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Open AccessArticle

Translation and Validation of the Arabic Version of the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire

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Healthcare 2023, 11(10), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11101501 - 22 May 2023

Viewed by 404

Abstract

Sleep improves the cognitive and physical performance of athletes. A detailed questionnaire that detects sleep disruptions is required to identify sleep-deprived athletes. This study evaluates the translated Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), a tool suggested by the International Olympic Committee, among Arabic-speaking athletes. [...] Read more.

Sleep improves the cognitive and physical performance of athletes. A detailed questionnaire that detects sleep disruptions is required to identify sleep-deprived athletes. This study evaluates the translated Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), a tool suggested by the International Olympic Committee, among Arabic-speaking athletes. The ASSQ was translated into Arabic and examined for floor or ceiling effects, internal consistency, and validity among Arabic-speaking athletes. The Arabic Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was employed to assess convergent validity. Ninety athletes (28.9% women) participated and completed this study’s questionnaires. The Cronbach’s alpha for the ASSQ-Sleep Difficulty Score (SDS) was 0.435, and that of the ASSQ-chronotype was 0.632. The SDS and chronotype subset of the ASSQ demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.84 and 0.938, respectively. The ASSQ-SDS correlated positively with the PSQI (0.734, p = 0.001). The ASSQ-chronotype was inversely associated with the PSQI (p = 0.001). This study’s findings can assist clinicians in assessing sleep disorders in sports. The Arabic version of the ASSQ has satisfactory psychometric qualities and can identify clinically relevant sleep problems in athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Children: A Comparison between Athletes and Non-Athletes

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Kamila Malewska-Kaczmarek

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Healthcare 2023, 11(9), 1349; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091349 - 08 May 2023

Viewed by 512

Abstract

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a dysfunction of the respiratory tract consisting of transient airflow obstruction. This study is a retrospective analysis of two prospective studies concerning EIB symptoms in two adolescent populations. Our study group included 400 non-athletes and 101 athletes. Due to [...] Read more.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a dysfunction of the respiratory tract consisting of transient airflow obstruction. This study is a retrospective analysis of two prospective studies concerning EIB symptoms in two adolescent populations. Our study group included 400 non-athletes and 101 athletes. Due to the similarity of indoor exercise conditions, an analysis was performed on the basis of where training took place. The study aims to assess the EIB prevalence in the following groups of adolescent children: non-athletes and athletes. In “indoor” athletes, the EIB prevalence was 22.4%. Among non-athletes, EIB was diagnosed in 10.2% (p = 0.007). A history of asthma was found in 6.5% of non-athletes and 29.3% of indoor athletes (p < 0.001). The incidence of EIB without asthma was higher in indoor athletes (14.6%) than in non-athletes (9.9%). Athletes achieved higher mean values in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximum expiratory flow rate at 25% (MEF₂₅) parameters. In the group of non-athletes, higher results were observed in forced expiratory volume in one second % of vital capacity (FEV₁%VC), MEF₅₀, and MEF₇₅. The findings of the study present the complexity of the EIB diagnosis among children training in an indoor environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) on Muscular Activation during Cycling: A Single-Blind Controlled Pilot Study

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Healthcare 2023, 11(6), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060922 - 22 Mar 2023

Viewed by 600

Abstract

Purpose: PEMF stimulation results in a higher O₂ muscle supply during exercise through increased O₂ release and uptake. Given the importance of oxygen uptake in sport activity, especially in aerobic disciplines such as cycling, we sought to investigate the influence of [...] Read more.

Purpose: PEMF stimulation results in a higher O₂ muscle supply during exercise through increased O₂ release and uptake. Given the importance of oxygen uptake in sport activity, especially in aerobic disciplines such as cycling, we sought to investigate the influence of PEMF on muscle activity when subjects cycled at an intensity between low and severe. Methods: Twenty semi-professional cyclists performed a constant-load exercise with randomized active (ON) or inactive (OFF) PEMF stimulation. Each subject started the recording session with 1 min of cycling without load (warm-up), followed by an instantaneous increase in power, as the individualized workload (constant-load physical effort). PEMF loops were applied on the vastus medialis and biceps femoris of the right leg. We recorded the electromyographic activity from each muscle and measured blood lactate prior the exercise and during the constant-load physical effort. Results: PEMF stimulation caused a significant increase in muscle activity in the warm-up condition when subjects cycled without load (p < 0.001). The blood lactate concentration was higher during PEMF stimulation (p < 0.001), a possible consequence of PEMF’s influence on glycolytic metabolism. Conclusion: PEMF stimulation augmented the activity and the metabolism of muscular fibers during the execution of physical exercise. PEMF stimulation could be used to raise the amplitude of muscular responses to physical activity, especially during low-intensity exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Epidemiology of Injuries in Amateur Male Soccer Players: A Prospective One-Year Study

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Afxentios Kekelekis

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Zoe Kounali

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Nikolaos Kofotolis

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Filipe Manuel Clemente

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Eleftherios Kellis

Healthcare 2023, 11(3), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030352 - 25 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1284

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to prospectively monitor and analyze injuries in Greek amateur male soccer players over one competitive season. One hundred and thirty male soccer players in a regional amateur league participated in this study. Injury data and exposure were [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to prospectively monitor and analyze injuries in Greek amateur male soccer players over one competitive season. One hundred and thirty male soccer players in a regional amateur league participated in this study. Injury data and exposure were collected from six teams during training and competition match over one season (2018/19). Injuries were collected weekly and were classified by setting, mechanism, severity, type, calendar distribution, period of injury occurrence, and anatomical location. A total of 103 injuries were recorded during the season, with an incident rate (IR) of 5.5 injuries/1000 h with 95% confidence intervals (CI) values of 4.45 (lower limit) and 6.09 (upper limit). Furthermore, IR was greater for the posterior thigh (IR 1.83/1000 h, 95% CI 1.21–2.44) and hip/groin complex (IR 1.45/1000 h, 95% CI 0.90–1.99) compared to other anatomical locations. Similarly, muscle injuries had greater IR (IR 3.61/1000 h, 95% CI 2.74–4.47) than other tissues. Amateur soccer players had a seven-fold greater chance of getting injured during games (IR 20.76/1000 h, 95% CI 15.28–26.24) rather than during training (IR 3.077/1000 h, 95% CI 2.16–3.80), while injury rates were higher towards the end of a session and peaked in October and February of the season. Based on these results, amateur soccer may benefit from injury prevention strategies incorporated into their regular training practice and focus on muscle injuries, especially in the posterior thigh and the hip/groin complex. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Correlation of Percentage Body Fat, Waist Circumference and Waist-to-Hip Ratio with Abdominal Muscle Strength

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Healthcare 2022, 10(12), 2467; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122467 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 967

Abstract

Sedentary lifestyle and consumption of high-fat foods have become widespread, especially in the urban population. This leads to a reduction in lean body mass and increased body fat. The correlation between body fat indices and low back pain has been less explored and [...] Read more.

Sedentary lifestyle and consumption of high-fat foods have become widespread, especially in the urban population. This leads to a reduction in lean body mass and increased body fat. The correlation between body fat indices and low back pain has been less explored and documented. The aim of this study was to identify the correlation between the percentage of body fat, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio and abdominal muscle strength. Percentage of body fat was estimated by using the body composition analyzer method using Tanita BC-545 Innerscan Segmental Body Composition. Waist-to-hip ratio was calculated by dividing the waist circumference by hip circumference. Abdominal muscle (rectus abdominis and external oblique) strength was measured by maximum voluntary isometric contraction as measured by surface electromyography. A positive correlation was observed between waist circumference and the percentage of body fat, while a negative correlation was observed between the average maximum voluntary isometric contraction of rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles and the percentage of body fat. Individuals with a high percentage of body fat tend to have higher fat distribution over the abdominal region and decreased abdominal muscle strength. Therapists should emphasize the use of abdominal muscles in individuals with high body fat in order to reduce the associated risk of the development of poor posture and low back pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot Study on Attentional Focus in Prescribing Physical Exercise in Outpatients with Obesity

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Healthcare 2022, 10(11), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10112306 - 17 Nov 2022

Viewed by 907

Abstract

This pilot study compared the effects of two attentional focus strategies on fitness parameters and body composition in outpatients with obesity. This was a randomized, controlled study that enrolled 94 obese individuals and allocated them into an internal focus group (IF) or an [...] Read more.

This pilot study compared the effects of two attentional focus strategies on fitness parameters and body composition in outpatients with obesity. This was a randomized, controlled study that enrolled 94 obese individuals and allocated them into an internal focus group (IF) or an external focus group (EF) while performing six weeks of a home-based training program. The home-based exercise program was the same for both groups except for the instructions that shifted the attention to an external or an internal condition. At the beginning and after the intervention period, participants were assessed for functional performance using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), body balance using the Modified Balance Error Scoring System (M-BESS) and muscular strength with the Handgrip Strength Test (HST) and the Five-Repetition Sit-To-Stand (FRSTS) test. Concerning body composition and anthropometric parameters, the body mass index (BMI) and fat mass percentage (FM%) were calculated. Significant improvements, main interactions and effects of time and groups were highlighted in the EF group as compared to the IF group in FMS (35% vs. 21%), M-BESS (42% vs. 18%), HST (13% vs. 7%) and FRSTS (23% vs. 12%) measures, while FM% (5%) and BMI (6% vs. 5%) showed a similar improvement overtime (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings provide initial evidence that a 6-week training program performed following external focus instruction is able to promote significant enhancements in movement efficiency, balance and muscular strength as compared to an internal focus cue. Fitness coaches and therapists might consider integrating a specific attentional focus strategy when designing rehabilitation programs in subjects with obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity Treatment in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus per National Treatment Guidelines for Germany: A Telephone-Survey-Based Analysis

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Healthcare 2022, 10(10), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101857 - 23 Sep 2022

Viewed by 865

Abstract

Physical activity (PA) is effective in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). According to the German national treatment guidelines for T2DM, PA is recommended at all stages of the treatment process. Adults with T2DM were recruited within the cross-sectional telephone survey [...] Read more.

Physical activity (PA) is effective in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). According to the German national treatment guidelines for T2DM, PA is recommended at all stages of the treatment process. Adults with T2DM were recruited within the cross-sectional telephone survey ‘Disease knowledge and information needs–Diabetes mellitus (2017)’. Self-reported data on socio-demographic characteristics, previous and current T2DM treatment, and PA behavior were collected. Using multivariable logistic regression models, the correlation between PA treatment (referrals and recommendations) and PA was investigated. Overall, 1149 adults diagnosed with T2DM are included in the analysis. Of the participants, 66.7% reported having ever received PA as part of their T2DM treatment with 61% of the participants reporting PA treatment at the time of the initial T2DM diagnosis and 54% at the time of the interview. Women, older participants, and those with a lower educational level were less likely to have ever been treated with PA. Currently being treated with PA as part of the T2DM treatment was associated with higher rates of achieving the World Health Organization’s PA recommendations (≥150 min per week) (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.42–2.68), as well as ever being treated with PA (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.20–2.38). The analyses showed that PA treatment plays a role in the treatment process of T2DM, but not all patient subgroups benefit in the same way. Efforts to increase PA treatment as part of T2DM treatment are needed, especially for those who are currently not treated with PA. Further research is needed to better understand the type of PA (e.g., structured or unstructured) undertaken by adults with T2DM to develop tailored PA interventions for adults with T2DM and for those in vulnerable subgroups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Internal Training Intensity and Well-Being Changes in Youth Football Players

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Rui Miguel Silva

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Filipe Manuel Clemente

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Francisco Tomás González-Fernández

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Hadi Nobari

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Rafael Oliveira

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Ana Filipa Silva

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José María Cancela-Carral

Healthcare 2022, 10(10), 1814; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101814 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1024

Abstract

The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to analyze the variations of training intensity and well-being measures of youth football player over a 38 week period; and (ii) to test the relationships between training intensity and well-being variations throughout a youth football [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to analyze the variations of training intensity and well-being measures of youth football player over a 38 week period; and (ii) to test the relationships between training intensity and well-being variations throughout a youth football season. This study followed a longitudinal design, lasting 38 weeks. Twenty-five players (age: 15.0 ± 0.4 years) participated in this study. Participants were monitored daily to quantify the training intensity (TI) using the session-rate of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and its related indices: training monotony (TM), weekly training intensity (wTI), mean training intensity (mTI), and 5-day average (5d-AVG). A four-item questionnaire was collected daily to quantify the well-being status of each player. Fatigue, stress, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), sleep quality, and the Hooper Index (HI) measures were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis H test revealed significant differences for TM, mTI, wTI and 5d-AVG (H = 359.53, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.35; H = 414.97, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.41, H = 258.42, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.24 and H = 282.18, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.26). A positive large correlation was found between TM and sleep quality (r = 0.65, p = 0.05) and a negative large correlation between mTI and sleep quality (r = −0.69, p = 0.04). In conclusion, both TI and well-being measures present significant between-week differences at different periods of the season. Also, the variations of sleep quality seem to depend on TM and mTI variations across a youth football season. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Conduction Velocity of Spinal Reflex in Patients with Acute Lateral Ankle Sprain

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Healthcare 2022, 10(9), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091794 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1061

Abstract

Recent literature has highlighted altered spinal-reflex excitability following acute lateral ankle sprain (ALAS), yet there is little information on the conduction velocity of spinal reflex pathways (CV-SRP) in these patients. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of ALAS on the CV-SRP. We [...] Read more.

Recent literature has highlighted altered spinal-reflex excitability following acute lateral ankle sprain (ALAS), yet there is little information on the conduction velocity of spinal reflex pathways (CV-SRP) in these patients. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of ALAS on the CV-SRP. We employed a cross-sectional study with two groups: ALAS (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 30). The CV-SRP of the soleus, fibularis longus, and tibialis anterior was assessed using the H-index method. As secondary outcomes, H-reflex and M-wave latencies were assessed as well as acute symptoms including ankle swelling, pain, and self-reported ankle function. Separate group-by-limb ANOVA with repeated measures revealed a significant interaction for soleus CV-SRP (p < 0.001) and H-reflex latency (p < 0.001), showing significant slower CV-SRP and longer H-reflex latency in the involved limb of the ALAS group compared with both limbs in the control group. However, there was no significant interaction or main effect in any other ankle muscles (p > 0.05). A further correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between CV-SRP and acute symptoms, including ankle swelling (r = −0.37, p = 0.048) and self-reported ankle function (r = 0.44, p = 0.017) in ALAS patients. These results suggest a disrupted functionality of the afferent pathway and/or synaptic transmission following ALAS. Level of Evidence: 4. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Ibuprofen Use on the Immune System Indicators and Force in Disabled Paralympic Powerlifters of Different Sport Levels

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Felipe J. Aidar

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Guacira S. Fraga

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Márcio Getirana-Mota

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Anderson Carlos Marçal

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Jymmys L. Santos

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Raphael Fabricio de Souza

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Lucio Marques Vieira-Souza

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Alexandre Reis Pires Ferreira

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Dihogo Gama de Matos

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Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto

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Nuno Domingos Garrido

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Alfonso López Díaz-de-Durana

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Beat Knechtle

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Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinoco Cabral

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Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz

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Hadi Nobari

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Ana Filipa Silva

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Filipe Manuel Clemente

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Georgian Badicu

Healthcare 2022, 10(7), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071331 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1392

Abstract

Background: Paralympic powerlifting (PP) training is typically intense and causes fatigue and alterations in the immune system. Objective: To analyze whether IBU would affect performance and the immune system after training in PP. Methodology: 10 athletes at the national level (NL) and 10 [...] Read more.

Background: Paralympic powerlifting (PP) training is typically intense and causes fatigue and alterations in the immune system. Objective: To analyze whether IBU would affect performance and the immune system after training in PP. Methodology: 10 athletes at the national level (NL) and 10 at the regional level (RL) participated in the study, where force and blood indicators were evaluated after training. The study took place over three weeks: (1) familiarization and (2 and 3) comparison between recovery methods, with ibuprofen or placebo (IBU vs. PLA), 800 mg. In the evaluation of the force, the peak torque (PT), fatigue index (FI), and blood immune system biomarkers were analyzed. The training consisted of five sets of five repetitions with 80% of one maximum repetition (5 × 5, 80% 1RM) on the bench press. Results: The PT at the national level using IBU was higher than with PLA (p = 0.007, η2p = 0.347), and the FI in the NL was lower with IBU than with PLA (p = 0.002, η2p = 0.635), and when comparing the use of IBU, the NL showed less fatigue than the regional level (p = 0.004, η2p = 0.414). Leukocytes, with the use of IBU in the NL group, were greater than in the RL (p = 0.001, η2p = 0.329). Neutrophils, in the NL with IBU, were greater than in the RL with IBU and PLA (p = 0.025, η2p = 0.444). Lymphocytes, in NL with IBU were lower than in RL with IBU and PLA (p = 0.001, η2p = 0.491). Monocytes, in the NL with IBU and PLA, were lower than in the RL with IBU (p = 0.049, η2p = 0.344). For hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte, the NL with IBU and PLA were higher than the RL with IBU and PLA (p < 0.05). Ammonia, with the use of IBU in the NL, obtained values higher than in the RL (p = 0.007), and with the use of PLA, the NL was higher than the RL (p = 0.038, η2p = 0.570). Conclusion: The training level tends to influence the immune system and, combined with the use of the IBU, it tends to improve recovery and the immune system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Spinal Reflex Excitability of Lower Leg Muscles Following Acute Lateral Ankle Sprain: Bilateral Inhibition of Soleus Spinal Reflex Excitability

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Healthcare 2022, 10(7), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071171 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1158

Abstract

Neural changes in the ankle stabilizing muscles following ankle sprains are thought to be one contributing factor to persistent ankle dysfunction. However, empirical evidence is limited. Therefore, we aimed to examine spinal reflex excitability of lower leg muscles following acute ankle sprains (AAS). [...] Read more.

Neural changes in the ankle stabilizing muscles following ankle sprains are thought to be one contributing factor to persistent ankle dysfunction. However, empirical evidence is limited. Therefore, we aimed to examine spinal reflex excitability of lower leg muscles following acute ankle sprains (AAS). We performed a case-control study with 2 groups consisting of 30 young adults with AAS and 30 aged-matched uninjured controls. Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) testing was performed to estimate spinal reflex excitability of lower leg muscles: soleus, fibularis longus (FL), tibialis anterior (TA). Maximal H-reflex (H_max) and motor responses (M_max) were determined by delivering a series of electrical stimuli at the sciatic nerve. H_max/M_max ratios were calculated to represent normalized spinal reflex excitability. Separate group-by-limb analyses of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures found there were no significant interactions for any of the muscles (SL: F_1,56 = 0.95, p = 0.33, FL: F_1,51 = 0.65, p = 0.42, TA: F_1,51 = 1.87, p = 0.18), but there was a significant main effect of group in the soleus (F_1,56 = 6.56, p = 0.013), indicating the H_max/M_max ratio of soleus in the AAS group was significantly lower bilaterally (AAS = 0.56 ± 0.19, control = 0.68 ± 0.17, p = 0.013), with no significant group differences in the other muscles (FL: F_1,51 = 0.26, p = 0.61, TA: F_1,51 = 0.93, p = 0.34). The bilateral inhibition of the soleus spinal reflex excitability following AAS may be significant in that it may explain bilateral sensorimotor deficits (postural control deficits) following unilateral injury, and provide insights into additional therapies aimed at the neural change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

Open AccessArticle

Pathophysiological Behaviour of the Climber’s Foot versus the General Population: A Prospective Observational Study

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Paula Cobos-Moreno

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Álvaro Astasio-Picado

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Beatriz Gómez-Martín

Healthcare 2022, 10(5), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050868 - 08 May 2022

Viewed by 1124

Abstract

Sport climbing is becoming increasingly popular, with people of all types and ages practising it. The feet suffer a lot of pressure with the sport climbing gesture, which in the long run can produce alterations in the first metatarsophalangeal joint or in the [...] Read more.

Sport climbing is becoming increasingly popular, with people of all types and ages practising it. The feet suffer a lot of pressure with the sport climbing gesture, which in the long run can produce alterations in the first metatarsophalangeal joint or in the first radius of the foot. Objective: To observe and quantify the behaviour of the foot in climbing subjects compared to a group of non-climbing subjects, comparing the pressures, first metatarsophalangeal joint and first radius of the foot. Method: This is a non-experimental and observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and prospective research. The study sample consisted of 105 subjects (42 males and 63 females). The control group consisted of 52 subjects and the climbing group consisted of 53 subjects. Different exploratory tests were carried out on all the subjects, such as: mobility of the metatarsophalangeal joint and first radius of the foot and the study of plantar pressures in different areas of the study. Results: No significant difference was found between left and right foot measurements (p > 0.05). The pressures of the same foot are significant, both at static and dynamic stages for both groups. The maximum pressure in the climbing group was under the first metatarsal head, while in the control group it was under the second metatarsal head. There were significant differences in the mobility of the first metatarsal joint and the first radius between the two groups. Conclusion: It can be seen that the group of climbers has less plantar pressure than the control group. They also have altered mobility of the first radius and the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

Open AccessArticle

Gastrocnemius Medial Head Stiffness Is Associated with Potential Fall Risk in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

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Healthcare 2022, 10(5), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050785 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1234

Abstract

The aim of this study is to compare the muscle strength, balance ability, thickness, and stiffness of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle in the elderly, with (fallers) and without (non-fallers) fall experience, and confirmed the correlation between the variables mentioned above and [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to compare the muscle strength, balance ability, thickness, and stiffness of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle in the elderly, with (fallers) and without (non-fallers) fall experience, and confirmed the correlation between the variables mentioned above and muscle stiffness in the faller. We selected 122 elderly participants, comprising 40 fallers and 82 non-fallers, and measured the muscle strength of the tibialis anterior (TA) and the gastrocnemius (GA). Balance ability was measured by the functional reach test (FRT), timed up and go test (TUG), short physical performance battery (SPPB), and gait speed (GS). We used shear wave elastography (SWE) to determine the thickness of the TA and the medial (GAmed) and lateral head (GAlat) of the gastrocnemius and the stiffness during relaxation and contraction. Balance ability, except muscle strength, was significantly lower in fallers compared with non-fallers. The GAmed and GAlat thickness were significantly lower in fallers than that in non-fallers. In fallers, the thickness, rest, and contractive stiffness of GAmed were correlated with the FRT, GS, SPPB. Low rest and GAmed contractive stiffness were related to lower balance ability in fallers. The muscle stiffness measurement using SWE was a novel method to assess potential fall risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Why Percussive Massage Therapy Does Not Improve Recovery after a Water Rescue? A Preliminary Study with Lifeguards

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Alejandra Alonso-Calvete

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Miguel Lorenzo-Martínez

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Alexandra Pérez-Ferreirós

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Antonio Couso-Bruno

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Eloy Carracedo-Rodríguez

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Martín Barcala-Furelos

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Roberto Barcala-Furelos

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Alexis Padrón-Cabo

Healthcare 2022, 10(4), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040693 - 07 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1738

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of percussive massage therapy (PMT) on lifeguards’ recovery after a water rescue, in comparison with passive recovery. Methods: A quasi-experimental crossover design was conducted to compare passive recovery (PR) and a PMT [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of percussive massage therapy (PMT) on lifeguards’ recovery after a water rescue, in comparison with passive recovery. Methods: A quasi-experimental crossover design was conducted to compare passive recovery (PR) and a PMT protocol. A total of 14 volunteer lifeguards performed a simulated 100 m water rescue and perceived fatigue and blood lactate were measured as recovery variables after the rescue and after the 8-min recovery process. Results: There were no differences between PMT and PR in lactate clearance (p > 0.05), finding in both modalities a small but not significant decrease in blood lactate. In perceived fatigue, both methods decreased this variable significantly (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between them (p > 0.05). Conclusions: PMT does not enhance recovery after a water rescue, in comparison with staying passive. Despite PMT appearing to be adequate for recovery in other efforts, it is not recommended for lifeguards’ recovery after a water rescue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Executive Functions and Gross Motor Skills in Rural Children Aged 8–10 Years

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Zahra Fathirezaie

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Sérgio Matos

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Elham Khodadadeh

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Filipe Manuel Clemente

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Georgian Badicu

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Ana Filipa Silva

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Seyed Hojjat Zamani Sani

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Samaneh Nahravani

Healthcare 2022, 10(4), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040616 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1695

Abstract

Considering that cognitive and motor dimensions of human beings grow together, and that primary school age is one of the most important stages of children’s cognitive and motor development, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between executive functions and [...] Read more.

Considering that cognitive and motor dimensions of human beings grow together, and that primary school age is one of the most important stages of children’s cognitive and motor development, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between executive functions and gross motor skills in rural children aged 8–10 years. This descriptive and correlational research was conducted with 93 Iranian rural primary school children aged 8 to 10 years. A Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire and the Test of Gross Motor Development, second edition (TGMD-2) were used to collect data on executive functions and gross motor skills, respectively. The results showed that most of the correlations between criterion and predictor variables were moderate. In the regression results we observed that among the components of executive functions, inhibition, working memory, planning/organizing, and organization had a significant relationship with gross motor skills, but no relationship was found between other components and motor skills. As a result, it can be said that in predicting cognitive development and specifically mentioned executive functions, gross motor skills are an important and effective factor among rural children and, given the importance of cognitive development and executive functions in childhood, it seems that by helping to develop their gross motor skills, executive functions will also be strengthened. Finally, possible future studies are addressed, which could investigate the effect of different aspects of motor skill classifications on executive functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use of Protein Supplements among Saudi Adults: Gender Differences

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Healthcare 2022, 10(2), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020394 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2152

Abstract

Saudi Arabia has witnessed recent reforms and positive socio-political changes that have led to increased opportunities for women to participate in fitness centers. This study investigated protein supplement consumption among Saudi females compared with that among males and examined the knowledge and attitudes [...] Read more.

Saudi Arabia has witnessed recent reforms and positive socio-political changes that have led to increased opportunities for women to participate in fitness centers. This study investigated protein supplement consumption among Saudi females compared with that among males and examined the knowledge and attitudes of the participants toward protein supplement use. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh using a previously validated, self-administered online survey. The questionnaire included items related to the prevalence, knowledge, attitudes, and practice of protein supplementation. The participants were 354 adults (58.2% were females). The results showed that over 47% of the participants attended fitness centers with more male (80.3%) than female (41%) attendees. Nearly 50% of the participants consumed protein supplements, with males (68.7%) using significantly (p < 0.001) more protein supplements than females (35.6%). The powdered form was most commonly consumed. The percentage of gym attendees (67.8%) who used protein supplements was higher than that among non-gym attendees (32.2%). Gaining muscles (56.1%) followed by compensating for protein deficiency (28.6%) were the reasons for taking protein supplements, with a significant gender difference (p < 0.001). Coaches provided the most information on protein supplements. The participants appeared to be knowledgeable about protein supplements. Although over 68% of protein supplement users suffered from various symptoms, only 20% of the participants thought that there was no risk in taking protein supplements, with significant gender differences. It was concluded that Saudi male participants are twice more likely to attend the gym and consume protein supplements compared with females. Of both genders, those attending the gym consumed more protein supplements than non-gym attendees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Participation in Sports Activities before and after the Outbreak of COVID-19: Analysis of Data from the 2020 Korea National Sports Participation Survey

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Healthcare 2022, 10(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10010122 - 08 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1687

Abstract

The present study aimed to describe the characteristics and rate of participation in sports activities, changes in sports, and the causes of these changes before and after the COVID-19 out-break in Korea using data from the 2020 Korea National Sports Participation Survey (KNSPS). [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to describe the characteristics and rate of participation in sports activities, changes in sports, and the causes of these changes before and after the COVID-19 out-break in Korea using data from the 2020 Korea National Sports Participation Survey (KNSPS). Furthermore, evidence from this study could be used as basic data to maintain and promote sports activities given the current situation, in which the continued spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, is likely. The KNSPS is an annual survey of subjective health and fitness, sports activities and conditions, and participation in sports activities, conducted among a sample comprising the entire Korean population. The current study analyzed data for 9000 participants, and descriptive statistical analysis was performed to calculate the frequency of each item and sample weight. The rate of regular participation in sports activities at least once a week was found to be 60.10% in 2020, representing a decrease of 6.48% from the rate observed in 2019. Among the types of sports facilities frequently used within the residential area, the most common facilities were private sports facilities (22.97%), other sports facilities (20.60%), and public sports facilities (18.97%), although the utilization rate for other sports facilities increased after the COVID-19 outbreak. After the COVID-19 outbreak, 34.12% of men and 29.72% of women responded that there had been a change in their participation in regular sports activities. Both before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, walking was the most common activity, although the participation rate increased from 29.23% in 2019 to 35.70% in 2020. The rankings and participation rates for indoor sports activities (bodybuilding, swimming, etc.) tended to decrease, while those for outdoor sports activities (climbing, cycling, etc.) tended to increase. These changes may be explained in part by the increasing concern regarding infection with increasing age, except among teenagers, and by economic factors. While participation in physical activity provides numerous health benefits, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on regular participation in sports activities. The results of this survey suggest that government action is required to enhance participation in sports activities, even in the face of a pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Immediate Influence of Moderate Pedal Exercises during an Assembly Work on Performance and Workload in Healthy Men

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Healthcare 2021, 9(12), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121644 - 27 Nov 2021

Viewed by 1019

Abstract

Physical inactivity has increased in prevalence among adults in industrialized and developing countries owing to the fact that the majority of job situations require individuals to remain seated for extended periods of time. This research aims to evaluate the influence of cycling on [...] Read more.

Physical inactivity has increased in prevalence among adults in industrialized and developing countries owing to the fact that the majority of job situations require individuals to remain seated for extended periods of time. This research aims to evaluate the influence of cycling on a stationary bike while executing a keyboard assembly task on the task completion time, error percentage, and physiological and subjective measurements. The physiological measures were electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) signal responses, whereas the subjective measures were subjective workload ratings and subjective body discomforts. Two variables were evaluated, namely assembly methods (with versus without pedal exercises at a moderate intensity) and session testing (pre- versus post-test). Thus, the repeated measures design (i.e., assembly method by session testing of participants) was used. According to the completion time, error %, participant self-reports, and ECG and EEG statistical analysis data, the participants’ performances in the keyboard assembly task did not decrease while they performed pedaling exercises (p > 0.05). Additionally, when participants completed the assembly task while executing the pedaling exercises, the mean inter-beat (RR) intervals significantly reduced (p < 0.05) while the mean heart rate increased (p < 0.05), which mean that pedaling exercises caused physical workloads on the participants. Participant performance was unaffected by performing a workout while performing the assembly activity. Thus, administrations should encourage their employees to engage in short sessions of moderate-intensity exercise similar to the suggested exercise in the study to improve a person’s physical health during work without interfering with the effectiveness of work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Activity in Scapular Stabilizing Muscles during Knee Push-Up Plus and Modified Vojta’s 3-Point Support Exercises

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Hyoungwon Lim

Healthcare 2021, 9(12), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121636 - 26 Nov 2021

Viewed by 2151

Abstract

Selective serratus anterior (SA) strengthening without compensatory movement of the shoulder stabilizers is essential for shoulder stability and functional movement without causing shoulder injury and dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to compare electromyographic (EMG) activity between the SA, upper trapezius (UT), [...] Read more.

Selective serratus anterior (SA) strengthening without compensatory movement of the shoulder stabilizers is essential for shoulder stability and functional movement without causing shoulder injury and dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to compare electromyographic (EMG) activity between the SA, upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), and pectoralis major (PM) during the knee push-up plus (KPUP) and modified Vojta’s 3-point support (MV3PS) exercises. Scapular stabilizer muscle activity (UT, LT, SA, and PM) was investigated during the KPUP and MV3PS exercises in 40 healthy adults (19 males, 21 females) using surface EMG. Muscle activity of the SA was significantly higher during the MV3PS exercise than during the KPUP (p < 0.05). However, muscle activity in the PM was significantly lower during the MV3PS exercise (p < 0.05). In addition, the LT and UT showed less muscle activity during the MV3PS exercise, although the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that the MV3PS exercise better activates the SA than KPUP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cycle-Based High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Adolescent Soccer Players

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Bin Fang

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Yonghwan Kim

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Moonyoung Choi

Healthcare 2021, 9(12), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121628 - 25 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2432

Abstract

Cardiorespiratory fitness, anaerobic power, and lower extremity strength are essential for soccer players at all levels. An effective program should be developed to improve physical strength for adolescent soccer players who need to combine academic and technical training. This study analyzed the impact [...] Read more.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, anaerobic power, and lower extremity strength are essential for soccer players at all levels. An effective program should be developed to improve physical strength for adolescent soccer players who need to combine academic and technical training. This study analyzed the impact of short-term high intensity interval training (HIIT) training and traditional moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on adolescent soccer players. Participants included 56 adolescent soccer players who were divided into HIIT and MICT groups. The training program was conducted 3 times a week for 4 weeks using cycle ergometer. Each session included the same resistance training program, and the characteristics of HIIT and MICT were applied to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power. Body composition analysis, graded exercise test for peak oxygen uptake (VO₂ peak), Wingate anaerobic power test, and isokinetic knee strength test were performed. VO₂ peak was improved in HIIT and MICT, but anaerobic threshold and heart rate recovery significantly improved in the HIIT group. Wingate anaerobic peak power had increased significantly in sets 1, 2, and 3 in the HIIT group, but showed significant improvement only in set 1 in the MICT group. The isokinetic strength improved significantly in the HIIT group at 60°/s and in the MICT group at 240°/s. There was no significant change in body composition in either group. In conclusion, short-term HIIT administered to adolescent soccer players effectively improved cardiorespiratory fitness in HIIT and MICT groups. While HIIT increased anaerobic threshold and power, MICT effectively improved muscle endurance. Short-term intensive training can be considered a time-efficient training strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Four Weeks of Home-Based Balance Training on the Performance in Individuals with Functional Ankle Instability: A Remote Online Study

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Healthcare 2021, 9(11), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111428 - 23 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1726

Abstract

The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of home-based balance training (HBBT) on the performance of individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI) in daily activities and sports. Thirty college students diagnosed with FAI and with a [...] Read more.

The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of home-based balance training (HBBT) on the performance of individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI) in daily activities and sports. Thirty college students diagnosed with FAI and with a mean weight of 79.8 ± 3.4 kg, height of 182.5 ± 5.1 cm, age of 23.5 ± 1.2 years, and instability score of 20 ± 2.3 were selected to participate in this study and were randomly divided by computer-generated methods into two groups: the HBBT group and the control group (CG), each consisting of 15 subjects. The HBBT group performed the program at home for 4 weeks, while the CG was non-exercise. Before and after the 4 weeks of exercise program, a form containing the foot and ankle ability measure for daily activities and sports was completed by the individuals. For data analysis, intra- and inter-group comparisons were performed using paired and independent sample t-tests, respectively, at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The results showed that 4 weeks of progressive HBBT were sufficient to significantly improve the measurement of the ability of ankle and foot function in individuals with FAI, even with a total volume of only 60 min per week. Accordingly, it is suggested that individuals with FAI can benefit from short-term HBBT programs, which are simple yet powerful enough to promote improvements in daily activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of Incorporating Short-Foot Exercises in the Balance Rehabilitation of Flat Foot: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Dongchul Moon

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Juhyeon Jung

Healthcare 2021, 9(10), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101358 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3493

Abstract

Effective balance rehabilitation is essential to address flat foot (pes planus) which is closely associated with reduced postural stability. Although sensorimotor training (SMT) and short-foot exercise (SFE) have been effective for improving postural stability, the combined effects of SMT with SFE have not [...] Read more.

Effective balance rehabilitation is essential to address flat foot (pes planus) which is closely associated with reduced postural stability. Although sensorimotor training (SMT) and short-foot exercise (SFE) have been effective for improving postural stability, the combined effects of SMT with SFE have not been evaluated in previous studies. The aim of this study was to compare the lone versus combined effects of SMT with SFE on postural stability among participants with flat foot. This was a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. A total of 32 flat-footed participants were included in the study (14 males and 18 females) and assigned to the SMT combined with SFE group and SMT alone group. All participants underwent 18 sessions of the SMT program three times a week for six weeks. Static balance, dynamic balance, and the H_max/M_max ratio were compared before and after the interventions. Static and dynamic balance significantly increased in the SMT combined with SFE group compared with the SMT alone group. However, the H_max/M_max ratio was not significantly different between the two groups. Therefore, this study confirms that the combination of SMT and SFE is superior to SMT alone to improve postural balance control in flat-footed patients in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Nordic Walking on Spinal Posture, Physical Function, and Back Pain in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Pilot Study

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Yi-Hung Huang

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I-Yao Fang

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Yi-Liang Kuo

Healthcare 2021, 9(10), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101303 - 30 Sep 2021

Viewed by 1785

Abstract

Nordic walking is an increasingly popular form of exercise among the elderly. Using poles is thought to facilitate a more upright posture; however, previous studies primarily investigated the effects of Nordic walking on respiratory function and physical fitness. The aims of this study [...] Read more.

Nordic walking is an increasingly popular form of exercise among the elderly. Using poles is thought to facilitate a more upright posture; however, previous studies primarily investigated the effects of Nordic walking on respiratory function and physical fitness. The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of Nordic walking on spinal posture, physical functions, and back pain in community-dwelling older adults. Thirty-one community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 60 years participated in a twice weekly Nordic walking training program for 12 weeks. The outcome measures, including spinal posture, physical functions, back pain, and the strength and endurance of back extensor muscles were assessed before and after a 12-week program. After training, spinal posture, back pain, and the strength and endurance of back extensor muscles did not show any statistically significant changes. Among the seven clinical tests of physical function, only the 30 s arm curl test, the 30 s chair stand test, and the single leg stance test showed significant improvements. Nordic walking has limited influence on age-related hyperkyphosis and back pain, but may be effective for physical function. The results of this study can provide useful information for people involved in the prevention and treatment of physical dysfunction in community-dwelling older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

When Much Is Too Much—Compared to Light Exercisers, Heavy Exercisers Report More Mental Health Issues and Stress, but Less Sleep Complaints

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Sanobar Golshani

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Ali Najafpour

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Seyed Sepehr Hashemian

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Annette Beatrix Brühl

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Jalal Shakeri

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Serge Brand

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Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani

Healthcare 2021, 9(10), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101289 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2496

Abstract

Background: Physical inactivity has become a global somatic and mental health issue. To counterbalance, promoting regular physical activity appears plausible, above all among adults, where physical inactivity is particularly high. However, some, but sparse, research also indicates that excessive exercising might be associated [...] Read more.

Background: Physical inactivity has become a global somatic and mental health issue. To counterbalance, promoting regular physical activity appears plausible, above all among adults, where physical inactivity is particularly high. However, some, but sparse, research also indicates that excessive exercising might be associated with unfavorable mental health dimensions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that excessive exercising was associated with more mental health issues. To this end, we assessed mental health issues, stress, mental toughness, and sleep disturbances among heavy and light adult exercisers. Methods: A total of 200 adults (mean age: 35 years; 62% females) took part in the study. Of those, 100 were heavy exercisers (18–22 h/week), and 100 were light exercisers (1–6 h/week). Participants completed questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, mental health issues, perceived stress, mental toughness, and sleep disturbances. Results: Compared with light exercisers, heavy exercisers reported higher mental health issues, more stress, but also higher mental toughness scores and less sleep disturbances. Higher age, lower mental toughness scores, heavy exerciser-status, and more sleep disturbances predicted higher mental health complaints. Conclusions: Compared with light exercising, heavy exercising might be associated with more mental health issues. As such, it appears that the association between exercise frequency, intensity, and duration and psychological well-being might be related to an optimum point, but not to a maximum point. In a similar vein, heavily exercising athletes, their coaches, parents, and representatives of sports associations should get sensitized to possible adverse psychological effects of excessive physical activity patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Physical Fitness and Attention Level on Academic Achievements of Female and Male Military Academy Cadets in Poland

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Healthcare 2021, 9(10), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101261 - 24 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1514

Abstract

A professional soldier should be characterized not only by high physical fitness but also by high intellectual and cognitive skills. Therefore, it is important to focus on the future commanding cadre-cadets that are educated in military academies. The aim of the study was [...] Read more.

A professional soldier should be characterized not only by high physical fitness but also by high intellectual and cognitive skills. Therefore, it is important to focus on the future commanding cadre-cadets that are educated in military academies. The aim of the study was to look for correlations between the level of physical fitness and attention and academic achievements (AA) in different subjects among cadets studying at military academies. The research group consisted of students of a military academy in Poland, i.e., 228 cadets, including 31 women and 197 men. Correlations between explained and explanatory variables were assessed using Pearson’s correlation. Correlations between AA and somatic parameters and motor components were analysed using optimal regression, using the best subset method. A statistical difference was found between men and women in terms of the level of somatic and motor development; men also performed significantly better in practical military subjects. In the female group, dominant hand strength is a significant determinant of AA in civilian and theoretical military subjects. The findings suggest the need for specialized training aimed at bridging the major differences in physical fitness between men and women by placing greater emphasis on muscle strength development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Heart Rate Variability and Functional Fitness in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Healthcare 2021, 9(9), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091205 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1710

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. The treatments may also cause neuromuscular and skeletal disorders; therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the existence of a relationship between heart rate variability and different functional fitness parameters [...] Read more.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. The treatments may also cause neuromuscular and skeletal disorders; therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the existence of a relationship between heart rate variability and different functional fitness parameters in women survivors of breast cancer. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 25 women survivors of breast cancer, with a mean ± SD age, height, and body mass of 50.8 ± 8.8 years, 1.6 ± 0.7 m, and 67.1 ± 12.3 kg, respectively. Patients underwent measurements of heart rate variability with time and frequency domain analyses, as well as a “30 s chair-stand test”, “6 min walking test”, “timed up and go test”, and “ball throwing test”. Results: A multiple linear regression analysis showed that from the heart rate variability frequency domain, high frequency explained 21% (R² = 0.21) of the “30 s chair-stand test” performance. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight high frequency as a predictor of “30 s chair-stand test” performance, regardless of age and time after diagnosis, suggesting its usefulness as a clinical indicator of functionality in breast cancer survivors. This study presents a straightforward and non-invasive methodology predicting functional fitness in women breast cancer survivors potentially applicable to clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

Open AccessArticle

A Feasibility and Efficacy Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Exercise Programs in Severe AECOPD Patients with Resting Hypoxemia

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Laura López-López

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Andrés Calvache-Mateo

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Janet Rodríguez-Torres

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María Granados-Santiago

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Araceli Ortiz-Rubio

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Marie Carmen Valenza

Healthcare 2021, 9(9), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091102 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1358

Abstract

Resting hypoxemia is the most severe stage of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Due to their impairments during the exacerbation, these patients are limited to traditional exercise rehabilitation and are excluded from the majority of the studies. The aim of this study was [...] Read more.

Resting hypoxemia is the most severe stage of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Due to their impairments during the exacerbation, these patients are limited to traditional exercise rehabilitation and are excluded from the majority of the studies. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and the efficacy of two exercise programs in Acute Exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) patients with resting hypoxemia. In this randomized clinical trial, patients hospitalized due to an acute exacerbation of COPD with hypoxemia at rest were included. Patients were randomly assigned into three groups. A Control Group (pharmacological treatment), a Global Exercise Group (GEG), and a Functional Electrostimulation Group (FEG). Patients were treated during the hospitalization period. The main outcomes were lower limb strength (assessed by a dynamometer), balance (assessed by the one leg standing balance test), health related quality of life (assessed by the EQ-5D), adverse events and adherence. At the end of the intervention, there were significant differences in all the variables in favour of the experimental groups (p < 0.05). We concluded that conducting an exercise program is feasible and improves lower limb strength, balance, and health related quality of life in AECOPD patients with resting hypoxemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Association of Primary Hypertension and Risk of Cerebrovascular Diseases with Overweight and Physical Activity in Korean Women: A Longitudinal Study

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Nan Su

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Yonghwan Kim

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Youngin Won

Healthcare 2021, 9(9), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091093 - 24 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1349

Abstract

Cerebrovascular diseases include stroke, intracranial stenosis, aneurysms, and vascular malformations; primary hypertension is typically associated with cerebrovascular disease. The incidence of these diseases is higher in men than in women, and low physical activity and obesity are known to increase the risk of [...] Read more.

Cerebrovascular diseases include stroke, intracranial stenosis, aneurysms, and vascular malformations; primary hypertension is typically associated with cerebrovascular disease. The incidence of these diseases is higher in men than in women, and low physical activity and obesity are known to increase the risk of cerebrovascular disease. This study aimed to longitudinally analyze the adjusted relative risk (ARR) of primary hypertension and cerebrovascular diseases, in relation to body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (PA), in Korean women. The study retrieved the data of 1,464,377 adult Korean women (aged 50–79 years), who participated in the national health screening program from 2002 to 2003. The participants had no history of primary hypertension or cerebrovascular diseases, and were followed up by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) until 2013. The participants were divided into the following groups: normal weight (18.5–24.9), overweight (25.0–29.9), and obese (≥30.0) kg/m², based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The frequency of PA (days) was determined using a physical activity questionnaire, and defined as low (0–2), medium (3–4), and high (5–7) days. The RR was calculated using Cox regression. Three models were created based on the adjusted variables. The ARR for hypertension was 0.933 (95% CI; 0.920–0.955, p < 0.001) in obese patients with medium PA. Primary hypertension was lower (ARR: 0.943; 95% CI; 0.928–0.961, p < 0.001) in overweight participants with medium PA, than in those with low PA. The incidence of cerebrovascular disease was lower in overweight individuals with medium PA (ARR: 0.945, 95% CI; 0.925–0.976, p < 0.001), than in those with low PA. The risk of cerebrovascular disease was reduced in normal-weight participants with medium PA (ARR: 0.889; 95% CI: 0.854–0.919; p < 0.001), than in those with high PA (ARR 0.913; 95% CI; 0.889–0.953, p < 0.001). In the obese group, there was no significant difference in the risk of cerebrovascular disease, based on the frequency of PA. In conclusion, the relative risk of primary hypertension in women was lower with moderate activity than with low activity, in the normal-weight and overweight groups. The relative risk of cerebrovascular disease was lower in the participants with moderate and high activity than in those with low activity, even at normal weight. In obese individuals, moderate and high activity reduced cerebrovascular disease compared to low activity. Therefore, regardless of obesity, PA may contribute to the prevention of primary hypertension and cerebrovascular disease in adult women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Force Production and Coordination from Older Women in Water Fitness Exercises

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Healthcare 2021, 9(8), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081054 - 16 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1423

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare bilateral propulsive forces and coordination while exercising at static and dynamic conditions in the water. A total of 27 older women (age: 65.1 ± 6.7 years old) performed the following exercises: (i) horizontal upper-limbs adduction [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare bilateral propulsive forces and coordination while exercising at static and dynamic conditions in the water. A total of 27 older women (age: 65.1 ± 6.7 years old) performed the following exercises: (i) horizontal upper-limbs adduction (HA; static condition) and (ii) rocking horse (RH; dynamic condition) through an incremental protocol with music cadences from 105 up to 150 b·min⁻¹. The duration of each trial was set at 30 second (sec). Propulsive peak force (in Newton, N) of dominant (PF_D) and nondominant (PF_ND) upper limbs was retrieved using hand sensors coupled to a differential pressure system. Significant differences in force production were found between static and dynamic exercises at higher cadences (120, 135, and 150 b·min⁻¹). The static condition elicited higher bilateral propulsive forces and a more symmetric pattern. The in-water static exercise with bilateral action from the upper limbs proved to be the most appropriate strategy for older women to work strength and to reduce asymmetries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Intra-Season Variations in Workload Parameters in Europe’s Elite Young Soccer Players: A Comparative Pilot Study between Starters and Non-Starters

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Healthcare 2021, 9(8), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080977 - 31 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1539

Abstract

Background: The main purpose of the current study was to compare the within-season variations of workload, training duration, acute/chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony ™, and training strain (TS) through session rating perceived exertion (s-RPE) between starters and non-starters. Methods: Seventeen under-17 European [...] Read more.

Background: The main purpose of the current study was to compare the within-season variations of workload, training duration, acute/chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony ™, and training strain (TS) through session rating perceived exertion (s-RPE) between starters and non-starters. Methods: Seventeen under-17 European male soccer players (age, 16.2 ± 0.3 y, height, 1.8 ± 0.1 m; body mass, 66.5 ± 4.0 kg) divided in two groups: nine starters and eight non-starters, were evaluated over 50 weeks throughout the season. Results: In general, there were load variations for all players during the full-season. RPE tended to decrease during in-season and RPE, training duration and s-RPE did not present significant differences between starters and non-starters. TM and TS presented lower values for starters in mesocycle (M) 4 and M11 compared to non-starters. TS presented lower values for starters in M4 and M11 compared to non-starters, while in M10 a higher value was found for starters when compared to non-starters. ACWR showed differences between starters and non-starters in two of the mesocycles. Conclusions: This study showed that some mesocycles provided higher load for non-starters. This information can alert coaches that non-starter players are likely to try too hard in training to demonstrate their abilities, leading to non-functional overreaching, overtraining syndrome, and then poor performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Foot Status and Motor Status in Preschool Children: A Simple, Comparative Observational Study

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Healthcare 2021, 9(8), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080936 - 26 Jul 2021

Viewed by 1609

Abstract

Background: The research objective of the study is to determine the differences in the manifestation of the motor status of normally fed preschool test subjects, classified into groups according to foot status. Methods: This is a simple, comparative observational study. Preschool children included [...] Read more.

Background: The research objective of the study is to determine the differences in the manifestation of the motor status of normally fed preschool test subjects, classified into groups according to foot status. Methods: This is a simple, comparative observational study. Preschool children included in this study have been subjected to anthropometric measurements in order to determine BMI, tests for motor skills assessment (running at 20 m from a high start, standing broad jump, backwards polygon, rectangular seated forward bend, plate tapping, sit-ups for 60 s, and bent arm hang), and a determination of foot status. The total sample was comprised of 202 test subjects who attended a regular sports program, aged 3.9 to 6.5 years of decimal age (M = 141; Age = 5.3 ± 0.74; Height = 117.3 ± 7.1; Weight = 22 ± 3.7; F = 61; Age = 5.1 ± 0.73; Height = 114.9 ± 7.4; Weight = 21.2 ± 3.8), of which 153 (75.7%) were normally fed, 6 (3%) were undernourished, 30 were overweight (14.9%), and 13 were obese (6.4%). Results: In the total sample, 30 (14.9%) subjects had normal arch feet, 90 (44.6%) high arched feet, and 41 (20.3%) flat feet. We found 41 (20.3%) subjects who had different left and right foot statuses within this sample. The data were processed by means of nonparametric tests (the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests) at a significance level p ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between groups of subjects with different foot statuses in the manifestation of motor status in most tests, with a significance level of p ≤ 0.01, and in tests of sit-ups for 60 s and the bent arm hang, there is a statistically significant difference, the level of which is p ≤ 0.05. It is only in the inclination test of rectangular seated forward bend that no statistically significant difference was displayed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship of Timed Up & Go Test with Physical Characteristics and Physical Activity in Healthy Japanese: The Toon Health Study

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Healthcare 2021, 9(8), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080933 - 24 Jul 2021

Viewed by 1274

Abstract

This study evaluated the Timed Up & Go test (TUG) among healthy Japanese individuals without walking problems to clarify the relationship of TUG performance with physical characteristics and physical activity according to sex and age groups. In total, 797 men and women (30–84 [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the Timed Up & Go test (TUG) among healthy Japanese individuals without walking problems to clarify the relationship of TUG performance with physical characteristics and physical activity according to sex and age groups. In total, 797 men and women (30–84 years old) in Toon City, Ehime Prefecture, were assessed from 2016 to 2017. The survey data for physical characteristics, TUG performance, and physical activity measures were used. After adjusting for age according to TUG time and categorization into sex and age groups (30–64 and 65–84 years), the relationship of TUG performance with physical characteristics and physical activities was confirmed using multiple regression analysis. In men, TUG performance was associated with work and household chores in the 30–64-year age group, whereas it was only associated with skeletal muscle mass among those older than 65 years. In women, TUG performance was associated with height and amount of exercise, regardless of age. In conclusion, TUG performance may be maintained by increasing the amount of physical activity for men through work and housework, and increasing the amount of exercise for women, which may prevent the need for long-term care in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Running Pace Percentile Values for Brazilian Non-Professional Road Runners

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Healthcare 2021, 9(7), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070829 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to establish sex-specific percentile curves and values for the running pace of Brazilian non-professional runners. Methods: The sample comprised 1152 amateur runners aged 18–72 (61.8% males), from the five Brazilian regions. The runners answered an online [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of this study was to establish sex-specific percentile curves and values for the running pace of Brazilian non-professional runners. Methods: The sample comprised 1152 amateur runners aged 18–72 (61.8% males), from the five Brazilian regions. The runners answered an online questionnaire providing information about their biological (sex, age, height, weight) and training (volume and frequency/week, running pace) characteristics. Using 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile, the running pace was computed for women and men by age groups and by running distances (5 km, 10 km, 21 km, and 42 km). Sex- and age-specific percentile curves (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th) were created through the Lambda Mu Sigma method. Results: For all ages and distance, men performed better than women, and a decrease in the performance was observed across age groups. Among male runners, the beginning of their thirties and the end of their forties seem to be the moments where they observed substantial improvements in running pace; among female runners, this improvement phase was observed to be more pronounced toward the end of their forties. Conclusions: Percentile values of running pace could help coaches during training programs and runners to better understand “how well” they are comparing against their peers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Comparing Idiopathic Chronic Fatigue and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) in Males: Response to Two-Day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Protocol

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C. (Linda) M. C. van Campen

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Frans C. Visser

Healthcare 2021, 9(6), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060683 - 05 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7012

Abstract

(1) Introduction: Multiple studies have shown that peak oxygen consumption is reduced in the majority of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS )patients, using the gold standard for measuring exercise intolerance: cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). A 2-day CPET protocol has shown different results on [...] Read more.

(1) Introduction: Multiple studies have shown that peak oxygen consumption is reduced in the majority of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS )patients, using the gold standard for measuring exercise intolerance: cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). A 2-day CPET protocol has shown different results on day 2 in ME/CFS patients compared to sedentary controls. No comparison is known between ME/CFS and idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF) for 2-day CPET protocols. We compared ME/CFS patients with patients with chronic fatigue who did not fulfill the ME/CFS criteria in a male population and hypothesized a different pattern of response would be present during the 2nd day CPET. (2) Methods: We compared 25 male patients with ICF who had completed a 2-day CPET protocol to an age-/gender-matched group of 26 male ME/CFS patients. Measures of oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, workload (Work), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were collected at maximal (peak) and ventilatory threshold (VT) intensities. (3) Results: Baseline characteristics for both groups were similar for age, body mass index (BMI), body surface area, (BSA), and disease duration. A significant difference was present in the number of patients with fibromyalgia (seven ME/CFS patients vs. zero ICF patients). Heart rate at rest and the RER did not differ significantly between CPET 1 and CPET 2. All other CPET parameters at the ventilatory threshold and maximum exercise differed significantly (p-value between 0.002 and <0.0001). ME/CFS patients showed a deterioration of performance on CPET2 as reflected by VO₂ and workload at peak exercise and ventilatory threshold, whereas ICF patients showed improved performance on CPET2 with no significant change in peak workload. (4) Conclusion: This study confirms that male ME/CFS patients have a reduction in exercise capacity in response to a second-day CPET. These results are similar to published results in male ME/CFS populations. Patients diagnosed with ICF show a different response on day 2, more similar to sedentary and healthy controls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Female Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Idiopathic Chronic Fatigue: Comparison of Responses to a Two-Day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Protocol

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C. (Linda) M. C. van Campen

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Frans C. Visser

Healthcare 2021, 9(6), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060682 - 05 Jun 2021

Viewed by 4885

Abstract

Introduction: Multiple studies have shown that peak oxygen consumption is reduced in the majority of ME/CFS patients, using the golden standard for measuring exercise intolerance: cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). A 2-day CPET protocol has shown different results on day 2 in ME/CFS patients [...] Read more.

Introduction: Multiple studies have shown that peak oxygen consumption is reduced in the majority of ME/CFS patients, using the golden standard for measuring exercise intolerance: cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). A 2-day CPET protocol has shown different results on day 2 in ME/CFS patients compared to sedentary controls. No comparison is known between ME/CFS and idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF) for 2-day CPET protocols. We compared ME/CFS patients with patients with chronic fatigue who did not fulfil the ME/CFS criteria in a male population and hypothesized a different pattern of response would be present during the 2nd day CPET. Methods: Fifty-one female patients with ICF completed a 2-day CPET protocol and were compared to an age/sex-matched group of 50 female ME/CFS patients. Measures of oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, workload (Work), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were collected at maximal (peak) and ventilatory threshold (VT) intensities. Results: Baseline characteristics for both groups were similar for age, BMI, BSA, and disease duration. A significance difference was present in the number of patients with fibromyalgia (seven ME/CFS patients vs zero ICF patients). Heart rate at rest and the RER did not differ significantly between CPET 1 and CPET 2. All other CPET parameters at the ventilatory threshold and maximum exercise differed significantly (p-value between 0.002 and <0.0001). ME/CFS patients showed a deterioration of performance on CPET2 as reflected by VO₂ and workload at peak exercise and ventilatory threshold, whereas ICF patients showed improved performance on CPET2 with no significant change in peak workload. Conclusion: This study confirms that female ME/CFS patients have a reduction in exercise capacity in response to a second day CPET. These results are similar to published results in female ME/CFS populations. Patients diagnosed with ICF show a different response on day 2, more similar to sedentary and healthy controls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Knee and Hip Kinematics during Landing and Cutting between Elite Male Football and Futsal Players

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Abdolhamid Daneshjoo

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Hadi Nobari

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Aref Kalantari

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Mohammadtaghi Amiri-Khorasani

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Healthcare 2021, 9(5), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050606 - 18 May 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2070

Abstract

To design an accurate sport injury prevention program, alterations in the knee and hip kinematic variables involved in injury mechanisms should be known. The main purpose of the current study was to compare knee and hip kinematic variables during landing and cutting among [...] Read more.

To design an accurate sport injury prevention program, alterations in the knee and hip kinematic variables involved in injury mechanisms should be known. The main purpose of the current study was to compare knee and hip kinematic variables during landing and cutting among male football and futsal players, and to discuss them within an injury description frame. Twenty football (20.5 ± 2.1 years., 74.5 ± 6.9 kg and 1.79 ± 0.07 m) and twenty futsal players (20.3 ± 2.0 years., 73.5 ± 7.1 kg and 1.78 ± 0.07 m), with at least three years’ experience of playing in the Kerman Province League, participated in this study. Hip flexion, knee flexion and knee valgus angle during two main movements with risk of injury, such as landing and cutting, were measured using a motion capture system with passive markers at 120-Hz sampling frequency. Landing and cutting maneuvers were administered in as natural way as possible. Results showed significant differences in landing and cutting maneuvers between groups in hip flexion, knee flexion and knee valgus angle. Results indicated that footballers have less extension of hip and knee joints than futsal players in landing maneuvers, which may be due to the higher requirement of jumping−landing maneuvers when playing football. In cutting maneuvers, footballers showed less hip and knee flexion than futsal players, whereas the knee valgus angle in cutting maneuvers was lower in futsal players. More information on the injury mechanisms of landing and cutting in football and futsal are needed to improve the design of injury prevention programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Fluctuations in Well-Being Based on Position in Elite Young Soccer Players during a Full Season

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Healthcare 2021, 9(5), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050586 - 14 May 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1541

Abstract

The current study surveyed weekly and daily variations of well-being ratings relative to the Hooper Index (HI): fatigue (wFatigue), stress (wStress), delayed onset muscle soreness (wDOMS), and sleep quality (wSleep) during a soccer season based on players’ positions. The full-season was divided into [...] Read more.

The current study surveyed weekly and daily variations of well-being ratings relative to the Hooper Index (HI): fatigue (wFatigue), stress (wStress), delayed onset muscle soreness (wDOMS), and sleep quality (wSleep) during a soccer season based on players’ positions. The full-season was divided into three meso-cycles: Early season, week (W)1 to W7; Mid-season, W8 to W13, and End-season, W14 to W20. Twenty-six young players participated in the study (age, 15.5 ± 0.2 years; height, 172.9 ± 4.2 cm; body mass, 61.4 ± 5.6 kg; body fat, 8.6 ± 2.9%; VO_2max, 48.4 ± 2.4 mL.kg⁻¹·min⁻¹; maturity offset, 1.9 ± 0.3 years). Participants played in the same team and competed in Iran national under-16 competitions. Well-being status was monitored on training days using the HI questionnaire. The main result was a significant difference between well-being status 5 days before match day (MD) and 4 days before MD, compared to MD for all playing positions (p ≤ 0.001). The highest and lowest records occurred during End-season for wDOMS (strikers = 11.5 ± 8.4 arbitrary units (AU)), Early season (central defenders = 9.5 ± 0.7 AU) and for wFatigue (central midfielders = 11.4 ± 0.9 AU), and Early season (wide defenders = 9.7 ± 0.7 AU), respectively. Overall, the results showed a significant increase in wStress and wSleep for all players’ positions from Early- to End-season. The main application of this study is to make coaches aware of their players’ well-being fluctuations throughout the full season, especially in young elite soccer players, and to avoid injuries, overtraining, and overreaching as much as possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Impact of Three Strengthening Exercises on Dynamic Knee Valgus and Balance with Poor Knee Control among Young Football Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Bartosz Wilczyński

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Piotr Wąż

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Katarzyna Zorena

Healthcare 2021, 9(5), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050558 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3552

Abstract

The observed dynamic knee valgus and the limited dynamic balance described in the literature are modifiable risk factors for injuries in athletes. Therefore, identification and appropriate prevention are crucial in managing the development of young athletes. The aim of the study was to [...] Read more.

The observed dynamic knee valgus and the limited dynamic balance described in the literature are modifiable risk factors for injuries in athletes. Therefore, identification and appropriate prevention are crucial in managing the development of young athletes. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of three exercises strengthening the muscles: gluteal medius, popliteal and tibialis posterior to reduce dynamic knee valgus and improve the dynamic balance of the lower limbs in young football players with poor knee control. A total of 134 footballers were assessed for eligibility, and finally 45 participants (age 12–15) met the inclusion criteria. Participants were assessed with 2D video kinematic analysis during single-leg squats to assess the knee valgus angles and the dynamic balance (Y-Balance Test). No significant interactions between groups (Control and Exercise) and time (baseline and after 6 week) were noted for dynamic valgus for the left and right knee (p > 0.05). For the dynamic balance, there were statistically significant results, but not clinically relevant for anterior, posteromedial, and composite direction for the right lower limbs and for the anterior direction for left lower limbs in the exercise group. However, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in all of the YBT scores for both lower limbs between groups. This study demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences in dynamic knee valgus angles and dynamic balance values after 6 weeks of exercise program in young footballers with poor knee control. Future randomized trials should focus on more comprehensive exercises, where possible using biofeedback methods to improve knee kinematics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Electromyographic Assessment of the Lower Leg Muscles during Concentric and Eccentric Phases of Standing Heel Raise

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Nicholas F. Sculthorpe

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Tilak Dias

Healthcare 2021, 9(4), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040465 - 14 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2380

Abstract

Only a small number of muscle activation patterns from lower limbs have been reported and simultaneous muscle activation from several lower limb muscles have not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine any gender differences in surface electromyography (EMG) [...] Read more.

Only a small number of muscle activation patterns from lower limbs have been reported and simultaneous muscle activation from several lower limb muscles have not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine any gender differences in surface electromyography (EMG) activity from six recorded lower limb muscles of the dominant limb at baseline (i.e., with the foot placed flat on the floor and in the neutral position), and during concentric and eccentric phases when performing a heel raise task. In total, 10 females and 10 males performed a standing heel raise task comprising of three continuous phases: baseline, unloading (concentric muscle action), and loading (eccentric muscle action) phases. Muscle activation from six muscles (gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis) were measured using the Myon 320 EMG System. Root mean squared values of each muscle were calculated for each phase. Descriptive and inferential statistics were incorporated into the study. Statistically significant p values were set at 0.05. The results showed no significant differences between baseline, concentric, and eccentric phases with respect to each of the muscles investigated. Except for the gastrocnemius medialis at baseline and concentric phases, no significant differences were observed between genders or contractions. The data suggests that gender does not significantly influence the eccentric phase during the standing heel raise task. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of the Effect of High-Intensity Training on Urinary Metabolism in Female Water Polo Players Based on UHPLC-MS Non-Targeted Metabolomics Technique

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Healthcare 2021, 9(4), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040381 - 01 Apr 2021

Viewed by 1607

Abstract

Objective: To study the changes in urine metabolism in female water polo players before and after high-intensity training by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and to explore the biometabolic characteristics of urine after training and competition. Methods: Twelve young female water polo [...] Read more.

Objective: To study the changes in urine metabolism in female water polo players before and after high-intensity training by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and to explore the biometabolic characteristics of urine after training and competition. Methods: Twelve young female water polo players (except goalkeepers) from Shanxi Province were selected. A 4-week formal training was started after 1 week of acclimatization according to experimental requirements. Urine samples (5 mL) were collected before formal training, early morning after 4 weeks of training, and immediately after 4 weeks of training matches, and labeled as T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The samples were tested by LC-MS after pre-treatment. XCMS, SIMCA-P 14.1, and SPSS16.0 were used to process the data and identify differential metabolites. Results: On comparing the immediate post-competition period with the pre-training period (T3 vs. T1), 24 differential metabolites involved in 16 metabolic pathways were identified, among which niacin and niacinamide metabolism and purine metabolism were potential post-competition urinary metabolic pathways in the untrained state of the athletes. On comparing the immediate post-competition period with the post-training period (T3 vs. T2), 10 metabolites involved in three metabolic pathways were identified, among which niacin and niacinamide metabolism was a potential target urinary metabolic pathway for the athletes after training. Niacinamide, 1-methylnicotinamide, 2-pyridone, L-Gln, AMP, and Hx were involved in two metabolic pathways before and after the training. Conclusion: Differential changes in urine after water polo games are due to changes in the metabolic pathways of niacin and niacinamide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Variations of Trail Runner’s Fitness Measures across a Season and Relationships with Workload

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Sérgio Matos

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Filipe Manuel Clemente

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Rui Silva

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Joel Pereira

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Pedro Bezerra

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José María Cancela Carral

Healthcare 2021, 9(3), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030318 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1610

Abstract

Trail running involves off-road running over different surfaces of positive and negative unevenness. Given these particularities and the associated physical demands, it is essential to understand this relationship and how fitness levels influence performance. This study aimed to analyze fitness level variations during [...] Read more.

Trail running involves off-road running over different surfaces of positive and negative unevenness. Given these particularities and the associated physical demands, it is essential to understand this relationship and how fitness levels influence performance. This study aimed to analyze fitness level variations during different times of the season and establish a relationship between changes in fitness levels and accumulated load. Twenty-five trail running athletes (age: 36.23 ± 8.30 years) were monitored over 52 weeks. Three periods of assessment were implemented, while load between those periods was calculated. Athletes were monitored daily by global positioning systems. The collected data included distance covered, duration, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE), which were used to obtain session-RPE. Additionally, maximal aerobic speed, vertical jump, and dynamic balance were tested periodically. Moderate inverse correlations were found between assessment 1 and 2 for total sRPE and vertical jump: countermovement jump (VJ: CMJ) (r = −0.349), and Y balance test: left posterolateral (YBT: LPL) (r = −0.494). Similar correlations were found between assessment 2 and 3 for total sRPE and VJ: CMJ (r = −0.397), and vertical jump: drop jump (VJ: DJ) (r = −0.395). The results suggest that trail running coaches should monitor and assess dose–response relationships and possible anterior asymmetries of dynamic balance performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Review

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Open AccessReview

Effects of Aquatic Exercises for Patients with Osteoarthritis: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

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Ji-Ah Song

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Jae Woo Oh

Healthcare 2022, 10(3), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030560 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3077

Abstract

This systematic review examined papers published in Korean, English and newer publications that were not included in previous studies to assess the effect size of aquatic exercise-based interventions on pain, quality of life and joint dysfunction among patients with osteoarthritis. Six national and [...] Read more.

This systematic review examined papers published in Korean, English and newer publications that were not included in previous studies to assess the effect size of aquatic exercise-based interventions on pain, quality of life and joint dysfunction among patients with osteoarthritis. Six national and international databases were used to review literature (published up to 7 March 2019) on randomized controlled trials of aquatic exercise-based interventions in patients with osteoarthritis. For the 20 studies included, a meta-analysis showed that aquatic exercise produces 0.61-point reduction (n = 756; mean difference (MD) = −0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.90–−0.32) in pain compared with a control group, and aquatic exercise was effective in reducing pain (n = 315; MD = −0.28; 95% CI: −0.50–−0.05) compared with a land-based exercise group. Another meta-analysis showed that aquatic exercise produces 0.77-point improvement in quality of life (n = 279; MD = −0.77; 95% CI: −1.38–−0.15) compared with a control group. Finally, a meta-analysis showed that aquatic exercise produces 0.34-point reduction in joint dysfunction (n = 279; MD = −0.77; 95% CI: −1.38–−0.15) compared with a control group. For patients with osteoarthritis, aquatic-exercise-based interventions are effective for reducing pain and joint dysfunction and improving quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessReview

Long-Term Effect of Exercise on Irisin Blood Levels—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Healthcare 2021, 9(11), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111438 - 25 Oct 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2184

Abstract

Physical exercise may activate a number of important biochemical processes in the human body. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the long-term effect of physical activity on irisin blood levels. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science [...] Read more.

Physical exercise may activate a number of important biochemical processes in the human body. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the long-term effect of physical activity on irisin blood levels. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles addressing the long-term effect of physical exercise on irisin blood levels. Fifty-nine articles were included in the final qualitative and quantitative syntheses. A statistically significant within-group effect of exercise on irisin blood levels was in 33 studies; out of them, the irisin level increased 23× and decreased 10×. The significant positive between-groups effect was found 11×. Furthermore, the meta-analysis indicated that physical exercise had a significant positive effect on irisin blood levels (SMD = 0.39 (95% CI 0.27–0.52)). Nevertheless, considerably high heterogeneity was found in all the analyses. This systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that physical exercise might increase irisin blood levels; however, the results of individual studies were considerably inconsistent, which questions the methodological detection of irisin by ELISA kits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessReview

A Reporting Quality Assessment of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses in Sports Physical Therapy: A Review of Reviews

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Sung-Hyoun Cho

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In-Soo Shin

Healthcare 2021, 9(10), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101368 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1541

Abstract

This review of reviews aimed to evaluate the reporting quality of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses in the field of sports physical therapy using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. This review of reviews included a literature search; [...] Read more.

This review of reviews aimed to evaluate the reporting quality of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses in the field of sports physical therapy using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. This review of reviews included a literature search; in total, 2047 studies published between January 2015 and December 2020 in the top three journals related to sports physical therapy were screened. Among the 125 identified articles, 47 studies on sports physical therapy were included in the analysis (2 systematic reviews and 45 meta-analyses). There were several problems areas, including a lack of reporting for key components of the structured summary (10/47, 21.3%), protocol and registration (18/47, 38.3%), risk of bias in individual studies (28/47, 59.6%), risk of bias across studies (24/47, 51.1%), effect size and variance calculations (5/47, 10.6%), additional analyses (25/47, 53.2%), and funding (10/47, 21.3%). The quality of the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies on sports physical therapy was low to moderate. For better evidence-based practice in sports physical therapy, both authors and readers should examine assumptions in more detail, and report valid and adequate results. The PRISMA guideline should be used more extensively to improve reporting practices in sports physical therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessReview

Methodological Characteristics, Physiological and Physical Effects, and Future Directions for Combined Training in Soccer: A Systematic Review

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Filipe Manuel Clemente

Healthcare 2021, 9(8), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081075 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3454

Abstract

Combined training (CT) may combine strength and endurance training within a given time period, but it can also encompass additional protocols consisting of velocity, balance, or mobility as part of the same intervention. These combined approaches have become more common in soccer. This [...] Read more.

Combined training (CT) may combine strength and endurance training within a given time period, but it can also encompass additional protocols consisting of velocity, balance, or mobility as part of the same intervention. These combined approaches have become more common in soccer. This systematic review was conducted to (1) characterize the training protocols used in CT studies in soccer, (2) summarize the main physiological and physical effects of CT on soccer players, and (3) provide future directions for research. Methods: A systematic review of Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The PICOS were defined as follows: P (soccer players of any age or sex); I (CT combining strength and endurance or sprinting or balance or mobility training); C (the control group (whenever applicable), with or without comparative interventions in addition to usual soccer training); O (acute and/or chronic responses: biochemical, physiological and physical); S (must have at least two groups, either randomized or non-randomized). The database search initially identified 79 titles. From those, eight articles were deemed eligible for the systematic review. Three studies analyzed acute responses to concurrent training, while the remaining five analyzed adaptations to CT. In those tested for acute responses, physiological (hormonal) and physical (strength and power external load, internal load) parameters were observed. Adaptations were mainly focused on physical parameters (strength and power, sprints, jumps, repeated sprint ability, aerobic, change-of-direction), with relatively little focus on physiological parameters (muscle architecture). Short-term responses to CT can affect hormonal responses of testosterone after resistance training with internal and external load. In turn, these responses’ effects on strength and power have produced mixed results, as have adaptations. Specifically, strength and hypertrophy are affected to a lesser extent than speed/power movements. Nevertheless, it is preferable to perform CT before endurance exercises since it is a limiting factor for interference. Volume, intensity, rest between sessions, and athletes’ fitness levels and nutrition dictate the degree of interference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessReview

Effects of Exercise Programs on Anxiety in Individuals with Disabilities: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis

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Healthcare 2021, 9(8), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081047 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2226

Abstract

Anxiety symptoms are increasingly prevalent in individuals and may affect their quality of life. Physical exercise (PE) has been shown to be an effective method for reducing anxiety symptoms in the general population. The present study aimed to identify if PE programs can [...] Read more.

Anxiety symptoms are increasingly prevalent in individuals and may affect their quality of life. Physical exercise (PE) has been shown to be an effective method for reducing anxiety symptoms in the general population. The present study aimed to identify if PE programs can be a good method to reduce anxiety symptoms in individuals with disabilities, through the methodology of a systematic review with a meta-analysis. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were used, considering the period from 2001 to 2021. The descriptors used were: “cerebral palsy”, “motor disability”, “physical disability”, “vision impairment”, “visual impairment”, “vision disability”, “intellectual disability”, “mental retardation”, “intellectual disabilities”, “hearing impairment”, “hearing disability”, “multiple disabilities”, “physical activity”, “exercise”, “sport”, “training”, and “anxiety”, with the Boolean operator “AND” or “OR”. The systematic review with a meta-analysis was carried out in the period between May and June 2021. The Z values (Z-values) obtained to test the null hypothesis, according to which the difference between means is zero, demonstrated a Z = 2.957, and a corresponding p-value of 0.003. Thus, we can reject the null hypothesis, and affirm that PE promotes positive effects and can be a good method or methodology for the reduction of anxiety symptoms of individuals with disabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessReview

Effects of Recreational Small-Sided Soccer Games on Bone Mineral Density in Untrained Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by

Filipe Manuel Clemente

,

Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo

,

,

,

,

and

Healthcare 2021, 9(4), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040457 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2062

Abstract

This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of small-sided games (SSG)-based training programs on bone mineral density (BMD) in untrained adults. The data sources utilized were Cochrane, Embase, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. The study eligibility [...] Read more.

This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of small-sided games (SSG)-based training programs on bone mineral density (BMD) in untrained adults. The data sources utilized were Cochrane, Embase, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. The study eligibility criteria were: (i) untrained adults (>18 years old) of any sex, with or without a noncommunicable disease; (ii) SSG-based programs with a minimum duration of four weeks and no restrictions regarding frequency (number of sessions per week); (iii) passive or active control groups; (iv) pre-post values of BMD; (v) only randomized controlled trials; and (vi) only original and full-text studies written in English. The database search initially yielded 374 titles. From those, nine articles were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The age of included population varied from a minimum of 20 and a maximum of 71 years old. Non-significant differences between SSG and passive and active control groups on total BMD (ES = 0.14; p = 0.405 and ES = 0.28; p = 0.05, respectively). Meanwhile, significant differences in favor of SSGs vs. passive and control groups were detected, evidencing an improvement of BMD in lower limbs of the adult population for both sexes (ES = 0.26; p = 0.05 and ES = 0.28; p = 0.156, respectively). As conclusions, SSGs can be used as a non-pharmacological alternative to increase the BMD in the lower limbs despite having no significant impact on total body BMD. Careful generalization should be done of the level of heterogeneity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessReview

Part I: Relationship among Training Load Management, Salivary Immunoglobulin A, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Team Sport: A Systematic Review

by

Markel Rico-González

,

Filipe Manuel Clemente

,

Rafael Oliveira

,

Naia Bustamante-Hernández

and

José Pino-Ortega

Healthcare 2021, 9(4), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040366 - 24 Mar 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1651

Abstract

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the first line of defense against upper respiratory tract viruses, has been related with training load management. This article aimed to systematically identify and summarize (1) the studies that have found a relationship between training load and salivary [...] Read more.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the first line of defense against upper respiratory tract viruses, has been related with training load management. This article aimed to systematically identify and summarize (1) the studies that have found a relationship between training load and salivary IgA in team sports, and (2) the studies that have highlighted a relationship between IgA and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in team sports. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and WoK) until 3 October 2020. From a total of 174 studies initially found, 24 were included in the qualitative synthesis. This systematic review confirmed that lower values of IgA occurred after greater training load (intensity/volume) and congested periods. In this scenario, a low level of IgA was correlated with higher URTI, which makes training load management mandatory to healthcare avoiding immunosuppression. Therefore, physical fitness and conditioning coaches should carefully manage training load progression, avoiding high-intensity sessions in two consecutive days. In addition, they should not program high-intensity training sessions during at least the two days following competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Resistance Training on Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by

Danilo A. Massini

,

Flávio H. Nedog

,

Thiago P. de Oliveira

,

Tiago A. F. Almeida

,

Caroline A. A. Santana

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,

,

,

,

and

Dalton M. Pessôa Filho

Healthcare 2022, 10(6), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061129 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2251

Abstract

Resistance training (RT) has been considered an intervention with effective stimulus on bone mineral formation and is, therefore, recommended to decrease the rate of bone morpho-functional proprieties loss with aging. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to analyze the effectiveness of RT protocols in promoting [...] Read more.

Resistance training (RT) has been considered an intervention with effective stimulus on bone mineral formation and is, therefore, recommended to decrease the rate of bone morpho-functional proprieties loss with aging. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to analyze the effectiveness of RT protocols in promoting changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults. The systematic reviews and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42020170859). The searches were performed in the electronic databases using descriptors according to the PICO strategy. The methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed with the PEDro scale, and the magnitude of the results was determined by Hedges’ g. Seven studies involving 370 elderlies, with the RT planned as a unique exercise mode of intervention, showed designs with four to five exercises for upper- and lower-limbs musculature, two to three sets per exercise, eight to twelve repetitions to failure at 70–90% 1 RM, 60–120 s of rest between sets, and executed three times per week for 12–52 weeks. The RT protocols were classified between good and excellent and evidenced a positive effect on the BMD at the hip (0.64%) and spine (0.62%) but not in the femoral neck (−0.22%) regardless of the intervention length. The narrow range of either positive or negative changes in the BMD after the RT intervention support, at best, a preventive effect against the increasing risk of bone frailty in an older population, which is evident beyond 12 weeks of RT practice engagement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessSystematic Review

Strength Training versus Stretching for Improving Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by

José Afonso

,

Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

and

Filipe Manuel Clemente

Healthcare 2021, 9(4), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040427 - 07 Apr 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 20846

Abstract

(1) Background: Stretching is known to improve range of motion (ROM), and evidence has suggested that strength training (ST) is effective too. However, it is unclear whether its efficacy is comparable to stretching. The goal was to systematically review and meta-analyze randomized controlled [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Stretching is known to improve range of motion (ROM), and evidence has suggested that strength training (ST) is effective too. However, it is unclear whether its efficacy is comparable to stretching. The goal was to systematically review and meta-analyze randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of ST and stretching on ROM (INPLASY 10.37766/inplasy2020.9.0098). (2) Methods: Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, and Web of Science were consulted in October 2020 and updated in March 2021, followed by search within reference lists and expert suggestions (no constraints on language or year). Eligibility criteria: (P) Humans of any condition; (I) ST interventions; (C) stretching (O) ROM; (S) supervised RCTs. (3) Results: Eleven articles (n = 452 participants) were included. Pooled data showed no differences between ST and stretching on ROM (ES = −0.22; 95% CI = −0.55 to 0.12; p = 0.206). Sub-group analyses based on risk of bias, active vs. passive ROM, and movement-per-joint analyses showed no between-protocol differences in ROM gains. (4) Conclusions: ST and stretching were not different in their effects on ROM, but the studies were highly heterogeneous in terms of design, protocols and populations, and so further research is warranted. However, the qualitative effects of all the studies were quite homogeneous. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of the Small-Sided Soccer Games on Blood Pressure in Untrained Hypertensive Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by

Filipe Manuel Clemente

,

Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo

and

Hugo Sarmento

Healthcare 2021, 9(3), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030345 - 18 Mar 2021

Viewed by 1579

Abstract

This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of small-sided games (SSGs)-based programs on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of untrained hypertensive adults. The data sources utilized were Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed. The eligibility criteria were: [...] Read more.

This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of small-sided games (SSGs)-based programs on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of untrained hypertensive adults. The data sources utilized were Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed. The eligibility criteria were: (i) randomized controlled trials including a control group and an intervention group exclusively using soccer SSGs; (ii) intervention and control groups including an untrained hypertensive adult population; (iii) articles written in English; and (iv) only full-text and original articles. The database search initially identified 241 titles. From those, five articles were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The included randomized controlled studies involved five individual experimental groups and 88 participants, and 68 participants in the five control groups. The results showed a large and beneficial effect of SSG on systolic (ES = 1.69; 95% CI = 0.71 to 2.66; p = 0.001; I² = 85.2%; Egger’s test p = 0.101) and diastolic blood pressure (ES = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.44 to 3.06; p < 0.001; I² = 74.8%; Egger’s test p = 0.118) when compared to the control groups. The findings of the current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed consistent beneficial effects of recreational soccer SSGs on untrained men and women from the hypertensive population, although high levels of heterogeneity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Exercise Medicine)

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