Oral

Interim fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) play a crucial role in maintaining oral stability during the construction of final FDPs. Traditionally, interim FDPs were fabricated using conventional methods. However, advancements in digital dentistry have introduced computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques, including milling from prefabricated blanks and three-dimensional (3D) printing using light-sensitive resins, as common production methods. The aim of this review was to accumulate data on various fabrication techniques for interim FDPs, the materials used in their production, and the impact of each technique on key factors influencing the success of interim FDPs. We concluded that each technique for fabricating interim FDPs has its own advantages and limitations, and all can be effectively utilized for FDP production. However, digital techniques provide superior quality compared to conventional methods, particularly for long-term use. Full article

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the knowledge and attitudes of dentists and dental students regarding the early diagnosis of oral cancer. Study Design: Data were collected using a questionnaire administered to students on an integrated master’s degree in dentistry and to dentists. The data were then entered into SPSS, where they were statistically processed. Results: A total of 192 responses were considered (102 from dentists and 90 from dental students). Although both groups correctly recognized the gender most affected by the pathology, as well as the most common type of oral cancer, only 22.5% of dentists and 14.4% of students knew how to identify the sites with the greatest potential for malignancy. In both cases, the majority carried out a thorough intraoral assessment. Only less than half have ever performed a biopsy during their clinical practice. Only 4.9% of dentists and 3.3% of students consider their ability to diagnose pathology to be very good. Conclusions: Some gaps were observed and should be addressed, particularly in terms of knowledge about lesions with malignant potential. Therefore, it is crucial to invest in training in this area to halt the progression of this pathology. Full article

Background/Objectives: Although there is a general consensus that patients should have dental evaluation before heart valve surgery, data on the extent and complications of this evaluation are scarce. The objective was to analyze safety and feasibility of dental evaluation in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients referred for dental evaluation prior to heart valve surgery in 2021–2023 was conducted. Demographic, medical, and dental data were recorded. The number and type of dental procedures and their complications were recorded, along with the number of appointments and the time required to achieve dental clearance for heart valve surgery. Results: One hundred and fifty-three patients were referred in the observed period. The predominant procedure was tooth extraction, accounting for 76 (49.7%) cases. Complications were recorded in 3 (1.9%) patients, with delayed bleeding being the most prevalent issue, occurring in 2 (1.3%) patients. The median time required to obtain dental clearance for cardiosurgical procedure was 1 day, with 124 (81%) patients obtaining clearance in a single appointment. No dental emergencies were observed during hospital admission for the cardiosurgical procedure. Conclusions: Our results suggest that dental evaluation before heart valve surgery can be conducted in a reasonable amount of time with a low complication rate and without the need to delay cardiosurgical procedures. Full article

Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel interproximal fluoride delivery device, Cav-Aid^®, in remineralizing initial proximal caries, comparing it with conventional fluoride treatments. Methods: Initial caries lesions were produced on bovine enamel blocks by subjecting the blocks to a 3-day demineralization process by plaque growth in a mixed-species microbial caries model. After demineralization, the baseline surface microhardness (SMHb) was measured. The blocks were embedded into cavities prepared on the proximal surfaces of extracted human teeth to simulate natural interproximal contacts. The teeth were randomly assigned to six treatment groups (20/group): artificial saliva (AS), Cav-Aid^® only (CA), Cav-Aid^®/fluoride toothpaste (CA+F), fluoride varnish applied via flossing (FV-Floss), fluoride varnish applied via painting on the interdental cleavage (FV-Paint), and daily fluoride mouthrinse (F-Mouthrinse). The samples then underwent a 14-day pH cycling protocol to simulate remineralization conditions. The post-treatment SMH (SMHr) was measured. Statistical analysis comprised paired t-tests and ANOVA/Tukey’s post hoc comparisons (p < 0.05). Results: All fluoride-treated groups exhibited significant increases in SMHr compared with SMHb (p < 0.001). CA+F group showed the highest percentage remineralization (27.39%), followed by CA (22.16%), then the FV and mouthrinse groups (9.25–11.80%). The AS group exhibited the lowest remineralization (4.89%). CA+F demonstrated significantly greater remineralization than FV or mouthrinse (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between CA alone and CA+F. Also, there was no significant difference between CA alone and FV-Floss or FV-Paint (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Within the limit of the present study, the Cav-Aid^® targeted fluoride delivery system demonstrated greater efficacy than FV alone in interproximal remineralization. Dual-modality fluoride treatments (CA+F) provided the greatest remineralization benefits, highlighting the importance of sustained fluoride exposure. Full article

Odontogenic myxofibroma (OMF) is a rare, benign, and slow-growing tumour arising from odontogenic ectomesenchyme. Despite its low prevalence, accounting for approximately 0.5% to 17.7% of all odontogenic tumours worldwide and 3.1% in specific regional studies, it poses significant challenges due to its potential for local recurrence if inadequately excised. This case report presents the clinical course, surgical management, and follow-up of a 35-year-old female patient diagnosed with OMF in the mandibular body region. The patient presented with an osteolytic lesion between the first and second mandibular molars, as confirmed through CT imaging, with dimensions of 31 × 22 × 24 mm. Histopathological examination following excisional biopsy under general anaesthesia confirmed the diagnosis of OMF. The surgical procedure involved mandibular segment resection and reconstruction using an iliac crest bone graft stabilised with plates. Subsequent implantation procedures in 2021 restored dental function, and a four-year follow-up demonstrated excellent outcomes, with no signs of recurrence, periimplantitis, or bone graft compromise. This case highlights the importance of comprehensive imaging, histopathological confirmation, and long-term monitoring in managing odontogenic myxofibroma. Early detection and appropriate surgical intervention significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Full article

Background/Objectives: Dental anomalies can manifest as a consequence of developmental defects and/or genetic influences, which disrupt the normal functioning of the oral cavity and present in various forms. Cases of fusion, gemination and concrescence are rare dental anomalies which are seen in the area of the mandibular molars. Case report: This case report concerns a 69-year-old Greek male patient who presented in the dental office asking for comprehensive oral treatment. During the clinical examination, a morphologically atypical molar was identified in the area of #37–38 presented with a large crown in the mesio-distal dimension (‘double’ crown). Panoramic and periapical radiographs offered valuable insights on the morphology of the irregular tooth, as they revealed the crown and root morphology, including the two pulp chambers and the three parallel roots of the tooth. Discussion: A plausible hypothesis identifies the atypical tooth as a third molar exhibiting morphological variation, a common characteristic of third molars. Additional diagnostic considerations—while supposing the existence of a supernumerary fourth molar—include the developmental anomalies of gemination, concrescence and fusion, as the clinical and radiographic features of the tooth display elements associated with all three. Conclusions: Considering the patient’s history, clinical and radiographic findings and the relevant literature, fusion is determined to be the most probable diagnosis. Early identification of the atypical tooth is essential to facilitate the implementation of appropriate preventive measures and to support informed treatment planning, should invasive procedures such as endodontic or surgical intervention be required in the future. Full article

Background: The rapidly growing elderly population in Sri Lanka faces multiple challenges, including the ill effects of tooth loss. Tooth loss and denture wear could both affect the amount and variety of food intake of the elders, leading to a state of compromised health. Therefore, it is essential to identify whether both tooth loss and denture wear affect the nutritional status of the elderly. This study evaluated the associations between tooth loss, denture-wearing status, and nutritional levels among a sample of the elderly population attending the Dental Teaching Hospital in Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out at the Dental Teaching Hospital in Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Using the G*Power v3.1 statistics software, a sample size of 61 patients aged 60 years and above was determined as the minimum sample size. Data were gathered by means of a self-administered questionnaire, patients’ files, and an examination to identify height and weight for assessing body mass index (BMI). Minitab v18.0 statistical software was used for analysis of data, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: One hundred patients were recruited for this study, and the majority (sixty-seven) were female. The majority (71%) were between the ages of 60 to 69 years. The majority (60%) were denture wearers and 8% had nine or more occluding pairs (of natural teeth), 25% had five to eight, and 67% had four or fewer occluding pairs. Fifty-two percent (52%) were of normal weight, while 40% were over-weight and 8% were underweight, respectively. No statistically significant associations were identified between BMI and the denture status or number of missing teeth (p-values > 0.05). There were no statistically significant associations between the underweight or overweight status and denture wearing or occluding pairs (p-values > 0.05). However, the frequency of grain intake and the number of occluding pairs were significantly associated with each other (p-value = 0.024). Also, the frequency of taking snacks was associated with denture wearing (p-value = 0.006). Conclusions: The nutritional status (BMI) of the elderly does not necessarily correlate with their denture-wearing status or the number of existing occluding pairs/number of missing natural teeth. There is no significant association noted between the denture-wearing status and the food avoidance (soft, hard food, fruits, and grains, except snacks). There is no significant association between the number of occluding pairs available in natural dentition and the avoidance of soft foods or snacks, except for grains. Given the limitations of this study, it can be suggested that nutritional strategies for the elderly population could be designed universally, irrespective of their dentate or denture status. However, further research with a larger cohort is needed to validate these findings. Full article

Aim: This study aimed to determine the oral health profile of children with autism spectrum disorder and to analyze the impact of their oral health status on their personal quality of life and the quality of life of their families. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online study was conducted on 121 parents. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, parents’ perceptions of their child’s oral health, oral hygiene practices, and access to dental care. Additionally, the Parental–Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ-16, 16 items) and the Family Impact Scale (FIS-8, 8 items) were employed. The data were analyzed descriptively and using the Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis H test. Results: No significant differences were found in FIS-8 and P-CPQ-16 scores between parents and children based on their sociodemographic characteristics. However, a significant association was observed between P-CPQ-16 and FIS-8 total scores and the type of used dental care (general dental practice vs. adapted practice and general anesthesia, p ≤ 0.001), dental visit frequency (regular vs. occasional, p < 0.05), child cooperation level during dental visits (cooperative vs. uncooperative, p ≤ 0.001), and dental care access challenges (p < 0.05). Parents reported a high prevalence of poor oral health in their children: the experience of tooth decay (48.1%), malocclusion (47.1%), bruxism (38.8%), bad breath (34.7%), and toothache (28.8%) in the previous 12 months. Most children brushed their teeth daily (89.3%), often with the help of their parents (44.6%). The most frequently reported difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene was the children’s unwillingness to cooperate (62.8%). Conclusions: Poor perceived oral health in children with autism spectrum disorder is significantly linked to a lower quality of life for both them and their families, especially when access to dental care is difficult and there is a lack of cooperation. Addressing these barriers and the high prevalence of oral health problems through tailored strategies is critical to improving children’s well-being. Full article

Background/Objectives: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has emerged as a valuable immunosuppressive agent used in the management of oral mucocutaneous diseases, particularly in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, such as pemphigus vulgaris (PV), oral lichen planus (OLP), mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), erythema multiforme (EM) and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). This review consolidates the current evidence regarding MMF’s efficacy, safety and clinical applications across these conditions. Methods: A comprehensive review of literature was performed, focusing on the mechanism of action, dosing strategies, therapeutic outcomes and adverse effects associated with MMF therapy in oral mucocutaneous diseases. The potential of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in optimizing MMF therapy and minimizing adverse effects was also explored. Results: The review demonstrates that MMF is effective in inducing disease remission in up to 80% of patients with PV, with notable steroid-sparing effects. In OLP, MMF provided significant clinical improvement, especially in patients with severe and refractory forms of the disease. For MMP, MMF showed an 89% response rate, particularly when combined with corticosteroids, though gastrointestinal side effects were noted in some patients. In SLE, MMF was effective in managing both renal and non-renal manifestations, with favorable remission rates observed in patients receiving MMF therapy. For EM, MMF’s effectiveness was limited, with only a small number of patients responding to therapy. In RAS, there is limited evidence of MMF’s efficacy, with only partial improvement in severe cases reported. MMF is a promising immunomodulatory therapy for oral mucocutaneous diseases, particularly in reducing corticosteroid dependence and improving patient outcomes. However, the variability in the study designs, dosages and patient populations complicates the generalization of these findings. Conclusions: There is a pressing need for randomized controlled trials to validate MMF’s efficacy and long-term safety across all disease categories. The integration of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) shows potential for improving disease control and minimizing adverse effects, making it a key consideration for future research. Full article

Background: Mandibular movement is inherently complex, involving both lateral and vertical components. In older adults, this complexity is compounded by diminished neuromuscular coordination and reduced proprioceptive feedback, often impairing effective mastication. Objectives: This study aimed to review dental literature on the influence of masticatory parameters in the formation of wear facets on acrylic resin denture teeth. Methods: A targeted literature review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed studies from 1991 to 2024 through PubMed and Scopus. The review focused on masticatory parameters, age-related neuromuscular adaptations, chewing patterns, and preferred-side denture tooth wear, affecting older adults using complete removable dentures. Results: Mandibular movement characteristics—particularly velocity, duration, and cycle frequency—were found to significantly influence denture tooth wear, often resulting in reduced bite force and masticatory efficiency. Contemporary denture materials demonstrated improved wear resistance, aiding in the regulation of chewing frequency and velocity. These factors are increasingly important as age-related changes impact the stomatognathic system. Notably, wear facets were most prominent on the maxillary first molars, regardless of the occlusal scheme. Conclusions: This review provided a comprehensive overview of existing research, analyzed current evidence, and offered insights into the role of masticatory function and wear characteristics in older complete denture wearers. Full article

Aim: This study aimed to assess the impact of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) treatment on vertical craniodentofacial characteristics and upper airway dimensions in individuals with crossbites and skeletal discrepancies. Subjects and Methods: The study involved 38 participants, including 15 boys and 23 girls who received treatment with RPE. Lateral cephalograms were taken before and after the treatment and were analyzed both before and after the treatment using the AudaxCeph version 6.6.12.4731 and Facad software version 3.15.0.1167. For airway dimensions, McNamara analysis was used, and for craniofacial characteristics, cephalometric analysis was used. The study measured 14 parameters in the standard cephalometric analysis and 6 parameters in the airway analysis. Results: The findings indicated a significant decrease in the mandibular angle (MeGoAr, p < 0.001). The angle between the cranial base and the nasal line (SNNL, p = 0.96), intermaxillary angle (p = 0.58), Björk’s polygon (p = 0.67) and the angle between the cranial base and the mandibular angle (SNGoGn, p = 0.96) did not change significantly. A significant increase in the upper pharynx was found after treatment in both the RPE group (p = 0.033) and the RPE + Face Mask (FM) group (p = 0.016) The increase in the upper airway in the RPE group was borderline significant (p = 0.048). Conclusion: No significant differences were found between the experimental groups for changes in airway dimensions after treatment. RPE treatment did not led to an increase in vertical craniodentofacial characteristics. Both RPE and RPE + FM treatments induced an increase in upper pharynx dimensions. Full article

Objective: This study aims to evaluate cell proliferation capacity and micronuclei incidence in the presence of nickel–chromium (Ni-Cr)-based dental alloys, with and without the addition of beryllium (Be). The use of these alloys in dental prosthetics is widespread; however, the potential risks associated with their genotoxicity and cytotoxicity require further investigation. The study seeks to provide insight into the safety of these materials and their long-term impact on the health of both patients and dental professionals. Methods: The study was conducted through a comparative analysis of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity using human lymphocyte cultures exposed to two types of Ni-Cr-based dental alloys, one containing beryllium and the other without beryllium. The evaluations were performed according to the OECD Test No. 487 guideline, employing the micronucleus assay and cell proliferation assay. Lymphocytes were exposed to three different alloy concentrations (5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL), and the effects on genetic material were analyzed microscopically. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and variance) were calculated, and one-way ANOVA was used to assess statistical significance between groups, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results: A significant increase in cytotoxicity and micronuclei incidence was observed in the samples containing beryllium compared to those without beryllium. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.001) between the test and control groups and between different concentrations. Additionally, a direct proportional relationship was noted between alloy concentration and the intensity of genotoxic effects. Microscopic analysis confirmed genetic material damage, indicating a potentially increased risk associated with the use of this type of dental material. Conclusions: The data obtained suggest that Ni-Cr-based dental alloys containing beryllium may present a significant risk of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Therefore, the selection of materials used in dental prosthetics should be based on solid scientific evidence, and the use of these alloys should be approached with caution. The study highlights the need for further research to better understand the long-term impact of these materials on human health. Full article

Objectives: This study evaluated the dental and alveolar bone stress distribution of a mandibular Kennedy Class I restored with a bilateral implant-assisted removable partial denture (IARPD) compared with a conventional removable partial denture (CRPD) through the application of finite element analysis (FEA). Methods: Kennedy Class I plaster models were made, including teeth from the lower left first premolar and lower right canine. The models were scanned, resin-based replicated and digitized. Using Solidworks software, internal hexagonal implants (10 mm × 4 mm) were virtually placed at the level of the first molars. Each model was grouped into a unit, and a load of 200 N was applied, simulating masticatory forces. Von Mises stress distributions were calculated via FEA for the vertical, diagonal and combined forces. Results: In the IARPD, the stress generated in the alveolar bone by the vertical (4.2 Mpa), diagonal (12.2 MPa) and combined forces (12.3 MPa) was lower than that of the CRPD (7 MPa, 26.3 MPa and 32 MPa, respectively). Similarly, at the lower central incisor, the IARPD generated less stress than the CRPD due to the action of the vertical, diagonal and combined forces. Conclusions: Our preliminary data suggest that bilateral implant placement may result in less stress on bone and teeth during rehabilitation with a Kennedy Class I IARPD, with different orientations of the forces applied. Full article

Background: Dental fluorosis (DF) is an irreversible alteration of tooth enamel formation caused by excessive fluoride (F) consumption during tooth growth, leading to skeletal fluorosis development due to the high F content of tap water, which should be detected. Objective: To detect the signs of skeletal fluorosis by comparison of the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total femur, and the fluor (F) intake from water between adults without and with DF from northwestern Mexico. Methods: Participants were 36 adults without DF (G1) and 42 with DF (G2). Dean criteria, DEXA, and SPADNS methods were used to evaluate DF, BMD, and F content in water, respectively. Results. G1 participants consumed 0.789 ± 1.55 mg F/d from water with 0.385 ± 0.32 mg F/L, while G2 participants drank 2.42 ± 2.65 mg F/d from water with 1.46 ± 0.59 mg F/L. The binary variable DF and BMD values were not associated (p > 0.05); however, according to severity degree, questionable DF was associated with total femur BMD (p = 0.025). BMD in the evaluated regions was no different between both groups and could be related to actual moderate levels of F in the tap water and to the partial or total consumption of bottled water. Conclusions. There was no association between DF and the measured BMD to infer skeletal fluorosis. Bone region BMD was no different between both evaluated groups and could be related to adequate F intake, with moderate F levels in tap water, and the consumption of negligible F content bottled water. Full article

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a multifactorial condition defined as an adverse drug reaction that results in progressive jawbone destruction and necrosis in individuals treated with certain medications, occurring without a history of prior radiotherapy. These drugs are mainly bisphosphonates, denosumab, and other bone-modifying agents, anti-angiogenic agents such as anti-endothelial growth factor, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and proteins classified as mammalian targets of rapamycin. The diagnosis of MRONJ is based on clinical (exposed jawbone, fistula with pus, hyperplasia of the mucosa overlying the necrotic bone tissue) and radiological evaluation. We report four cases of clinical and radiological evidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw that are unrelated to the use of antiresorptive or anti-angiogenic agents. In two instances, histological and microbiological evidence was also found (high concentration of Actinomyces, the microbe most commonly found in oral sites affected by MRONJ). These atypical cases are reported to highlight the possibility that other, previously undocumented, drugs may also contribute to the development of ONJ Full article

Background/Objectives: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming dentistry by offering advanced solutions to improve diagnostic accuracy, optimize treatment planning, and advance patient care. However, as AI becomes more prevalent in dental practice, patients may have concerns and skepticism about its implementation. Therefore, this study aims to explore the impact of the perceived risks and benefits on patients’ willingness to accept AI in dental treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two public dental hospitals, and 586 patients were invited to complete a 28-item questionnaire. In total, 511 questionnaires were completed, resulting in a response rate of 87%. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of perceived risks and benefits on patients’ willingness to accept AI in dental treatment. Results: All dimensions of perceived benefits had higher mean scores compared to the perceived risks. Additionally, three perceived benefit dimensions had a significant positive influence on the willingness to accept AI: patient-enhanced experience (β = 47.1, p < 0.001), personalized dental care (β = 22.2, p < 0.001), and cost efficiency (β = 15.3, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The perceived risks had little impact on patients’ willingness to accept AI, suggesting patients may be unaware of or unconcerned about AI’s potential risks in dentistry. Future research should investigate these perceptions and other dimensions influencing AI acceptance. Full article

Aim: Class II Division I malocclusion poses significant challenges in orthodontics. The combination of a Herbst appliance and miniscrew anchorage emerged as a practical solution to improve skeletal and dental outcomes. This study employed finite element analysis to evaluate the biomechanical effects of a miniscrew-supported Herbst appliance on mandibular advancement and dentition movement. Methods: High-definition CBCT scans captured the maxilla and mandible’s detailed dental anatomy. The scans were stored in DICOM format for seamless integration with Mimics software (Mimics Innovation Suite research version 21.0, Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium) for 3D reconstruction and model refinement. The appliance, designed with a maxillary fixed palatal arch and mandibular acrylic splint connected by telescoping rods, incorporated titanium TADs and elastic chains. STL models were optimized in Geomagic x Design for finite element analysis in Abaqus, assigning validated mechanical properties for materials. Tetrahedral meshing and realistic boundary conditions simulated biomechanical interactions. Tetrahedral C3D4 elements were used for meshing, ensuring a balance between computational efficiency and detailed anatomical representation. Tetrahedral meshing and realistic boundary conditions simulated biomechanical interactions. Dynamic simulations in CATIA evaluated mandibular movement. FEA analyzed displacement across dentoalveolar structures along the X, Y, and Z axes to assess treatment efficacy and biomechanical stability. Results: The Z displacement analysis revealed that the incisal edges of the lower central, lateral, and canines shifted lingually by 0.41, 0.4, and 0.47 mm, respectively. Additionally, the apices of the lower central, lateral, and canines displaced backwards by 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm, and 0.07 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The appliance facilitated mandibular advancement, bodily retracted the lower incisors, well-controlled the upper ones, and mesial-tipped the upper posterior teeth. In contrast with traditional functional appliances, it caused the lower anterior teeth to move backwards, while skeletal anchorage overcame some shortcomings of nonsurgical treatments. This method might be a good treatment option for growing skeletal Class II patients. Full article

Introduction: Salivary biomarkers have been extensively studied in relation to oral disease, such as periodontal disease, oral cancer, and dental caries, as well as systemic conditions including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Literature Review: A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing recent advancements in salivary biomarker research. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for relevant studies published in the last decade. The selection criteria included studies focusing on the identification, validation, and clinical application of salivary biomarkers in diagnosing oral and systemic diseases. Various detection techniques, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mass spectrometry, and biosensor technologies, were reviewed to assess their effectiveness in biomarker analysis. Specific biomarkers, such as inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and microRNAs, have been identified as reliable indicators of disease progression. Current Trends and Future Perspectives: Advances in proteomics, genomics, and metabolomics have significantly enhanced the ability to analyze salivary biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. Despite the promising findings, challenges remain in standardizing sample collection, processing, and analysis to ensure reproducibility and clinical applicability. Conclusions: Future research should focus on developing point-of-care diagnostic tools and integrating artificial intelligence to improve the predictive accuracy of salivary biomarkers. Full article