18 Results Found

The presence of esterase enzymes in human skin and their role in drug metabolism has been reported, but their distribution in the various skin layers and the relative contributions of those layers to metabolism is poorly defined. To gain further insi...

The administration of therapeutic drugs through dermal routes, such as creams and ointments, has emerged as an increasingly popular alternative to traditional delivery methods, such as tablets and injections. In the context of drug development, it is...

The ideal UV absorber should be safe and should have excellent properties. Therefore, transdermal absorption is essential for the safety risk assessment of sunscreen cosmetics. The Franz diffusion cell method is the most common means of studying in v...

Topical drug delivery is an attractive alternative to conventional methods because of advantages such as non-invasive delivery, by-pass of first pass metabolism, and improved patient compliance. However, several factors such as skin, physicochemical...

Background/Objectives: For locally applied, locally acting generic drug products, comparison to an originator product based on systemic exposure is usually not feasible due to low plasma concentrations and inadequate reflection of local exposure at t...

The human skin is marked as a standard by the regulatory agencies in the permeation study of dermal formulations. Artificial membranes can substitute human skin to some extent. Academicians and pharmaceutical corporations are focusing their efforts o...

Transmucosal drug products, such as aerosols, films, semisolids, suppositories, and tablets, have been developed for the treatment of various human diseases and conditions. Transmucosal drug absorption is highly influenced by the biological structure...

International projects have helped organizations around the world to better adapt to the new environmental conditions in which they operate, driven by the phenomenon of globalization. Electronic communication and information tools have enabled the cr...

Pharmaceutical products containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most prescribed topical formulations used for analgesic and antirheumatic properties. These drugs must overcome the skin barrier to cause a therapeutic ef...

The use of in vitro human skin permeation tests is of value when addressing the quality and equivalence of topical drug products in Europe and the US. Human skin is the membrane of choice for these studies. The use of human skin as a membrane is hind...

The evaluation of bioequivalence (BE) for topical dermatological drug products is challenging, and there has been significant interest from regulatory authorities in developing new BE methodologies in recent years. Currently, BE is demonstrated by co...

Previously, we reported the use of confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) as a novel non-invasive approach to determine drug disposition in the skin in vivo. Results obtained by CRS were found to correlate with data from the well-established in vitro perm...

The development of second-entry topical products is hampered by several factors. The excipient composition should be similar to the reference product because excipients may also contribute to efficacy. Conventional pharmacokinetic bioequivalence stud...

Background/Objectives: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is commonly prescribed to women in need to restore the deficiency of hormones. Estrogens, in particular estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), are associated with side effects when given orally. As s...

When developing topical semisolid products, it is crucial to consider the metamorphosis of the formulation under the “in use” condition. Numerous critical quality characteristics, including rheological properties, thermodynamic activity,...

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease impacting the population globally. Pharmaceutical products developed to combat this condition commonly used in clinical settings are IV bolus or oral drug delivery routes. There are some major challenges...

The composition of topical and transdermal formulations is known to determine the rate and the extent of drug delivery to and through the skin. However, to date, the role of excipients in these formulations on skin delivery of actives has received li...

Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people worldwide each year, and the use of a topically applied insect repellent is an economically viable preventative health practice. The general objective of this work was to encapsulate citronella oil (C...