the effects of the density and length of the NW on the collection of photocarriers and their light capture effects are investigated. It is indicated that the NW spacing determines the transverse collection of electrons, while the length of the NW and the thickness of the SC often affect the longitudinal collection of holes. Finally, the optimization strategies for the geometrical morphology of and defect passivation in ZnO NWs are proposed to improve the efficiency of IBHJ QDSCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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15 pages, 10634 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Impact of Graphite Orientation and Ion Transport on EDLC Performance

by Joseph M. Gallet de St Aurin and Jonathan Phillips

Materials 2022, 15(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010155 - 26 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2966

Abstract

A model study of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC)-style capacitors in which the electrodes were composed of low surface area-oriented flakes of graphite that compressed to form a paper-like morphology has suggested that ion transport rates significantly impact EDLC energy and power density. [...] Read more.

A model study of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC)-style capacitors in which the electrodes were composed of low surface area-oriented flakes of graphite that compressed to form a paper-like morphology has suggested that ion transport rates significantly impact EDLC energy and power density. Twelve capacitors were constructed, each using the same model electrode material and the same aqueous NaCl electrolyte, but differing in relative electrode orientation, degree of electrode compression, and presence/absence of an ionic transport salt bridge. All were tested with a galvanostat over a range of discharge currents. Significant differences in energy and power density and estimated series resistance were found as a function of all the factors listed, indicating that capacitor performance is not simply a function of the electrode surface area. This simple postulation was advanced and tested against data: net ion (Na⁺, Cl⁻) ‘velocity’ during both charge and discharge significantly impacts capacitive performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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Supplementary material:
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12 pages, 4351 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon from Agar as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Nurbolat Issatayev, Gulnur Kalimuldina, Arailym Nurpeissova and Zhumabay Bakenov

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12010022 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4985

Abstract

New porous activated carbons with a high surface area as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were synthesized by a one-step, sustainable, and environmentally friendly method. Four chemical activators—H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, KOH, and ZnCl₂ [...] Read more.

New porous activated carbons with a high surface area as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were synthesized by a one-step, sustainable, and environmentally friendly method. Four chemical activators—H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, KOH, and ZnCl₂—have been investigated as facilitators of the formation of the porous structure of activated carbon (AC) from an agar precursor. The study of the materials by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods revealed its highly porous meso- and macro-structure. Among the used chemical activators, the AC prepared with the addition of KOH demonstrated the best electrochemical performance upon its reaction with lithium metal. The initial discharge capacity reached 931 mAh g⁻¹ and a reversible capacity of 320 mAh g⁻¹ was maintained over 100 cycles at 0.1 C. High rate cycling tests up to 10 C demonstrated stable cycling performance of the AC from agar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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13 pages, 4325 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Harvesting Energy from Bridge Vibration by Piezoelectric Structure with Magnets Tailoring Potential Energy

by Zhiyong Zhou, Haiwei Zhang, Weiyang Qin, Pei Zhu, Ping Wang and Wenfeng Du

Materials 2022, 15(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010033 - 21 Dec 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3445

Abstract

Bridges play an increasingly more important role in modern transportation, which is why many sensors are mounted on it in order to provide safety. However, supplying reliable power to these sensors has always been a great challenge. Scavenging energy from bridge vibration to [...] Read more.

Bridges play an increasingly more important role in modern transportation, which is why many sensors are mounted on it in order to provide safety. However, supplying reliable power to these sensors has always been a great challenge. Scavenging energy from bridge vibration to power the wireless sensors has attracted more attention in recent years. Moreover, it has been proved that the linear energy harvester cannot always work efficiently since the vibration energy of the bridge distributes over a broad frequency band. In this paper, a nonlinear energy harvester is proposed to enhance the performance of harvesting bridge vibration energy. Analyses on potential energy, restoring force, and stiffness were carried out. By adjusting the separation distance between magnets, the harvester could own a low and flat potential energy, which could help the harvester oscillate on a high-energy orbit and generate high output. For validation, corresponding experiments were carried out. The results show that the output of the optimal configuration outperforms that of the linear one. Moreover, with the increase in vehicle speed, a component of extremely low frequency is gradually enhanced, which corresponds to the motion on the high-energy orbit. This study may give an effective method of harvesting energy from bridge vibration excited by moving vehicles with different moving speeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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10 pages, 3946 KiB  

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

N, S, P-Codoped Graphene-Supported Ag-MnFe₂O₄ Heterojunction Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalyst with High Efficiency

by Hongzhou Dong, Yingjie Chen, Chong Gong, Lina Sui, Qiong Sun, Kangle Lv and Lifeng Dong

Catalysts 2021, 11(12), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11121550 - 19 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3505

Abstract

Due to slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during discharging and charging processes, it is essential to rationally design and synthesize non-precious metal bifunctional electrocatalysts with good performance for metal-air batteries. Herein, Ag-MnFe₂O₄ heterojunction [...] Read more.

Due to slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during discharging and charging processes, it is essential to rationally design and synthesize non-precious metal bifunctional electrocatalysts with good performance for metal-air batteries. Herein, Ag-MnFe₂O₄ heterojunction nanoparticles supported on N, S, P-codoped graphene (NSPG) are developed with enhanced ORR and OER bifunctional electrocatalytic activities and stability. In contrast, S, P-doped graphene (SPG) and N, P-doped graphene (NPG) show less stabilization for the heterojunction particles. For example, under alkaline conditions, the ORR half-wave potential of Ag-MnFe₂O₄/NSPG can reach 0.831 V, and the over potential for OER is 0.56 V at the current density 10 mA·cm⁻². Furthermore, Ag-MnFe₂O₄/NSPG shows better methanol resistance and durability than Pt/C catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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12 pages, 1708 KiB  

Open AccessCommunication

Improved Light Harvesting of Fiber-Shaped Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Using a Bacteriophage Doping Method

by Sung-Jun Koo, Jae Ho Kim, Yong-Ki Kim, Myunghun Shin, Jin Woo Choi, Jin-Woo Oh, Hyung Woo Lee and Myungkwan Song

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3421; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123421 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3103

Abstract

Fiber-shaped solar cells (FSCs) with flexibility, wearability, and wearability have emerged as a topic of intensive interest and development in recent years. Although the development of this material is still in its early stages, bacteriophage-metallic nanostructures, which exhibit prominent localized surface plasmon resonance [...] Read more.

Fiber-shaped solar cells (FSCs) with flexibility, wearability, and wearability have emerged as a topic of intensive interest and development in recent years. Although the development of this material is still in its early stages, bacteriophage-metallic nanostructures, which exhibit prominent localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, are one such material that has been utilized to further improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells. This study confirmed that fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells (FDSSCs) enhanced by silver nanoparticles-embedded M13 bacteriophage (Ag@M13) can be developed as solar cell devices with better PCE than the solar cells without them. The PCE of FDSSCs was improved by adding the Ag@M13 into an iodine species (I⁻/I₃⁻) based electrolyte, which is used for redox couple reactions. The optimized Ag@M13 enhanced FDSSC showed a PCE of up to 5.80%, which was improved by 16.7% compared to that of the reference device with 4.97%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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14 pages, 2910 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Recovery of Lithium Cobaltate from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

by Ayesha Arif, Ming Xu, Jamshaid Rashid, Chaudry Sajed Saraj, Wei Li, Bilal Akram and Binbin Hu

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3343; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123343 - 9 Dec 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5036

Abstract

Owing to technological advancements and the ever-increasing population, the search for renewable energy resources has increased. One such attempt at finding effective renewable energy is recycling of lithium-ion batteries and using the recycled material as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) [...] Read more.

Owing to technological advancements and the ever-increasing population, the search for renewable energy resources has increased. One such attempt at finding effective renewable energy is recycling of lithium-ion batteries and using the recycled material as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) step in water splitting reactions. In electrocatalysis, the OER plays a crucial role and several electrocatalysts have been investigated to improve the efficiency of O₂ gas evolution. Present research involves the use of citric acid coupled with lemon peel extracts for efficient recovery of lithium cobaltate from waste lithium-ion batteries and subsequent use of the recovered cathode material for OER in water splitting. Optimum recovery was achieved at 90 °C within 3 h of treatment with 1.5 M citric acid and 1.5% extract volume. The consequent electrode materials were calcined at 600, 700 and 800 °C and compared to the untreated waste material calcined at 600 °C for OER activity. The treated material recovered and calcined at 600 °C was the best among all of the samples for OER activity. Its average particle size was estimated to be within the 20–100 nm range and required a low overpotential of 0.55 V vs. RHE for the current density to reach 10 mA/cm² with a Tafel value of 128 mV/dec. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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16 pages, 4061 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Hetero-Element-Doped Molybdenum Oxide Materials for Energy Storage Systems

by Bo Hu, Shuofeng Jian, Ge Yin, Wenhao Feng, Yaowen Cao, Jiaxuan Bai, Yanan Lai, Huiyun Tan and Yifan Dong

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3302; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123302 - 6 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4389

Abstract

In order to meet the growing demand for the electronics market, many new materials have been studied to replace traditional electrode materials for energy storage systems. Molybdenum oxide materials are electrode materials with higher theoretical capacity than graphene, which was originally used as [...] Read more.

In order to meet the growing demand for the electronics market, many new materials have been studied to replace traditional electrode materials for energy storage systems. Molybdenum oxide materials are electrode materials with higher theoretical capacity than graphene, which was originally used as anode electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. In subsequent studies, they have a wider application in the field of energy storage, such as being used as cathodes or anodes for other ion batteries (sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, etc.), and electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, molybdenum oxide materials have serious volume expansion concerns and irreversible capacity dropping during the cycles. To solve these problems, doping with different elements has become a suitable option, being an effective method that can change the crystal structure of the materials and improve the performances. Therefore, there are many research studies on metal element doping or non-metal doping molybdenum oxides. This paper summarizes the recent research on the application of hetero-element-doped molybdenum oxides in the field of energy storage, and it also provides some brief analysis and insights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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12 pages, 3425 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Synthesis of Nickel Ferrite Films as High-Capacity Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

by Mansoo Choi, Sung-Joo Shim, Yang-Il Jung, Hyun-Soo Kim and Bum-Kyoung Seo

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3238; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123238 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2346

Abstract

Anode materials providing a high specific capacity with a high cycling performance are one of the key parameters for lithium ion batteries’ (LIBs) applications. Herein, a high-capacity NiFe₂O₄(NFO) film anode is prepared by E-beam evaporation, and the effect of [...] Read more.

Anode materials providing a high specific capacity with a high cycling performance are one of the key parameters for lithium ion batteries’ (LIBs) applications. Herein, a high-capacity NiFe₂O₄(NFO) film anode is prepared by E-beam evaporation, and the effect of the heat treatment is studied on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of LIBs. The NiFe₂O₄ film annealed at 800 °C (NFO-800) showed a highly crystallized structure and different surface morphologies when compared to the electrode annealed at a lower temperature (NFO-600, NFO-700). In the electrochemical measurements, the high specific capacity (1804 mA g⁻¹) and capacity retention ratio (95%) after 100 cycles were also achieved by the NFO-800 electrode. The main reason for the good electrochemical performance of the NFO-800 electrode is a high structure integrity, which could improve the cycle stability with a high discharge capacity. The NiFe₂O₄ electrode with an annealing process could be further proposed as an alternative ferrite material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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9 pages, 5645 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Li₂ZrO₃-Coated Monocrystalline LiAl_0.06Mn_1.94O₄ Particles as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Chunliu Li, Banglei Zhao, Junfeng Yang, Linchao Zhang, Qianfeng Fang and Xianping Wang

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123223 - 27 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2628

Abstract

Li₂ZrO₃-coated and Al-doped micro-sized monocrystalline LiMn₂O₄ powder is synthesized through solid-state reaction, and the electrochemical performance is investigated as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. It is found that Li₂ZrO₃-coated LiAl_0.06Mn [...] Read more.

Li₂ZrO₃-coated and Al-doped micro-sized monocrystalline LiMn₂O₄ powder is synthesized through solid-state reaction, and the electrochemical performance is investigated as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. It is found that Li₂ZrO₃-coated LiAl_0.06Mn_1.94O₄ delivers a discharge capacity of 110.90 mAhg⁻¹ with 94% capacity retention after 200 cycles at room temperature and a discharge capacity of 104.4 mAhg⁻¹ with a capacity retention of 87.8% after 100 cycles at 55 °C. Moreover, Li₂ZrO₃-coated LiAl_0.06Mn_1.94O₄ could retain 87.5% of its initial capacity at 5C rate. This superior cycling and rate performance can be greatly contributed to the synergistic effect of Al-doping and Li₂ZrO₃-coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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37 pages, 3369 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Recent Development in Vanadium Pentoxide and Carbon Hybrid Active Materials for Energy Storage Devices

by Andrew Kim, Golap Kalita, Jong Hak Kim and Rajkumar Patel

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3213; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123213 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4905

Abstract

With the increasing energy demand for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and green energy storage solutions, the development of high-performance supercapacitors has been at the forefront of energy storage and conversion research. In the past decade, many scientific publications have been dedicated to designing [...] Read more.

With the increasing energy demand for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and green energy storage solutions, the development of high-performance supercapacitors has been at the forefront of energy storage and conversion research. In the past decade, many scientific publications have been dedicated to designing hybrid electrode materials composed of vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) and carbon nanomaterials to bridge the gap in energy and power of traditional batteries and capacitors. V₂O₅ is a promising electrode material owing to its natural abundance, nontoxicity, and high capacitive potential. However, bulk V₂O₅ is limited by poor conductivity, low porosity, and dissolution during charge/discharge cycles. To overcome the limitations of V₂O₅, many researchers have incorporated common carbon nanostructures such as reduced graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and other carbon moieties into V₂O₅. The carbon components facilitate electron mobility and act as porous templates for V₂O₅ nucleation with an enhanced surface area as well as interconnected surface morphology and structural stability. This review discusses the development of various V₂O₅/carbon hybrid materials, focusing on the effects of different synthesis methods, V₂O₅/carbon compositions, and physical treatment strategies on the structure and electrochemical performance of the composite material as promising supercapacitor electrodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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25 pages, 7189 KiB  

Open AccessReview

BiFeO₃-Based Relaxor Ferroelectrics for Energy Storage: Progress and Prospects

by Bipul Deka and Kyung-Hoon Cho

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237188 - 25 Nov 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5701

Abstract

Dielectric capacitors have been widely studied because their electrostatic storage capacity is enormous, and they can deliver the stored energy in a very short time. Relaxor ferroelectrics-based dielectric capacitors have gained tremendous importance for the efficient storage of electrical energy. Relaxor ferroelectrics possess [...] Read more.

Dielectric capacitors have been widely studied because their electrostatic storage capacity is enormous, and they can deliver the stored energy in a very short time. Relaxor ferroelectrics-based dielectric capacitors have gained tremendous importance for the efficient storage of electrical energy. Relaxor ferroelectrics possess low dielectric loss, low remanent polarization, high saturation polarization, and high breakdown strength, which are the main parameters for energy storage. This article focuses on a timely review of the energy storage performance of BiFeO₃-based relaxor ferroelectrics in bulk ceramics, multilayers, and thin film forms. The article begins with a general introduction to various energy storage systems and the need for dielectric capacitors as energy storage devices. This is followed by a brief discussion on the mechanism of energy storage in capacitors, ferroelectrics, anti-ferroelectrics, and relaxor ferroelectrics as potential candidates for energy storage. The remainder of this article is devoted to reviewing the energy storage performance of bulk ceramics, multilayers, and thin films of BiFeO₃-based relaxor ferroelectrics, along with a discussion of strategies to address some of the issues associated with their application as energy storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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12 pages, 3102 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon Co-Mixed Electrospun Titanium Oxide Nanofibers as Flow Electrode in Capacitive Deionization

by Gbenro Folaranmi, Myriam Tauk, Mikhael Bechelany, Philippe Sistat, Marc Cretin and Francois Zaviska

Materials 2021, 14(22), 6891; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226891 - 15 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2591

Abstract

Flow capacitive deionization is a water desalination technique that uses liquid carbon-based electrodes to recover fresh water from brackish or seawater. This is a potential second-generation water desalination process, however it is limited by parameters such as feed electrode conductivity, interfacial resistance, viscosity, [...] Read more.

Flow capacitive deionization is a water desalination technique that uses liquid carbon-based electrodes to recover fresh water from brackish or seawater. This is a potential second-generation water desalination process, however it is limited by parameters such as feed electrode conductivity, interfacial resistance, viscosity, and so on. In this study, titanium oxide nanofibers (TiO₂NF) were manufactured using an electrospinning process and then blended with commercial activated carbon (AC) to create a well distributed flow electrode in this study. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were used to characterize the morphology, crystal structure, and chemical moieties of the as-synthesized composites. Notably, the flow electrode containing 1 wt.% TiO₂NF (ACTiO₂NF 1 wt.%) had the highest capacitance and the best salt removal rate (0.033 mg/min·cm²) of all the composites. The improvement in cell performance at this ratio indicates that the nanofibers are uniformly distributed over the electrode’s surface, preventing electrode passivation, and nanofiber agglomeration, which could impede ion flow to the electrode’s pores. This research suggests that the physical mixture could be used as a flow electrode in capacitive deionization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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20 pages, 28447 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Palladium-Nickel Electrocatalysts on Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Direct Hydrazine/Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells

by Mir Ghasem Hosseini, Vahid Daneshvari-Esfahlan, Hossein Aghajani, Sigrid Wolf and Viktor Hacker

Catalysts 2021, 11(11), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11111372 - 14 Nov 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3491

Abstract

In the present work, nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide-supported (NrGO) bimetallic Pd–Ni nanoparticles (NPs), fabricated by means of the electrochemical reduction method, are investigated as an anode electrocatalyst in direct hydrazine–hydrogen peroxide fuel cells (DHzHPFCs). The surface and structural characterization of the synthesized catalyst [...] Read more.

In the present work, nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide-supported (NrGO) bimetallic Pd–Ni nanoparticles (NPs), fabricated by means of the electrochemical reduction method, are investigated as an anode electrocatalyst in direct hydrazine–hydrogen peroxide fuel cells (DHzHPFCs). The surface and structural characterization of the synthesized catalyst affirm the uniform deposition of NPs on the distorted NrGO. The electrochemical studies indicate that the hydrazine oxidation current density on Pd–Ni/NrGO is 1.81 times higher than that of Pd/NrGO. The onset potential of hydrazine oxidation on the bimetallic catalyst is also slightly more negative, i.e., the catalyst activity and stability are improved by Ni incorporation into the Pd network. Moreover, the Pd–Ni/NrGO catalyst has a large electrochemical surface area, a low activation energy value and a low resistance of charge transfer. Finally, a systematic investigation of DHzHPFC with Pd–Ni/NrGO as an anode and Pt/C as a cathode is performed; the open circuit voltage of 1.80 V and a supreme power density of 216.71 mW cm⁻² is obtained for the synthesized catalyst at 60 °C. These results show that the Pd–Ni/NrGO nanocatalyst has great potential to serve as an effective and stable catalyst with low Pd content for application in DHzHPFCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1170 KiB)

12 pages, 3194 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Organic Dye-Derived N, S Co-Doped Porous Carbon Hosts for Effective Lithium Polysulfide Confinement in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

by Eunji Kim, Albert S. Lee, Taewoong Lee, Hyeok Jun Seo, Seongwook Chae, Kihyun Kim, Jun-Woo Park, Seung Geol Lee and Jin Hong Lee

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 2954; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112954 - 4 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3621

Abstract

Lithium–sulfur batteries are considered as attractive candidates for next-generation energy storage systems originating from their high theoretical capacity and energy density. However, the severe shuttling of behavior caused by the dissolution of lithium polysulfide intermediates during cycling remains a challenge for practical applications. [...] Read more.

Lithium–sulfur batteries are considered as attractive candidates for next-generation energy storage systems originating from their high theoretical capacity and energy density. However, the severe shuttling of behavior caused by the dissolution of lithium polysulfide intermediates during cycling remains a challenge for practical applications. Herein, porous carbon materials co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur atoms were prepared through a facile hydrothermal reaction of graphene oxide and methylene blue to obtain a suitable host structure for regulating the lithium polysulfide shuttling behavior. Experimental results demonstrated that the abundant heteroatom-containing moieties in the carbon frameworks not only generated favorable active sites for capturing lithium polysulfide but also enhanced redox reaction kinetics of lithium polysulfide intermediates. Consequently, the corresponding sulfur composite electrodes exhibited excellent rate performance and cycling stability along with high Columbic efficiency. This work highlights the approach for the preparation of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon materials derived from organic dye compounds for high performance energy storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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27 pages, 29273 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Fault Structural Analysis Applied to Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Water Management Issues

by Etienne Dijoux, Nadia Yousfi Steiner, Michel Benne, Marie-Cécile Péra and Brigitte Grondin-Perez

Electrochem 2021, 2(4), 604-630; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2040038 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3502

Abstract

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are relevant systems for power generation. However, they suffer from a lack of reliability, mainly due to their structural complexity. Indeed, their operation involves electrochemical, thermal, and electrical phenomena that imply a strong coupling, making it harder to [...] Read more.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are relevant systems for power generation. However, they suffer from a lack of reliability, mainly due to their structural complexity. Indeed, their operation involves electrochemical, thermal, and electrical phenomena that imply a strong coupling, making it harder to maintain nominal operation. This complexity causes several issues for the design of appropriate control, diagnosis, or fault-tolerant control strategies. It is therefore mandatory to understand the fuel cell structure for a relevant design of these kinds of strategies. This paper proposes a fuel cell fault structural analysis approach that leads to the proposition of a structural graph. This graph will then be used to highlight the interactions between the control variables and the functionalities of a fuel cell, and therefore to emphasize how changing a parameter to mitigate a fault can influence the fuel cell state and eventually cause another fault. The final aim of this work is to allow an easier implementation of an efficient and fault-tolerant control strategy on the basis of the proposed graphical representation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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8 pages, 17746 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Water Splitting on Multifaceted SrTiO₃ Nanocrystals: Computational Study

by Maksim Sokolov, Yuri A. Mastrikov, Guntars Zvejnieks, Dmitry Bocharov, Eugene A. Kotomin and Veera Krasnenko

Catalysts 2021, 11(11), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11111326 - 31 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2806

Abstract

Recent experimental findings suggest that strontium titanate SrTiO₃ (STO) photocatalytic activity for water splitting could be improved by creating multifaceted nanoparticles. To understand the underlying mechanisms and energetics, the model for faceted nanoparticles was created. The multifaceted nanoparticles’ surface is considered by [...] Read more.

Recent experimental findings suggest that strontium titanate SrTiO₃ (STO) photocatalytic activity for water splitting could be improved by creating multifaceted nanoparticles. To understand the underlying mechanisms and energetics, the model for faceted nanoparticles was created. The multifaceted nanoparticles’ surface is considered by us as a combination of flat and “stepped” facets. Ab initio calculations of the adsorption of water and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) intermediates were performed. Our findings suggest that the “slope” part of the step showed a natural similarity to the flat surface, whereas the “ridge” part exhibited significantly different adsorption configurations. On the “slope” region, both molecular and dissociative adsorption modes were possible, whereas on the “ridge”, only dissociative adsorption was observed. Water adsorption energies on the “ridge” ( $-1.50$ eV) were significantly higher than on the “slope” ( $-0.76$ eV molecular; $-0.83$ eV dissociative) or flat surface ( $-0.79$ eV molecular; $-1.09$ eV dissociative). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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14 pages, 2805 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Study on the Active Site Regulated RuO_x/Sn_0.2Ti_0.8O₂ Catalysts with Different Ru Precursors for the Catalytic Oxidation of Dichloromethane

by Yang Yang, Zhong Zheng, Mengyue Kong, Zhesheng Hua, Zhengda Yang, Ye Jiang, Shaojun Liu, Xinhuan Yan and Xiang Gao

Catalysts 2021, 11(11), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11111306 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2608

Abstract

Chlorine-containing volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) present in industrial exhaust gas can cause great harm to the human body and the environment. In order to further study the catalytic oxidation of CVOCs, an active site regulated RuO_x/Sn_0.2Ti_0.8O₂ [...] Read more.

Chlorine-containing volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) present in industrial exhaust gas can cause great harm to the human body and the environment. In order to further study the catalytic oxidation of CVOCs, an active site regulated RuO_x/Sn_0.2Ti_0.8O₂ catalyst with different Ru precursors was developed. With Dichloromethane as the model molecule, the activity test results showed that the optimization of Ru precursor using Ru colloid significantly increased the activity of the catalyst (T₉₀ was reduced by about 90 °C when the Ru loading was 1 wt%). The analysis of characterization results showed that the improvement of the catalytic performance was mainly due to the improvement of the active species dispersion (the size of Ru cluster was reduced from 3–4 nm to about 1.3 nm) and the enhancement of the interaction between the active species and the support. The utilization efficiency of the active components was improved by nearly doubling TOF value, and the overall oxidation performance of the catalyst was also enhanced. The relationship between the Ru loading and the catalytic activity of the catalyst was also studied to better determine the optimal Ru loading. It could be found that with the increase in Ru loading, the dispersibility of RuO_x species on the catalyst surface gradually decreased, despite the increase in their total amount. The combined influence of these two effects led to little change in the catalytic activity of the catalyst at first, and then a significant increase. Therefore, this research is meaningful for the efficient treatment of CVOCs and further reducing the content of active components in the catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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13 pages, 3220 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Flexible, Transparent and Highly Conductive Polymer Film Electrodes for All-Solid-State Transparent Supercapacitor Applications

by Xin Guan, Lujun Pan and Zeng Fan

Membranes 2021, 11(10), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100788 - 16 Oct 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4803

Abstract

Lightweight energy storage devices with high mechanical flexibility, superior electrochemical properties and good optical transparency are highly desired for next-generation smart wearable electronics. The development of high-performance flexible and transparent electrodes for supercapacitor applications is thus attracting great attention. In this work, we [...] Read more.

Lightweight energy storage devices with high mechanical flexibility, superior electrochemical properties and good optical transparency are highly desired for next-generation smart wearable electronics. The development of high-performance flexible and transparent electrodes for supercapacitor applications is thus attracting great attention. In this work, we successfully developed flexible, transparent and highly conductive film electrodes based on a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The PEDOT:PSS film electrodes were prepared via a simple spin-coating approach followed by a post-treatment with a salt solution. After treatment, the film electrodes achieved a high areal specific capacitance (3.92 mF/cm² at 1 mA/cm²) and long cycling lifetime (capacitance retention >90% after 3000 cycles) with high transmittance (>60% at 550 nm). Owing to their good optoelectronic and electrochemical properties, the as-assembled all-solid-state device for which the PEDOT:PSS film electrodes were utilized as both the active electrode materials and current collectors also exhibited superior energy storage performance over other PEDOT-based flexible and transparent symmetric supercapacitors in the literature. This work provides an effective approach for producing high-performance, flexible and transparent polymer electrodes for supercapacitor applications. The as-obtained polymer film electrodes can also be highly promising for future flexible transparent portable electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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9 pages, 3132 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Mechano-Chemical Synthesis, Structural Features and Optical Gap of Hybrid CH₃NH₃CdBr₃ Perovskite

by José Antonio Alonso, Paula Kayser, Bo-Kyung Hong, María Consuelo Álvarez-Galván, Francois Fauth and Carlos Alberto López

Materials 2021, 14(20), 6039; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206039 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2137

Abstract

Hybrid methyl-ammonium (MA:CH₃NH₃⁺) lead halide MAPbX₃ (X = halogen) perovskites exhibit an attractive optoelectronic performance that can be applied to the next generation of solar cells. To extend the field of interest of these hybrid materials, we [...] Read more.

Hybrid methyl-ammonium (MA:CH₃NH₃⁺) lead halide MAPbX₃ (X = halogen) perovskites exhibit an attractive optoelectronic performance that can be applied to the next generation of solar cells. To extend the field of interest of these hybrid materials, we describe the synthesis by a solvent-free ball-milling procedure, yielding a well crystallized, pure and moisture stable specimen of the Cd tribromide counterpart, MACdBr₃, which contains chains of face-sharing CdBr₆ octahedra in a framework defined in the Cmc2₁ (No 36) space group. The details of the structural arrangement at 295 K have been investigated by high angular resolution synchrotron x-ray diffraction (SXRD), including the orientation of the organic MA units, which are roughly aligned along the c direction, given the acentric nature of the space group. UV-vis spectra unveil a gap of 4.6 eV, which could be useful for ultraviolet detectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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12 pages, 6379 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Behavior of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Crossarm Subjected to Lightning Transient Voltage

by Muhammad Syahmi Abd Rahman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Muhamad Safwan Abd Rahman, Miszaina Osman, Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin, Shamsul Fahmi Mohd Nor and Noorlina Mohd Zainuddin

Materials 2021, 14(19), 5628; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195628 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2667

Abstract

The demand for composite materials in high-voltage electrical insulation is escalating over the last decades. In the power system, the composite glass-fiber-reinforced polymer has been used as an alternative to wood and steel crossarm structures due to its superior properties. As a composite, [...] Read more.

The demand for composite materials in high-voltage electrical insulation is escalating over the last decades. In the power system, the composite glass-fiber-reinforced polymer has been used as an alternative to wood and steel crossarm structures due to its superior properties. As a composite, the material is susceptible to multi-aging factors, one of which is the electrical stress caused by continuous and temporary overvoltage. In order to achieve a better insulation performance and higher life expectancy, the distribution of the stresses should firstly be studied and understood. This paper focuses on the simulation work to better understand the stress distribution of the polyurethane foam-filled glass-fiber-reinforced polymer crossarm due to the lightning transient injection. A finite-element-based simulation was carried out to investigate the behavior of the electric field and voltage distribution across the sample using an Ansys Maxwell 3D. Electrical stresses at both outer and inner surfaces of the crossarm during the peak of lightning were analyzed. Analyses on the electric field and potential distribution were performed at different parts of the crossarm and correlated to the physical characteristics and common discharge location observed during the experiment. The results of the electric field on the crossarm indicate that both the outer and internal parts of the crossarm were prone to high field stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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13 pages, 2609 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Copper Doping on Electronic Structure and Optical Absorption of Cd₃₃Se₃₃ Quantum Dots

by Fengai Zhao, Shuanglin Hu, Canhui Xu, Haiyan Xiao, Xiaosong Zhou, Xiaotao Zu and Shuming Peng

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(10), 2531; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102531 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2891

Abstract

The photophysical properties of Cu-doped CdSe quantum dots (QDs) can be affected by the oxidation state of Cu impurity, but disagreement still exists on the Cu oxidation state (+1 or +2) in these QDs, which is debated and poorly understood for many years. [...] Read more.

The photophysical properties of Cu-doped CdSe quantum dots (QDs) can be affected by the oxidation state of Cu impurity, but disagreement still exists on the Cu oxidation state (+1 or +2) in these QDs, which is debated and poorly understood for many years. In this work, by using density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations with the Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof (HSE) screened hybrid functional, we clearly demonstrate that the incorporation of Cu dopants into the surface of the magic sized Cd₃₃Se₃₃ QD leads to non-magnetic Cu 3d orbitals distribution and Cu⁺¹ oxidation state, while doping Cu atoms in the core region of QDs can lead to both Cu⁺¹ and Cu⁺² oxidation states, depending on the local environment of Cu atoms in the QDs. In addition, it is found that the optical absorption of the Cu-doped Cd₃₃Se₃₃ QD in the visible region is mainly affected by Cu concentration, while the absorption in the infrared regime is closely related to the oxidation state of Cu. The present results enable us to use the doping of Cu impurity in CdSe QDs to achieve special photophysical properties for their applications in high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. The methods used here to resolve the electronic and optical properties of Cu-doped CdSe QDs can be extended to other II-VI semiconductor QDs incorporating transition-metal ions with variable valence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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11 pages, 2099 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

N-Doped Graphene as an Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Indirect Nitrate Reduction Reaction

by Jujiao Zhao, Bo Shang and Jun Zhai

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(9), 2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092418 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4250

Abstract

N-doped graphene samples with different N species contents were prepared by a two-step synthesis method and evaluated as electrocatalysts for the nitrate reduction reaction (NORR) for the first time. In an acidic solution with a saturated calomel electrode as reference, the pyridinic-N dominant [...] Read more.

N-doped graphene samples with different N species contents were prepared by a two-step synthesis method and evaluated as electrocatalysts for the nitrate reduction reaction (NORR) for the first time. In an acidic solution with a saturated calomel electrode as reference, the pyridinic-N dominant sample (NGR2) had an onset of 0.932 V and a half-wave potential of 0.833 V, showing the superior activity towards the NORR compared to the pyrrolic-N dominant N-doped graphene (onset potential: 0.850 V, half-wave potential: 0.732 V) and the pure graphene (onset potential: 0.698 V, half-wave potential: 0.506 V). N doping could significantly boost the NORR performance of N-doped graphene, especially the contribution of pyridinic-N. Density functional theory calculation revealed the pyridinic-N facilitated the desorption of NO, which was kinetically involved in the process of the NORR. The findings of this work would be valuable for the development of metal-free NORR electrocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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9 pages, 2521 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

0.7Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.3PbTiO₃ Phosphate Composites: Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties

by Artyom Plyushch, Nerijus Mačiulis, Aliaksei Sokal, Robertas Grigalaitis, Jan Macutkevič, Alexander Kudlash, Natalia Apanasevich, Konstantin Lapko, Algirdas Selskis, Sergey A. Maksimenko, Polina Kuzhir and Juras Banys

Materials 2021, 14(17), 5065; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175065 - 4 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2947

Abstract

Composite materials with 83 wt.% of the 0.7Pb(Mg${}_{1/3}$Nb${}_{2/3}$)O${}_3$-0.3PbTiO${}_3$ distributed in phosphate-bonded ceramics were prepared at three different pressures. A phosphate matrix comprises a mixture of an aluminum phosphate binder and melted periclase, [...] Read more.

Composite materials with 83 wt.% of the 0.7Pb(Mg${}_{1/3}$Nb${}_{2/3}$)O${}_3$-0.3PbTiO${}_3$ distributed in phosphate-bonded ceramics were prepared at three different pressures. A phosphate matrix comprises a mixture of an aluminum phosphate binder and melted periclase, MgO. All samples demonstrate a homogeneous distribution of the ferroelectric perovskite phase and are thermally stable up to 900 K. At higher temperatures, the pyrochlore cubic phase forms. It has been found that the density of the composites non-monotonously depends on the pressure. The dielectric permittivity and losses substantially increase with the density of the samples. The fabricated composites demonstrate diffused ferroelectric–paraelectric transition and prominent piezoelectric properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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22 pages, 6891 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Kinetics of the Organic Compounds and Ammonium Nitrogen Electrochemical Oxidation in Landfill Leachates at Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes

by Barbara Krystyna Wilk, Małgorzata Szopińska, Aneta Luczkiewicz, Michał Sobaszek, Ewa Siedlecka and Sylwia Fudala-Ksiazek

Materials 2021, 14(17), 4971; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174971 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3140

Abstract

Electrochemical oxidation (EO) of organic compounds and ammonium in the complex matrix of landfill leachates (LLs) was investigated using three different boron-doped diamond electrodes produced on silicon substrate (BDD/Si)(levels of boron doping [B]/[C] = 500, 10,000, and 15,000 ppm—0.5 k; 10 k, and [...] Read more.

Electrochemical oxidation (EO) of organic compounds and ammonium in the complex matrix of landfill leachates (LLs) was investigated using three different boron-doped diamond electrodes produced on silicon substrate (BDD/Si)(levels of boron doping [B]/[C] = 500, 10,000, and 15,000 ppm—0.5 k; 10 k, and 15 k, respectively) during 8-h tests. The LLs were collected from an old landfill in the Pomerania region (Northern Poland) and were characterized by a high concentration of N-NH₄⁺ (2069 ± 103 mg·L⁻¹), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (3608 ± 123 mg·L⁻¹), high salinity (2690 ± 70 mg Cl⁻·L⁻¹, 1353 ± 70 mg SO₄²⁻·L⁻¹), and poor biodegradability. The experiments revealed that electrochemical oxidation of LLs using BDD 0.5 k and current density (j) = 100 mA·cm⁻² was the most effective amongst those tested (C_8h/C₀: COD = 0.09 ± 0.14 mg·L⁻¹, N-NH₄⁺ = 0.39 ± 0.05 mg·L⁻¹). COD removal fits the model of pseudo-first-order reactions and N-NH₄⁺ removal in most cases follows second-order kinetics. The double increase in biodegradability index—to 0.22 ± 0.05 (BDD 0.5 k, j = 50 mA·cm⁻²) shows the potential application of EO prior biological treatment. Despite EO still being an energy consuming process, optimum conditions (COD removal > 70%) might be achieved after 4 h of treatment with an energy consumption of 200 kW·m⁻³ (BDD 0.5 k, j = 100 mA·cm⁻²). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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20 pages, 3111 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Highly Proton-Conducting Membranes Based on Poly(arylene ether)s with Densely Sulfonated and Partially Fluorinated Multiphenyl for Fuel Cell Applications

by Tzu-Sheng Huang, Tung-Li Hsieh, Chih-Ching Lai, Hsin-Yi Wen, Wen-Yao Huang and Mei-Ying Chang

Membranes 2021, 11(8), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080626 - 15 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3989

Abstract

Series of partially fluorinated sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s were synthesized through nucleophilic substitution polycondensation from three types of diols and superhydrophobic tetra-trifluoromethyl-substituted difluoro monomers with postsulfonation to obtain densely sulfonated ionomers. The membranes had similar ion exchange capacities of 2.92 ± 0.20 mmol g [...] Read more.

Series of partially fluorinated sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s were synthesized through nucleophilic substitution polycondensation from three types of diols and superhydrophobic tetra-trifluoromethyl-substituted difluoro monomers with postsulfonation to obtain densely sulfonated ionomers. The membranes had similar ion exchange capacities of 2.92 ± 0.20 mmol g⁻¹ and favorable mechanical properties (Young’s moduli of 1.60–1.83 GPa). The membranes exhibited considerable dimensional stability (43.1–122.3% change in area and 42.1–61.5% change in thickness at 80 °C) and oxidative stability (~55.5%). The proton conductivity of the membranes, higher (174.3–301.8 mS cm⁻¹) than that of Nafion 211 (123.8 mS cm⁻¹), was the percent conducting volume corresponding to the water uptake. The membranes were observed to comprise isolated to tailed ionic clusters of size 15–45 nm and 3–8 nm, respectively, in transmission electron microscopy images. A fuel cell containing one such material exhibited high single-cell performance—a maximum power density of 1.32 W cm² and current density of >1600 mA cm⁻² at 0.6 V. The results indicate that the material is a candidate for proton exchange membranes in fuel cell applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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29 pages, 4366 KiB  

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Application and Analysis of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Current Scope and Challenges

by Alonso González, Mario Grágeda, Adrián Quispe, Svetlana Ushak, Philippe Sistat and Marc Cretin

Membranes 2021, 11(8), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080575 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7545

Abstract

The objective of this work was to evaluate obtaining LiOH directly from brines with high LiCl concentrations using bipolar membrane electrodialysis by the analysis of Li⁺ ion transport phenomena. For this purpose, Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM bipolar membranes were characterized by [...] Read more.

The objective of this work was to evaluate obtaining LiOH directly from brines with high LiCl concentrations using bipolar membrane electrodialysis by the analysis of Li⁺ ion transport phenomena. For this purpose, Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM bipolar membranes were characterized by linear sweep voltammetry, and the Li⁺ transport number in cation-exchange membranes was determined. In addition, a laboratory-scale reactor was designed, constructed, and tested to develop experimental LiOH production tests. The selected LiCl concentration range, based on productive process concentrations for Salar de Atacama (Chile), was between 14 and 34 wt%. Concentration and current density effects on LiOH production, current efficiency, and specific electricity consumption were evaluated. The highest current efficiency obtained was 0.77 at initial concentrations of LiOH 0.5 wt% and LiCl 14 wt%. On the other hand, a concentrated LiOH solution (between 3.34 wt% and 4.35 wt%, with a solution purity between 96.0% and 95.4%, respectively) was obtained. The results of this work show the feasibility of LiOH production from concentrated brines by means of bipolar membrane electrodialysis, bringing the implementation of this technology closer to LiOH production on a larger scale. Moreover, being an electrochemical process, this could be driven by Solar PV, taking advantage of the high solar radiation conditions in the Atacama Desert in Chile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromaterials for Environment & Energy)

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