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Study of Various Mechanical Properties of Maize (Zea mays) as Influenced by Moisture Content
Exploring the Evolution of Postharvest Quality and Composition in Novel Mini Plum Tomatoes with Different Fruit Pigmentations
Regulated Deficit Irrigation Perspectives for Water Efficiency in Apricot Cultivation: A Review

Journal Description

Agronomy

Agronomy is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on agronomy and agroecology published monthly online by MDPI. The Spanish Society of Plant Biology (SEBP) is affiliated with Agronomy and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Plant Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (Agronomy and Crop Science)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Companion journals for Agronomy include: Seeds, Agrochemicals, Grasses and Crops.

Impact Factor: 3.3 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.7 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2073-4395

Latest Articles

15 pages, 1171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Stability for Grain Yield and Its Components of Some Rice Cultivars Under Various Environments

by Mohamed S. Abd El-Aty, Mahmoud I. Abo-Youssef, Fouad A. Sorour, Mahmoud Salem, Mohamed A. Gomma, Omar M. Ibrahim, Mohammad Yaghoubi Khanghahi, Wahidah H. Al-Qahtani, Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud and Amira M. El-Tahan

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2137; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092137 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Refine current agricultural practices considering environmental changes are crucial for finding tolerant rice varieties that can meet the demands of human consumption. To this end, stability analysis assesses a crop genotype’s ability to adapt to various conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study [...] Read more.

Refine current agricultural practices considering environmental changes are crucial for finding tolerant rice varieties that can meet the demands of human consumption. To this end, stability analysis assesses a crop genotype’s ability to adapt to various conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to (1) examine the interaction between rice genotypes and environmental conditions; (2) evaluate the stability of twelve rice genotypes using various stability methods; (3) identify representative environments for multi-environment testing; and (4) determine superior genotypes for specific environments. The evaluated rice cultivars were Sakha 101, Sakha 104, Sakha 105, Sakha 106, Sakha 107, Sakha 108, Giza 177, Giza 178, Giza 179, Giza 182, Egyptian Yasmine, and Sakha super 300. The experiment followed a strip-plot design, with three replications. The findings revealed significant differences among the rice varieties across various environments for the majority of the assessed characteristics. The joint regression analysis of variance demonstrated highly significant differences among rice cultivars for all the studied traits in terms of genotype-by-environment interaction (G × E). The statistical significance of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors was evident for all variables demonstrating heritable variation among the rice cultivars, specifically Sakha 108, Sakha 104, Giza 177, and Giza 178, concerning grain yield per feddan. These rice cultivars exhibited stability parameters that were not significantly different from unity for the regression coefficient (bi) and from zero for the deviations from regression (S²di) for those traits. Overall, stability criteria are essential for ensuring reliable rice production, meeting human consumption, advancing genetic improvement, and promoting environmental sustainability in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation Agricultural Practices for Improving Crop Production and Quality)

20 pages, 6723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experiment of an Inter-Row Weeding Machine Applied in Soybean and Corn Strip Compound Planting (SCSCP)

by Zihao Tang, Xiaobo Xi, Baofeng Zhang, Yangjie Shi, Yajuan Wang and Ruihong Zhang

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2136; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092136 - 19 Sep 2024

To address the lack of specialized machinery for the mechanical weeding of SCSCP in the Huang Huai Hai region, this study designs a mechanized inter-row weeding machine for SCSCP. The machine features a reciprocating weeding shovel and an adaptive contouring mechanism for cultivation [...] Read more.

To address the lack of specialized machinery for the mechanical weeding of SCSCP in the Huang Huai Hai region, this study designs a mechanized inter-row weeding machine for SCSCP. The machine features a reciprocating weeding shovel and an adaptive contouring mechanism for cultivation and soil loosening. This paper details the machine’s principles by analyzing the geometric relationship and mechanical model between the corresponding profiling quantities, which determine the relevant parameters for adaptive contouring to ensure stable operation on undulating ground. Furthermore, by optimizing the design of the weeding shovel’s reciprocating motion mechanism, combining EDEM simulation with the weeding shovel–soil interaction, it has been determined that, at various PTO shaft speeds, the optimal weeding efficacy is achieved with a blade-type weeding shovel structure when operating at a forward speed of 3.5 km/h. Field experiments were conducted with different PTO shaft speeds and weeding depths, using weeding and seedling injury rates as performance indicators. The results showed that, based on the optimal speed, the PTO shaft speed is 760 r/min, the operating depth is 3–5 cm, and the average row weeding rate is 90.4%. The average soybean and corn seedling injury rate is 3.4% and 4.2%, meeting the technical requirements for mechanical weeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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16 pages, 2372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Antagonistic Potential of Bacillus atrophaeus against Wheat Crown Rot Caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum

by Shengzhi Guo, Arneeb Tariq, Jun Liao, Aowei Yang, Xinyan Jiang, Yanling Yin, Yuan Shi, Changfu Li, Junfeng Pan, Dejun Han and Xihui Shen

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2135; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092135 - 19 Sep 2024

Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fpg) is a significant pathogen responsible for fusarium crown rot (FCR) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a disease with devastating impacts on crop yield. The utilization of biocontrol bacteria to combat fungal diseases in plants is a cost-effective, [...] Read more.

Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fpg) is a significant pathogen responsible for fusarium crown rot (FCR) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a disease with devastating impacts on crop yield. The utilization of biocontrol bacteria to combat fungal diseases in plants is a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable strategy. In this trial, an endophytic bacterial species, designated as SW, was isolated from the roots of wheat. The strain exhibited potent antagonistic effects against Fpg and reduced the FCR disease severity index by 76.07 ± 0.33% in a greenhouse pot trial. Here, 10⁶ colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL of the SW strain was determined to be the minimum dose required to exhibit the antagonism against Fpg. The strain was identified as Bacillus atrophaeus using genome sequencing and comparison with type strains in the NCBI database. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that SW harbors genes for siderophores, antifungal metabolites, and antibiotics, which are key contributors to its antagonistic activity. Additionally, the strain’s ability to utilize various carbon and nitrogen sources, successfully colonize wheat root tissues as an endophyte, and form biofilms are critical attributes for promoting plant growth. In summary, these findings demonstrate the ability of Bacillus atrophaeus to control FCR disease in wheat in a sustainable agricultural setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil and Water Microbiomes: Advances and Present Challenges in Soil Bioremediation)

12 pages, 3788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photosynthetic Responses to Salt Stress in Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties

by Guanqiang Zuo, Rui Zhang, Naijie Feng and Dianfeng Zheng

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092134 - 19 Sep 2024

Assessing salt tolerance in plants under field conditions is a challenging task. The objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of different methods (leaf disc assay and pot experiment) for evaluating salt tolerance in rice. Using two varieties with different salt [...] Read more.

Assessing salt tolerance in plants under field conditions is a challenging task. The objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of different methods (leaf disc assay and pot experiment) for evaluating salt tolerance in rice. Using two varieties with different salt tolerance, Changmaogu (CM) and 9311, under three NaCl levels (0, 0.3%, and 1.0%), we evaluated the photosynthetic performance in terms of chlorophyll content in leaf disc assays, as well as the photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll content, linear electron flow (LEF), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), in a semi-controlled pot experiment. In the leaf disc assay, CM showed a smaller decrease in chlorophyll content compared to 9311, especially under 1.0% salinity. Simultaneously, in the pot experiment, the CM variety employed flexible photosynthetic strategies, actively decreasing LEF and Pn after 5 days of salt stress (day 5) and then increasing photosynthetic capacity (chlorophyll content, LEF, and Pn) on day 10. Notably, the total chlorophyll content for the CM variety under 1.0% salinity was significantly higher than in the control, showing a 25.0% increase. Additionally, CM demonstrated NPQt sensitivity under 0.3% salinity, requiring an LEF of 150 to achieve an NPQt value of 3.0, compared to an LEF of 180 in the control. These results suggest that a simple leaf disc assay may not fully capture the adaptive mechanisms of rice plants under salinity stress. Therefore, we advocate for the use of more comprehensive methods, such as outdoor pot or field experiments, to gain a deeper understanding and more accurate evaluation of salt tolerance in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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16 pages, 7168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Genotypes of Tomato Cultivated in Gobi Agriculture System Show a Varying Response to Deficit Drip Irrigation under Semi-Arid Conditions

by Xuemei Xiao, Xiaoqi Liu, Ning Jin, Yue Wu, Zhongqi Tang, Khuram Shehzad Khan, Jian Lyu and Jihua Yu

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092133 - 19 Sep 2024

Water-saving irrigation is of extraordinary importance for tomato production in semi-arid areas of northwest China. For this purpose, we conducted a two-season trial in a solar greenhouse of two tomato genotypes named ‘181’ and ‘Mao Fen 802’ and cultivated with substrate, under four [...] Read more.

Water-saving irrigation is of extraordinary importance for tomato production in semi-arid areas of northwest China. For this purpose, we conducted a two-season trial in a solar greenhouse of two tomato genotypes named ‘181’ and ‘Mao Fen 802’ and cultivated with substrate, under four irrigation regimes, i.e., well-watered (WW), low (LWD, 80% WW), moderate (MWD, 60% WW) and high (HWD, 40% WW) water deficit. The substrate water content of WW treatment was 75%θf to 90%θf (where θf is the field capacity). The study results showed that the single fruit weight and yield of tomato were significantly declined with an increasing water deficit degree. Compared to WW treatment, the fruit weight and yield were decreased about 34.45% and 20.35% for ‘181’ and ‘Mao Fen 802’ under HWD treatment, respectively. Conversely, water deficit treatment led to an obvious promotion of WUE and showed an upward trend as the water deficit level increased. In addition, compared to WW treatment, the water deficit significantly decreased the total flavonoids of the ‘181’ tomato by 24.4–93.1%, whereas there was no significant impact on that of ‘Mao Fen 802’. Nonetheless, different individual polyphenols were increased by suitable deficit irrigation for two tomato cultivars. Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and naringin of ‘181’tomato were increased by 128.4–195.2%, 8.6–43.7%, and 31–73-fold, respectively, under water deficit compared to WW treatment. Further, under water deficit treatment, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid of ‘Mao Fen 802’ were increased by 36.2–49.2%, 59.1–189.7%, and 36.3–106.4% compared to WW treatment. As the main carotenoid component, the lycopene content of tomato fruit exhibited a significant rise of 7.84–20.02% and 20.55–32.13% for ‘181’ and ‘Mao Fen 802’ under three degrees of water deficit compared to WW treatment. Linear regression showed a significantly positive relationship between irrigation amounts and yield, and total polyphenols, whereas there was a significantly negative relationship between irrigation amounts and WUE, and total carotenoids. Based on correlation and PCA, WW and LWD, and MWD and HWD, were gathered together for ‘181’, while LWD, MWD, and HWD, were gathered, and only WW scattered for ‘Mao Fen 802’, along the PC1 direction. It was proposed that ‘Mao Fen 802’ was more sensitive to water deficit than the ‘181’ tomato. In conclusion, water deficit is conductive to water-saving cultivation of the greenhouse tomato and the tomato genotypes, and water deficit level is a key factor necessary for consideration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

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14 pages, 1926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterial Consortia Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Carica papaya

by Yadenis Ortega Díaz, Liliana Gomez Luna, Yilan Fung Boix, Yadira Silveira Font, Jorge González Aguilera, Obert Marín-Sánchez, Abel Walter Zambrano-Cabanillas, Olegario Marín-Machuca, Sheda Méndez-Ancca and Carlos Enrique Chinchay Barragán

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2132; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092132 - 19 Sep 2024

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial consortia are an alternative to the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers that affect the environment, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and can therefore be used as plant growth promoters, synthesize various substances such as auxins, vitamins, and total proteins, and fix atmospheric biofertilizers [...] Read more.

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial consortia are an alternative to the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers that affect the environment, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and can therefore be used as plant growth promoters, synthesize various substances such as auxins, vitamins, and total proteins, and fix atmospheric biofertilizers and soil conditioners. The present study aimed to obtain and develop, by biotechnological means, two consortia of cyanobacteria isolated from the root and rhizosphere of Carica papaya grown in sandy loam soil. The culture was carried out in Blue Green Medium without modified nitrogen (BG11₀), with aeration of 0.32 L min⁻¹, at a light intensity of 48.83 μEm⁻²s⁻¹, and a temperature of 22 ± 2 °C. Two consortia consisting of Nostoc commune, Aphanothece minutissima, Planktothrix sp. (C1), Nostoc commune, Calothrix sp., and Aphanothece minutissima (C2) were isolated and morphologically identified. The effective development of these consortia was verified at the laboratory level by obtaining biomass in dry weight as well as photosynthetic pigments, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Germination parameters were determined in seeds of Cucumis sativus L. var. Market plus treated with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria consortia, obtaining a higher germination percentage (>90%), greater root length (>6 cm), and higher vigour index I (513), II (13.02) for the C2 consortium. This broadens the spectrum of rhizosphere-derived microorganisms with potential as growth biostimulators. Full article

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17 pages, 3702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experimentation of Small Potato Harvester for Heavy Soil in Hilly and Mountainous Areas

by Xiaoxuan Zhang, Jin Liu, Chenglin Zhang, Yueyun Zhao and Xinwu Du

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2131; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092131 - 19 Sep 2024

At present, the potato’s mechanized harvesting rate in hilly and mountainous areas is very low. The reasons for this are that in heavy soil, the separation of potato rhizomes from soil or vines is not sufficient, harvesting machinery is seriously damaged by the [...] Read more.

At present, the potato’s mechanized harvesting rate in hilly and mountainous areas is very low. The reasons for this are that in heavy soil, the separation of potato rhizomes from soil or vines is not sufficient, harvesting machinery is seriously damaged by the potato epidermis, and the harvested potato is easily buried in soil, resulting in a missed harvest. In this paper, a two-stage cleaning potato harvester with wave-type and roller-group-type separating mechanisms was designed, and its overall structure and working principle are introduced in detail. The new cleaning mechanism can increase the effective separating length and effective contact area of the potato–soil mixture so as to achieve the purpose of removing clay and heavy soil. The main separator uses a structure that combines offset waves with opposite waves and a staggered arrangement of large–small diameter straight bars. The secondary separator adopts a device combining left-hand and right-hand separating rollers. The discrete element model of the whole machine was established, and the results of the theoretical analysis were verified by simulation. The key factors affecting the harvest quality were analyzed by variance analysis and response surface analysis, and the field experiment was carried out with the rate of clean potatoes, damaged potatoes, and peeled potatoes harvested as the indexes. The field experiments showed that the machine achieved a rate of photos on or out of the earth of 98.87%, a damaged potato rate of 0.91%, and a peeled potato rate of 1.13%. The research results provide theoretical support and a technical reference for the design and optimization of potato harvesters, as well as the improvement of the potato–soil separating efficiency and harvest quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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18 pages, 4008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Onion (Allium cepa) Profit Maximization via Ensemble Learning-Based Framework for Efficient Nitrogen Fertilizer Use

by Youngjin Kim, Sumin Kim and Sojung Kim

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2130; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092130 - 19 Sep 2024

Onion (Allium cepa) is a major field vegetable in South Korea and has been produced for a long time along with cabbage, radish, garlic, and dried peppers. However, as field vegetables, including onions, have recently been imported at low prices, the [...] Read more.

Onion (Allium cepa) is a major field vegetable in South Korea and has been produced for a long time along with cabbage, radish, garlic, and dried peppers. However, as field vegetables, including onions, have recently been imported at low prices, the profitability of onion production in South Korea is beginning to be at risk. In order to maximize farmers’ profits through onion production, this study develops onion yield prediction models via an ensemble learning-based framework involving linear regression, polynomial regression, support vector regression, decision tree, ridge regression, and lasso regression. The use of nitrogen fertilizers is considered an independent variable in the development of the yield prediction model. This is because the use of nitrogen fertilizers accounts for the highest production cost (13.47%) after labor cost (41.21%) and seed cost (17.42%), and it also directly affects onions yields. For the model development, five research datasets on changes in onion yield according to changes in the use of existing nitrogen fertilizers were used. In addition, a non-linear optimization model was devised using onion yield prediction models for the profit maximization of onion production. As a result, the developed non-linear optimization model using polynomial regression enables an increase in profits from onion production by 67.28%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Machine Learning in Agriculture)

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14 pages, 3194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Indica Hybrid Rice Containing an OsNRAMP5 Knockout Exhibits Better Adaptability Compared to Its Paternal Parent in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River

by Yaokui Li, Li Tang, Guolong Huang, Longsheng Liu, Chunling Dong, Haiping Liu, Bigang Mao, Bingran Zhao and Yinghui Xiao

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2129; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092129 - 19 Sep 2024

OsNRAMP5 is a pivotal gene involved in the uptake and transport of cadmium and manganese in rice plants. While the knockout of OsNRAMP5 has significantly decreased cadmium accumulation in rice grains, its impact on the adaptability of indica hybrid rice and its paternal [...] Read more.

OsNRAMP5 is a pivotal gene involved in the uptake and transport of cadmium and manganese in rice plants. While the knockout of OsNRAMP5 has significantly decreased cadmium accumulation in rice grains, its impact on the adaptability of indica hybrid rice and its paternal parent still needs to be more adequately explored. This study conducted a three-year field experiment with two of the OsNRAMP5 knockout lines (indica hybrid rice LYDG-1 and its paternal parent DG-1) and their wild-type at four distinct locations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Their adaptability was evaluated by cadmium and manganese accumulation, yield traits, and grain quality. The findings reveal that OsNRAMP5 knockout lines, when grown in mildly and moderately Cd-contaminated paddies, exhibit significantly and stably lower cadmium and manganese accumulation compared with the wild-type. However, there were no significant differences in cadmium and manganese content between LYDG-1 and DG-1. Regarding yield traits, OsNRAMP5 knockout lines did not show a significant reduction compared with the wild-type, except for DG-1 in soil with lower manganese content. For grain quality, the quality of the appearance of OsNRAMP5 knockout lines significantly improved compared with the wild-type. However, the milling quality of DG-1 significantly reduced compared with the wild-type, while this negative impact for LYDG-1 was only observed in soils with lower manganese content. Overall, the indica hybrid rice with an OsNRAMP5 knockout exhibits better adaptability than its paternal parent in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential application and promotion of OsNRAMP5 mutant rice varieties in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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17 pages, 2512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatiotemporal Evolution of Extreme Climate Indices in the Songnen Plain and Its Impact on Maize Yield

by Bowen Tang, Fanxiang Meng, Fangli Dong, Hengfei Zhang and Bo Meng

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2128; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092128 - 19 Sep 2024

Global climate change is intensifying and extreme weather events are occurring frequently, with far-reaching impacts on agricultural production. The Songnen Plain, as an important maize production region in China, faces challenges posed by climate change. This study aims to explore the effects of [...] Read more.

Global climate change is intensifying and extreme weather events are occurring frequently, with far-reaching impacts on agricultural production. The Songnen Plain, as an important maize production region in China, faces challenges posed by climate change. This study aims to explore the effects of climate extremes on maize yield and provide a scientific basis for the adaptation of agriculture to climate change in this region. The study focuses on the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of climate extremes during the maize reproductive period from 1988 to 2020 in the Songnen Plain and their impacts on maize yield. Daily temperature and precipitation data from 11 meteorological stations were selected and combined with maize yield information to assess the spatial and temporal trends of extreme climate indices using statistical methods such as the moving average and Mann–Kendall (M-K) mutation test. Pearson correlation analysis and a random forest algorithm were also used to quantify the degree of influence of extreme climate on maize yield. The results showed that (1) the extreme heat and humidity indices (TN90p, TX90p, CWD, R95p, R10, and SDII) tended to increase, while the cold indices (TN10p, TX10p) and the drought indices (CDD) showed a decreasing trend, suggesting that the climate of the Songnen Plain region tends to be warmer and more humid. (2) The cold indices in the extreme temperature indices showed a spatial pattern of being higher in the north and lower in the south and lower in the west and higher in the east, while the warm indices were the opposite, and the extreme precipitation indices showed a spatial pattern of being higher in the east and lower in the west. (3). Both maize yield and trend yield showed a significant upward trend. Maize meteorological yield showed a fluctuating downward trend within the range of −1.64~0.79 t/hm². During the 33 years, there were three climatic abundance years, two climatic failure years, and the rest of the years were normal years. (4) The cold index TN10p and warm indices TN90p and CWD were significantly correlated with maize yield, in which TN90p had the highest degree of positive correlation with yield, and in the comprehensive analysis, the importance of extreme climatic events on maize yield was in the order of TN90p, TN10p, and CWD. This study demonstrates the impact of extreme climate indices on maize yield in the Songnen Plain, providing a scientific basis for local agricultural management and decision-making, helping to formulate response strategies to mitigate the negative effects of extreme climate, ensure food security, and promote sustainable agricultural development. Full article

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14 pages, 1185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

After-Ripening and Stratification Improve the Germination of the Cakile maritima Scop. (Brassicaceae) from the Apulia Region, Italy

by Giulia Conversa, Lucia Botticella and Antonio Elia

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2127; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092127 - 19 Sep 2024

Understanding seed germination is crucial for refining the propagation techniques of Cakile maritima, a wild halophyte species with significant potential for biosaline agriculture. However, research on seed germination within intact fruits of this species is limited. Four trials were conducted to study [...] Read more.

Understanding seed germination is crucial for refining the propagation techniques of Cakile maritima, a wild halophyte species with significant potential for biosaline agriculture. However, research on seed germination within intact fruits of this species is limited. Four trials were conducted to study the seed germination of a population from the Apulia region. The focus was on seeds that had undergone after-ripening for 3 years (20AR₃) or 2 years (20AR₂) (both collected in 2020), or 1 year (22AR₁) (collected in 2022), and freshly harvested seeds in 2022 (22AR₀) and 2023 (23AR₀). The seeds were either incubated as naked or moist-stratified within intact fruits. A portion of 2022 AR₀ siliques was submerged in saline water before stratification. The naked seeds collected in 2022 and 2020 (22AR₀ and 20AR₂) did not germinate, whereas a portion of the 23AR₀ (67%), 20AR₃, and 22AR₁ (45%, irrespective of after-ripening) lots quickly (T₅₀ = 3.5 days) germinated, underlining a lower dormancy level for seeds harvested or dry stored in 2023. Seed germination in the intact fruits was lower than the naked seeds, confirming the role of the pericarp in inducing seed dormancy. Stratification of the shelled seeds was much more effective in improving the germination time (140 days) and levels in the 23AR₀ (81%), 20AR₃, and 22AR₁ (66%, irrespective of after-ripening) lots than in the 22AR₀ (34%) and 20AR₂ (61%) ones, which required 240 days to germinate. The saline solution imbibition of fruit seems only to delay the occurrence of the maximum emergence. The physiological seed dormancy of this C. maritima population has been proven, which may be variable in depth according to the year of fruit collection, ranging from intermediate to non-deep. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agro-Environmental Sustainable Exploitation of Halophyte, Medicinal and Aromatic Species from Marginal Areas)

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17 pages, 5725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing In Situ Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives for Food and Agriculture in Lithuania

by Juozas Labokas, Mantas Lisajevičius, Domas Uogintas and Birutė Karpavičienė

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2126; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092126 - 18 Sep 2024

The crop and crop wild relative (CWR) checklist of Lithuania was created containing 2630 taxa. The checklist comprises 1384 native taxa including archaeophytes and 1246 neophytes. In total, 699 taxa (26.6%) are defined for food and forage use. A list of 144 CWR [...] Read more.

The crop and crop wild relative (CWR) checklist of Lithuania was created containing 2630 taxa. The checklist comprises 1384 native taxa including archaeophytes and 1246 neophytes. In total, 699 taxa (26.6%) are defined for food and forage use. A list of 144 CWR priority species with 135 native species and archaeophytes and 9 naturalized species was generated. In total, 53 genera of food and forage species belonging to 15 families are represented by the priority CWR. Two approaches for CWR genetic reserve selection have been employed in this study: (1) CWR-targeted evaluation of preselected sites, including Natura 2000 sites, national protected areas, and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), such as ancient hillfort sites and ecological protection zones of water bodies; (2) analysis of large georeferenced plant databases. Forty-five potential genetic reserve sites have been selected by the first approach covering 83 species or 57.6% of the national CWR priority list. With the second approach, the in situ CWR National Inventory database has been created by combining data from the Database of EU habitat mapping in Lithuania (BIGIS), Herbarium Database of the Nature Research Centre (BILAS), Lithuanian Vegetation Database (EU-LT-001), and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Hotspot analysis of CWR species richness and number of observations suggested that higher CWR diversity is more likely to be found in protected areas. However, Shannon diversity and Shannon equitability indices showed that the areas outside of the protected areas are also suitable for CWR genetic reserve establishment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)

12 pages, 1288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Spray Adjuvants on Droplet Deposition Characteristics in Litchi Trees under UAV Spraying Operations

by Xiaonan Wang, Yanping Liu, Shilin Wang and Siwei Wang

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092125 - 18 Sep 2024

In the last decade, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for plant protection have rapidly developed worldwide as a new method for pesticide application, especially in China and other Asian countries. To improve the deposition quality in UAV applications, adding appropriate types of spray adjuvants [...] Read more.

In the last decade, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for plant protection have rapidly developed worldwide as a new method for pesticide application, especially in China and other Asian countries. To improve the deposition quality in UAV applications, adding appropriate types of spray adjuvants into pesticide solutions is one of the most effective ways to facilitate droplet deposition and control efficacy. At present, research on spray adjuvants for UAVs are mainly based on droplet drift and laboratory tests. Few studies have been conducted on the physicochemical properties of spray adjuvants and the effects of droplet deposition characteristics. To explore the properties of four different kinds of spray adjuvants (Mai Fei, Bei Datong, G-2801, and Agrospred 910) and the deposition characteristics of spray adjuvants on litchi leaves, an automatic surface tension meter, a contact angle measuring device, an ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer, and a DJI AGRAS T30 plant protection UAV was used to measure the surface tension, contact angle, and droplet deposition characteristics on litchi under UAV spraying operations. The results showed that the addition of spray adjuvants could significantly reduce the surface tension of the solution. The surface tension value of the solution after adding the spray additives was reduced by 53.1–68.9% compared with the control solution. Among them, the Agrospred 910 spray adjuvant had the best effect on reducing the surface tension of the solution. The contact angle of the control solution on the litchi leaves varied from 80.15° to 72.76°. With the increase in time, the contact angle of the spray adjuvant solution gradually decreased, the Agrospred 910 spray adjuvant had the best effect, and the contact angle decreased from 40.44° to 20.23° after the droplets fell on the litchi leaves for 60 s. The adjuvant solutions increased the droplet size, but the uniformity of the droplet size decreased. The Dv0.5 of different spray solutions ranged from 97.3 to 117.8 μm, which belonged to the fine or very fine droplets, and the Dv0.5 of adjuvants solutions were significantly greater than that of the control solution. The RSs of adjuvant solutions were very similar and ranged from 0.92 to 0.96, all of which were significantly greater than the result of the control solution (0.57). Compared with the deposition of the control solution, the Mai Fei, Bei Datong, and G-2801 solutions clearly increased spray deposition, with total depositions of 0.776, 0.705, and 0.721 μL/cm², which are all greater than the total deposition of the control solution of 0.645 μL/cm². The addition of tank-mixed adjuvants could effectively increase the uniformity of the spray deposition, and all the average CVs of adjuvant solutions were lower than 96.86%. On the whole, Mai Fei performed best in increasing the spray deposition and promoting penetration, followed by Bei Datong and G-2801. Meanwhile, the test can also provide a reference for improving the utilization rate of UAV pesticide applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Environment and Intelligent Plant Protection Equipment—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 5319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Herbicidal Activity, and Molecular Mode of Action Evaluation of Novel Quinazolinone—Phenoxypropionate Hybrids Containing a Diester Moiety

by Shumin Wang, Na Li, Shibo Han, Shuyue Fu, Ke Chen, Wenjing Cheng and Kang Lei

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092124 - 18 Sep 2024

To develop aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides with novel structure and improved activity, a total of twenty-eight novel quinazolinone–phenoxypropionate derivatives containing a diester moiety were designed and synthesized. The herbicidal bioassay results in the greenhouse showed that QPEP-I-4 exhibited excellent herbicidal activity against E. crusgalli, [...] Read more.

To develop aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides with novel structure and improved activity, a total of twenty-eight novel quinazolinone–phenoxypropionate derivatives containing a diester moiety were designed and synthesized. The herbicidal bioassay results in the greenhouse showed that QPEP-I-4 exhibited excellent herbicidal activity against E. crusgalli, D. sanguinalis, S. alterniflora, E. indica, and P. alopecuroides with inhibition rates >80% at a dosage of 150 g ha⁻¹ and displayed higher crop safety to G. hirsutum, G. max, and A. hypogaea than the commercial herbicide quizalofop-p-ethyl. Studying the herbicidal mechanism by phenotypic observation, membrane permeability evaluation, and transcriptomic analysis revealed that a growth inhibition of plants by QPPE-I-4 was the result from damage of the plants’ biomembrane. The evaluation of ACCase activity in vivo indicated that QPPE-I-4 could inhibit ACCase and may be a new type of ACCase inhibitor. The present work indicated that QPPE-I-4 could represent a lead compound for further developing novel AOPP herbicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides Toxicology and Weeds Herbicide-Resistant Mechanism—Series II)

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15 pages, 1057 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Great Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector: A Transformation for Life and Well-Being

by Juan Manuel Vargas-Canales

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2123; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092123 - 18 Sep 2024

This analysis aims to explore the urgent need to drive a major transformation of the agri-food sector. With this, it is intended to contribute to defining strategies for the future of agri-food systems. In this sense, the dynamics and importance of the agri-food [...] Read more.

This analysis aims to explore the urgent need to drive a major transformation of the agri-food sector. With this, it is intended to contribute to defining strategies for the future of agri-food systems. In this sense, the dynamics and importance of the agri-food sector are examined. Scientific and technological developments in the sector are described below. Subsequently, the implications of the link between health and agri-food systems are discussed. Next, alternatives are proposed to recover, heal and improve agri-food systems and the planet. Finally, some strategies are formulated to begin the great transformation of the agri-food sector, a transformation for the life and well-being of all. With appropriate planning and management, the great transformation of the agri-food sector can be achieved and the demand for healthy, nutritious and safe foods can be met. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

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18 pages, 3341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unlocking Cassava Brown Streak Disease Resistance in Cassava: Insights from Genetic Variability and Combining Ability

by Karoline Leonard Sichalwe, Siraj Ismail Kayondo, Richard Edema, Mikidadi Abubakar Omari, Heneriko Kulembeka, Patrick Rubaihayo and Edward Kanju

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2122; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092122 - 18 Sep 2024

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) threatens cassava production in sub-Saharan Africa despite the availability of resistant varieties. Extreme environmental factors weaken plant defenses, reducing CBSD resistance. This study examined CBSD inheritance in cassava populations, assessed genetic variability, and identified superior sources of resistance [...] Read more.

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) threatens cassava production in sub-Saharan Africa despite the availability of resistant varieties. Extreme environmental factors weaken plant defenses, reducing CBSD resistance. This study examined CBSD inheritance in cassava populations, assessed genetic variability, and identified superior sources of resistance using F1, S1, and half-sib offspring populations derived from resistant sources. The offspring underwent field evaluation at two distinct sites from 2019 to 2021, and the symptom-free genotypes were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Resistance to CBSD was categorized as most resistant, resistant, most tolerant, or tolerant based on symptoms and virus titers. The findings indicated that the resistance to CBSD is highly influenced by genotypes, F1/S1 types, and environmental conditions. An analysis of combining abilities revealed significant general combining abilities (GCAs) for CBSD, cassava mosaic disease (CMD), and traits associated with yield. The heritability estimates for resistance to CBSD varied between 43.4% and 63.2% for foliar symptoms and 14.6% and 57.9% for root necrosis across locations. The inheritance pattern involved a combination of additive and recessive genes with selfed (S1) populations displaying stronger and more effective resistance to the disease. The cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) was highly prevalent, and the Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) was not prevalent. Four genotypes were highly resistant to CBSD and could be key sources of resistance to this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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20 pages, 3134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithm for Locating Apical Meristematic Tissue of Weeds Based on YOLO Instance Segmentation

by Daode Zhang, Rui Lu, Zhe Guo, Zhiyong Yang, Siqi Wang and Xinyu Hu

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2121; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092121 - 18 Sep 2024

Laser technology can be used to control weeds by irradiating the apical meristematic tissue (AMT) of weeds when they are still seedlings. Two factors are necessary for the successful large-scale implementation of this technique: the ability to accurately identify the apical meristematic tissue [...] Read more.

Laser technology can be used to control weeds by irradiating the apical meristematic tissue (AMT) of weeds when they are still seedlings. Two factors are necessary for the successful large-scale implementation of this technique: the ability to accurately identify the apical meristematic tissue and the effectiveness of the localization algorithm used in the process. Based on this, this study proposes a lightweight weed AMT localization algorithm based on YOLO (look only once) instance segmentation. The YOLOv8n-seg network undergoes a lightweight design enhancement by integrating the FasterNet lightweight network as its backbone, resulting in the F-YOLOv8n-seg model. This modification effectively reduces the number of parameters and computational demands during the convolution process, thereby achieving a more efficient model. Subsequently, F-YOLOv8n-seg is combined with the connected domain analysis algorithm (CDA), yielding the F-YOLOv8n-seg-CDA model. This integration enables the precise localization of the AMT of weeds by calculating the center-of-mass coordinates of the connected domains. The experimental results indicate that the optimized model significantly outperforms the original model; the optimized model reduces floating-point computations by 26.7% and the model size by 38.2%. In particular, the floating-point calculation is decreased to 8.9 GFLOPs, and the model size is lowered to 4.2 MB. Comparing this improved model against YOLOv5s-seg and YOLOv10n-seg, it is lighter. Furthermore, it exhibits exceptional segmentation accuracy, with a 97.2% accuracy rate. Experimental tests conducted on five different weed species demonstrated that F-YOLOv8n-seg-CDA exhibits strong generalization capabilities. The combined accuracy of the algorithm for detecting these weeds was 81%. Notably, dicotyledonous weeds were detected with up to 94%. Additionally, the algorithm achieved an average inference speed of 82.9 frames per second. These results indicate that the algorithm is suitable for the real-time detection of apical meristematic tissues across multiple weed species. Furthermore, the experimental results demonstrated the impact of distinctive variations in weed morphology on identifying the location of the AMT of weeds. It was discovered that dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous weeds differed significantly in terms of the detection effect, with dicotyledonous weeds having significantly higher detection accuracy than monocotyledonous weeds. This discovery can offer novel insights and avenues for future investigation into the identification and location of the AMT of weeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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16 pages, 782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Sowing Date on the Primary Yield Components of Maize

by Zsuzsa Domokos, Alina Șimon, Felicia Chețan, Ovidiu Adrian Ceclan, Emanuela Filip, Roxana Elena Călugăr, Sorin Daniel Vâtcă and Marcel Matei Duda

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2120; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092120 - 18 Sep 2024

The sowing date of maize significantly impacts its main yield elements. The experiment, conducted at the Research and Development Station for Cattle Breeding (R.D.S.C.B.) Târgu Mureș, Sângeorgiu de Mureș, România, from 2018 to 2021, involved nine maize hybrids from different maturity groups, sown [...] Read more.

The sowing date of maize significantly impacts its main yield elements. The experiment, conducted at the Research and Development Station for Cattle Breeding (R.D.S.C.B.) Târgu Mureș, Sângeorgiu de Mureș, România, from 2018 to 2021, involved nine maize hybrids from different maturity groups, sown on three dates: early sowing (ES) at 6 °C soil temperature, optimal sowing (OS) at 10 °C soil temperature, and late sowing (LS) two weeks after the optimal date. The experiment was placed in a poly-factorial experience of type: A × B × C × C − R: 3 × 9 × 4 − 3, organized according to the subdivided plots method. The study examined the influence of sowing date on grain yield (GY), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), test weight (TW), percentage of grains per cob (% G/C), and grain humidity at harvest (GHH). The results indicated that yield was not negatively impacted by early or late sowing compared to the optimal date, with differences of 52 kg ha⁻¹ between ES and OS, 147 kg ha⁻¹ between ES and LS, and 95 kg ha⁻¹ between OS and LS. ES increased TW (723.4 kg hl⁻¹) and % G/C (86.7%), but reduced GY (13,377 kg ha⁻¹), TKW (335.3 g), and GHH (19.5%). Conversely, LS positively influenced GY (13,524 kg ha⁻¹), TKW (356.7 g), and GHH (23.9%), but negatively affected TW (692.8 kg hl⁻¹) and % G/C (84.9%). Yield data obtained by P9900 and Kapitolis hybrids suggest that they are suitable for early sowing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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21 pages, 5423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coexistence between Xylella fastidiosa Subsp. pauca and Susceptible Olive Plants in the Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy)

by Giovanni Luigi Bruno

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2119; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092119 - 17 Sep 2024

Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) associated with Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca is one of the most destructive diseases of olive trees in the Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy), particularly on the cultivars Cellina di Nardò and Ogliarola Salentina. This study proposes the NuovOlivo protocol [...] Read more.

Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) associated with Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca is one of the most destructive diseases of olive trees in the Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy), particularly on the cultivars Cellina di Nardò and Ogliarola Salentina. This study proposes the NuovOlivo protocol as a management strategy to permit coexistence between X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca and olive drupes and extra-virgin oil production. Thirty-two private olive orchards affected by OQDS and cultivated following the standard agronomic techniques in use in the area were surveyed during the 2019–2023 olive-growing seasons. Tested cultivars included Cellina di Nardò, Ogliarola Salentina, Coratina, Ascolana Tenera, Nociara, Leccino, and Bella di Cerignola. At the beginning of the protocol application, the susceptible plants showed OQDS symptom severity of 40–80% and did not produce olives or oil, while the resistant(?)/tolerant cultivars exhibited a 2–8% leaf scorch and a drupe production less than 1–2 kg/plant. After the removal of dry branches in January–February, plants were sprayed two times per year (preferably in March and October) with NuovOlivo^®, a mixture of aqueous botanical extracts esterified in the presence of sodium hydroxide with vegetable oils and activated at the time of use with sodium bicarbonate. In all the orchards, a slow-release fertilizer was distributed, and weeds were controlled by mowing or chopping. Upon eventual appearance, the dry twigs were removed. Treated olive trees produced new vegetation, rebuilt their foliage, reduced OQDS symptoms, and turned out cluster inflorescence and drupes. The drupes yield was 6.67–51.36 kg per plant, with an average of 13.19% in extra-virgin olive oil (free acidity 0.01–0.2%). Plants used as controls showed OQDS symptoms and were unproductive, and newly formed shoots were desiccated. The proposed protocol promotes, supports, and restores new vegetation, flowers, fruits, and oil production of the treated olive plants affected by OQDS without losing susceptible olive plants. The Apulian landscape and economy, based on olive presence and production, could be also safeguarded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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12 pages, 3003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Evaluation of Urea Fertilizers Enhanced by Biological Inhibitors or Dual Coating

by Ben E. Brace and Maxim J. Schlossberg

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2118; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092118 - 17 Sep 2024

Relative to soluble N sources, enhanced-efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) support steady turfgrass growth and dense canopy quality while abating N loss as nitrate, ammonia, and/or N₂O from turfgrass systems. Modern EEFs provide turfgrass managers greater operational effect and versatility in their nutrient [...] Read more.

Relative to soluble N sources, enhanced-efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) support steady turfgrass growth and dense canopy quality while abating N loss as nitrate, ammonia, and/or N₂O from turfgrass systems. Modern EEFs provide turfgrass managers greater operational effect and versatility in their nutrient management efforts and compel field characterization of their temporal response. Likewise, field confirmation of commercial EEF nutrient recovery helps stakeholders select the appropriate EEF for their specific application. Our research objective was to quantify the temporal response of Kentucky bluegrass growth/yield, canopy density and color, and fertilizer N recovery to a practical application of conventional urea or an enhanced-efficiency granular fertilizer. In May 2014 and June 2018, Kentucky bluegrass plots were fertilized by granules of conventional urea, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)-, and dicyandiamide (DCD)-stabilized urea, or polymer-/sulfur-coated urea (PSCU) at a N rate of 43.9 kg ha⁻¹ (0.9 lbs/1000 sq. ft.). The dependent variable response over the two growing seasons was highly affected by efficiency enhancement. Following the repeated 16.5-week evaluations, the mean percent of fertilizer N recovered from conventional urea, stabilized urea, and PSCU totaled 57.5, 68.4, and 89.1%, respectively. In the 23 to 51 days from treatment (DFT), recovery of PSCU-N significantly exceeded that from conventional or stabilized urea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Application Effects and Mechanisms of Fertilizer Products)

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