Processes

14 pages, 4310 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Different Gelling Agents on the Properties of Wine Jellies Prepared from Aromatic Grape Varieties

by Radek Sotolář, Petr Bača, Vladimír Mašán, Petr Vanýsek, Patrik Burg, Tomáš Binar and Oldřiška Sotolářová

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061893 (registering DOI) - 15 Jun 2025

Abstract

Wine jelly is regarded as a delicacy in many countries and is commonly utilized in grande cuisine. Recently, its popularity has increased among consumers due to its dietary properties and the presence of health-promoting compounds such as antioxidants. Its natural origin and the [...] Read more.

Wine jelly is regarded as a delicacy in many countries and is commonly utilized in grande cuisine. Recently, its popularity has increased among consumers due to its dietary properties and the presence of health-promoting compounds such as antioxidants. Its natural origin and the ability to reflect local traditions and consumer preferences further enhance its appeal. This study aimed to compare the compositional and sensory characteristics of wine jellies prepared using three different gelling agents and four aromatic grape varieties, with the goal of preserving varietal aroma in the final products. White wines from Pálava and Moravian Muscat and red wines from Agni and Rosa were used. The selected gelling agents were agar, vegan gelatin, and traditional gelatin. Basic analytical parameters were assessed in both the wines and the resulting jellies. Sensory evaluation was conducted by trained panelists, assessing consistency, appearance (clarity), taste, and bouquet. Confectionery-grade jelly from red wines demonstrated the best consistency, while gelatin jellies from white wines showed superior clarity. Due to a preference for sweeter flavors, jellies from red wines were favored across all variants. The strongest varietal bouquet was observed in Moravian Muscat samples, irrespective of the gelling agent used. The optimal choice of gelling agent depends on the target quality attributes. Gelatin is preferred for firmness and clarity, while vegan gelatin is ideal for preserving aroma and achieving a balanced sensory profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Production, Processing and Analysis of Must, Wine and Derivatives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 8248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Failure Deformation Response and Dilatancy Damage Characteristics of Beishan Granite Under Different Stress Paths

by Yang Han, Dengke Zhang, Zheng Zhou, Shikun Pu, Jianli Duan, Lei Gao and Erbing Li

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061892 (registering DOI) - 15 Jun 2025

Abstract

Different from general underground engineering, the micro-damage prior to failure of the surrounding rock has a significant influence on the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. However, the quantitative research on pre-failure dilatancy damage characteristics and stress path influence of hard brittle rocks [...] Read more.

Different from general underground engineering, the micro-damage prior to failure of the surrounding rock has a significant influence on the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. However, the quantitative research on pre-failure dilatancy damage characteristics and stress path influence of hard brittle rocks under high stress levels is insufficient currently, and especially, the stress path under simultaneous unloading of axial and confining pressures is rarely discussed. Therefore, three representative mechanical experimental studies were conducted on the Beishan granite in the pre-selected area for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) geological disposal in China, including increasing axial pressure with constant confining pressure (path I), increasing axial pressure with unloading confining pressure (path II), and simultaneous unloading of axial and confining pressures (path III). Using the deviatoric stress ratio as a reference, the evolution laws and characteristics of stress–strain relationships, deformation modulus, generalized Poisson’s ratio, dilatancy index, and dilation angle during the path bifurcation stage were quantitatively analyzed and compared. The results indicate that macro-deformation and the plastic dilatancy process exhibit strong path dependency. The critical value and growth gradient of the dilatancy parameter for path I are both the smallest, and the suppressive effect of the initial confining pressure is the most significant. The dilation gradient of path II is the largest, but the degree of dilatancy before the critical point is the smallest due to its susceptibility to fracture. The critical values of the dilatancy parameters for path III are the highest and are minimally affected by the initial confining pressure, indicating the most significant dilatancy properties. Establish the relationship between the deformation parameters and the crack-induced volumetric strain and define the damage variable accordingly. The critical damage state and the damage accumulation process under various stress paths were examined in detail. The results show that the damage evolution is obviously differentiated with the bifurcation of the stress paths, and three different types of damage curve clusters are formed, indicating that the damage accumulation path is highly dependent on the stress path. The research findings quantitatively reveal the differences in deformation response and damage characteristics of Beishan granite under varying stress paths, providing a foundation for studying the nonlinear mechanical behavior and damage failure mechanisms of hard brittle rock under complex loading conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Prediction and Performance Optimization for Deep Underground Resource Excavation Process)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on an Automated Cleansing and Function Fitting Method for Well Logging and Drilling Data

by Wan Wei

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061891 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Oilfield data is characterized by complex types, large volumes, and significant noise interference, so data cleansing has become a key procedure for improving data quality. However, the traditional data cleansing process needs to deal with multiple types of problems, such as outliers, duplicate [...] Read more.

Oilfield data is characterized by complex types, large volumes, and significant noise interference, so data cleansing has become a key procedure for improving data quality. However, the traditional data cleansing process needs to deal with multiple types of problems, such as outliers, duplicate data, and missing values in turn, and the processing steps are complex and inefficient. Therefore, an integrated data cleansing and function fitting method is established. The fine-mesh data density analysis method is utilized to cleanse outliers and duplicate data, and the automated segmented fitting method is used for missing data imputation. For the real-time data generated during drilling or well logging, data cleansing is realized through grid partitioning and data density analysis, and the cleansing ratio is controlled by data density threshold and grid spacing. After data cleansing, based on similar standards, the cleansed data is segmented, and the fitting function type of each segment is determined to fill in the missing data, and data outputs with any frequency can be obtained. For the analysis of the hook load data measured by sensors at the drilling site and obtained from rig floor monitors or remote centers, the data cleansing percentage reaches 98.88% after two-stage cleansing, which still retains the original trend of the data. After data cleansing, the cleansed data are modeled through the automated segmented fitting method, with Mean Absolute Percentage Errors (MAPEs) less than 3.66% and coefficient of determination (R²) values greater than 0.94. Through the integrated data processing mechanism, the workflow can synchronously eliminate outliers and redundant data and fill in the missing values, thereby dynamically adapting to the data requirements of numerical simulation and intelligent analysis and significantly improving the efficiency of on-site data processing and decision-making reliability in the oilfield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control, and Optimization of Drilling Techniques)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 4220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Key Technologies and Applications of Factory Prefabrication of Oil and Gas Station Pipeline

by Shaoshan Liu, Yi Chen, Pingping Mao, Huanyong Jiang, Xubo Yao, Weitao Yao, Shuangjie Yuan, Guochao Zhao, Chuan Cheng, Miao Zhang and Liangliang Wang

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061890 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

As key nodes in the energy transmission network, oil and gas pipeline stations are crucial in ensuring national energy security and stable economic development. The traditional construction mode of “on-site prefabrication and installation” has problems, such as low efficiency, high cost, and large [...] Read more.

As key nodes in the energy transmission network, oil and gas pipeline stations are crucial in ensuring national energy security and stable economic development. The traditional construction mode of “on-site prefabrication and installation” has problems, such as low efficiency, high cost, and large quality fluctuations, which make it difficult to meet current construction needs. Factory prefabrication technology for pipelines has become a key path to solving industry pain points. This article focuses on the factory prefabrication technology of oil and gas station pipelines. By integrating key technologies, such as 3D modeling, automated welding, modular transportation, and intelligent detection, the visualization and digitization of station pipeline design are achieved, providing a basis for prefabrication and processing. They also improve welding quality and efficiency through automated welding technology and non-destructive testing technology. Through research on the planning and construction of prefabrication factories, construction organization and quality management, supply chain management, and information technology applications, real-time monitoring and information management of the construction process have been achieved. Case analysis shows that factory prefabrication can achieve a prefabrication rate of 70% for DN50–DN600 pipelines in the station, 80% for automated welding seams, a total construction period reduction of about 30%, a one-time welding qualification rate of over 96%, and a significant cost reduction, reflecting the significant advantages of factory prefabrication in terms of construction period, quality, and cost. Further research has clarified that factory prefabrication technology can effectively improve the efficiency, quality, and economic benefits of pipeline construction in oil and gas stations, promote the transformation of construction towards a high-efficiency, low-carbon, and sustainable direction, and provide support for the strategic goal of “One National Network”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Testing and Seepage Analysis of Multi-Layer Leachate Levels in Landfills with Intermediate Covers: A Case Study

by Wei Shi, Yang Zhang, Yifan Lin, Han Gao and Jiwu Lan

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061889 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

The distribution of leachate in landfill systems significantly influences landfill stability, pollutant migration, and gas transport. However, existing methods for measuring leachate levels in landfills with multiple intermediate cover layers remain insufficient. This study introduces a novel in situ testing method to determine [...] Read more.

The distribution of leachate in landfill systems significantly influences landfill stability, pollutant migration, and gas transport. However, existing methods for measuring leachate levels in landfills with multiple intermediate cover layers remain insufficient. This study introduces a novel in situ testing method to determine multi-layer leachate levels. Field experiments at a landfill site in northwestern China successfully quantified leachate levels on each intermediate cover layer. Seepage analysis simulated the leachate level recovery test method used in field investigations, enabling examination of the formation mechanisms and drainage characteristics of multi-layer leachate systems. Measurement results demonstrated that each intermediate cover layer retained a corresponding perched leachate level. Variations in perched water head across waste layers arise from differences in drainage capacity between waste strata. Differential settlement of the intermediate cover layers in localized areas generated adverse hydraulic gradients, contributing to spatial heterogeneity in perched leachate distribution. Back analysis yields an in situ saturated hydraulic conductivity ranging from 1 × 10⁻⁴ to 3.3 × 10⁻³ cm/s. Low-permeability intermediate cover layers were identified as the primary factors contributing to multi-layer leachate formation. The implementation of effective horizontal drainage can reduce perched leachate accumulation above intermediate layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Solid Waste Treatment Technology and Contamination Remediation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Viability of Hydrogen Production via Plasma Thermal Degradation of Natural Gas

by Dejan Cvetinović, Aleksandar Erić, Jovana Anđelković, Nikola Ćetenović, Marina Jovanović and Vukman Bakić

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061888 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the economic feasibility of producing hydrogen from natural gas via thermal degradation in a plasma reactor. Plasma pyrolysis, where natural gas passes through the space between electrodes and serves as the working medium, enables high hydrogen yields without emitting carbon [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the economic feasibility of producing hydrogen from natural gas via thermal degradation in a plasma reactor. Plasma pyrolysis, where natural gas passes through the space between electrodes and serves as the working medium, enables high hydrogen yields without emitting carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Instead, the primary products are hydrogen and solid carbon. Unlike conventional methods, this approach requires no catalysts, addressing a major technological limitation. A thermodynamic equilibrium model based on Gibbs free energy minimization was used to analyze the process over a temperature range of 500–2500 K. The results indicate an optimal temperature of approximately 1500 K, which achieved a 99.5% methane conversion by mass. Considering the capital and operating costs and profit margins, the hydrogen production cost was estimated at 3.49 EUR/kg. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the price of solid carbon had the most significant impact, which potentially raised the hydrogen cost to 4.53 EUR/kg or reduced it to 1.70 EUR/kg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1872 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Optimization Methods of Platform Well Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs

by Li Zhang, Bo Wang, Minghao Hu, Xian Shi, Liu Yang and Fujian Zhou

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061887 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Unconventional reservoirs are characterized by low porosity, low permeability, and limited hydrocarbon abundance, making them economically unviable for production under natural conditions. Large-scale hydraulic fracturing has emerged as a critical technology for enabling the effective development of these resources. The three-dimensional development of [...] Read more.

Unconventional reservoirs are characterized by low porosity, low permeability, and limited hydrocarbon abundance, making them economically unviable for production under natural conditions. Large-scale hydraulic fracturing has emerged as a critical technology for enabling the effective development of these resources. The three-dimensional development of platform wells employs batch drilling and batch fracturing techniques. By implementing simultaneous fracturing or zipper fracturing approaches, the process achieves well placement, fracturing, and fracture placement in a single step, thereby reducing costs and improving operational efficiency. Platform well fracturing (PWF) involves numerous parameters that require optimization, and the underlying physical processes are highly complex, presenting significant challenges to the design and control of fracturing strategies. To address these challenges, this study focuses on the following aspects: (1) identifying key parameters in PWF and reviewing prior optimization efforts that use production capacity and net present value as objective functions; (2) systematically comparing numerical simulation methods for modeling fracture propagation and simulating production performance, highlighting their role in linking fracturing parameters to objective functions; (3) evaluating the strengths and limitations of single-factor analysis, orthogonal experimental design, and intelligent automatic optimization methods, and proposing a high-dimensional intelligent optimization workflow for fracturing design; (4) examining the technological challenges of PWF and suggesting future directions for its development. This study provides valuable insights into the selection of optimization methods for PWF schemes and offers guidance for advancing the technology’s development, contributing to more efficient and effective resource recovery from unconventional reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Unconventional Reservoir Development and CO₂ Storage)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Provincial Electricity–Heat Integrated Energy System Optimal Dispatching Model for Time-Series Production Simulation

by Na Zhang, Jin Yi, Jingwei Hu, Sheng Ge, Changyu Chi and Quan Lyu

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061886 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

This paper focuses on the provincial integrated energy system in northern China, which is characterized by the large-scale integration of renewable energy, thorough coupling of electricity and heat, and interactive operation of sources, loads, and storages. When conducting time-series production simulation with the [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the provincial integrated energy system in northern China, which is characterized by the large-scale integration of renewable energy, thorough coupling of electricity and heat, and interactive operation of sources, loads, and storages. When conducting time-series production simulation with the daily rolling optimization dispatching method, the embedded daily optimal dispatching model fails to effectively charge and discharge electric and thermal energy storages across days to accommodate the curtailed electricity from renewable energy. Thus, a new embedded daily optimal dispatching model is proposed. The new model adopts a strategy of converting the stored energy of electric and thermal energy storages at the end of the dispatching day into equivalent coal consumption, respectively, and deducting it from the objective function of the optimal dispatching model. Through theoretical analysis, the reasonable range of the conversion coefficient is determined, enabling the model to use electric and thermal energy storages to store the curtailed electricity during surplus power generation in a dispatching day and accommodate it in subsequent days. A case study based on a provincial electricity–heat integrated energy system in northern China shows that the curtailment of renewable energy with the suggested strategy is much less than that with the traditional strategy, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1381 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bacillus Species: Evolving Roles in Bio-Based Detergents

by Vu-Mai-Linh Nguyen, Adama Ndao, Eric Charles Peterson, Jean-François Blais and Kokou Adjallé

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061885 (registering DOI) - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

Enzymes and biosurfactants, often referred to as “green chemicals,” play pivotal roles in enhancing the washing performance of bio-based detergents—a growing trend driven by environmentally conscious consumers. However, the widespread adoption of such bio-based detergents faces challenges, including high costs, limited efficiency, and [...] Read more.

Enzymes and biosurfactants, often referred to as “green chemicals,” play pivotal roles in enhancing the washing performance of bio-based detergents—a growing trend driven by environmentally conscious consumers. However, the widespread adoption of such bio-based detergents faces challenges, including high costs, limited efficiency, and the need for ongoing innovations. Bacillus species have long been universally acknowledged and exploited for industrial applications, and Bacillus spp. are largely differentiated from other microorganisms for their enzymatic applications, particularly in detergent production. Recent developments in bio-surfactant production by Bacillus sp. support the adoption of green detergents, and these bacterial biosurfactants are a promising source for detergent manufacturing. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of promising Bacillus species and their potential to advance and accelerate the production of bio-based detergents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochemical Processes for Sustainability, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Circularity in Agriculture: A Case of Bioactive Compound Recovery from Sea Buckthorn Residual Leaves and Twigs

by Karolina Almonaitytė and Jolita Kruopienė

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061884 (registering DOI) - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

In recent years, agricultural by-products have become more valued due to the growing emphasis on sustainable agriculture and circular economies. This study concentrated on sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) by utilizing its residual leaves and twigs—traditionally discarded or composted—as a source of [...] Read more.

In recent years, agricultural by-products have become more valued due to the growing emphasis on sustainable agriculture and circular economies. This study concentrated on sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) by utilizing its residual leaves and twigs—traditionally discarded or composted—as a source of high-value bioactive compounds. Aqueous and alcohol extraction was applied to sea buckthorn biomass using varying cycle numbers and extraction durations. The resulting extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), proanthocyanidins (PACs), and antioxidant activity. The findings revealed that leaf extracts tended to have higher TPC, with the peak value in Leaves extract_4 (61.22 ± 0.26 mg_GAE/g), whose extraction was performed using 60 cycles of 10 min duration. Sea buckthorn twig water extracts demonstrated higher concentrations of PACs compared to leaf extracts, with the highest value observed in Twigs extract_5 (52.79 ± 0.21 mg_CE/g) whose extraction was performed using 60 cycles of 5 min duration. The antioxidant activity assessed via DPPH revealed significant functional potential, with sea buckthorn leaf extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) showing 82–90% activity, and twig extracts 77–90%. Environmental impacts of the tested extraction scenarios, assessed using a life-cycle assessment methodology, confirmed that extraction scenarios yielding higher concentrations of bioactive compounds from the same biomass were associated with lower environmental burdens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Value-Added Products from Waste)

21 pages, 2781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Droplet Size and Velocity in a Methanol Spray

by Zehao Feng, Junlong Zhang, Jiechong Gu, Yu Jin, Xiaoqing Tian and Zhixia He

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061883 (registering DOI) - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

The atomization performance of methanol fuel plays a crucial role in enhancing methanol engine efficiency, contributing to the decarbonization of the shipping industry. The droplet microscopic characteristics of methanol spray were experimentally investigated using a single-hole direct injection injector in a constant volume [...] Read more.

The atomization performance of methanol fuel plays a crucial role in enhancing methanol engine efficiency, contributing to the decarbonization of the shipping industry. The droplet microscopic characteristics of methanol spray were experimentally investigated using a single-hole direct injection injector in a constant volume chamber. The particle image analysis (PIA) system equipped with a slicer was employed for droplet detecting at a series of measurement positions in both the dense spray region and dilute spray region, then the spatial distributions of droplet size and velocity were examined. Key findings reveal distinct atomization behaviors between dense and dilute spray regions. Along the centerline, the methanol spray exhibited poor atomization, characterized by a high concentration of aggregated droplets, interconnected liquid structures, and large liquid masses. In contrast, the spray periphery demonstrated effective atomization, with only well-dispersed individual droplets observed. Droplet size distribution analysis showed a sharp decrease from the dense region to the dilute region near the nozzle. In the spray midbody, droplet diameter initially decreased significantly within the dense spray zone, stabilized in the transition zone, and then exhibited a slight increase in the dilute region—though remaining smaller than values observed at the central axis. Velocity measurements indicated a consistent decline in the axial velocity component due to air drag. In contrast, the radial velocity component displayed irregular variations, attributed to vortex-induced flow interactions. These experimentally observed droplet behaviors provide critical insights for refining spray models and enhancing computational simulations of methanol injection processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low/Zero Carbon Fuels Production, Transportation, Storage and Utilization)

22 pages, 1706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Air Injection to Enhance Coalbed Gas Extraction

by Yongpeng Fan, Longyong Shu, Xin Song and Haoran Gong

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061882 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

Gas extraction is an important means to reduce coalbed gas and ensure safe coal production. Injecting N₂/CO₂ into a coalbed can enhance coal seam gas extraction, but problems with N₂/CO₂ sources underground have prevented the wide application [...] Read more.

Gas extraction is an important means to reduce coalbed gas and ensure safe coal production. Injecting N₂/CO₂ into a coalbed can enhance coal seam gas extraction, but problems with N₂/CO₂ sources underground have prevented the wide application of this technology in coal mines. The air contains a large amount of N₂, but only a few studies have investigated the injection of air into coalbeds to facilitate gas extraction. In this study, a thermal–hydraulic–solid coupling model for air-enhanced coalbed gas extraction (Air-ECGE) was established. Additionally, the impact of air injection on coalbed methane extraction was simulated, and field experiments were conducted on air injection to enhance gas extraction. The results showed that injecting high-pressure air into a coalbed can effectively facilitate gas desorption and gas migration within the coalbed, greatly improving the efficiency of gas extraction in the coalbed. In addition, owing to the large pressure gradient that can lead to fast coalbed gas seepage, the gas production rate of the extraction borehole is directly proportional to the gas injection pressure. Further, the spacing of the boreholes limits the influence range of the gas injection: the larger the spacing, the larger the influence range, and the higher the gas extraction rate of the extraction borehole. After injecting air into the coalbed of the Liuzhuang coal mine, the extraction flow rate and concentration of gas from the extraction boreholes both increased significantly. A certain delay effect was also observed in the gas injection effect, and the gas extraction flow rate only decreased after a period of time after the gas injection had stopped. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring, Process Control and Prevention Measures for Safety Problems in Coal Mining)

18 pages, 4161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Poly(L-lactic acid) Films Containing Curcuma lunga L. Extract for Active Cheese Packaging

by Aleksandra Bužarovska, Darko Dimitrovski and Anka Trajkovska Petkoska

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061881 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

Biobased packaging solutions with active functions for different food categories are a very attractive topic nowadays. This packaging provides suitable preservation of the food quality and extends the shelf life of packed items. In addition, this is a promising pathway to overcome global [...] Read more.

Biobased packaging solutions with active functions for different food categories are a very attractive topic nowadays. This packaging provides suitable preservation of the food quality and extends the shelf life of packed items. In addition, this is a promising pathway to overcome global pollution, to protect human health, as well as to provide a better planetary wellbeing. In this work, a packaging composition based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with the addition of Curcuma longa L. (C) extract prepared by the solution casting method is promoted as a potential packaging option for the active food packaging of cheese. The dopant levels of the extract were performed at 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%, while the neat PLA film was used as a control. The obtained results are promising. By a thermal analysis, it is shown that C-extract has a plasticizing and nucleating effect on PLA molecules, as well as improving the barrier and other film properties. Moreover, this packaging was proven as a potential antimicrobial packaging for white cheese—it enables extending the shelf life by direct contact. This is a simple way of manufacturing biobased packaging doped with natural antimicrobials that could be used for other food categories that are prone to microbiological attack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Materials and Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Brittle–Ductile Characteristics and Fracture Propagation Laws of Ultra-Deep Tight Sandy Conglomerate Reservoirs

by Xianbo Meng, Zixi Jiao, Haiyan Zhu, Peng Zhao, Shijie Chen, Jun Zhou, Hongyu Xian and Yong Wang

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061880 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

Ultra-deep tight sandy conglomerate reservoirs in the Junggar Basin are characterized by vertically alternating lithologies that include mudstone, sandy conglomerate, and sandstone. High in situ stresses and formation temperatures contribute to a brittle–ductile transition process in the reservoir rocks. However, the brittle behavior [...] Read more.

Ultra-deep tight sandy conglomerate reservoirs in the Junggar Basin are characterized by vertically alternating lithologies that include mudstone, sandy conglomerate, and sandstone. High in situ stresses and formation temperatures contribute to a brittle–ductile transition process in the reservoir rocks. However, the brittle behavior and ductile hydraulic fracture propagation mechanisms under in situ conditions remain inadequately understood. In this study, ultra-deep core samples were subjected to triaxial compression tests under varying confining pressures and temperatures to simulate different burial depths and evaluate their brittleness. A three-dimensional hydraulic fracture propagation model was developed in ABAQUS 2023 finite element software, incorporating a cohesive zone ductile constitutive model. Numerical simulations were conducted, considering interlayer horizontal stress differences, injection rate, and fracturing fluid viscosity, to systematically analyze the influence of geological and engineering factors on ductile fracture propagation. A fracture length–height competition diagram was constructed to illustrate the propagation mechanisms. The results reveal that high temperatures significantly accelerate the brittle–ductile transition, which occurs at confining pressures between 55 and 65 MPa. Following this transition, failure modes shift from single-shear failure to a multi-localized fracture with bulging deformation. Interlayer horizontal stress differences were found to strongly influence fracture penetration, with larger stress differences hindering vertical growth. Increasing injection rates promoted the uniform distribution of lateral fractures and fracture tip development, while medium- to high-viscosity fracturing fluids enhanced fracture width and vertical stimulation uniformity. These findings provide important insights for optimizing fracturing strategies and expanding the effective stimulation volume in the ultra-deep tight sandy conglomerate reservoirs of the Junggar Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Fracturing Technology for Oil and Gas Reservoir Stimulation)

32 pages, 3656 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Artificial Intelligence and Extraction of Bioactive Compounds: The Case of Rosemary and Pressurized Liquid Extraction

by Martha Mantiniotou, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Konstantinos G. Liakos, Eleni Bozinou and Stavros I. Lalas

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061879 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis or Salvia rosmarinus) is an aromatic herb that possesses numerous health-promoting and antioxidant properties. Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) is an efficient, environmentally friendly technique for obtaining valuable compounds from natural sources. The optimal PLE conditions were established as [...] Read more.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis or Salvia rosmarinus) is an aromatic herb that possesses numerous health-promoting and antioxidant properties. Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) is an efficient, environmentally friendly technique for obtaining valuable compounds from natural sources. The optimal PLE conditions were established as 25% v/v ethanol at 160 °C for 25 min, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g. The optimal extract exhibited high polyphenol and antioxidant content through various assays. The recovered bioactive compounds possess potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics sectors, in addition to serving as feed additives. This research compares two distinct optimization models: one statistical, derived from experimental data, and the other based on artificial intelligence (AI). The objective was to evaluate if AI could replicate experimental models and ultimately supplant the laborious experimental process, yielding the same results more rapidly and adaptably. To further enhance data interpretation and predictive capabilities, six machine learning models were implemented on the original dataset. Due to the limited sample size, synthetic data were generated using Random Forest (RF)-based resampling and Gaussian noise addition. The augmented dataset significantly improved the model performance. Among the models tested, the RF algorithm achieved the highest accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Industrial Process Modelling and Optimization)

11 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Production and Process Costing for Biomass Obtained from Underutilized Plant Species in México and Colombia

by Julio César Ríos-Saucedo, Rigoberto Rosales-Serna, Artemio Carrillo-Parra, Cynthia Adriana Nava-Berumen, Antonio Cano-Pineda, Martín Aquino-Ramírez and Jesús Manuel Martínez-Villela

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061878 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

The objectives were to evaluate the energy potential of biomass and pellets produced from five underutilized herbaceous and woody plant species in México and Colombia; characterize pellet quality parameters; and calculate the preliminary production costs and energy requirement during the densification process. Harvest [...] Read more.

The objectives were to evaluate the energy potential of biomass and pellets produced from five underutilized herbaceous and woody plant species in México and Colombia; characterize pellet quality parameters; and calculate the preliminary production costs and energy requirement during the densification process. Harvest and sawmill residues were obtained for five non-timber and woody plant species. The volatile compounds, ash, and fixed carbon were evaluated, as well as the higher heating value (HHV) and pellet impact resistance (PIR); in addition, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose were quantified. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation. The volatile compounds ranged from 65.9–77.5%, ash 2.5–17.2%, fixed carbon 5.4–19.9%, HHV 16.4–21.9 MJ kg⁻¹, and PIR (0.6–99.1%). Considerable intra- and inter-specific differences were observed for all the variables, which expanded the options for the selection of biomass sources used in bioenergy production. Biomass processing costs ranged from 675.9 to 679.3 EUR t⁻¹. Optimization of these processes is required to implement more efficient technologies that significantly reduce operating costs in biomass use in biofuel industry. The systematic study of different plant species, both introduced and native, will provide new sources of biomass to produce bioenergy, fertilizers, and other organic inputs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Energy Conversion for Efficient and Sustainable Utilization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 6210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Energy Absorption Performance of Titanium Slag Reinforced Concrete: An Experimental and Numerical Simulation-Based Study

by Shang Wang, Hangjie Li, Xiuye Zhao, Haoxiong Sun, Yuqin Luo, Meng Wang and Weiting Gao

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061877 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

With growing demands for improved blast resistance in concrete protective structures, developing new concrete materials that combine high toughness, impact resistance, and efficient energy dissipation is essential. This study replaces conventional aggregates with titanium slag and prepares three specimen groups: pure cement mortar [...] Read more.

With growing demands for improved blast resistance in concrete protective structures, developing new concrete materials that combine high toughness, impact resistance, and efficient energy dissipation is essential. This study replaces conventional aggregates with titanium slag and prepares three specimen groups: pure cement mortar (control), cement mortar with large titanium slag particles, and an optimized mix with titanium slag aggregates. Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) tests and AUTODYN finite difference simulations, stress-wave absorption and attenuation performance were systematically investigated. Results show that, under identical impact loading rates, the large-particle titanium slag group increased energy absorption by 23.5% compared with the control, while the optimized mix improved by 19.2%. Both groups maintained stable absorption efficiencies across different loading rates. Numerical simulations reveal that the porous titanium slag model attenuated stress waves by approximately 67.9% after passing through three slag layers, significantly higher than the 51.4% attenuation in the non-porous model. This improvement is attributed to multiple wave reflections and interferences caused by a two-order-magnitude difference in the elastic modulus between the slag and air interfaces, creating ring-shaped stress concentrations that disrupt wave propagation and dissipate impact energy. This research provides experimental support and mechanistic insights for titanium slag application in novel blast-resistant concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

14 pages, 4457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dense Phase Mixing in a Solid-Liquid Stirred Tank by Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation

by Shengkun Jiang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Xin Zhao, Chunlin Chen, Wenwen Tu, Yu Chi and Junhao Wang

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061876 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study numerically investigates the solid–liquid mixing characteristics in solid–liquid stirred tanks with solid volume fraction as high as 35%, focusing on the effect of impeller and baffle configurations on solid and liquid flow behaviors. Three stirred tanks with different capacities and impellers [...] Read more.

This study numerically investigates the solid–liquid mixing characteristics in solid–liquid stirred tanks with solid volume fraction as high as 35%, focusing on the effect of impeller and baffle configurations on solid and liquid flow behaviors. Three stirred tanks with different capacities and impellers were analyzed to evaluate liquid flow field, solid suspension, and free surface profiles. It has demonstrated superior shear rate uniformity in the multi-impeller systems compared to the single-impeller, attributed to the enhanced fluid circulation. Multi-impeller systems can achieve near-complete off-bottom suspension, while the single-impeller configuration exhibited band-shaped particle accumulation above the impeller. Free surface vortices, significantly deeper in the 6 m³ multi-impeller tank due to high blade tip velocities, were mitigated through the integration of four circumferentially arranged triangular baffles. The existence of baffles can suppress surface turbulence, promote axial flow patterns, and eliminate particle accumulation at the tank bottom, improving shear rate and solid concentration homogeneity. These findings provide a beneficial guideline for the optimization of solid–liquid mixing efficiency the similar flow system or processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in Chemical Process Simulations)

22 pages, 721 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Quality, Nutritional Composition, and Antioxidant Potential of Muffins Enriched with Flax Cake

by Dorota Gumul, Marek Kruczek, Katarzyna Szary-Sworst, Renata Sabat and Anna Wywrocka-Gurgul

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061875 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the im pact of incorporating flaxseed cake into wheat muffins on the levels of selected nutritional and bioactive compounds, specifically total polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonols, and flavonoids. The influence of different levels of this additive [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the im pact of incorporating flaxseed cake into wheat muffins on the levels of selected nutritional and bioactive compounds, specifically total polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonols, and flavonoids. The influence of different levels of this additive on the quality attributes of the final product—such as color, texture, and volume—was also assessed. Furthermore, the health-promoting potential of the enriched muffins was analyzed using two free radical scavenging methods (DPPH and ABTS). The findings demonstrated that incorporating flax cake significantly increased the content of polyphenols and flavonoids (up to threefold) and phenolic acids (up to fortyfold). This highlights the potential of using flax cake to enrich food products and enhance the bioactive compound content of wheat muffins. Higher levels of flax cake addition (20%, 30%, and 40%) resulted in a notable increase in antioxidant activity, thereby enhancing the health-promoting properties of the muffins. Muffins with a 10% addition of flax cake exhibited comparable volume and reduced hardness relative to the control and a pleasant color. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Biochemistry and Health: Recent Developments and Perspectives)

Journal Description

Processes

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI