Oral — Health, Diseases, Therapies, and Technologies

Background: Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory condition caused by bacterial plaque and several factors like diabetes, smoking, titanium bio-tribocorrosion, implant–abutment micromovements, occlusal overload, cement remnants, and poor oral hygiene, resulting in bone resorption. The aim of this review was to evaluate the relationship between titanium metal particles and the development of peri-implantitis, specifically the characterisation of the inflammatory response regarding cytokine profile, immune cell infiltration, and transcription factors up-regulated in the peri-implant sites. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, from January 2004 to January 2025, in three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Wiley Library. The inclusion criteria included in vivo human studies and in vitro studies with a focus on bio-tribocorrosion of titanium particles in peri-implant tissues, and their immunological and cellular implications. Quality assessment of in vivo transversal and case–control studies used Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools, and, for in vitro studies, the modified CONSORT checklist. Results: A total of 27 studies were included, 20 in vitro and 7 in vivo. Titanium particles induced the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α by peri-implant cells, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and RANKL/OPG bone resorption, further stimulating an exacerbated inflammatory response, LPS independent. There was a significant increase in IL-33, an alarmin, possibly associated with implant–pillar micromovements. IL-8 production by gingival stromal cells and fibroblasts, and downregulation of CCR7 can explain an altered leukocyte migration and the mixture of M1/M2 macrophage populations in peri-implantitis. Conclusions: Titanium particle bio-tribocorrosion stimulates a chronic inflammatory response impacting immune cell composition and cytokine secretion in peri-implant tissue, leading, ultimately, to osteolysis. Modulation of the immune response may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies and the prevention of implant failure. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study evaluates students’ awareness and perceptions of interdisciplinary education. It focuses specifically on digital dentistry among students in the Department of Dental Technology. The findings aim to support the development of interdisciplinary courses and programs to enhance students’ skills in response to the growing digitalization of dental healthcare. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a 23-item online questionnaire administered to a total of 203 students to collect data on general characteristics, perceptions of interdisciplinary education, the perceived necessity of such education, and the demand for interdisciplinary training, including topics related to CAD/CAM and 3D printing technologies. A t-test was performed to analyze grade-level differences in perceptions. Correlation analysis was conducted between perceptions and digital dental laboratory technology skills. Results: Despite the relatively low level of awareness regarding interdisciplinary education, students expressed a strong perceived need for it. A total of 76.6% of respondents preferred to collaborate with the Department of Dental Hygiene. No clear link exists between students’ perceptions of interdisciplinary education and their digital dental competencies. Practical training is more important than awareness. A significant difference in competencies was seen between lower- and higher-year students, indicating that advanced programs for higher-year students may be effective. Conclusions: Clear guidance on interdisciplinary education can enhance student understanding and acceptance. Interdisciplinary education with the dental hygiene department may increase engagement. Full article

Background/Objectives: Disinfection of removable prostheses is essential for controlling oral infections, yet the methods employed may compromise the mechanical reliability of denture base materials. This study evaluated the effect of microwave irradiation and immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine solution on the fracture strength of three commonly used acrylic denture bases. Methods: Forty-five standardised maxillary palatal denture bases were fabricated from cross-linked conventional, high-impact, and light-cured acrylic resins. The specimens were divided equally into three treatment groups: water storage (control), immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine solution for 30 min twice weekly, and microwave disinfection at 650 W for three minutes, each continued for four weeks. Fracture strength was determined by using the Universal testing machine. The data were analysed with one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc testing. Results: Cross-linked and high-impact acrylic resins exhibited significantly greater fracture strength than light-cured acrylics (p < 0.001). The overall ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences among disinfection methods (p = 0.069); however, post hoc comparisons revealed significant reductions in fracture strength within specific material groups following microwave disinfection. This effect was most pronounced in the light-cured group, whereas immersion in chlorhexidine produced no significant changes. Notably, the fracture strength of all groups remained above clinically acceptable thresholds. Conclusions: Microwave disinfection negatively influences the mechanical integrity of acrylic denture bases, particularly those fabricated from light-cured resins. In contrast, immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine preserves fracture strength, supporting its use as a safe and effective protocol for routine disinfection in dental practice. Full article

This narrative review addresses the complexities of managing the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) in restorative dentistry, focusing on predictability in prosthetic reconstructions. Altering VDO impacts biological, biomechanical, esthetic, and functional aspects, making it a controversial topic. While VDO naturally evolves throughout life, interventions require careful consideration due to potential complications. Various techniques guide VDO determination, including facial proportions, physiological methods, phonetics, and cephalometric analysis. Clinicians must understand these principles and adapt them to individual patient needs. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library, searching keywords like “vertical dimension of occlusion”, “dental”, “diagnosis”, “management” and “complications”. In addition to the literature review, two case reports with extensive prosthodontic restorations were included to illustrate the diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations in a clinical setting. Results: Increasing VDO aids restorative treatments, re-establishing morphology, and facilitating additive procedures. Minimally invasive approaches, provisional restorations, and fixed restorations with functional contours are favored. Individualized, patient-centered care is critical, recognizing unique anatomical and functional needs. This approach optimizes stomatognathic system rehabilitation while preventing adverse effects on body posture and airway dimensions. Conclusions: To ensure predictable results and minimize risks, changes in VDO should be kept to a minimum to achieve dentofacial aesthetic harmony and secure adequate space for the planned restorations The two case reports presented, with different clinical approaches, underline the importance of understanding the potential risks and benefits of VDO alteration which is crucial for achieving predictable and successful outcomes in complex restorative cases. Full article

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic disorder associated with serious health consequences, yet many cases remain undiagnosed due to limited access to standard diagnostic tools such as polysomnography. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled the development of deep convolutional neural networks that analyze craniofacial radiographs, particularly lateral cephalograms, to detect anatomical risk factors for OSA. The goal of this approach is not to replace polysomnography but to identify individuals with a high suspicion of OSA at the primary care or dental level and to guide them toward timely and appropriate diagnostic evaluation. Current studies have demonstrated that AI can recognize patterns of oropharyngeal crowding and anatomical imbalance of the upper airway with high accuracy, often exceeding manual assessment. Furthermore, interpretability analyses suggest that AI focuses on clinically meaningful regions, including the tongue, mandible, and upper airway. Unexpected findings such as predictive signals from outside the airway also suggest AI may detect subtle features associated with age or obesity. Ultimately, integrating AI with cephalometric imaging may support early screening and referral for polysomnography, improving care pathways and reducing delays in OSA treatment. Full article

Mucins are a family of heavily glycosylated proteins that form the main organic component of the oral mucosal barrier complex. Transmembrane mucin 1 (tMUC1) is anchored at the superficial epithelial surface to provide a protective function. The interaction of tMUC1 with oral microbes provides nutrients and physicochemical protection, promotes adhesion, and increases the microbe residence time in the oral cavity. Mucin-degrading microorganisms in the consortia also offer some advantages to oral microbes. The high molecular weight of mucin glycoproteins is hard to study because of their size, complexity, and heterogeneity. This review discusses how mucin facilitates oral microbiome colonization and how mucin–microbial interactions influence the development of oral cancer, mainly oral squamous cell carcinoma. Full article

Objective: The material properties of craniofacial sutures significantly influence the outcomes of orthodontic treatment, particularly with newer appliances. This study specifically investigates how the Young’s modulus of craniofacial sutures impacts the anterosuperior protraction achieved using a recently developed extraoral appliance. Our goal is to identify the patterns by which suture properties affect skull deformation induced by this device. Materials and Methods: We conducted four finite element (FE) simulations to evaluate the Right Angle Maxillary Protraction Appliance (RAMPA) when integrated with an intraoral device (gHu-1). We tested Young’s moduli of 30 MPa, 50 MPa, and 80 MPa for the sutures, drawing on values reported in previous research. To isolate RAMPA’s effects on craniofacial deformation, we also performed an additional simulation with rigid sutures and a separate model that included only the intraoral device. Results: Simulations with flexible sutures showed consistent displacement and stress patterns. In contrast, the rigid suture model exhibited substantial deviations, ranging from 32% to 76%, especially in the maxillary palatine suture and orbital cavity. Both displacements and von Mises stresses were proportional to the Young’s modulus, with linear variations of approximately 15%. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that RAMPA effectively achieves anterosuperior protraction across a broad spectrum of suture material properties. This positions RAMPA as a promising treatment option for patients with long-face syndrome. Furthermore, the observed linear relationship (with a fixed slope) between craniofacial deformation and the Young’s modulus of sutures provides a crucial foundation for predicting treatment outcomes in various patients. Full article

The global demographic transition toward an ageing population has necessitated substantive reforms in dental education, particularly within the field of geriatric prosthodontics. Conventional curricula have frequently prioritized technical competencies while insufficiently addressing the integration of biological, psychosocial, and ethical complexities inherent in the care of older adults. This scoping review critically examined these curricular deficiencies by synthesizing evidence from 34 peer-reviewed studies, employing Bloom’s Taxonomy as a conceptual framework to inform a systematic and pedagogically grounded curriculum redesign. The primary aim was to identify existing gaps in undergraduate and postgraduate education, evaluate the efficacy of active and simulation-based learning modalities, assess the utility of reflective practices and standardised assessment tools, and formulate strategic, taxonomy-aligned pedagogical guidelines. Following the PRISMA-ScR methodology, the included studies were thematically analysed and categorized across the six cognitive levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Findings highlighted the effectiveness of integrated educational strategies, including Case-Based Learning, interprofessional education, virtual simulations, and structured assessments such as Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE). Furthermore, reflective models such as “What? So What? Now What?” fostered higher-order cognitive processes, ethical reasoning, and self-directed learning. By aligning cognitive levels—from foundational knowledge recall to innovative creation—ten evidence-based educational guidelines were developed. These guidelines are pedagogically sound, empirically supported, and adaptable to diverse curricular contexts. The proposed framework ensures a deliberate, progressive trajectory from theoretical comprehension to clinical expertise and ethical leadership. Future research should explore longitudinal outcomes and develop scalable, culturally responsive models to support the broader implementation of curricular reform in geriatric dental education. Full article

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen 200, 400, and 600 mg after lower third molar surgery. Material and Methods: Clinical trials that included patients undergoing third molar surgery comparing ibuprofen with placebo were included. The only exclusion criteria was loss of postoperative patient follow-up greater than 20%. PubMed, Wiley, Science Direct, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were used to search for clinical trials. The risk of bias of the included articles was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s seven-point risk of bias tool, and dichotomous data for the most important variables for determining analgesic efficacy and adverse effects were then concentrated into one database for statistical analysis. Results: The qualitative analysis was performed with 57 clinical trials and a total of n = 7735 patients. Moreover, the number of patients who took rescue analgesics and the global evaluation of the studied drugs showed statistical differences in favor of ibuprofen 200 (n = 797 and n = 694, respectively), 400 (n = 2803 and n = 2407, respectively), and 600 mg (n = 1149 and n = 291, respectively) compared to placebo. Adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and headache, resulted in statistical differences in favor of ibuprofen 200 (n = 1461, n = 1319, and n =1342, respectively), 400 (n = 3917, n = 3124, and n = 2477, respectively), and 600 mg (n = 716) in comparison to placebo. The numbers needed to treat indicated high efficacy of ibuprofen in controlling pain after third molar surgery, while the numbers needed to harm were high, indicating the good safety profile of this drug. Conclusions: Ibuprofen has high analgesic efficacy and a good safety profile when used after third molar surgery. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to assess whether income was associated with dental caries experience and dental care levels among 12-year-old children in two contrasting economic contexts, Sri Lanka (lower-middle-income) and Wales (high-income), regardless of national income status. Methods: An ecological study design was used with published data. For Sri Lanka, the income parameters used included household income, mean per capita income, and the Gini coefficient. For Wales, the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation was used. Dental caries was assessed using the DMFT index and its components (DT, MT, FT), while dental care was assessed using the care index, restorative index, and treatment index. Pearson correlations were used to explore associations between income measures and both caries experience and dental care indices across districts in Sri Lanka and unitary authorities in Wales. Results: The mean DMFT for 12-year-old children was 0.6 in both Sri Lanka and Wales, with caries prevalence of 30.4% and 29.6%, respectively. In Sri Lanka, both mean household income and per capita income showed moderate, statistically significant positive correlations with DMFT (r = 0.47, p = 0.01). Income inequality, measured by the Gini coefficient, was positively associated with caries experience (r = 0.42, p = 0.03). In Wales, higher deprivation (lower income) was moderately associated with increased DMFT, in areas within the 20% (r = 0.54, p < 0.01), 30% (r = 0.53, p < 0.01), and 50% (r = 0.61, p < 0.01) deprived quintiles. The dental care indices showed no clear association with income in either of the countries. Conclusions: Income-related disparities in dental caries were evident in both countries. Prevention strategies should focus on higher-income groups in Sri Lanka and on deprived populations in Wales. However, as this was an ecological study, the results are subject to ecological fallacy and should therefore be interpreted with caution. Full article

Purpose: We aimed to systematically review the current literature on the bond strength between custom tray materials and impression materials, including the various parameters affecting the strength. Methods: Four electronic databases were used: Ovid, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Relevant studies were chosen based on their eligibility, determined through inclusion and exclusion criteria. This review followed the PRISMA strategy. A risk of bias assessment was produced to evaluate the validity of each study. Results: There were 173 initial relevant studies identified, and after the screening process, this was reduced to seven. Two additional studies were also included from hand searching, resulting in total nine studies to be included in the review. Four of the nine evaluated studies concerned additively manufactured (AM) materials, including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate glycol polyester (PETG), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), and polylactic acid (PLA). Five studies evaluated an auto-polymerizing resin and one a thermoplastic material. All studies used polyvinyl siloxane impression materials and an adhesive selection following manufacturers’ recommendations. Three studies used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze their specimens. All studies reported a low risk of bias. Conclusions: Surface roughening was shown to reduce the strength of the bonding interface, whereas combining chemical and mechanical retention was shown to increase the bond strength. Inconsistent results exist in determining if AMed (3D-printed) tray materials are comparable or perform better than the conventional tray materials, highlighting the need for further study. Clinical Significance: The bond strength of the custom tray to the dental impression material is critical as it affects the model produced and therefore the final prosthesis. It is therefore invaluable to use materials with high bond strength for the construction of custom trays. Full article

Background/Objectives: Oral lesions can present with a wide range of clinical appearances, often making diagnosis challenging, particularly for dental students. This study aimed to identify the most common oral lesions treated at a teaching dental clinic and to compare these findings with data from a systematic review of similar clinical settings. The goal was to inform and calibrate a clinical classification system for oral pathology used in teaching environments. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using electronic medical records from a university dental clinic over the past 10 years. Oral and maxillofacial pathology cases were categorized based on clinical and histopathological diagnoses. A systematic review was also performed to provide external context, with searches conducted across four electronic databases. Two independent reviewers carried out the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. The review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 524 patients were identified with oral lesions. The most frequently encountered clinical diagnostic category was developmental defects, while the most common histopathological diagnosis from biopsied cases was epithelial atypia. The systematic review yielded 1215 records, of which 69 were retrieved for full-text assessment, and 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: The findings highlight the predominance of specific oral and maxillofacial pathoses in teaching clinic settings, underscoring the importance of targeted educational strategies to improve diagnostic confidence among students. There is also a need for more consistent diagnostic grouping in oral pathology to enable better comparison across studies and support clinical and pre-clinical teaching. By integrating these insights, we propose a referenced classification framework that may improve standardization in the clinical teaching of oral lesions and enhance diagnostic calibration and teaching effectiveness in dental education. Full article

Peri-implantitis is marked by ongoing bone loss and soft tissue inflammation surrounding dental implants. Due to its ability to intensify tissue healing and its compatibility with the body, hyaluronic acid (HA) has appeared as a viable biomaterial for managing this oral condition. The goal of this scoping review is to examine current trends and future directions for refining HA-based interventions as an adjuvant peri-implant therapy over the past decade. Using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a review of the literature for the past 10 years was conducted. Articles related to HA’s anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, regenerative mechanisms were taken into consideration to underline both achievements and research related to peri-implantitis treatment management. A total of 105 articles were found, and finally, five clinical studies were included. Despite encouraging results that showed good efficacy of HA use as an adjuvant and/or preventive therapeutic agent for peri-implantitis treatment, a larger number of randomized controlled trials and standardized protocols are needed to confirm HA’s therapeutic efficacy and establish its place in routine clinical practice. Full article

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, irregular ovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. The severity of periodontal inflammation in PCOS may be linked to elevated levels of inflammatory mediators, like interleukins (IL-6, IL-17), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), found in both serum and saliva samples. This systematic review aims to assess the presence, nature, and variations in salivary inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with PCOS and their potential connection to periodontal disease (PD). Materials and Methods: Selected databases were PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The search strategy included the following terms: “oral inflammatory biomarkers”, “Salivary mediators,” “metabolic indicators,” “periodontal diseases,” “periodontitis,” “polycystic ovary syndrome,” “PCOS,” and “ovulatory dysfunction.” Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. Results: Several salivary inflammatory biomarkers are present in women with PCOS, including cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), MMPs, and microbial diversity alterations. Additionally, the reviewed studies suggest a correlation between PCOS and PD, as patients with PCOS exhibit greater periodontal alterations compared to healthy women. The heightened periodontal response in PCOS appears to be associated with a systemic inflammatory state, probably increasing the susceptibility to PD. Conclusions: Salivary inflammatory biomarkers in PCOS patients are a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating the heightened risk of periodontal disease. Further research with stricter protocols is necessary to better define the diagnostic potential of these biomarkers for PCOS patients and determine their role in the early detection of periodontal disease. Full article

All forms of life on Earth are dependent on microbes. In vertebrates, the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract are colonized by large numbers of microorganisms, which includes species from many life forms: bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoa; this collection of microorganisms are commonly referred to as the microbiome. This article reviews the literature, providing a summary of oral and gastrointestinal microbial composition in health and during various disease states. Interactions are explored between microbes in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. This study explores the influence of changed diet, lifestyle, and living conditions in order to examine the link between the oral and gastrointestinal microbiome and changes in their composition, and how this may affect human health. This study also investigates potential microbiome dysbiosis and disease causation in the space environment. The role of prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics in oral health is discussed, with extension into the unexplored territory of probable oral and gastrointestinal bacterial population changes during long-duration (exportation class) space missions (ECSM). Full article

Background/Objectives: Emotional fear memories are increasingly recognized as contributors to the development of specific fears and phobias. Despite this, relatively little dental fear research has specifically focused on patient memories or their potential role in the etiology of dental fear. Methods: This two-study paper employs qualitative thematic analysis of memories for dental visits among traumatized patients (study 1) and the general patient population (ranging from endorsing no dental fear to severe fear). Recollections were evaluated based on the characteristics (i.e., sensory descriptors, affectively laden, intrusive) of emotional fear memories (studies 1 and 2) and according to a modified cognitive vulnerability model of dental fear (study 2). Results: Characteristics of emotional fear memories were ubiquitous across recollections of individuals who endorsed traumatic dental visits in childhood. Among the general patient population, these characteristics and cognitive vulnerability themes (particularly perceptions of the visit and dentist as dangerous and untrustworthy) were more prevalent in the earliest remembered visits for fearful individuals. When individuals were asked to recall their worst dental visits, emotional fear memory characteristics and vulnerability perceptions were evident across the spectrum of current fear (none to severe). Conclusions: This study contributes to nascent work examining memory in specific fears and phobias and suggests that worst recollections across a general sample share many of the characteristics that might otherwise imply vulnerability for anxiety. We recommend that dental practices universally screen patients for fear, inquire about past negative experiences, partner with patients to minimize evoking their specific vulnerabilities, and diligently implement these personalized care plans. Full article

Background: Periodontal disease is a common chronic inflammatory disease affecting the oral cavity involving the tissues supporting teeth. It is a significant oral health concern worldwide, particularly amongst individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Biological aging is associated with a natural decline in the immune system, which can also affect the severity of periodontitis and other potential risk factors. In people living with HIV (PLWH), the contribution of both the HIV infection and the aging process can lead to increased susceptibility to periodontal disease. Objectives: This paper aims to review the recent literature about the relationships between HIV infection and early aging and their impact on periodontitis, and to inform interested clinicians about the current literature on the intersection between and within these topics. Methods: This review explores the recent literature on the complex relationship between HIV, aging, and periodontitis. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Medline databases were used to find clinical research studies within the last 10 years to identify significant correlations between HIV, aging, and periodontitis. Results: These studies identify key pathogens, molecules, or cellular pathways that contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiologic processes that link HIV, aging, and periodontitis. This complex relationship is multifactorial, involving immune dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and inflammatory pathways that still need further research. Conclusions: Overall, this exploration through molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the relationships between aging, HIV, and periodontitis can provide therapeutic implications for dental clinicians to prevent and treat their affected patients. Full article

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of moisture control strategies (including wet-bonding techniques, universal adhesives, and etching type) on dentin bonding performance in restorative dentistry. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, following PRISMA guidelines. Only in vitro and ex vivo studies comparing wet- and dry-bonding protocols, using human dentin substrates, and reporting microtensile bond strength (μTBS) were included. The data were synthesized using a random-effects meta-analysis and the methodological quality was assessed using the MINORS tool. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE framework. Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, eight of which were included in this meta-analysis. The moisture control strategies significantly influenced the bonding outcomes, with ethanol and acetone wet bonding yielding higher μTBS and enhanced hybrid layer morphology. The universal adhesives performed effectively under both moist and dry conditions, although their performance varied by the adhesive composition and solvent system. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant advantage for hydrated dentin (SMD = +1.20; 95% CI: 0.52 to 1.86; p < 0.001), with the moist and ethanol-treated substrates outperforming the dry and over-wet surfaces. The long-term durability was better preserved with ethanol and acetone pretreatments and the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine. Conclusions: Moisture conditions influence dentin bond strength, but modern universal adhesives show consistent bonding performance across different moisture conditions. Solvent-wet-bonding protocols, particularly with ethanol or acetone, enhance the immediate and long-term performance. While the current evidence is limited by the in vitro designs and heterogeneity, the findings demonstrate protocol flexibility and highlight strategies to optimize adhesion in clinical practice. Future clinical trials are necessary to validate these approaches under real-world conditions. Full article

Background: Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are considered an effective therapeutic option for managing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with a range of comorbidities, notably cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present retrospective study is to evaluate respiratory and cardiovascular parameters in OSA patients treated with a MAD. Methods: A total of 64 adults with OSA from moderate-to-severe OSAS underwent split-night polysomnography (SN-PSG) at baseline (T0) and after three months of treatment with a MAD (T1) and were subsequently analyzed using statistical methods for a comparative evaluation. Results: After 3 months of treatment, patients showed a significant decrease in mean heart rate (p < 0.05), maximum heart rate (p < 0.01) and in both the AHI and ODI (p < 0.01), along with a significant increase in minimum heart rate (p < 0.05).Conclusions: These findings indicate that MAD therapy may contribute to improvements in both respiratory efficiency and cardiovascular function in individuals with OSAS, offering a valuable integrated treatment strategy for patients with coexisting cardiovascular conditions. Full article