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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 172770

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Tsuyoshi Chiba

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Guest Editor

National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Department of Food Function and Labeling, Japan
Interests: cholesterol; inflammation; atherosclerosis; nutrition; metabolic diseases; obesity; lipids; diabetes; metabolic syndrome; lipoproteins

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The prevalence of dietary supplement is increased in the world. The primary purpose of dietary supplements is the provide nutrients, such as vitamin and mineral, to maintain health. However, the functional ingredients in food, especially polyphenols, have attracted attention in recent decades, and these ingredients have beneficial effects on human health. On the other hand, a lot of ingredients with poor evidence as to their effects have also been marketed as dietary supplements, and adverse events associated with dietary supplement use have been reported. It is important to choose dietary supplements whose efficacy and safety for our health have been studied. In this regard, you are invited to submit proposals for manuscripts that fit the objectives and the topics of this Special Issue.

The objective of this proposed Special Issue on “Dietary Supplements and Human Health” is to publish selected papers detailing specific aspects of dietary supplement that could play a role in human health. Particularly, papers (reviews and/or clinical or experimental studies) dealing with the role of specific nutrients and non-nutritional ingredients in food as dietary supplements will be included.

Dr. Tsuyoshi Chiba
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Vitamin
Mineral
Amino acid
Herbs
Polyphenols
Clinical study
Adverse events
Dietary supplements

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 12 Weeks Cosmos caudatus Supplement among Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Yee Xing You, Suzana Shahar, Nor Fadilah Rajab, Hasnah Haron, Hanis Mastura Yahya, Mazlyfarina Mohamad, Normah Che Din and Mohamad Yusof Maskat

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020434 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4209

Abstract

Cosmos caudatus (CC) contains high flavonoids and might be beneficial in neuroprotection. It has the potential to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of Cosmos caudatus supplement on cognitive function, mood status, blood biochemical profiles and biomarkers among older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The subjects were randomized into CC supplement (n = 24) and placebo group (n = 24). Each of them consumed one capsule of CC supplement (250 mg of CC/capsule) or placebo (500 mg maltodextrin/capsule) twice daily for 12 weeks. Cognitive function and mood status were assessed at baseline, 6th week, and 12th week using validated neuropsychological tests. Blood biochemical profiles and biomarkers were measured at baseline and 12th week. Two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis showed significant improvements in mini mental state examination (MMSE) (partial η² = 0.150, p = 0.049), tension (partial η² = 0.191, p = 0.018), total mood disturbance (partial η² = 0.171, p = 0.028) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (partial η² = 0.097, p = 0.047) following CC supplementation. In conclusion, 12 weeks CC supplementation potentially improved global cognition, tension, total mood disturbance, and oxidative stress among older adults with MCI. Larger sample size and longer period of intervention with incorporation of metabolomic approach should be conducted to further investigate the underlying mechanism of CC supplementation in neuroprotection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

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21 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Acute and Chronic Cognitive Effects of a Sage Extract: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study in Healthy Humans

by Emma L. Wightman, Philippa A. Jackson, Bethany Spittlehouse, Thomas Heffernan, Damien Guillemet and David O. Kennedy

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010218 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7210

Abstract

The sage (Salvia) plant contains a host of terpenes and phenolics which interact with mechanisms pertinent to brain function and improve aspects of cognitive performance. However, previous studies in humans have looked at these phytochemicals in isolation and following acute consumption only. A preclinical in vivo study in rodents, however, has demonstrated improved cognitive outcomes following 2-week consumption of Cognivia^TM, a proprietary extract of both Salvia officinalis polyphenols and Salvia lavandulaefolia terpenoids, suggesting that a combination of phytochemicals from sage might be more efficacious over a longer period of time. The current study investigated the impact of this sage combination on cognitive functions in humans with acute and chronic outcomes. Participants (n = 94, 25 M, 69 F, 30–60 years old) took part in this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel groups design where a comprehensive array of cognitions were assessed 120- and 240-min post-dose acutely and following 29-day supplementation with either 600 mg of the sage combination or placebo. A consistent, significant benefit of the sage combination was observed throughout working memory and accuracy task outcome measures (specifically on the Corsi Blocks, Numeric Working Memory, and Name to Face Recall tasks) both acutely (i.e., changes within day 1 and day 29) and chronically (i.e., changes between day 1 to day 29). These results fall slightly outside of those reported previously with single Salvia administration, and therefore, a follow-up study with the single and combined extracts is required to confirm how these effects differ within the same cohort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

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15 pages, 1026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 12-Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial for Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of DKB114 on Reduction of Uric Acid in Serum

by Yu Hwa Park, Do Hoon Kim, Jung Suk Lee, Hyun Il Jeong, Kye Wan Lee and Tong Ho Kang

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3794; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123794 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6814

Abstract

This study sought to investigate the antihyperuricemia efficacy and safety of DKB114 (a mixture of Chrysanthemum indicum Linn flower extract and Cinnamomum cassia extract) to evaluate its potential as a dietary supplement ingredient. This clinical trial was a randomized, 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A total of 80 subjects (40 subjects with an intake of DKB114 and 40 subjects with that of placebo) who had asymptomatic hyperuricemia (7.0–9.0 mg/dL with serum uric acid) was randomly assigned. No significant difference between the DKB114 and placebo groups was observed in the amount of uric acid in serum after six weeks of intake. However, after 12 weeks of intake, the uric acid level in serum of subjects in the DKB114 group decreased by 0.58 ± 0.86 mg/dL and was 7.37 ± 0.92 mg/dL, whereas that in the placebo group decreased by 0.02 ± 0.93 mg/dL and was 7.67 ± 0.89 mg/dL, a significant difference (p = 0.0229). In the analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP) change, after 12 weeks of administration, the DKB114 group showed an increase of 0.05 ± 0.27 mg/dL (p = 0.3187), while the placebo group showed an increase of 0.10 ± 0.21 mg/dL (p = 0.0324), a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0443). In the analysis of amount of change in apoprotein B, after 12 weeks of administration, the DKB114 group decreased by 4.75 ± 16.69 mg/dL (p = 0.1175), and the placebo group increased by 3.13 ± 12.64 mg/dL (p = 0.2187), a statistically significant difference between the administration groups (p = 0.0189). In the clinical pathology test, vital signs and weight measurement, and electrocardiogram test conducted for safety evaluation, no clinically significant difference was found between the ingestion groups, confirming the safety of DKB114. Therefore, it may have potential as a treatment for hyperuricemia and gout. We suggest that DKB114 as a beneficial and safe food ingredient for individuals with high serum uric acid. Trial registration (CRIS.NIH. go. Kr): KCT0002840. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

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13 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Websites Presenting Parenteral Supplementation Services in Five European Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Mikołaj Kamiński, Matylda Kręgielska-Narożna, Monika Soczewka, Agnieszka Wesołek, Paulina Rosiejka, Sara Szuman and Paweł Bogdański

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3614; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123614 - 25 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3355

Abstract

We aimed to characterize the parenteral supplementation services in Czechia, Ireland, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom based on their websites. We generated a list of websites by searching Google using the term “vitamin infusion” and selected cities with 250,000 citizens from each analyzed country. All search inputs were performed using the native language. Data on the features of services, indications, contraindications, offered parenteral supplements, and social media activity were obtained. We analyzed 317 websites representing 371 active facilities. Only 6 (1.9%) facilities cited the scientific sources on parenteral supplementation, but these reference were highly biased; 17.4% did not provide information regarding their personnel, while 11.9% indicated the different contraindications. The most common indications were fatigue (62.5%), immunity enhancement (58.0%), anti-aging, and physical activity (51.5%). Approximately, 11.6% of facilities claimed that some parenteral supplements can help manage certain malignancies, while 2.2% claimed that they can help manage fertility problems. The most offered intravenous supplements were vitamins C (57.4%), B12 (47.7%), and B6 (42.3%). The parenteral supplementation market offers numerous ingredients as treatment for general health problems and serious health conditions. Many analyzed websites lacked essential information, which creates concerns for regarding the quality and reliability of the services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

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22 pages, 2161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Circulatory and Urinary B-Vitamin Responses to Multivitamin Supplement Ingestion Differ between Older and Younger Adults

by Pankaja Sharma, Soo Min Han, Nicola Gillies, Eric B. Thorstensen, Michael Goy, Matthew P. G. Barnett, Nicole C. Roy, David Cameron-Smith and Amber M. Milan

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3529; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113529 - 17 Nov 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3001

Abstract

Multivitamin and mineral (MVM) supplements are frequently used amongst older populations to improve adequacy of micronutrients, including B-vitamins, but evidence for improved health outcomes are limited and deficiencies remain prevalent. Although this may indicate poor efficacy of supplements, this could also suggest the possibility for altered B-vitamin bioavailability and metabolism in older people. This open-label, single-arm acute parallel study, conducted at the Liggins Institute Clinical Research Unit in Auckland, compared circulatory and urinary B-vitamer responses to MVM supplementation in older (70.1 ± 2.7 y, n = 10 male, n = 10 female) compared to younger (24.2 ± 2.8 y, n = 10 male, n = 10 female) participants for 4 h after the ingestion of a single dose of a commercial MVM supplement and standardized breakfast. Older adults had a lower area under the curve (AUC) of postprandial plasma pyridoxine (p = 0.02) and pyridoxal-5′phosphate (p = 0.03) forms of vitamin B₆ but greater 4-pyridoxic acid AUC (p = 0.009). Urinary pyridoxine and pyridoxal excretion were higher in younger females than in older females (time × age × sex interaction, p < 0.05). Older adults had a greater AUC increase in plasma thiamine (p = 0.01), riboflavin (p = 0.009), and pantothenic acid (p = 0.027). In older adults, there was decreased plasma responsiveness of the ingested (pyridoxine) and active (pyridoxal-5′phosphate) forms of vitamin B₆, which indicated a previously undescribed alteration in either absorption or subsequent metabolic interconversion. While these findings cannot determine whether acute B₆ responsiveness is adequate, this difference may have potential implications for B₆ function in older adults. Although this may imply higher B vitamin substrate requirements for older people, further work is required to understand the implications of postprandial differences in availability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

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15 pages, 1225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Food Containing Paramylon Derived from Euglena gracilis EOD-1 on Fatigue in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial

by Takanori Kawano, Junko Naito, Machiko Nishioka, Norihisa Nishida, Madoka Takahashi, Shinichi Kashiwagi, Tomohiro Sugino and Yasuyoshi Watanabe

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3098; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103098 - 12 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4158

Abstract

Euglena gracilis EOD-1, a kind of microalgae, is known to contain a high proportion of paramylon, a type of β-1,3-glucan. Paramylon derived from E. gracilis EOD-1 is presumed to suppress cellular oxidative injury and expected to reduce fatigue and fatigue sensation. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether food containing paramylon derived from E. gracilis EOD-1 (EOD-1PM) ingestion reduced fatigue and fatigue sensation in healthy adults. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison study in 66 healthy men and women who ingested a placebo or EOD-1PM daily for 4 weeks (daily life fatigue). Furthermore, at the examination days of 0 and 4 weeks, tolerance to fatigue load was evaluated using mental tasks (task-induced fatigue). We evaluated fatigue sensation using the Visual Analogue Scale, the work efficiency of the advanced trail making test and measured serum antioxidant markers. The EOD-1PM group showed significantly lower levels of physical and mental fatigue sensations and higher levels of work efficiency as well as serum biological antioxidant potential levels than the placebo group. These results indicate that EOD-1PM ingestion reduced fatigue and fatigue sensation, which may be due to an increase in antioxidant potential and maintenance of selective attention during work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

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9 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability of Self-Administered Questionnaire on Dietary Supplement Consumption in Malaysian Adolescents

by Mohamed S. Zulfarina, Razinah Sharif, Ahmad M. Sharkawi, Tg Mohd Ikhwan Tg Abu Bakar Sidik, Sabarul-Afian Mokhtar, Ahmad Nazrun Shuid and Isa Naina-Mohamed

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2853; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092853 - 17 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2855

Abstract

The repeatability of most questionnaires utilized in previous studies related to the consumption of dietary supplements (DS) among youth has not been well documented. Thus, a simple and easy-to-administer questionnaire to capture the habitual use of DS in the past one year known as the dietary supplement questionnaire (DiSQ) was developed and supported with external reliability evaluation. Analyses were done based on a convenience sample of 46 secondary school students. To elicit information regarding the intake of DS, the questionnaire was partitioned into two domains. The first domain was used to identify vitamin/mineral (VM) supplements, while the second domain was utilized to identify non-vitamin/non-mineral (NVNM) supplements. Cohen’s kappa coefficient (k) was used to evaluate the test–retest reliability of the questionnaire. Questionnaire administration to the respondents was done twice whereby a retest was given two weeks after the first test. Between test and retest, the reliability of individual items ranged from moderate to almost perfect for the VM (k = 0.53–1.00) and NVNM (k = 0.63–1.00) domains. None of the items had “fair” or ”poor” agreement. Various correlation coefficients can be obtained for the DiSQ but are generally reliable over time for assessing information on the consumption of supplements among the adolescent population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

12 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cod Residual Protein Supplementation on Markers of Glucose Regulation in Lean Adults: A Randomized Double-Blind Study

by Iselin Vildmyren, Alfred Halstensen, Adrian McCann, Øivind Midttun, Per Magne Ueland, Åge Oterhals and Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen

Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051445 - 16 May 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3326

Abstract

Large quantities of protein-rich cod residuals, which are currently discarded, could be utilized for human consumption. Although fish fillet intake is related to beneficial health effects, little is known about the potential health effects of consuming cod residual protein powder. Fifty lean adults were randomized to consume capsules with 8.1 g/day of cod residual protein (Cod-RP) or placebo capsules (Control group) for eight weeks, in this randomized, double-blind study. The intervention was completed by 40 participants. Fasting glucose and insulin concentrations were unaffected by Cod-RP supplementation, whereas plasma concentrations of α-hydroxybutyrate, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate all were decreased compared with the Control group. Trimethylamine N-oxide concentration in plasma and urine were increased in the Cod-RP group compared with the Control group. To conclude, the reduction in these potential early markers of impaired glucose metabolism following Cod-RP supplementation may indicate beneficial glucoregulatory effects of cod residual proteins. Trimethylamine N-oxide appears to be an appropriate biomarker of cod residual protein intake in lean adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

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23 pages, 1383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation in Patients with Tinnitus and Normal Hearing or Hearing Loss: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial

by Anna I. Petridou, Eleftheria T. Zagora, Petros Petridis, George S. Korres, Maria Gazouli, Ioannis Xenelis, Efthymios Kyrodimos, Georgia Kontothanasi and Andriana C. Kaliora

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 3037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11123037 - 12 Dec 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 124959

Abstract

Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of any external stimulus. Oxidative stress is possibly involved in its pathogenesis and a variety of antioxidant compounds have been studied as potential treatment approaches. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of antioxidant supplementation in tinnitus patients. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Patients (N = 70) were randomly allocated to antioxidant supplementation (N = 35) or to placebo (N = 35) for a total of 3 months. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and nutritional data were collected. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), tinnitus loudness, frequency, and minimum masking level (MML), and scores in Tinnitus Handicap Inventory questionnaire (THI), Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were evaluated at baseline and follow-up. Tinnitus loudness and MML significantly decreased from baseline to post measure (p < 0.001) only in the antioxidant group, the overall change being significantly different between the two groups post-intervention (p < 0.001). THI and VAS decreased only in the antioxidant group. Differences in changes in serum TAC, SOD, and oxLDL post-intervention were insignificant. In conclusion, antioxidant therapy seems to reduce the subjective discomfort and tinnitus intensity in tinnitus patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

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Review

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25 pages, 1782 KiB

Open AccessReview

Scientific Evidence Supporting the Beneficial Effects of Isoflavones on Human Health

by Saioa Gómez-Zorita, Maitane González-Arceo, Alfredo Fernández-Quintela, Itziar Eseberri, Jenifer Trepiana and María Puy Portillo

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3853; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123853 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 12010

Abstract

Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Human Health)

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