AI and Machine Learning in Medical Image Processing: Innovations and Applications—2nd Edition

A Special Issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354) belonging to the section "Biosignal Processing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2027 | Viewed by 1472

Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
Interests: artificial intelligence in dermatology; deep learning for skin cancer detection and classification; dermatologic image analysis (dermoscopy and clinical photography); computational dermatopathology and histopathology image analysis; computer vision in cutaneous oncology; digital pathology in Mohs micrographic surgery; teledermatology and store-and-forward imaging; large language models and generative AI in dermatology; clinical decision support systems

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Guest Editor
Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology Fellowship, Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Interests: artificial intelligence and machine learning in dermatology; skin cancer image analysis (melanoma and keratinocyte carcinoma); cutaneous oncology and risk stratification; large language models in clinical dermatology; image-based dermatologic diagnosis and triage; medical education and simulation in dermatology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have brought unprecedented changes to the field of medical image processing, offering new opportunities to improve diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient outcomes. This Special Issue, titled ‘AI and Machine Learning in Medical Image Processing: Innovations and Applications—2nd Edition’, aims to provide an overview of cutting-edge research, emerging methodologies, and impactful applications at the intersection of AI, ML, and medical imaging.

The goal of this Special Issue is to showcase innovative approaches that address key challenges in medical image acquisition, analysis, interpretation, and clinical integration. Contributions should highlight breakthroughs across a range of imaging modalities, including MRI, CT, ultrasound, and histopathology imaging, and cover topics such as segmentation, classification, detection, prediction models, and AI-augmented decision support systems.

By bringing together a diverse collection of theoretical advancements, novel algorithms, and real-world case studies, this Special Issue seeks to foster interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and industry practitioners. Ultimately, it aims to illuminate how AI and ML technologies are used in medical imaging, paving the way for more accurate diagnoses, personalized therapies, and improved healthcare delivery.

We invite contributions that advance the understanding and application of AI and ML in medical imaging, address ethical and regulatory challenges, and propose visions for the future of this rapidly evolving field.

Dr. Neil K. Jairath
Dr. Vartan Pahalyants
Guest Editors

Mr. Joshua Mijares
Guest Editor Assistant
Email: josmijar@iu.edu
Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
Research Interest: AI applications in dermatology; dermatologic triage and risk stratification; cutaneous oncology

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Keywords

  • artificial intelligence (AI) in medical image processing
  • machine learning (ML) in medical image processing
  • deep learning in medical image processing
  • computer vision in medical imaging
  • medical image segmentation
  • diagnostic imaging
  • disease detection in medical images
  • clinical decision support systems
  • histopathological image analysis
  • advanced techniques for cancer detection, segmentation, and classification
  • applications in breast, prostate, brain, and other cancer imaging using AI
  • detection and pattern recognition in medical imaging
  • imaging modalities (MRI, CT, ultrasound, X-ray)
  • explainable AI (XAI) in healthcare
  • healthcare technology and innovation
  • predictive modeling in medical imaging
  • generative AI and large language models (LLMs) for medical imaging
  • big data analytics in healthcare
  • automated diagnosis systems
  • biomedical engineering applications
  • ethics and fairness in medical AI
  • systematic reviews in medical image analysis
  • medical imaging datasets and benchmarking

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 15343 KB  
Article
AMFF-Net: An Adaptive Multi-Layer Feature Fusion Network Based on ConvNeXtV2-B for Medical Image Classification
by Min-Seo Kim and Hyoung-Gook Kim
Bioengineering 2026, 13(9), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13090983 - 26 Aug 2026
Viewed by 343
Abstract
Although ConvNeXtV2 has shown promising performance in medical image classification, approaches relying primarily on final-stage features may underutilize low-level structural and complementary hierarchical information. To address this limitation, we propose an Adaptive Multi-Layer Feature Fusion Network (AMFF-Net) based on ConvNeXtV2-B for medical image [...] Read more.
Although ConvNeXtV2 has shown promising performance in medical image classification, approaches relying primarily on final-stage features may underutilize low-level structural and complementary hierarchical information. To address this limitation, we propose an Adaptive Multi-Layer Feature Fusion Network (AMFF-Net) based on ConvNeXtV2-B for medical image classification. The proposed framework employs a Feature Alignment (FA) module to project multi-stage features into a unified representation space and an Adaptive Multi-Layer Feature Fusion (AMFF) module to compute a single input-dependent scalar weight for each stage and dynamically adjust the relative contributions of hierarchical features. An Efficient Channel Attention (ECA) module is subsequently incorporated to enhance the fused representation through lightweight channel-wise recalibration. AMFF-Net was evaluated on three medical image classification datasets: Kvasir-v2, HAM10000, and ChestXray14. Experimental results demonstrate that AMFF-Net consistently improves classification performance over the baseline ConvNeXtV2-B and achieves competitive performance compared with representative convolutional neural network (CNN)- and Transformer-based architectures, while incurring relatively modest additional computational overhead. Ablation results further support the contribution of FA, AMFF, and ECA to the overall performance of the proposed framework. Full article
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18 pages, 1536 KB  
Article
Effect of Fitzpatrick Skin Type Prompting on Diagnostic Accuracy in Multimodal Large Language Models: A Within-Image Experimental Study
by Manoj Bhagwat, Tyler Wittles, Jeffery Tan, Joshua Mijares, Neil K. Jairath and Syril Keena T. Que
Bioengineering 2026, 13(8), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13080932 - 18 Aug 2026
Viewed by 648
Abstract
Multimodal large language models are increasingly used for dermatologic queries, but whether Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) labels affect diagnostic accuracy is unknown. We evaluated 656 biopsy-confirmed photographs from the Diverse Dermatology Images (DDI) dataset under no-FST, DDI-concordant FST, and two DDI-discordant FST conditions [...] Read more.
Multimodal large language models are increasingly used for dermatologic queries, but whether Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) labels affect diagnostic accuracy is unknown. We evaluated 656 biopsy-confirmed photographs from the Diverse Dermatology Images (DDI) dataset under no-FST, DDI-concordant FST, and two DDI-discordant FST conditions using ChatGPT 5.2 Edu and Gemini 3.1 Pro browser configurations (5248 evaluations). Confirmed malignant diagnosis omission from the top three differential diagnoses (“lethal miss”) was a prespecified exploratory outcome. Gemini had higher ordinal accuracy than ChatGPT (odds ratio 2.32; 95% confidence interval 2.01–2.67; false discovery rate-adjusted p < 0.001). No FST prompt condition significantly improved accuracy over no-FST prompting; an equal-image-weighted sensitivity analysis yielded similar results. Among malignant images eligible for extreme discordance, extreme DDI-discordant prompting was associated with more ChatGPT lethal misses than no-FST prompting (paired odds ratio 5.0; p = 0.043); Gemini showed no significant paired shift (p = 1.00). Post hoc binary malignancy detection showed low no-FST specificity for ChatGPT (42.5%) and Gemini (22.9%), indicating frequent overcalling. Gemini showed lower no-FST accuracy for malignant FST V–VI images than for FST I–II and III–IV images. FST prompting provided no measurable diagnostic benefit. Neither configuration supports autonomous dermatologic use. Full article
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