Children

Article

14 pages, 1308 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Increase of Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents in Korea during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the KNHANES

by Jung Eun Choi, Hye Ah Lee, Sung Won Park, Jung Won Lee, Ji Hyen Lee, Hyesook Park and Hae Soon Kim

Children 2023, 10(7), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071105 - 23 Jun 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2948

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak utilizing representative data on youth aged 2–18 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) conducted in 2019–2020. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak utilizing representative data on youth aged 2–18 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) conducted in 2019–2020. (2) Methods: The survey consists of three parts: health interviews, health examinations, and nutrition surveys. From the 2019 and 2020 surveys, 1371 (2–9 years = 702 and 10–18 years = 669) and 1124 (2–9 years = 543 and 10–18 years = 581) individuals were included in the analysis. (3) Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) increased significantly among youth aged 2–9 years from 16.53 kg/m² in 2019 to 17.1 kg/m² in 2020 (p < 0.01). In youth aged 10–18 years, the BMI was found to increase slightly from 21.25 kg/m² in 2019 to 21.41 kg/m² in 2020 (p = 0.64). The increasing prevalence of extreme obesity was significant in girls, especially those aged 2–9 years (p < 0.01). However, extreme obesity had increased in 10–18-year-old boys (p = 0.08). The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents increased from 3.79% to 7.79% during the COVID-19 pandemic (p = 0.01). (4) Conclusions: We observed that the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents has increased after the COVID-19 outbreak. This is believed to be associated with an increase in the rate of early comorbidities in adulthood. The prevention of the progression of pediatric obesity has recently become an urgent public health concern in Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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11 pages, 677 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

2021/22 and 2022/23 Post-Pandemic Bronchiolitis Seasons in Two Major Italian Cities: A Prospective Study

by Anna Camporesi, Rosa Morello, Ugo Maria Pierucci, Francesco Proli, Ilaria Lazzareschi, Giulia Bersani, Piero Valentini, Damian Roland and Danilo Buonsenso

Children 2023, 10(6), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061081 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1662

Abstract

Objectives: Bronchiolitis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 24 months. During the first year of the pandemic, non-pharmacological interventions resulted in a significant reduction of bronchiolitis cases. Early in 2021, a rebound of bronchiolitis was reported with a [...] Read more.

Objectives: Bronchiolitis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 24 months. During the first year of the pandemic, non-pharmacological interventions resulted in a significant reduction of bronchiolitis cases. Early in 2021, a rebound of bronchiolitis was reported with a description of out-of-season outbreaks. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the impact of bronchiolitis in two Italian University centers located in different geographical areas, aiming to compare two post-pandemic bronchiolitis seasons (2021/22 and 2022/23) in terms of severity, outcomes, microbiology and temporal distribution. Methods: This was a bicentric prospective observational cohort study. All consecutive children under 24 months of age assessed in the participating institutions during the specified seasons and receiving a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis were included. Results: A total of 900 patients were enrolled. Patients in the second season were globally younger and had comorbidities less often. Temporal distribution changed between the two seasons. Of the patients, 56% were tested for RSV; 60% of these was positive. Patients with RSV were globally younger (3.5 months vs. 4.9, p < 0.001), more often had a need for any kind of respiratory and fluid support and more often needed ward or PICU admission. At the end of the ED visit, 430 patients were discharged home, 372 (41.3%) were admitted to an inpatient ward and 46 (5.1%) to a pediatric intensive care unit. Conclusions: The 2022/23 post-COVID bronchiolitis was mostly similar to that of 2021/22, and was in line with pre-pandemic expectations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases)

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20 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Supporting Preschoolers’ Mental Health and Academic Learning through the PROMEHS Program: A Training Study

by Elisabetta Conte, Valeria Cavioni, Veronica Ornaghi, Alessia Agliati, Sabina Gandellini, Margarida Frade Santos, Anabela Caetano Santos, Celeste Simões and Ilaria Grazzani

Children 2023, 10(6), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061070 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3416

Abstract

There is compelling evidence that early school intervention programs enhance children’s development of life skills, with a positive knock-on effect on their behaviors and academic outcomes. To date, most universal interventions have displayed gains in children’s social-emotional competencies with a limited reduction in [...] Read more.

There is compelling evidence that early school intervention programs enhance children’s development of life skills, with a positive knock-on effect on their behaviors and academic outcomes. To date, most universal interventions have displayed gains in children’s social-emotional competencies with a limited reduction in problem behaviors. This may depend on programs’ curricula focused to a greater extent on preschoolers’ social-emotional competencies rather than problem behaviors. Promoting Mental Health at Schools (PROMEHS) is a European, school-based, universal mental health program explicitly focused on both promoting students’ mental health and preventing negative conduct by adopting a whole-school approach. In this study, we set out to evaluate the effectiveness of the program for Italian and Portuguese preschoolers. We recruited 784 children (age range = 4–5 years), assigning them to either an experimental group (six months’ participation in the PROMEHS program under the guidance of their teachers, who had received ad hoc training) or a waiting list group (no intervention). We found that PROMEHS improved preschoolers’ social-emotional learning (SEL) competencies, prosocial behavior, and academic outcomes. The more practical activities were carried out at school, the more children’s SEL competencies increased, and the more their internalizing and externalizing behaviors decreased. Furthermore, marginalized and disadvantaged children were those who benefited most from the program, displaying both greater improvements in SEL and more marked decreases in internalizing problems compared to the rest of the sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Socio-Emotional Development from Childhood to Adulthood)

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13 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Psychosocial Factors between Adaptive and Maladaptive Use of Gaming among Korean Adolescents

by Bee Kim and Nami Kim

Children 2023, 10(6), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061059 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2035

Abstract

(1) Background: Various studies have been conducted on the effects of video (online, mobile, and console) games on users’ lives and psychological health. However, the effectiveness of a game can vary depending on user characteristics. This study explored the level of game use [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Various studies have been conducted on the effects of video (online, mobile, and console) games on users’ lives and psychological health. However, the effectiveness of a game can vary depending on user characteristics. This study explored the level of game use and its associated psychosocial factors among adolescents. (2) Methods: Survey data were compiled from 582 middle and high school students. Frequency analysis, the chi-square test, and analysis of variance were performed using SPSS Windows software, version 23.0. (3) Results: First, it was confirmed that there were no differences in the levels of self-esteem, morality, or life satisfaction between the adaptive game use and normal groups, but these were higher than those of the maladaptive game use group. However, at the level of self-control, the adaptive group scored lower than the normal group but higher than the maladaptive group. Second, the adaptive and normal groups exhibited comparatively lower levels of aggression, anxiety, depression, loneliness, academic stress, and social stress in school. Third, they also exhibit relatively high levels of social intelligence, social capital, and friendship support. (4) Conclusions: The adaptive and general game-use groups showed similar levels of psychosocial factors, whereas the maladaptive game-use group exhibited lower levels of positive psychological and social factors. Based on these results, developing an intervention program that reduces maladaptation and increases adaptive gaming use is necessary. Future follow-up studies are needed to confirm how positive and negative psychosocial factors affect adaptive and maladaptive game use as protective and risk factors, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

9 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Body Image Perception and Satisfaction of Junior High School Students: Analysis of Possible Determinants

by Huizi Song, Yepeng Cai, Qian Cai, Wen Luo, Xiuping Jiao, Tianhua Jiang, Yun Sun and Yuexia Liao

Children 2023, 10(6), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061060 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4195

Abstract

Body image (BI) is a multidimensional construct that refers to one’s perceptions of and attitudes toward one’s own physical characteristics. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage in which concerns about BI increase. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate body image and [...] Read more.

Body image (BI) is a multidimensional construct that refers to one’s perceptions of and attitudes toward one’s own physical characteristics. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage in which concerns about BI increase. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate body image and aesthetic body shape standards in a sample of middle school students living in China. The researchers gathered demographic information, as well as height and weight data, for their study. They used a body silhouette to assess body image perception and body shape aesthetics and calculated two indexes: BIP, which measures the accuracy of self-perception and the estimation of bodily dimensions, and BIS, which indicates the difference between an individual’s perceived and ideal body images. A total of 1585 students in three grades at two middle schools were included in the study (759 = female, mean age = 13.67 ± 0.90; 839 = male, mean age = 13.70 ± 0.90). The results showed that the BIP bias rate of middle school students was 55.7%, and the BI dissatisfaction rate was 81.0%. Females tended to overestimate their body shape and desire to be thinner compared to males. Students with a higher BMI grading were more prone to underestimating their body shape and aspiring to be thinner. Furthermore, 8.6% of students chose underweight as the ideal body type for boys, while 22.6% chose underweight as the ideal body type for girls. In conclusion, there are significant gender differences in the aesthetic standards of body shape, and adolescents believe that for women, a thin body shape is beautiful. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

17 pages, 4112 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Observational Study on Play and Physical Activity Associated with a Recreational Facility-Led Park-Based “Loose Parts” Play Intervention during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Calli Naish, Gavin R. McCormack, Anita Blackstaffe, Levi Frehlich and Patricia K. Doyle-Baker

Children 2023, 10(6), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061049 - 12 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2462

Abstract

Play is a human right, yet opportunities for unstructured play are declining. The COVID-19 pandemic further reduced children’s play opportunities. We conducted an observational study of a novel community-based intervention (play hubs) that facilitated unstructured play by offering loose parts in parks (Calgary, [...] Read more.

Play is a human right, yet opportunities for unstructured play are declining. The COVID-19 pandemic further reduced children’s play opportunities. We conducted an observational study of a novel community-based intervention (play hubs) that facilitated unstructured play by offering loose parts in parks (Calgary, Canada) during the pandemic. Our descriptive study included systematic observation using the System for Observing Children’s Activity and Relationships During Play (SOCARP) and Tool for Observing Play Outdoors (TOPO) to capture physical activity, play, and social and environment interactions among children participating in the play hubs for 10-weeks in 2021 (n = 160) and 2022 (n = 147). Play hub attendance was low. Most children observed were aged 5 to 12 years (2021: 93% and 2022 98%), with boys and girls represented (2021: 58% male/42% female and 2022: 52% male/48% female). Standing, sitting, and moderate activity were common activities. Physical, exploratory, and expressive play were common, while digital, bio, and rule-based play were less common. Children typically played alone or in small groups and engaged with loose parts or played in the open spaces. The play hubs encouraged unstructured play and promoted positive social interactions among children, despite the challenges of implementing a community-based intervention under pandemic public health restrictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activities of Children and Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic)

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10 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Early Development of Spinal Deformities in Children Severely Affected with Spinal Muscular Atrophy after Gene Therapy with Onasemnogene Abeparvovec—Preliminary Results

by Venla Soini, Gudrun Schreiber, Bernd Wilken and Anna Kathrin Hell

Children 2023, 10(6), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060998 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2774

Abstract

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic disorder, with the most common form being 5q SMA. Survival of children with severe SMA is poor, yet major advances have been made in recent years in pharmaceutical treatment, such as gene-therapy, which has improved [...] Read more.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic disorder, with the most common form being 5q SMA. Survival of children with severe SMA is poor, yet major advances have been made in recent years in pharmaceutical treatment, such as gene-therapy, which has improved patient survival. Therefore, clinical problems, such as the development of spinal deformities in these genetically treated SMA children represent an unknown challenge in clinical work. In a retrospective case series, the development of spinal deformities was analyzed in 16 SMA children (9 male, 7 female) treated with onasemnogene abeparvovec in two institutions during the years 2020 to 2022. Ten out of sixteen patients had a significant kyphosis, and nine out of sixteen patients had significant scoliosis, with the mean curvature angles of 24 ± 27° for scoliosis, and 69 ± 15° for kyphosis. Based on these preliminary data, it can be assumed that early-onset kyphosis presents a clinical challenge in gene-therapy-treated SMA children. Larger datasets with longer follow-up times need to be collected in order to verify these preliminary observations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

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11 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Dental Caries in Syrian Immigrant Children Aged 6–12 Years

by Zeynep Meva Altaş and Mehmet Akif Sezerol

Children 2023, 10(6), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061000 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2098

Abstract

Immigrant children are among the groups that are sensitive to problems related to dental health. The aim of this study was to examine the dental caries of Syrian immigrant children. The study is a descriptive and retrospective study. Its population consists of Syrian [...] Read more.

Immigrant children are among the groups that are sensitive to problems related to dental health. The aim of this study was to examine the dental caries of Syrian immigrant children. The study is a descriptive and retrospective study. Its population consists of Syrian immigrant children aged 6–12 years who were screened for dental health in the year 2022 in Istanbul. DMF-T (permanent teeth) and dmf-t (milk teeth) indices were used, which are the (t-T) criteria obtained by dividing the sum of caries (d-D), caries extracted (m-M) and caries-filled (f-F) teeth by the number of people examined. Higher dmft and DMFT scores indicate worse dental health. Dental screening was performed on 549 Syrian immigrant children. In total, 27.2% (n = 149) were brushing their teeth once a day and 97.3% of the children (n = 534) had at least one decayed tooth. The dmft score for the 6–7 year age (6.45 ± 3.33) group was significantly higher than the 8–9 year (4.98 ± 2.78) and 10–12 year (3.22 ± 2.02) age groups (p < 0.001). In our study, the dental caries were seen at a very-high frequency among immigrant children and the habit of tooth brushing remains at a low level. Lower age was the relevant factor for dental caries in our study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Children: Pediatric Dentistry Progress)

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13 pages, 359 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prenatal Predictors of Neurobehavioral Outcome in Children with Fetal Growth Restriction at 6 Years of Age: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Mª José Benítez Marín, Marta Blasco Alonso and Ernesto González Mesa

Children 2023, 10(6), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060997 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2179

Abstract

(1) Background: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) increases the risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, especially in preterm newborns. This study aims to describe the behavioral results of FGR at 6 years of age and to demonstrate the relationship of certain predictive factors with this [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) increases the risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, especially in preterm newborns. This study aims to describe the behavioral results of FGR at 6 years of age and to demonstrate the relationship of certain predictive factors with this development. (2) Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 70 children born in 2015 at the University Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain who had been exposed to FGR during pregnancy; neonatal and infant data were recorded retrospectively. Children were assessed prospectively at 6 years of age by means of a strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) to study behavioral outcomes. (3) Results: We demonstrated that there are higher behavioral disability rates in children exposed to FGR during pregnancy and, in particular, high rates of hyperactivity or conduct problems. We also proved a negative relationship between the birth weight percentile and the total behavioral scale score, along with a positive correlation between hyperactivity and the emotional and behavioral scales. Learning difficulties were more frequent in early-onset FGR than in late-onset FGR. (4) Conclusions: Our study of behavioral development has demonstrated higher behavioral disability rates in children with FGR at 6 years of age; specifically, high rates of hyperactivity or conduct problems. At the same time, we have proved a negative relationship between the birth weight percentile and the total behavioral scale score. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Children: Feature Papers in Neonatology)

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18 pages, 332 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Differential Diagnosis of ICD-11 Personality Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adolescents

by Bo Bach and Martin Vestergaard

Children 2023, 10(6), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060992 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9254

Abstract

The International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) introduces fundamentally new diagnostic descriptions for personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Instead of the traditional categorical taxonomies, both personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder are described as being on a continuum. Accumulating research has [...] Read more.

The International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) introduces fundamentally new diagnostic descriptions for personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Instead of the traditional categorical taxonomies, both personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder are described as being on a continuum. Accumulating research has pointed out that, in some cases, adolescents with autism spectrum disorder are at risk of being confused with having a personality disorder, which particularly applies to female adolescents. Case reports describe how adult autistic women struggled with social and identity roles as children and adolescents, using compensatory strategies such as social imitation and other types of camouflaging. Furthermore, some adolescents with autism display emotion dysregulation and self-injury. The ICD-11 recognizes that features of autism spectrum disorder may resemble features of personality disorder, but the two diagnoses have not yet been formally compared to one another. The present article therefore sought to outline and discuss the overlap and boundaries between the ICD-11 definitions of personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder and propose guiding principles that may assist practitioners in differential diagnosis with female adolescents. We specifically highlight how aspects of the self and interpersonal functioning along with emotional, cognitive, and behavioral manifestations may overlap across the two diagnoses. Restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behavior, interests, and activities are core features of autism spectrum disorder, which may be masked or less pronounced in female adolescents. Collecting a developmental history of the early presence or absence of autistic features is vital for a conclusive diagnosis, including features that are typically camouflaged in females. A number of future directions for research and clinical practice are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ICD-11 Personality Disorder in Adolescents: Potentials and Pitfalls)

11 pages, 330 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Association between Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Physical Fitness with Body Mass Index and Sleep Time in Chilean Girls and Boys: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf, Paola Fuentes-Merino, Claudio Farías-Valenzuela, Daniel Duclos-Bastías, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, José Bruneau-Chávez and Eugenio Merellano-Navarro

Children 2023, 10(6), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060981 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4187

Abstract

Background: In recent decades, the school population has undergone behavioral changes that have affected their health and adult life. The current educational scenario presents high levels of sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, low physical fitness, high levels of obesity, and non-compliance with sleep recommendations. [...] Read more.

Background: In recent decades, the school population has undergone behavioral changes that have affected their health and adult life. The current educational scenario presents high levels of sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, low physical fitness, high levels of obesity, and non-compliance with sleep recommendations. In Chile, the scientific evidence on associations between these behaviors is incipient. Objective: To analyze the association between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and physical fitness with BMI and minutes of sleep in Chilean children aged 10 to 11 years. Methods: A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 222 schoolchildren aged 10 to 11 years. The variables measured were body composition (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m shuttle run test), lower and upper muscular strength (long jump test and handgrip dynamometry), speed (4 × 10 m running), and flexibility (sit and reach test). Physical activity and sleep were measured by accelerometers. Results: Of the participants, 60.4% and 90.6% did not comply with sleep and physical activity recommendations, respectively. Physical fitness was higher in boys in all components. The results of the linear regression show that in girls, moderate–vigorous-intensity physical activity, lower- and upper-body muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance were associated with BMI and sleep. In boys, light-intensity physical activity and upper-body muscular strength were associated with both variables. Conclusions: Physical activity intensity, strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with BMI and sleep; however, physical activity intensity and associated physical fitness components differed by gender. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Promoting Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Motor Competence in Children (Volume II))

12 pages, 432 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices among Caregivers at Seshego Zone 4 Clinic in Limpopo Province, South Africa

by M. H. Mphasha, M. S. Makwela, N. Muleka, B. Maanaso and M. M. Phoku

Children 2023, 10(6), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060986 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3730

Abstract

Breastfeeding and complementary feeding are key components of infant and young child feeding that ensure healthy growth, survival, and development. Initiating breastfeeding within an hour after delivery, exclusively breastfeeding for six months, and introducing complementary feeding at six months while continuing breastfeeding up [...] Read more.

Breastfeeding and complementary feeding are key components of infant and young child feeding that ensure healthy growth, survival, and development. Initiating breastfeeding within an hour after delivery, exclusively breastfeeding for six months, and introducing complementary feeding at six months while continuing breastfeeding up to 24 months or beyond, helps in the prevention of malnutrition, which is a public health problem. The aim of this study was to determine breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices among caregivers of children under 24 months in Seshego, Limpopo Province. A quantitative and cross-sectional design was applied to collect data from 86 caregivers using convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire was utilised to gather data and analysed through statistical software, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Chi-square tests were used to determine associations at a 95% confidence interval where a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings show that 55% of participants had good breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. Moreover, 94.2% of participants breastfeed within an hour after delivery at a healthcare facility. Only 43.6% of children were exclusively breastfed. Most participants (52.3%) gave children food before six months and 45.1% introduced complementary feeding at the appropriate age. Also, 69.7% of children across all age groups were not given infant formula. No statistical association was observed between feeding practices and sociodemographic. Breastfeeding was initiated within an hour after delivery at the healthcare facilities, however, post discharge exclusive breastfeeding maintenance remains a challenge. Few infants were introduced to complementary feeding at the appropriate age. A post discharge intervention to practice exclusive breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding, and introduction of appropriate complementary feeding is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infant Feeding: Advances and Future Challenges)

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11 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association of Dental Fluorosis and Urinary Fluoride with Intelligence among Schoolchildren

by Yuh-Yih Lin, Wen-Yu Hsu, Chin-En Yen and Suh-Woan Hu

Children 2023, 10(6), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060987 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2561

Abstract

Fluoride is present naturally in water and has been used worldwide for the prevention of caries. Several studies conducted in high water fluoride or endemic fluorosis areas reported that fluoride adversely affected children’s cognitive function, but some studies had negative findings. This study [...] Read more.

Fluoride is present naturally in water and has been used worldwide for the prevention of caries. Several studies conducted in high water fluoride or endemic fluorosis areas reported that fluoride adversely affected children’s cognitive function, but some studies had negative findings. This study aimed to assess the relationship between urinary fluoride, dental fluorosis, and intelligence among schoolchildren living in communities with non-fluoridated drinking water. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 562 children aged 6–12 years in Taichung, Taiwan. Each child’s urinary fluoride level was determined by a fluoride-ion-selective electrode, and the dental fluorosis condition was evaluated according to the criteria of Dean’s Index. The Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices-Parallel and Standard Progressive Matrices-Parallel were used to assess children’s intelligence. The results showed that the mean (±standard deviation) urinary fluoride concentrations were 0.40 ± 0.27 mg/L (0.43 ± 0.23 mg/g creatinine) among participants. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 23.67%. After extensive evaluation of potential confounders, dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride were not associated with intelligence quotient (IQ) scores or grades in the regression models. In conclusion, dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride levels were not significantly related to the IQ of schoolchildren living in areas with low drinking water fluoride. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

9 pages, 2597 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: How Many Risk Factors Are Needed?

by Adelina Ionescu, Mihai-Codrut Dragomirescu, Alexandru Herdea and Alexandru Ulici

Children 2023, 10(6), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060968 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3276

Abstract

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a progressive condition that lacks clear diagnostic and management protocols, due to insufficient data. While some advocate for universal screening, others recommend using risk factors as landmarks. In this study, we aimed to assess the risk [...] Read more.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a progressive condition that lacks clear diagnostic and management protocols, due to insufficient data. While some advocate for universal screening, others recommend using risk factors as landmarks. In this study, we aimed to assess the risk factors associated with DDH incidence among a large population. We conducted a retrospective single-center multifactorial study between January 2019 and March 2022, including 3720 children who were investigated anamnestically, clinically, and through an ultrasound scan. We classified them into two groups: the control group with 3300 healthy children and the study group with 420 newborns diagnosed with DDH. Our analysis identified several risk factors associated with DDH, including gender, prematurity, non-vertex birth presentation, oligohydramnios, gestational diabetes, maternal hypertension, family history, associated deformities, and swaddling. We found that every DDH patient had at least two risk factors. Based on our findings, we recommend that children who present two or more risk factors for DDH be mandatorily evaluated sonographically, as well as children with clinical signs. DDH screening is recommended for each newborn for the long-term benefits of early detection and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Orthopedics & Sports Medicine)

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10 pages, 437 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Urinary Tract Infections in Children during COVID-19 2019–2020: A Large Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia

by Ibraheem Altamimi, Abeer Almazyed, Sami Alshammary, Abdulaziz Altamimi, Abdullah Alhumimidi, Raed Alnutaifi, Mohammed Malhis and Abdullah Altamimi

Children 2023, 10(6), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060971 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2742

Abstract

Background: One of the most prevalent bacterial infections in children is urinary tract infection (UTI), which has become a major concern with increasing resistance of the pathogens to the routinely used antimicrobial agents. The aim of the study is to determine the antimicrobial [...] Read more.

Background: One of the most prevalent bacterial infections in children is urinary tract infection (UTI), which has become a major concern with increasing resistance of the pathogens to the routinely used antimicrobial agents. The aim of the study is to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pediatric UTI-causing pathogens, including ESBL-producing bacteria, in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted to ascertain the frequency of isolation and the antimicrobial resistance pattern of uropathogens among children aged 0–15 years. The data from the urine cultures was collected during 2019–2020 at the King Fahad Medical City, a major tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 1022 urine samples from patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTIs) were collected for this study. Microbial species present in the samples were cultured and identified using standard biochemical techniques. To assess the resistance of these strains to antimicrobial drugs, an in vitro method was employed, and the criteria set by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) were followed. In addition, a double-disc synergy test was conducted to identify strains of E. coli that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Results: The predominant pathogens were E. coli (58.6%), followed by Klebsiella sp. (23.9%). E. coli isolates were more sensitive to meropenem and ertapenem in 99.2% of cases, followed by amikacin (99%). Klebsiella sp. were sensitive to amikacin in 97.1% of cases, followed by meropenem and ertapenem (92.2% in both). The highest sensitivities of antimicrobials toward ESBL were for meropenem and ertapenem (100% in both), followed by amikacin (99%). Conclusions: Our study recommends using local antibiotic sensitivity data for empirical UTI treatment. Amikacin, ertapenem, and meropenem are effective intravenous options. Cephalosporin, cefuroxime, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and nitrofurantoin are suitable oral choices. No significant changes in antimicrobial susceptibility were observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is needed to assess potential pandemic-related alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases)

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10 pages, 828 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition and Its Effect on Preterm Infants’ Growth Velocity

by Batool Ahmed, Afnan Freije, Amina Omran, Mariangela Rondanelli, Mirko Marino and Simone Perna

Children 2023, 10(6), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060939 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the fatty acid content in human milk and to find its relationship with the growth velocity of preterm infants. Mature milk samples from 15 mothers of preterm infants were collected from three different hospitals, followed by lipid extraction, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze the fatty acid content in human milk and to find its relationship with the growth velocity of preterm infants. Mature milk samples from 15 mothers of preterm infants were collected from three different hospitals, followed by lipid extraction, fatty acid methylation, and finally gas chromatography analysis to determine the fatty acids composition. The average total lipid content was 3.61 ± 1.57 g/100 mL with the following classes of fatty acids: saturated fatty acids 43.54 ± 11.16%, unsaturated fatty acids 52.22 ± 10.89%, in which monounsaturated fatty acids were 36.52 ± 13.90%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 15.70 ± 7.10%. Polyunsaturated fatty acid sub-class n-6 was 15.23 ± 8.23% and n-3 was 0.46 ± 0.18%. Oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids. The n-6/n-3 ratio was 32.83:1. EPA and DHA fatty acids were not detected. As gestational age and birth weight increase, C20:2n6 content increases. The growth velocity increases with the decrement in C16 and increment in C20:2n6. The lipid profile of preterm human milk was found to be low in some essential fatty acids, which may affect the quality of preterm infants’ nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Children: Feature Papers in Neonatology)

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12 pages, 959 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigation of the Relationship of Impacted Maxillary Canines with Orthodontic Malocclusion: A Retrospective Study

by Orhan Cicek, Turhan Gurel and Busra Demir Cicek

Children 2023, 10(6), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060950 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3453

Abstract

Impacted canines, which play an important role in smile aesthetics and functional occlusion, can lead to dental and skeletal malocclusions. In this study the aim was to evaluate the relationship between impacted maxillary canines and malocclusion. A total of 151 patients comprising 101 [...] Read more.

Impacted canines, which play an important role in smile aesthetics and functional occlusion, can lead to dental and skeletal malocclusions. In this study the aim was to evaluate the relationship between impacted maxillary canines and malocclusion. A total of 151 patients comprising 101 females and 50 males aged between 13 and 33 years were included. The groups were divided based on age, gender, skeletal and dental classification, and sector classification. Angular and linear measurements were performed on lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs. In panoramic radiographs, the vertical distance of the impacted canine to the occlusal plane and the angle between it and the bicondylar plane were measured and sector classification was performed according to its relationship with the root of the lateral incisor. Skeletal classification was performed according to the ANB angle on lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental classification by molar relationship via the intraoral photographs. The Chi-square test analyzed independent qualitative and quantitative data using Kruskal–Wallis and Man–Whitney U tests. The statistical significance level was accepted as p < 0.05. According to the intraclass correlation test, an excellent positive correlation was found with 0.985 for canine distance and 0.993 for canine angle between the repeated measurements. The impaction of the maxillary right canine was significantly highest in females and lowest in males. The impacted canine angle was significantly highest in sector 1 and lowest in sector 4. Distance to the occlusal plane was significantly higher in dental Class II and sector 4. It was observed that there was a considerable relationship between impacted maxillary canines and malocclusion; bilateral impacted canines were more frequent in skeletal Class III, and the distance of impacted canines to the occlusal plane increased while their angles decreased both in dental Class II and from sectors 1 to 4. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Clinical Evidences in Pediatric Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry)

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13 pages, 1698 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Machine Learning Detects Intraventricular Haemorrhage in Extremely Preterm Infants

by Minoo Ashoori, John M. O’Toole, Ken D. O’Halloran, Gunnar Naulaers, Liesbeth Thewissen, Jan Miletin, Po-Yin Cheung, Afif EL-Khuffash, David Van Laere, Zbyněk Straňák, Eugene M. Dempsey and Fiona B. McDonald

Children 2023, 10(6), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060917 - 23 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2713

Abstract

Objective: To test the potential utility of applying machine learning methods to regional cerebral (rcSO₂) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) signals to detect brain injury in extremely preterm infants. Study design: A subset of infants enrolled in the Management [...] Read more.

Objective: To test the potential utility of applying machine learning methods to regional cerebral (rcSO₂) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) signals to detect brain injury in extremely preterm infants. Study design: A subset of infants enrolled in the Management of Hypotension in Preterm infants (HIP) trial were analysed (n = 46). All eligible infants were <28 weeks’ gestational age and had continuous rcSO₂ measurements performed over the first 72 h and cranial ultrasounds performed during the first week after birth. SpO₂ data were available for 32 infants. The rcSO₂ and SpO₂ signals were preprocessed, and prolonged relative desaturations (PRDs; data-driven desaturation in the 2-to-15-min range) were extracted. Numerous quantitative features were extracted from the biosignals before and after the exclusion of the PRDs within the signals. PRDs were also evaluated as a stand-alone feature. A machine learning model was used to detect brain injury (intraventricular haemorrhage-IVH grade II–IV) using a leave-one-out cross-validation approach. Results: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the PRD rcSO₂ was 0.846 (95% CI: 0.720–0.948), outperforming the rcSO₂ threshold approach (AUC 0.593 95% CI 0.399–0.775). Neither the clinical model nor any of the SpO₂ models were significantly associated with brain injury. Conclusion: There was a significant association between the data-driven definition of PRDs in rcSO₂ and brain injury. Automated analysis of PRDs of the cerebral NIRS signal in extremely preterm infants may aid in better prediction of IVH compared with a threshold-based approach. Further investigation of the definition of the extracted PRDs and an understanding of the physiology underlying these events are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Pediatrics)

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13 pages, 648 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Clinical and Functional Characteristics of a New Phenotype of SMA Type I among a National Sample of Spanish Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Beatriz de-Andrés-Beltrán, Javier Güeita-Rodríguez, Domingo Palacios-Ceña and Ángel Luis Rodríguez-Fernández

Children 2023, 10(5), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050892 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3481

Abstract

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) type I has classically presented extremely severe clinical features. New pharmacological treatments have led to a new phenotype of SMA. The aim of this study was to describe the current health and functional status of children with SMA. A [...] Read more.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) type I has classically presented extremely severe clinical features. New pharmacological treatments have led to a new phenotype of SMA. The aim of this study was to describe the current health and functional status of children with SMA. A cross-sectional study was conducted based on the STROBE guidelines. Patient questionnaires and standardized tools were used. A descriptive analysis was conducted establishing the proportions of subjects for each of the characteristics of interest. In total, 51 genetically confirmed SMA type I subjects were included. Fifty-seven percent received oral feeding, 33% received tube feeding and 10% combined both. Moreover, 21.6% had tracheostomies, and 9.8% needed more than 16 h/d ventilatory support. Regarding orthopedic status, 66.7% had scoliosis, and 68.6% had hip subluxation or dislocation. Up to 67% were able to sit independently, 23.5% walked with support and one child walked independently. Current SMA type I is a different entity from the classic phenotype but also from types II and III. In addition, no differences were found between SMA type I subgroups. These findings may enable the professionals involved in the care of these patients to improve their interventions in terms of prevention and rehabilitation measures for these children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rehabilitation of Children with Disabilities)

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12 pages, 995 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Trends and Predictors of Pediatric Negative Appendectomy Rates: A Single-Centre Retrospective Study

by Miro Jukić, Petra Nizeteo, Jakov Matas and Zenon Pogorelić

Children 2023, 10(5), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050887 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3214

Abstract

Background: Appendectomy is still the standard treatment for acute appendicitis in the majority of centers. Despite all available diagnostic tools, the rates of negative appendectomies are still relatively high. This study aimed to determine negative appendectomy rates and to analyze the demographic and [...] Read more.

Background: Appendectomy is still the standard treatment for acute appendicitis in the majority of centers. Despite all available diagnostic tools, the rates of negative appendectomies are still relatively high. This study aimed to determine negative appendectomy rates and to analyze the demographic and clinical data of the patients whose histopathology report was negative. Methods: All patients younger than 18 years who underwent appendectomy for suspected acute appendicitis in the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2021 were included in the single-center retrospective study. Electronic records and archives of histopathology reports were reviewed for patients with negative appendectomy. The primary outcome of this study was a negative appendectomy rate. Secondary outcomes comprehended the rate of appendectomies and the association of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), values of laboratory markers, scoring systems, and ultrasound reports with negative histopathology reports. Results: During the study period, a total of 1646 appendectomies for suspected acute appendicitis were performed. In 244 patients, negative appendectomy was reported regarding the patients’ pathohistology. In 39 of 244 patients, other pathologies were found, of which ovarian pathology (torsion and cysts) torsion of greater omentum and Meckel’s diverticulitis were the most frequent. Finally, the ten-year negative appendectomy rate was 12.4% (205/1646). The median age was 12 years (interquartile range, IQR 9, 15). A slight female predominance was noted (52.5%). A significantly higher incidence of negative appendectomies was noted in girls, with a peak incidence between the ages of 10 and 15 years (p < 0.0001). Male children whose appendectomy was negative had significantly higher BMI values compared to female patients (p = 0.0004). The median values of white blood cell count, neutrophil count, and CRP in the patients with negative appendectomy were 10.4 × 10⁹/L, 75.9%, and 11 mg/dL, respectively. The median of Alvarado’s score was 6 (IQR 4; 7.5), while the median of the AIR score was 5 (IQR 4, 7). The rate of children with negative appendectomy who underwent ultrasound was 34.4% (84/244), among which 47 (55.95%) concluded negative reports. The rates of negative appendectomies were not homogenous in terms of distribution regarding the season. The incidence of negative appendectomies was more frequent during the cold period of the year (55.3% vs. 44.7%; p = 0.042). Conclusions: The majority of negative appendectomies were performed in children older than 9 years and most frequently in female children aged 10 to 15 years. In addition, female children have significantly lower BMI values compared to male children with negative appendectomy. An increase in the utilization of auxiliary diagnostic methods such as computed tomography could affect the reduction in the pediatric negative appendectomy rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Aspects in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Surgical Conditions in Children)

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13 pages, 2689 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Redefining Neurodevelopmental Impairment: Perspectives of Very Preterm Birth Stakeholders

by Anne Synnes, Amarpreet Chera, Lindsay L. Richter, Jeffrey N. Bone, Claude Julie Bourque, Sofia Zhang-Jiang, Rebecca Pearce, Annie Janvier and Thuy Mai Luu

Children 2023, 10(5), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050880 - 14 May 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2795

Abstract

Children born very preterm are at risk of severe neurodevelopmental impairment, a composite endpoint that includes cerebral palsy, developmental delay, and hearing and visual impairment defined by medical professionals. We aimed to describe preterm birth stakeholders’ perspectives on this classification. Ten clinical scenarios [...] Read more.

Children born very preterm are at risk of severe neurodevelopmental impairment, a composite endpoint that includes cerebral palsy, developmental delay, and hearing and visual impairment defined by medical professionals. We aimed to describe preterm birth stakeholders’ perspectives on this classification. Ten clinical scenarios describing 18-month-old children with different components of severe neurodevelopmental impairment and one scenario of a typically developing child (control) were distributed to parents and stakeholders using a snowball sampling technique. For each scenario, participants rated health on a scale from 0 to 10 and whether the scenario represented a severe condition. Results were analyzed descriptively and mean differences from the control scenario were compared using a linear mixed-effects model. Stakeholders (number = 827) completed 4553 scenarios. Median health scores for each scenario varied from 6 to 10. The rating for the cerebral palsy and language delay scenario was significantly lower (mean difference −4.3; 95% confidence interval: −4.4, −4.1) than the control. The proportion of respondents rating a scenario as “severe” ranged from 5% for cognitive delay to 55% for cerebral palsy and language delay. Most participants disagreed with the rating used in research to describe severe neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm children. The term should be redefined to align with stakeholder perceptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Family-Oriented Research to Improve Care of Preterm Infants)

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11 pages, 782 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Elevated Urinary Hepcidin Level and Hypoferremia in Infants with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Yu-Chen Hsu, Hsin-Chun Huang, Kuo-Su Tang, Li-Ting Su, Ying-Hsien Huang, Hui-Chen Huang and I-Lun Chen

Children 2023, 10(5), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050870 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2245

Abstract

To evaluate the kinetics of serum and urinary hepcidin levels along with anemia-related parameters during the infection course of infants with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), we enrolled febrile infants aged one to four months in this prospective study. Febrile patients with UTI [...] Read more.

To evaluate the kinetics of serum and urinary hepcidin levels along with anemia-related parameters during the infection course of infants with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), we enrolled febrile infants aged one to four months in this prospective study. Febrile patients with UTI were allocated into Escherichia coli (E. coli) or non-E. coli groups according to urine culture results. Septic workup, blood hepcidin, iron profile, urinalysis, and urinary hepcidin–creatinine ratio were collected upon admission and 3 days after antibiotic treatment. In total, 118 infants were included. On admission, the febrile UTI group showed a significant reduction in serum iron level and a significant elevation of urinary hepcidin–creatinine ratio compared to the febrile control counterpart. Moreover, urinary hepcidin–creatinine ratio had the highest odds ratio, 2.01, in logistics regression analysis. After 3 days of antibiotic treatment, hemoglobin and the urinary hepcidin–creatinine ratio were significantly decreased. Patients with an E. coli UTI had a significantly decreased urinary hepcidin–creatinine ratio after 3 days of antibiotics treatment, whereas the non-E. coli group showed insignificant changes. Our study suggested that the urinary hepcidin–creatinine ratio elevated during acute febrile urinary tract infection and significantly decreased after 3 days of antibiotics treatment, especially in E. coli UTI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neonatology)

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23 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Neonatal Drug Formularies—A Global Scope

by Dotan Shaniv, Srinivas Bolisetty, Thomas E. Young, Barry Mangum, Sean Ainsworth, Linda Elbers, Petra Schultz, Melanie Cucchi, Saskia N. de Wildt, Tjitske M. van der Zanden, Neil Caldwell, Anne Smits and Karel Allegaert

Children 2023, 10(5), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050848 - 8 May 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4619

Abstract

Neonatal drug information (DI) is essential for safe and effective pharmacotherapy in (pre)term neonates. Such information is usually absent from drug labels, making formularies a crucial part of the neonatal clinician’s toolbox. Several formularies exist worldwide, but they have never been fully mapped [...] Read more.

Neonatal drug information (DI) is essential for safe and effective pharmacotherapy in (pre)term neonates. Such information is usually absent from drug labels, making formularies a crucial part of the neonatal clinician’s toolbox. Several formularies exist worldwide, but they have never been fully mapped or compared for content, structure and workflow. The objective of this review was to identify neonatal formularies, explore (dis)similarities, and raise awareness of their existence. Neonatal formularies were identified through self-acquaintance, experts and structured search. A questionnaire was sent to all identified formularies to provide details on formulary function. An original extraction tool was employed to collect DI from the formularies on the 10 most commonly used drugs in pre(term) neonates. Eight different neonatal formularies were identified worldwide (Europe, USA, Australia-New Zealand, Middle East). Six responded to the questionnaire and were compared for structure and content. Each formulary has its own workflow, monograph template and style, and update routine. Focus on certain aspects of DI also varies, as well as the type of initiative and funding. Clinicians should be aware of the various formularies available and their differences in characteristics and content to use them properly for the benefit of their patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neonatology)

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20 pages, 9063 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Potential of Three-Dimensional Imaging, Printing, and Modeling in Pediatric Surgical Oncology: A New Era of Precision Surgery

by Arnau Valls-Esteve, Núria Adell-Gómez, Albert Pasten, Ignasi Barber, Josep Munuera and Lucas Krauel

Children 2023, 10(5), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050832 - 3 May 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4647

Abstract

Pediatric surgical oncology is a technically challenging field that relies on CT and MRI as the primary imaging tools for surgical planning. However, recent advances in 3D reconstructions, including Cinematic Rendering, Volume Rendering, 3D modeling, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and 3D printing, are [...] Read more.

Pediatric surgical oncology is a technically challenging field that relies on CT and MRI as the primary imaging tools for surgical planning. However, recent advances in 3D reconstructions, including Cinematic Rendering, Volume Rendering, 3D modeling, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and 3D printing, are increasingly being used to plan complex cases bringing new insights into pediatric tumors to guide therapeutic decisions and prognosis in different pediatric surgical oncology areas and locations including thoracic, brain, urology, and abdominal surgery. Despite this, challenges to their adoption remain, especially in soft tissue-based specialties such as pediatric surgical oncology. This work explores the main innovative imaging reconstruction techniques, 3D modeling technologies (CAD, VR, AR), and 3D printing applications through the analysis of three real cases of the most common and surgically challenging pediatric tumors: abdominal neuroblastoma, thoracic inlet neuroblastoma, and a bilateral Wilms tumor candidate for nephron-sparing surgery. The results demonstrate that these new imaging and modeling techniques offer a promising alternative for planning complex pediatric oncological cases. A comprehensive analysis of the advantages and limitations of each technique has been carried out to assist in choosing the optimal approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research in Pediatric Surgical Oncology)

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12 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Role of Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography (aEEG) in Monitoring Infants with Neonatal Seizures and Predicting Their Neurodevelopmental Outcome

by Florina Marinela Doandes, Aniko Maria Manea, Nicoleta Lungu, Timea Brandibur, Daniela Cioboata, Oana Cristina Costescu, Mihaela Zaharie and Marioara Boia

Children 2023, 10(5), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050833 - 3 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5807

Abstract

Newborn monitoring in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is mandatory, but neurological and especially electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring can be overlooked or delayed until the newborn is clinically stable. However, the neonatal period is associated with the highest risk of seizures in humans, and [...] Read more.

Newborn monitoring in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is mandatory, but neurological and especially electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring can be overlooked or delayed until the newborn is clinically stable. However, the neonatal period is associated with the highest risk of seizures in humans, and the clinical symptoms may often be discrete, but the evolution and long-term neurodevelopmental disorders in these patients may be important. In response to this issue, we conducted a study to evaluate newborns who experienced neonatal seizures (NS) in the NICU and monitored their long-term neurological development. We enrolled 73 term and preterm newborns who underwent EEG monitoring using amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG). We then followed their neurological development until around 18 months of age, with 59 patients remaining in the long-term study. A total of 22% of patients with NS developed epilepsy, 12% cerebral palsy, 19% severe neurodevelopmental disabilities, and 8.5% died within the first 18 months of life. Our findings indicate that aEEG background pattern is a strong predictor of unfavorable neurological outcomes, with an odds ratio of 20.4174 (p < 0.05). Additionally, higher Apgar scores were associated with better outcomes (p < 0.05), with the odds of unfavorable neurological outcomes decreasing by 0.7-fold for every point increase in Apgar score. Furthermore, we found a statistically significant association between preterm birth and unfavorable neurological outcomes (p = 0.0104). Our study highlights the importance of early EEG monitoring in the NICU and provides valuable insights into predictors of unfavorable neurological outcomes in newborns who experienced NS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neonatology)

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15 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

School Burnout after COVID-19, Prevalence and Role of Different Risk and Protective Factors in Preteen Students

by Noémie Lacombe, Maryelle Hey, Verena Hofmann, Céline Pagnotta and Myriam Squillaci

Children 2023, 10(5), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050823 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3337

Abstract

Background: Current data show an increase in stress among youth since the COVID-19 pandemic, raising the question of the measures to be put in place to limit it. Aim: The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of burnout and the [...] Read more.

Background: Current data show an increase in stress among youth since the COVID-19 pandemic, raising the question of the measures to be put in place to limit it. Aim: The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of burnout and the different risk and protective factors of burnout among students and to compare the mean scores obtained with those collected in a similar sample in 2014. Method: Perceived health, school burnout, and the different risk and protective factors among students were measured by self-reported questionnaires among a sample of 184 students (11–13 years old). Results: The results indicate significantly higher burnout scores than in 2014. Different variables were predictive of school burnout: 1. At the individual level, a low academic achievement in mathematics, somatic symptoms, and the expressed stress; 2. At the interpersonal level, lack of support from peers, teachers, and parents and a negative classroom climate; 3. At the pandemic level, the increased workload related to the consequences of COVID-19. The factors with the greatest impact are confidence in the future, perceived stress, parental supports, and mathematics results. Conclusions: An intervention program targeting these four factors among burned out students would be relevant to set up in order to reduce its prevalence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Post-COVID Era?)

17 pages, 3897 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Remdesivir Efficacy and Tolerability in Children with COVID-19-Associated Allergic Comorbidities such as Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Atopic Dermatitis

by Gheorghiță Jugulete, Monica Luminos, Carmen Pavelescu and Mădălina Maria Merișescu

Children 2023, 10(5), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050810 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2325

Abstract

In children, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) starts as a minor illness compared to adults, but during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants have changed options for therapies in both adults and children, especially for those with comorbidities such as allergies. [...] Read more.

In children, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) starts as a minor illness compared to adults, but during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants have changed options for therapies in both adults and children, especially for those with comorbidities such as allergies. On 25 April 2022, Remdesivir (RDV), a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of pediatric patients 28 days and older, weighing ≥3 kg, hospitalized or non-hospitalized, who are at high risk of progression to severe forms of COVID-19. While RDV has been shown to have favorable effects in numerous types of research conducted on adults, such as shortening hospital stays, and has shown it has antiviral effects on various RNA viruses, there is a lack of findings regarding safety, tolerability, and efficacy of RDV in allergic pediatric patients since its initial FDA approval. This study aims to assess RDV’s efficacy and tolerability in treating pediatric patients with mild and severe forms of COVID-19-associated allergies such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis and how RDV affects the duration of hospitalization, especially for these comorbidities. The most recent pandemic wave among children rose due to the high transmissibility of the Omicron variant, and this study analyzed changes between July 2020 and September 2022 at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș”, Bucharest, Romania. Our retrospective study included 250 children <18 years old, 42 (16.8%) had allergies, 132 were males (52.8%), age group 0–5 years old (80%), with a positive viral test for SARS-CoV-2. Severity was categorized as mild (43.6%), moderate (53.2%), and severe (1.6%) COVID-19, and treatment with RDV was administered in 50.4% (126/250) of children included in the study. The presence of comorbidities, asthma (7.2%), allergic rhinitis (4.4%), and atopic dermatitis (4.4%), was associated with an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection in children, p < 0.05. We did not register deaths and severe complications; all cases evolved favorably under the instituted treatment. Laboratory abnormalities in transaminase levels 53.97% (ALT) and 61.9% (AST) were grades 1 or 2 and did not require discontinuation of the antiviral treatment, p < 0.05. RDV in children reduced the duration and evolution of COVID-19 and decreased the length of hospitalization in group-associated allergies; p < 0.05. This article summarizes RDV’s efficacy among children with COVID-19 and allergies when the clinical result was improved and reports positive effects on tolerability and reduced duration of hospitalization, especially in children with asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. More studies are needed to confirm our findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Allergy and Immunology)

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10 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Growing Up with HIV: Experiences of Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood at Selected Primary Health Facilities in Limpopo Province, South Africa

by Azwinndini Cecilia Mukwevho, Maria Sonto Maputle and Dorah Ursula Ramathuba

Children 2023, 10(5), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050798 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2177

Abstract

Background: Many children who contracted Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) through vertical transmission are now in their adolescent and early adult years. The aim was to explore the experiences of adolescents living with HIV (ALWHIV) during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Methods and [...] Read more.

Background: Many children who contracted Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) through vertical transmission are now in their adolescent and early adult years. The aim was to explore the experiences of adolescents living with HIV (ALWHIV) during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Methods and Material: The study was conducted at selected primary healthcare facilities in the Mopani and Vhembe districts in July 2021. A qualitative research approach that included contextual, descriptive, and exploratory designs was used. The population comprised 27 ALWHIV who were purposively sampled and enrolled for ART care. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, and the question was “How is it for you as you live with a virus and transit from adolescent to adulthood”. The open coding approach was used to analyse the data. Measures to ensure trustworthiness articulated in Lincoln and Guba’s criteria and ethical considerations were adhered to. Findings: The findings revealed four themes: poor understanding of the disease condition, improved physical health when adhering to ARV treatments, challenges related to sexual maturity and intimate relationships, and parents not disclosing their children’s HIV status. Conclusion: Parents’ delayed and non-disclosure of adolescents’ positive HIV status led to a lack of awareness about the course of the disease, non-adherence to ART, and unsafe sex practices that could increase the risk of HIV transmission and re-infection. To address these multiple obstacles associated with ALWHIV, a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach that is teenager-friendly should be undertaken. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing Adolescents’ Health Care Needs - Missing Opportunities)

12 pages, 1324 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beyond Screen Time: The Different Longitudinal Relations between Adolescents’ Smartphone Use Content and Their Mental Health

by Shunsen Huang, Xiaoxiong Lai, Yajun Li, Yang Cui and Yun Wang

Children 2023, 10(5), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050770 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8231

Abstract

Purpose: Previous studies focusing on the relationship between adolescents’ screen time and mental health have uncovered contradictory results. By focusing on smartphone use content (SUC), this study uses specification curve analysis to explore the different effects of SUCs on mental health-based on [...] Read more.

Purpose: Previous studies focusing on the relationship between adolescents’ screen time and mental health have uncovered contradictory results. By focusing on smartphone use content (SUC), this study uses specification curve analysis to explore the different effects of SUCs on mental health-based on longitudinal data. Methods: A total of 2552 adolescents were surveyed in the first (July 2020) and second year (April 2021). A total of 2049 eligible participants (average age = 14.39 ± 2.27, female = 1062) are included in the analysis. Participants reported 20 types of content used by them during smartphone use and their mental health (depression, anxiety, and somatization). Specification curve analysis was used to examine the longitudinal relationship between SUCs and their mental health. Results: Smartphone use for listening to music (median β = 0.18, p < 0.001, NSRPD = 25/27, p < 0.05), chatting online (median β = 0.15, p < 0.001, NSRPD = 24/27, p < 0.05), watching TV (median β = 0.14, p < 0.001, NSRPD = 24/27, p < 0.05), and playing games (median β = 0.09, p < 0.001, NSRPD = 19/27, p < 0.05) produce high to medium negative effects on subsequent mental health. Only using smartphones for online courses exerts no effect on their subsequent mental health (median β = 0.01, p > 0.05, NSRPD = 0/27, p > 0.05). The left 15 types of smartphone content showed unstable effects on future mental health. Depending on the types of content used, these effects ranged from high, medium, and small to none. The relatively descending order of effect on mental health is listening to music, chatting online, watching TV, playing games, and types of content (e.g., browsing social media, making payments, reading online novels) with high but unstable effects, types of content with medium (e.g., browsing news and posting/sharing) but unstable effects, types of content (e.g., using the camera, obtaining life information, and making calls) with small but unstable effects, such as finishing homework and taking online courses. Conclusions: This study enlightens researchers and policymakers to update their understanding of adolescents’ technology use, especially to adopt a differentiated attitude towards different media use content. As nutritionists often do, a “nutritionally balanced” digital diet for young people should be recommended to the public, rather than just suggesting limits on the amount of time they can spend using digital media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Children and Adolescents)

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12 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Incidence and Prevalence of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in Southern Italy

by Francesco La Torre, Maria Pia Elicio, Viviana Anna Monno, Maria Chironna, Fulvio Moramarco, Angelo Campanozzi, Adele Civino, Valerio Cecinati, Ugo Vairo, Mario Giordano, Leonardo Milella, Daniela Loconsole and Fabio Cardinale

Children 2023, 10(5), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050766 - 23 Apr 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3152

Abstract

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a pediatric hyperinflammatory syndrome related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection whose epidemiology is not very well known at present. The objective of the study was to better understand the incidence of MIS-C [...] Read more.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a pediatric hyperinflammatory syndrome related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection whose epidemiology is not very well known at present. The objective of the study was to better understand the incidence of MIS-C in the Apulia region in southern Italy. Our primary goal was to estimate the incidence of newly identified cases of MIS-C in children aged 0–18 years, during a period of six months, encompassing the second pandemic wave. We also analyzed the characteristics of our cohort in terms of clinical features, treatment, and outcomes. The cumulative incidence of MIS-C was 3.27 per 100,000 residents between 0 and 18 years of age. In our cohort, gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous, and cardiac involvement were the most common clinical features. With our step-up approach to therapy, no patients required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and no cardiac sequelae after 6 months of onset were found in echocardiograms. Conclusion: Our epidemiological study of MIS-C in southern Italy showed unexpectedly overlapping figures with other US studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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12 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association of In-School and Electronic Bullying with Suicidality and Feelings of Hopelessness among Adolescents in the United States

by Tran H. Nguyen, Gulzar Shah, Maham Muzamil, Osaremhen Ikhile, Elizabeth Ayangunna and Ravneet Kaur

Children 2023, 10(4), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040755 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4652

Abstract

Background: Suicide-related behaviors increasingly contribute to behavioral health crises in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. The problem was worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for youth and young adults. Existing research suggests suicide-related behaviors are a consequence of bullying, while hopelessness is [...] Read more.

Background: Suicide-related behaviors increasingly contribute to behavioral health crises in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. The problem was worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for youth and young adults. Existing research suggests suicide-related behaviors are a consequence of bullying, while hopelessness is a more distal consequence. This study examines the association of in-school and electronic bullying with suicide-related behavior and feelings of despair among adolescents, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, abuse experience, risk-taking behaviors, and physical appearance/lifestyles. Method: Using Chi-square, logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression, we analyzed the US 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) national component. The YRBSS includes federal, state, territorial, and freely associated state, tribal government, and local school-based surveys of representative sample middle and high school students in the US. The 2019 YRBSS participants comprised 13,605 students aged 12 to 18 years and roughly equal proportions of males and females (50.63% and 49.37%, respectively). Results: We observed a significant association (p < 0.05) between being bullied and depressive symptoms, and the association was more vital for youth bullied at school and electronically. Being bullied either at school or electronically was associated with suicidality, with a stronger association for youth who experienced being bullied in both settings. Conclusion: Our findings shed light on assessing early signs of depression to prevent the formation of suicidality among bullied youth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Abuse and Neglect)

9 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prevalence of Dental Anomalies and Its Role in Sex Estimation among Children of Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia

by Apathsakayan Renugalakshmi, Thilla Sekar Vinothkumar, Ahmed M. Bokhari, Samaher Almahdi, Abdulrahman Almalki, Sudheer Babu Balla, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla and Zaki Hakami

Children 2023, 10(4), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040759 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2051

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of dental anomalies and their ability to estimate sex status. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional radiographic study was based on the evaluation of dental anomalies of Saudi children aged between 5 and 17 years. A [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of dental anomalies and their ability to estimate sex status. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional radiographic study was based on the evaluation of dental anomalies of Saudi children aged between 5 and 17 years. A total of 1940 orthopantomograms (OPG) were screened, of which 1442 were included. All the OPGs were digitally evaluated with ImageJ software. The demographic variables and dental anomaly findings were subjected to descriptive and comparative statistical analysis. Discriminant function analysis was conducted for sex estimation. p value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean age of the children in this study was 11.35 ± 0.28 years. At least one dental anomaly was detected in 161 children (11.17%), including 71 males and 90 females. Only 13 children (8.07%) presented with more than one anomaly. The most common dental anomaly detected was root dilaceration (47.83%) followed by hypodontia (31.68%). The least common dental anomaly was infraocclusion (1.86%). The sex prediction accuracy using discriminant function analysis was 62.9% (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of dental anomalies was 11.17% with root dilaceration and hypodontia being the most common. The role of dental anomalies in sex estimation was found to be ineffective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Behaviours and Their Predictors in Children)

13 pages, 2233 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Clinical Outcomes of Daytime Versus Nighttime Laparoscopic Appendectomy in Children

by Zenon Pogorelić, Ivana Janković Marendić, Tin Čohadžić and Miro Jukić

Children 2023, 10(4), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040750 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3142

Abstract

Aim of the study: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and complication rate of laparoscopic appendectomy in children operated on during the daytime versus nighttime. Methods: A total of 303 children who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis between 1 January 2020 [...] Read more.

Aim of the study: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and complication rate of laparoscopic appendectomy in children operated on during the daytime versus nighttime. Methods: A total of 303 children who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2022 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into two study groups. The first group consisted of the patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy during the day shift from 07:00–21:00 (n = 171), while the patients in the second group underwent laparoscopic appendectomy during the night shift from 21:00–07:00 (n = 132). The groups were compared for baseline clinical and laboratory data, treatment outcomes, and complications. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables, while the Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. A two-sided Fisher’s exact test was used when the frequency of events in a certain cell was low. All p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The proportion of complicated appendicitis was almost the same in both patient groups (n = 63, 36.8% vs. n = 49, 37.1%, p = 0.960). Out of the total number of patients presenting during the daytime and nighttime, 11 (6.4%) and 10 (7.6%) developed a postoperative complication, respectively (p = 0.697). Additionally, rates of readmission (n = 5 (2.9%) vs. n = 2 (1.5%); p = 0.703), redo-surgery (n = 3 (1.7%) vs. n = 0; p = 0.260), conversion to open surgery (n = 0 vs. n = 1 (0.8%); p = 0.435) and length of hospital stay (n = 3 (IQR 1, 5) vs. n = 3 (IQR 2, 5); p = 0.368) did not differ significantly between daytime and nighttime appendectomies. The duration of the surgery was significantly shorter in patients presenting during the day than in those presenting at night (26 min (IQR 22, 40) vs. 37 min (31, 46); p < 0.001). Conclusions: Different shift times did not affect the treatment outcomes or complication rates for children receiving laparoscopic appendectomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Aspects in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Surgical Conditions in Children)

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12 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Appropriate Use of Antibiotic and Principles of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Children

by Melodie O. Aricò, Enrico Valletta and Désirée Caselli

Children 2023, 10(4), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040740 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3894

Abstract

Antibiotics account for over 10% of the overall drug expense of the National Health System in Italy in 2021. Their use in children is of particular interest on one side, because acute infections are very common in children, while they build their immunologic [...] Read more.

Antibiotics account for over 10% of the overall drug expense of the National Health System in Italy in 2021. Their use in children is of particular interest on one side, because acute infections are very common in children, while they build their immunologic library of competence; on the other side, although many acute infections are expected and turn out to be of viral origin, caregivers will often ask the family doctor or primary care attending to reassure them by prescribing antibiotic treatment, although it may often be unnecessary. The inappropriate prescription of antibiotics in children may likely be a source not only of undue economic burden for the public health system but also of increasing development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Based on those issues, the inappropriate use of antibiotics in children should be avoided to reduce the risks of unnecessary toxicity, increase in health costs, lifelong effects, and selection of resistant organisms causing undue deaths. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) describes a coherent set of actions that ensure an optimal use of antimicrobials to improve patient outcomes while limiting the risk of adverse events including AMR. The aim of this paper is to spread some concept of good use of antibiotics for pediatricians or every other physician involved in the choice to prescribe, or not, antibiotics in children. Several actions could be of help in this process, including the following: (1) identify patients with high probability of bacterial infection; (2) collect samples for culture study before starting antibiotic treatment if invasive bacterial infection is suspected; (3) select the appropriate antibiotic molecule based on local resistance and narrow spectrum for the suspected pathogen(s); avoid multi-antibiotic association; prescribe correct dosage; (4) choose the best route of administration (oral vs. parenteral) and the best schedule of administration for every prescription (i.e., multiple administration for beta lactam); (5) schedule clinical and laboratory re-evaluation with the aim to consider therapeutic de-escalation; (6) stop antibiotic administration as soon as possible, avoiding the application of “antibiotic course”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Children 2021: Challenges and Opportunities towards the Future)

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11 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Self-Harm Behaviors, Suicide Attempts, and Suicidal Ideation in a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders

by Elena Predescu and Roxana Sipos

Children 2023, 10(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040725 - 14 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4014

Abstract

Suicidal ideation and self-harm behaviors have been found to be important risk factors for suicide. The aim of this study was to explore the rates of psychiatric disorders among different groups of patients with suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-harm behaviors and [...] Read more.

Suicidal ideation and self-harm behaviors have been found to be important risk factors for suicide. The aim of this study was to explore the rates of psychiatric disorders among different groups of patients with suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-harm behaviors and to identify the associated socio-demographic and clinical variables. We conducted a cross-sectional study with emergency-admitted patients presenting with non-suicidal self-harm behaviors, suicide attempts, or suicidal ideation to the emergency room of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Data were collected from the patients’ charts using a questionnaire that contained socio-demographic and clinical variables. A total of 95 patients aged between 6 and 18 years were included in the study. Ingesting medication and cutting were the most frequently used methods to attempt suicide. Depression and mixed affective and conduct disorders were the diagnoses most commonly associated with suicidal behavior. Girls with depressive symptoms were more probable to have suicide attempts than boys, and girls with depressive symptoms and behavioral problems registered more self-harm behaviors. Further research should systematically examine the relationship between self-harm behaviors and suicide attempts and the profile of patients at risk of future suicide attempts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health)

10 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

by Denis Čaušević, Babina Rani, Qais Gasibat, Nedim Čović, Cristina Ioana Alexe, Silviu Ioan Pavel, Lucian Ovidiu Burchel and Dan Iulian Alexe

Children 2023, 10(4), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040721 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3350

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate differences in anthropometry, body composition (BC), and somatotype in young football players of the same chronological age according to the maturity stage. Overall, 64 elite players (age: 14.28 ± 0.46 years) were evaluated for standing and sitting body [...] Read more.

The study aimed to investigate differences in anthropometry, body composition (BC), and somatotype in young football players of the same chronological age according to the maturity stage. Overall, 64 elite players (age: 14.28 ± 0.46 years) were evaluated for standing and sitting body height, girth measures, and BC using the bioelectric impedance scale and skinfold thickness. In total, two-thirds (73.44%, n = 47) of football players were classified as on-time maturers, 12.50% (n = 8) were early maturing, and 14.06% (n = 9) were late maturing. Standing and sitting height, leg length, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were significantly different (p < 0.001) across maturity groups. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) with maturity progression was seen for subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds along with a girth increase at all sites (p < 0.05). Early maturers were balanced ectomorphs, while on-time and late maturers featured mesomorph–ectomorph characteristics. The obtained results suggested that mature players have better BC presented as a lower fat percentage along with higher muscle mass, advantages in circumferences, and longitudinal dimensions of the body with highlighted mesomorph features. Maturity can have a substantial influence on body measures, thereby affecting sport-specific performance. Early maturers can use their anthropometric advantages and compensate for a lack of talent, consequently preventing even participation of physically undeveloped players in training. A better understanding of maturity, BC, and somatotypes can help in the selection of young talented players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Team Sports for Young Athletes)

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11 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Perceived Physical Literacy Is Associated with Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition and Physical Activity Levels in Secondary School Students

by Charlie Nezondet, Joseph Gandrieau, Philippe Nguyen and Gautier Zunquin

Children 2023, 10(4), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040712 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3129

Abstract

Background: Overweight and obese adolescents are often associated with lower Physical Activity (PA) levels and low Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF). Recently, the concept of Physical Literacy (PL), has been suggested to be associated with higher levels of active behavior and better health in adolescents. [...] Read more.

Background: Overweight and obese adolescents are often associated with lower Physical Activity (PA) levels and low Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF). Recently, the concept of Physical Literacy (PL), has been suggested to be associated with higher levels of active behavior and better health in adolescents. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between PL, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels in French secondary school students. Methods: The level of PL was assessed in 85 French adolescents using a French version of the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (F-PPLI). Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the “20 m adapted walk/shuttle run test”. The PA level was assessed by the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System questionnaire. Weight status was measured by the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the body composition data. Results: We find a significant association between the PL and the percentage Fat Mass (%FM) (r = −0.43; p ≤ 0.01), between the PL and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) per week (r = 0.38; p ≤ 0.01). The PL was associated (r = 0.36; p ≤ 0.01) with the percentage of Skeletal Muscle Mass (%SMM) and cardiorespiratory fitness (r = 0.40; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Developing the PL for the most disadvantaged secondary school students in a PA program could be a suitable strategy to increase their PA level, reduce their adiposity, and promote better long-term health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

11 pages, 400 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Interaction Effect of Birth Spacing and Maternal Healthcare Services on Child Mortality in Pakistan

by Muhammad Farhan Asif, Saima Ishtiaq, Nishat Ishfaq Abbasi, Iffat Tahir, Ghulam Abid and Zohra S. Lassi

Children 2023, 10(4), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040710 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3323

Abstract

There is widespread agreement that improved health should be regarded as a means and an end in the context of the development process. The health of the populace and the equitable provision of healthcare are two indicators of a society’s level of development. [...] Read more.

There is widespread agreement that improved health should be regarded as a means and an end in the context of the development process. The health of the populace and the equitable provision of healthcare are two indicators of a society’s level of development. A variety of factors influences child mortality. This study investigated the causes of child death and the interaction effect of birth spacing (B.S.) and maternal health care services (MHCS) on child mortality. Using SPSS version 20, we used the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017–2018 data set to investigate the associated factors of child mortality and the moderating influence of birth spacing using binary logistic regression. The outcome variable is categorical with two categories. The findings indicated that the risk of infant death decreased with adequate B.S. between two pregnancies and access to maternal health care services. Birth spacing was found to moderate the link between access to maternal health care services (MHCS) and child mortality. Our research leads us to conclude that the amount of time between children’s births significantly reduces infant mortality. When the birth spacing is at least 33 months, the relationship between maternal health care services and child mortality becomes more evident and negative. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neonatology)

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14 pages, 295 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Promoting Resilience in Early Childhood Education and Care to Prepare Children for a World of Change: A Critical Analysis of National and International Policy Documents

by Ann-Christin Furu, Angel Chan, Jonna Larsson, Ingrid Engdahl, Sarah Klaus, Anna May Navarrete and Barbara Turk Niskač

Children 2023, 10(4), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040716 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6781

Abstract

In recent years, the sustainability crisis has raised interest in the concept of resilience, i.e., the capacity to persist, adapt, or transform in the face of change and challenge. However, to date, resilience has only been studied to a limited extent within early [...] Read more.

In recent years, the sustainability crisis has raised interest in the concept of resilience, i.e., the capacity to persist, adapt, or transform in the face of change and challenge. However, to date, resilience has only been studied to a limited extent within early childhood education and care (ECEC). This paper reports on a study that used critical document analysis of national and international policies to explore if and how the concept of resilience within ECEC could contribute to sustainability in a world of rapid change. Five national and four international documents were analysed through the theoretical lenses of childism and place-based education. The results show that resilience is implicitly expressed in ECEC policies yet is rarely linked to sustainability issues. Instead, policies mainly limit resilience to the psychological dimension and the individual child. The conclusion is that ECEC is an apt context for supporting resilience in multiple ways. It suggests using a holistic understanding of resilience to advocate for ECEC policies that include diverse perspectives of families and local communities, incorporate indigenous voices, and recognise the interconnectedness between humans and the more-than-human world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Childhood Education in a World of Change)

20 pages, 324 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Father–Mother Co-Involvement in Child Maltreatment: Associations of Prior Perpetration, Parental Substance Use, Parental Medical Conditions, Inadequate Housing, and Intimate Partner Violence with Different Maltreatment Types

by Joyce Y. Lee, Susan Yoon, Keunhye Park, Angelise Radney, Stacey L. Shipe and Garrett T. Pace

Children 2023, 10(4), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040707 - 11 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5334

Abstract

The current study applied a family systems approach to examine dyadic parental risk factors linked with mother–father co-involved physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Parental substance use, mental health problems, disability and medical conditions, inadequate housing, economic insecurity, intimate partner violence, [...] Read more.

The current study applied a family systems approach to examine dyadic parental risk factors linked with mother–father co-involved physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Parental substance use, mental health problems, disability and medical conditions, inadequate housing, economic insecurity, intimate partner violence, and prior maltreatment history were investigated as key risk factors at the dyadic parental level. Logistic regression analysis was conducted using national child welfare administrative data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. The results showed differential associations between risk factors and four child maltreatment types: physical abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. Intimate partner violence was associated with higher odds of mother–father co-involved neglect and emotional abuse. Parental substance use, inadequate housing, and prior maltreatment history were all associated with higher odds of mother–father co-involved neglect, but lower odds of physical abuse. Parental disability and medical conditions were associated with higher odds of mother-father co-involved sexual abuse, whereas parental substance use was associated with lower odds of sexual abuse. Implications include more nuanced ways of addressing multiple risk factors within the family to prevent future occurrences of child maltreatment involving both mothers and fathers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Abuse and Neglect)

17 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

School Children’s Physical Activity and Preferred Activities during Outdoor Recess in Estonia: Using Accelerometers, Recess Observation, and Schoolyard Mapping

by Getter Marie Lemberg, Eva-Maria Riso, Ingunn Fjørtoft, Lise Kjønniksen, Merike Kull and Evelin Mäestu

Children 2023, 10(4), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040702 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3869

Abstract

Studies about recess have found that children have higher physical activity (PA) during outdoor recess compared to indoor recess, and well-constructed schoolyards play an important role in stimulating PA in children. This study aimed at investigating the affordances of schoolyards and outdoor recess [...] Read more.

Studies about recess have found that children have higher physical activity (PA) during outdoor recess compared to indoor recess, and well-constructed schoolyards play an important role in stimulating PA in children. This study aimed at investigating the affordances of schoolyards and outdoor recess PA in two urban and two rural primary schools in Estonia. Schoolyards were described with the geographical mapping method, children’s activities during outdoor recess were registered by using observations, and PA levels were measured with accelerometers. Students from grades two to six (8–13-year-olds) were included in the study. All observed schoolyards had different spaces including various ball game areas, climbing facilities, and slacklines. The natural environment dominated in the rural schools, and artificial surfaces dominated in the urban schools. Boys in the study tended to enjoy more sport-related activities, whereas girls preferred more social and less active activities. Students participating in outdoor recess spent about twice as much time (20.4%) on moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) compared to indoor recess (9.5%), although boys were more active than girls (22.9% vs. 17.3%). All schoolyards afforded more MVPA during outdoor recess compared to indoor recess, whereas schoolyards with more space per child and natural environment elements generated more varied PA and higher MVPA. These findings confirm the importance of schoolyard design and quality for the variety and intensity of students’ PA during outdoor recess. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Orthopedics & Sports Medicine)

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15 pages, 621 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Emotional Experience of Caring for Children in Pediatric Palliative Care: A Qualitative Study among a Home-Based Interdisciplinary Care Team

by Patricia Rico-Mena, Javier Güeita-Rodríguez, Ricardo Martino-Alba, Marina Castel-Sánchez and Domingo Palacios-Ceña

Children 2023, 10(4), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040700 - 9 Apr 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4579

Abstract

The healthcare providers caring for children with life-threatening illnesses experience considerable compassion fatigue. The purpose of this study was to describe the feelings and emotions of professionals working in an interdisciplinary pediatric palliative home care team. A qualitative case study was conducted, comprising [...] Read more.

The healthcare providers caring for children with life-threatening illnesses experience considerable compassion fatigue. The purpose of this study was to describe the feelings and emotions of professionals working in an interdisciplinary pediatric palliative home care team. A qualitative case study was conducted, comprising 18 participants. A purposeful sampling technique approach was used including the home-based interdisciplinary pediatric palliative team. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and researchers’ field notes. A thematic analysis was performed. Two themes emerged: (a) changing life for the better, which described how professionals value life more and helping children and families provides compassion satisfaction, which is comforting and explains their dedication to care; (b) adverse effects of work highlighted the emotional burden of caring for children with life-limiting or life-threatening illnesses, which can affect their job satisfaction and may lead to burnout, showing how experiencing in-hospital child deaths with suffering leads professionals to develop an interest in specializing in pediatric palliative care. Our study provides information on possible causes of emotional distress in professionals caring for children with life-threatening illnesses and highlights strategies that can help them to reduce their distress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rehabilitation of Children with Disabilities)

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13 pages, 1183 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Smartphone Use on Tweens’ Capacity for Complex Critical Thinking

by Rosa Angela Fabio and Rossella Suriano

Children 2023, 10(4), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040698 - 8 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4959

Abstract

The spread of modern technologies exposes many people to a high level of ambiguous and misleading information that can impact people’s judgments and worldviews. This happens especially in a phase of life such as preadolescence when children are particularly sensitive to external conditioning. [...] Read more.

The spread of modern technologies exposes many people to a high level of ambiguous and misleading information that can impact people’s judgments and worldviews. This happens especially in a phase of life such as preadolescence when children are particularly sensitive to external conditioning. Critical thinking can be seen as the first line of defense against misleading information. However, little is known about the consequences of media use on the critical thinking skills of tweens. In this study, we evaluated the effects of problematic smartphone use on the various stages of critical thinking, comparing high and low tween smartphone users. The results confirm the main hypothesis, namely, that problematic smartphone use is related to the ability to think critically. There was a significant difference between high and low users in the third phase of critical thinking: evaluation of sources. Full article

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13 pages, 322 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Overweight and Obesity: Its Impact on Foot Type, Flexibility, Foot Strength, Plantar Pressure and Stability in Children from 5 to 10 Years of Age: Descriptive Observational Study

by Cristina Molina-García, José Daniel Jiménez-García, Daniel Velázquez-Díaz, Laura Ramos-Petersen, Andrés López-del-Amo-Lorente, Carlos Martínez-Sebastián and Francisco Álvarez-Salvago

Children 2023, 10(4), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040696 - 7 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2590

Abstract

Background: Overweight (OW) and childhood obesity (OB) may cause foot problems and affect one’s ability to perform physical activities. The study aimed to analyze the differences in descriptive characteristics, foot type, laxity, foot strength, and baropodometric variables by body mass status and age [...] Read more.

Background: Overweight (OW) and childhood obesity (OB) may cause foot problems and affect one’s ability to perform physical activities. The study aimed to analyze the differences in descriptive characteristics, foot type, laxity, foot strength, and baropodometric variables by body mass status and age groups in children and, secondly, to analyze the associations of the BMI with different physical variables by age groups in children. Methods: A descriptive observational study involving 196 children aged 5–10 years was conducted. The variables used were: type of foot, flexibility, foot strength and baropodometric analysis of plantar pressures, and stability by pressure platform. Results: Most of the foot strength variables showed significant differences between the normal weight (NW), OW and OB groups in children aged between 5 and 8. The OW and OB groups showed the highest level of foot strength. In addition, the linear regression analyses showed, in children aged 5 to 8 years, a positive association between BMI and foot strength (the higher the BMI, the greater the strength) and negative association between BMI and stability (lower BMI, greater instability). Conclusions: Children from 5 to 8 years of age with OW and OB show greater levels of foot strength, and OW and OB children from 7 to 8 years are more stable in terms of static stabilometrics. Furthermore, between 5 and 8 years, having OW and OB implies having more strength and static stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes)

12 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effectiveness of Video Modeling in Improving Technical Skills in Young Novice Basketball Players: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Amayra Tannoubi, Ibrahim Ouergui, Medina Srem-Sai, John Elvis Hagan, Frank Quansah and Fairouz Azaiez

Children 2023, 10(4), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040687 - 4 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3764

Abstract

(1) Objective: This is a quasi-experimental study that investigated the effect of four weeks of training sessions using video modeling (VM) on individual and collective technical skills in young novice basketball players. (2) Method: 20 players were equally assigned to either a control [...] Read more.

(1) Objective: This is a quasi-experimental study that investigated the effect of four weeks of training sessions using video modeling (VM) on individual and collective technical skills in young novice basketball players. (2) Method: 20 players were equally assigned to either a control group (CG, n = 10; 12 ± 0.7 years) or a video modeling group (VMG, n = 10; 12.5 ± 0.5 years; visualizing videos before each session) were assessed before and after the four-week training period using the Basketball Skill Test of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance for individual techniques and three vs. three small-sided games for collective aspects. (3) Results: For the passing test, VMG induced higher performance than CG (p = 0.021; d = 0.87). For offensive balls post-intervention, higher values were recorded for VMG compared to CG (p = 0.003; d = 1.81). In addition, the number of attack balls index post-intervention was higher for VMG compared to CG (p = 0.001; d = 0.28). For losing the ball, VMG induced lower values than CG after the training intervention (p < 0.001; d = −3.23). The efficiency index was higher post-training compared to pre-training for VMG (p = 0.013; d = 1.24). (4) Conclusion: The study highlighted the importance of using video modeling as an effective strategy to improve technical skills and collective performance in novice young basketball players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science in Children)

16 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improvement of Diet after an Early Nutritional Intervention in Pediatric Oncology

by Mélanie Napartuk, Véronique Bélanger, Isabelle Bouchard, Caroline Meloche, Daniel Curnier, Serge Sultan, Caroline Laverdière, Daniel Sinnett and Valérie Marcil

Children 2023, 10(4), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040667 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3036

Abstract

Pediatric cancer survivors may experience cardiometabolic sequelae over the course of their lives as a result of the treatments they have received. While nutrition consists of an actionable target for cardiometabolic health, few nutritional interventions have been documented in this population. This study [...] Read more.

Pediatric cancer survivors may experience cardiometabolic sequelae over the course of their lives as a result of the treatments they have received. While nutrition consists of an actionable target for cardiometabolic health, few nutritional interventions have been documented in this population. This study assessed the changes in diet during a one-year nutritional intervention for children and adolescents undergoing cancer treatments and the participants’ anthropometric and cardiometabolic profiles. A total of 36 children and adolescents (mean age: 7.9 years, 52.8% male) newly diagnosed with cancer (50% leukemia) and their parents underwent a one-year individualized nutrition intervention. The mean number of follow-up visits with the dietitian during the intervention was 4.72 ± 1.06. Between the initial and one-year assessments, there was an improvement in diet quality reflected by the Diet Quality Index (5.22 ± 9.95, p = 0.003). Similarly, the proportion of participants with moderate and good adherence (vs. low adherence) to the Healthy Diet Index score almost tripled after one year of intervention (14% vs. 39%, p = 0.012). In parallel, there was an increase in the mean z-scores for weight (0.29 ± 0.70, p = 0.019) and BMI (0.50 ± 0.88, p = 0.002), and in the mean levels of HDL-C (0.27 ± 0.37 mmol/L, p = 0.002) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (14.5 ± 28.1 mmol/L, p = 0.03). Overall, this study supports that a one-year nutritional intervention deployed early after a pediatric cancer diagnosis is associated with an improvement in the diets of children and adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition to Improve Child and Adolescent Health)

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12 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and Its Association with Fatty Liver in Obese Adolescents

by Hüseyin Dağ, Fatih İncirkuş and Okan Dikker

Children 2023, 10(4), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040641 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2798

Abstract

Background: The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is the base-10 logarithmic conversion of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio [AIP = log10 (triglyceride/HDL cholesterol)]. Some studies have found a link between low serum vitamin D levels, AIP, and fatty liver. This study [...] Read more.

Background: The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is the base-10 logarithmic conversion of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio [AIP = log10 (triglyceride/HDL cholesterol)]. Some studies have found a link between low serum vitamin D levels, AIP, and fatty liver. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between AIP levels, fatty liver, and vitamin D levels in obese adolescents aged 10–17 years. Methods: This study included 136 adolescents, including 83 obese and 53 healthy controls, in the age range of 10–17 years. Thirty-nine of the obese adolescents had fatty livers. Those with ultrasonography grades 2 or 3 of fat were in the fatty liver group. The AIP value was calculated as the logarithmic conversion of the ratio (triglyceride/HDL cholesterol) at the base of 10. Vitamin D and other laboratory tests were analyzed biochemically. Statistical evaluations were made with the SPSS program. Results: The AIP, body mass index (BMI), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin averages of obese adolescents with fatty liver were significantly higher than those of obese adolescents without fatty liver and the healthy control group (p < 0.05). Again, the mean AIP of obese patients without fatty liver was pointedly higher than that of the healthy control group (p < 0.05). There was a positive, moderate relationship between AIP and BMI, AIP and HOMA-IR, and AIP and insulin levels (p < 0.05), whereas there was a negative, moderate (37.3%) relationship between AIP and vitamin D (p = 0.019). Conclusion: AIP levels were higher in obese adolescents, and this increase was higher in obese adolescents with fatty liver in this study. Moreover, we detected a negative correlation between AIP and vitamin D levels and a positive correlation with BMI, insulin resistance, and insulin levels. Based on our data, we concluded that AIP can be a useful predictor of fatty liver in obese adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art in Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood)

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10 pages, 653 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of a 12-Week Functional Training Program on the Strength and Power of Chinese Adolescent Tennis Players

by Wensheng Xiao, Xiaorong Bai, Soh Kim Geok, Dawei Yu and Yang Zhang

Children 2023, 10(4), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040635 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4103

Abstract

Background: Functional training is any type of training designed to improve a specific movement or activity for fitness or high performance sports. This study examined the effect of functional training on the strength and power of young tennis players. Methods: 40 male tennis [...] Read more.

Background: Functional training is any type of training designed to improve a specific movement or activity for fitness or high performance sports. This study examined the effect of functional training on the strength and power of young tennis players. Methods: 40 male tennis players were assigned to the functional training group (n = 20; age, 16.7 ± 0.4 years) or the conventional training group (n = 20; age, 16.5 ± 0.6 years). The functional training group received three 60 min sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the conventional training group participated in three sessions per week of mono-strength exercise for 12 weeks. Strength and power were measured according to the International Tennis Federation protocol at baseline, 6 weeks after the intervention, and 12 weeks after the intervention. Results: Both forms of training increased (p < 0.05) push-ups, wall squat test, over medicine ball throw, and standing long jump after 6 weeks of training, and the effect improved further as the 12-week mark approached. Except for the wall squat test (left) at 6 weeks, functional training showed no advantage over conventional training. After an additional 6 weeks of training, all measures of strength and power were better (p < 0.05) in the functional training group. Conclusions: Improvements in strength and power could occur after as little as 6 weeks of functional training, and 12-week functional training could outperform conventional training in male adolescent tennis players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science in Children)

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13 pages, 10456 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Permanent Tooth Agenesis and Associated Dental Anomalies among Orthodontically Treated Children

by Shirley Schonberger, Rana Kadry, Yehoshua Shapira and Tamar Finkelstein

Children 2023, 10(3), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030596 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5554

Abstract

(1) Background: Tooth agenesis is one of the most common developmental dental anomalies often affecting the maxillary incisors area and premolar regions. (2) Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of permanent tooth agenesis and the associated [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Tooth agenesis is one of the most common developmental dental anomalies often affecting the maxillary incisors area and premolar regions. (2) Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of permanent tooth agenesis and the associated dental abnormalities among orthodontically treated children. (3) Materials and Methods: This study was carried out utilizing 3000 pretreatment records of children who underwent orthodontic treatment, 1780 (59%) females and 1220 (41%) males, aged 10–25 years (mean age 15 years). Tooth agenesis and other dental anomalies were surveyed using their panoramic radiographs, according to gender, pattern, and location. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 using t-test or Chi-Square tests. (4) Results: The total number of missing teeth, excluding third molars, was 518 (17%) found in 326 (11%) children. The majority were the maxillary lateral incisors, which was 176 teeth (34%) (p < 0.05). Of them, 111 (63%) were in females, and 65 (37%) were in males. The second most common missing tooth was mandibular second premolars, which was 137 teeth (26%), followed by missing 73 (14%) maxillary second premolars. Impacted teeth had the highest associated dental anomaly prevalence (14.3%), while transposition showed the lowest anomaly prevalence (0.5%). (5) Conclusions: A prevalence of 11% for tooth agenesis was detected in this study. More teeth were missing in the maxilla compare with the mandible. A significant association was found between missing maxillary lateral incisors and missing premolars (p < 0.05). Associated dental anomalies included an increased number of peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors, palatally displaced and impacted maxillary canines, ectopic teeth, and infra-occluded (submerged) primary second molars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Dentistry & Oral Medicine)

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13 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Does Problematic Use of Social Network Mediate the Association between Bullying Victimization and Loneliness among Lebanese Adolescents?

by Elia Eid, Feten Fekih-Romdhane, Abir Sarray El Dine, Diana Malaeb, Souheil Hallit and Sahar Obeid

Children 2023, 10(3), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030599 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3211

Abstract

(1) Background: Bullying victimization has been associated with several behavioral outcomes, particularly loneliness. Similarly, an increase in social network use has been identified in recent years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, and has been shown to be associated with bullying and loneliness. Investigating [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Bullying victimization has been associated with several behavioral outcomes, particularly loneliness. Similarly, an increase in social network use has been identified in recent years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, and has been shown to be associated with bullying and loneliness. Investigating the mediating factors of loneliness among bullied adolescents is useful for taking preventive measures in the Lebanese population. This study aims to examine the association between bullying victimization and loneliness among Lebanese adolescents while considering the indirect effect of problematic social network use. (2) Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study, between January and April 2022, that enrolled 379 adolescent Lebanese students (64.9% females, mean age 16.07 ± 1.19 years) who were current residents of Lebanon (15 to 18 years), and were from the five governorates of Lebanon (Beirut, Mount Lebanon, North, South and Bekaa). The snowball method was applied to select our sample; an electronic copy of the questionnaire was created using the Google Forms software and an online strategy was designed to collect the data. (3) Results: Negative social comparison and addictive consequences of problematic use of social network mediated the association between bullying victimization and loneliness. Higher bullying victimization was significantly associated with higher negative social comparison and addictive consequences of problematic use of social network, which in turn were significantly associated with more loneliness. Finally, higher bullying victimization was directly significantly associated with more loneliness. (4) Conclusions: Studying the mediating factors of loneliness in bullied adolescents can improve our understanding of this topic, allowing us to propose new interventions to prevent psychological problems in adolescents. Future studies are needed to further clarify the physiological processes that underlie the associations between social triggers and loneliness during adolescence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Abuse and Neglect)

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