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Multiple Alternatives of Offset Boosting in a Symmetric Hyperchaotic Map
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Jacobi and Lyapunov Stability Analysis of Circular Geodesics around a Spherically Symmetric Dilaton Black Hole
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Classification of Blood Rheological Models through an Idealized Symmetrical Bifurcation
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Metamaterial with Tunable Positive and Negative Hygrothermal Expansion Inspired by a Four-Fold Symmetrical Islamic Motif
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Potentials from the Polynomial Solutions of the Confluent Heun Equation
Journal Description
Symmetry
Symmetry
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal covering research on symmetry/asymmetry phenomena wherever they occur in all aspects of natural sciences. Symmetry is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Multidisciplinary Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Mathematics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2022).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Sections: published in 6 topical sections.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Symmetry.
Impact Factor:
2.940 (2021);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.834 (2021)
Latest Articles
Existence Results for Wardoski-Type Convex Contractions and the Theory of Iterated Function Systems
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061162 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2023
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to define the notion of extended convex F contraction by imposing less conditions on the function F satisfying certain contractive conditions. We prove the existence of fixed points for these types of mappings in the setting of
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The purpose of this paper is to define the notion of extended convex F contraction by imposing less conditions on the function F satisfying certain contractive conditions. We prove the existence of fixed points for these types of mappings in the setting of b-metric spaces. In addition, some illustrative examples are provided to show the usability of the obtained results. Lastly, we use the obtained fixed-point results to find the fractals with respect to the iterated function systems in the framework of b-metric spaces. Furthermore, the variables involved in the b-metric space are symmetric, and symmetry plays an important role in solving the nonlinear problems defined in operator theory.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Application in Fixed Point Theory)
Open AccessArticle
Machine Learning-Based Imputation Approach with Dynamic Feature Extraction for Wireless RAN Performance Data Preprocessing
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061161 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2023
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) in wireless mobile communication is becoming more and more customary, with application trends leaning toward performance improvement and network automation. The radio access network (RAN), critical for service access, frequently generates performance data that mobile network operators (MNOs) and researchers
[...] Read more.
Machine learning (ML) in wireless mobile communication is becoming more and more customary, with application trends leaning toward performance improvement and network automation. The radio access network (RAN), critical for service access, frequently generates performance data that mobile network operators (MNOs) and researchers leverage for planning, self-optimization, and intelligent network operations. However, missing values in the RAN performance data, as in any valuable data, impact analysis. Poor handling of such missing data in the RAN can distort the relationships between different metrics, leading to inaccurate and unreliable conclusions and predictions. Therefore, there is a need for imputation methods that preserve the overall structure of the RAN data to an optimal level. In this study, we present an imputation approach for handling RAN performance missing data based on machine learning algorithms. The method customizes the feature-extraction mechanism by using dynamic correlation analysis. We apply the method to actual RAN performance indicator data to evaluate its performance. We finally compare and evaluate the proposed approach with statistical imputation techniques such as the mean, median, and mode. The results show that machine learning-based imputation, as approached in this experimental study, preserves some relationships between KPIs compared to non-ML techniques. Random Forest regressor gave the best performance in imputing the data.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Exploring the Symmetry of Curvilinear Regression Models for Enhancing the Analysis of Fibrates Drug Activity through Molecular Descriptors
by
and
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061160 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2023
Abstract
Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) modeling is crucial in cheminformatics and computational drug discovery for predicting the activity of compounds. Topological indices are a popular molecular descriptor in QSPR modeling due to their ability to concisely capture the structural and electronic properties of molecules.
[...] Read more.
Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) modeling is crucial in cheminformatics and computational drug discovery for predicting the activity of compounds. Topological indices are a popular molecular descriptor in QSPR modeling due to their ability to concisely capture the structural and electronic properties of molecules. Here, we investigate the use of curvilinear regression models to analyze fibrates drug activity through topological indices, which modulate lipid metabolism and improve the lipid profile. Our QSPR approach predicts the physicochemical properties of fibrates based on degrees and distances from topological indices. Our results demonstrate that topological indices can enhance the accuracy of predicting physicochemical properties and biological activities of molecules, including drugs. We also conducted density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the investigated derivatives to gain insights into their optimized geometries and electronic properties, including symmetry. The use of topological indices in QSPR modeling, which considers the symmetry of molecules, shows significant potential in improving our understanding of the structural and electronic properties of compounds.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combinatorics, Discrete Mathematics, Symmetry and Regularity in Graphs, Graph Indices, Graph Parameters and Applications of Graph Theory)
Open AccessArticle
Classical Solutions for the Generalized Kawahara–KdV System
by
, , , , , , and
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061159 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2023
Abstract
In this article, we investigate the generalized Kawahara–KdV system. A new topological approach is applied to prove the existence of at least one classical solution and at least two non-negative classical solutions. The arguments are based upon recent theoretical results.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Symmetry Methods for Dynamics, Control, Optimization and Applications in 2023)
Open AccessArticle
Variable Step Size Methods of the Hybrid Affine Projection Adaptive Filtering Algorithm under Symmetrical Non-Gaussian Noise
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061158 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2023
Abstract
The idea of variable step-size was introduced into the Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (H-APA) and we propose two variable step size algorithms based on H-APA, which are called the Variable Step-Size Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (VSS-H-APA) and the Modified Variable Step-Size Hybrid Affine
[...] Read more.
The idea of variable step-size was introduced into the Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (H-APA) and we propose two variable step size algorithms based on H-APA, which are called the Variable Step-Size Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (VSS-H-APA) and the Modified Variable Step-Size Hybrid Affine Projection Algorithm (MVSS-H-APA). These are two variable-step algorithms aim to further improve the robust performance and convergence speed of H-APA under non-Gaussian noise. This allows for faster convergence while maintaining stability. The MVSS-H-APA goes further than VSS-H-APA to estimate the noise in order to achieve better convergence performance. The proposed algorithm performs better than the existing algorithms in system identification under symmetric non-Gaussian noise.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering III)
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Open AccessArticle
Calibration Estimation of Cumulative Distribution Function Using Robust Measures
by
, , , , , and
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061157 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2023
Abstract
Outliers are observations that are significantly different from the other observations in a dataset. These types of observations are asymmetric in nature due to a lack of symmetry. The estimation of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) is an important statistical measure commonly discussed
[...] Read more.
Outliers are observations that are significantly different from the other observations in a dataset. These types of observations are asymmetric in nature due to a lack of symmetry. The estimation of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) is an important statistical measure commonly discussed for symmetric datasets. However, the estimation of the CDF in the case of the asymmetric nature of the dataset is not a much-explored topic. In this article, we use calibration methodology with auxiliary information for modifying the traditional stratification weight, and hence, we obtain efficient estimates of the CDF using robust measures, i.e., mid-range and tri-mean, under the different distance functions. A simulation study is carried out to see the performance of proposed and existing estimators using asymmetric real-life datasets.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics and Symmetry/Asymmetry)
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Open AccessArticle
Estimation of Ricci Curvature for Hemi-Slant Warped Product Submanifolds of Generalized Complex Space Forms and Their Applications
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061156 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2023
Abstract
In this paper, we estimate Ricci curvature inequalities for a hemi-slant warped product submanifold immersed isometrically in a generalized complex space form with a nearly Kaehler structure, and the equality cases are also discussed. Moreover, we also gave the equivalent version of these
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In this paper, we estimate Ricci curvature inequalities for a hemi-slant warped product submanifold immersed isometrically in a generalized complex space form with a nearly Kaehler structure, and the equality cases are also discussed. Moreover, we also gave the equivalent version of these inequalities. In a later study, we will exhibit the application of differential equations to the acquired results. In fact, we prove that the base manifold is isometric to Euclidean space under a specific condition.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Its Application in Differential Geometry and Topology II)
Open AccessArticle
An Asymmetric Collision-Free Optimal Trajectory Planning Method for Three DOF Industrial Robotic Arms
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061155 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2023
Abstract
To improve the speed and dynamic adaptability of robotic arm trajectory planning, a collision-free optimal trajectory planning method combining non-uniform adaptive time meshing and bounding box collision detection was proposed. First, the dynamics and objective function of the asymmetric industrial robotic arm with
[...] Read more.
To improve the speed and dynamic adaptability of robotic arm trajectory planning, a collision-free optimal trajectory planning method combining non-uniform adaptive time meshing and bounding box collision detection was proposed. First, the dynamics and objective function of the asymmetric industrial robotic arm with three degrees of freedom (DOF) was formulated in the form of the dynamic optimization problem. Second, the control vector parameterization (CVP) was improved to enhance the computational performance of the problem. The discrete grid was adaptively adjusted according the trend of control variables. Then, a quick and effective collision detection strategy was used to avoid obstacles and to speed up calculation efficiency. The non-collision constraint is built by transforming the collision detection into the distance between two points, and then is combined into the dynamic optimization problem. The solution of the new optimization problem with the improved CVP leads to the higher calculation performance and the avoidance of obstacles. Lastly, the Siemens Manutec R3 robotic arm is taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of the planning method. The approach not only reduces computation time but also maintains accurate calculations, so that optimal trajectory can be selected from symmetric paths near the obstacles. When weights were set as λ1 = λ2 = 0.5, the solution efficiency was improved by 33%, and the minimum distance between the robotic arm and obstacle could be 0.08 m, which ensured that there was no collision.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Engineering Science and Symmetry/Asymmetry)
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Open AccessReview
Symmetries and Asymmetries in Branching Processes
by
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061154 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2023
Abstract
As is known in stochastic particle theory, the same random process can be described by two different master equations for the evolution of the probability density, namely, by a forward or a backward master equation. These are the generalised analogues of the direct
[...] Read more.
As is known in stochastic particle theory, the same random process can be described by two different master equations for the evolution of the probability density, namely, by a forward or a backward master equation. These are the generalised analogues of the direct and adjoint equations of traditional transport theory. At the level of the first moment, these two equations show considerable resemblance to each other, but they become increasingly different with increasing moment order. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate this increasing asymmetry and to discuss the underlying reasons. It is argued that since the reason of the different forms of the forward and the backward equations lies in the lack of invariance of the process to time reversal, the reason for the increasing asymmetry between the two forms for higher-order moments or processes with several variables (particle types) can be related to the increasing level of the violation of the invariance to time reversal, as is illustrated with some examples.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Statistical Mechanics and Complex Dynamical Systems)
Open AccessArticle
The Solitary Solutions for the Stochastic Jimbo–Miwa Equation Perturbed by White Noise
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061153 - 26 May 2023
Abstract
We study the (3+1)-dimensional stochastic Jimbo–Miwa (SJM) equation induced by multiplicative white noise in the Itô sense. We employ the Riccati equation mapping and He’s semi-inverse techniques to provide trigonometric, hyperbolic, and rational function solutions of SJME. Due to the applications of the
[...] Read more.
We study the (3+1)-dimensional stochastic Jimbo–Miwa (SJM) equation induced by multiplicative white noise in the Itô sense. We employ the Riccati equation mapping and He’s semi-inverse techniques to provide trigonometric, hyperbolic, and rational function solutions of SJME. Due to the applications of the Jimbo–Miwa equation in ocean studies and other disciplines, the acquired solutions may explain numerous fascinating physical phenomena. Using a variety of 2D and 3D diagrams, we illustrate how white noise influences the analytical solutions of SJM equation. We deduce that the noise destroys the symmetry of the solutions of SJM equation and stabilizes them at zero.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Partial Differential Equations and Their Applications in Nonlinear Optics)
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Open AccessArticle
Performance Analysis of Coherent Source SAC OCDMA in Free Space Optical Communication Systems
by
, , , , , and
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061152 - 26 May 2023
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the performance of spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC OCDMA) systems under the effect of beat noise and turbulence. Three different multi-laser source configurations are considered in this analysis: shared multi-laser, separate multi-laser, and carefully
[...] Read more.
In this paper, we investigate the performance of spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC OCDMA) systems under the effect of beat noise and turbulence. Three different multi-laser source configurations are considered in this analysis: shared multi-laser, separate multi-laser, and carefully controlled center frequency separate multi-laser. We demonstrate through Monte Carlo simulation that the gamma–gamma probability density function (pdf) cannot adequately approximate the measured intensity of overlapping lasers and that an empirical pdf is required. Results also show it is possible to achieve error-free transmission at a symmetrical data rate of 10 Gbps for all active users when only beat noise is taken into account by precisely controlling the center frequencies. However, only 30% of the active users can be supported when both beat noise and turbulence are considered.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asymmetric and Symmetric Study in Optics, Photonics and Optoelectronics)
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Open AccessArticle
A Symmetry Chaotic Model with Fractional Derivative Order via Two Different Methods
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061151 - 25 May 2023
Abstract
In this article, we have investigated solutions to a symmetry chaotic system with fractional derivative order using two different methods—the numerical scheme for the ABC fractional derivative, and the Laplace decomposition method, with help from the MATLAB and Mathematica platforms. We have explored
[...] Read more.
In this article, we have investigated solutions to a symmetry chaotic system with fractional derivative order using two different methods—the numerical scheme for the ABC fractional derivative, and the Laplace decomposition method, with help from the MATLAB and Mathematica platforms. We have explored progressive and efficient solutions to the chaotic model through the successful implementation of two mathematical methods. For the phase portrait of the model, the profiles of chaos are plotted by assigning values to the attached parameters. Hence, the offered techniques are relevant for advanced studies on other models. We believe that the unique techniques that have been proposed in this study will be applied in the future to build and simulate a wide range of fractional models, which can be used to address more challenging physics and engineering problems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Computational and Mathematical Methods of Fractional Calculus)
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Open AccessArticle
Quark Matter at High Baryon Density, Conformality and Quarkyonic Matter
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061150 - 25 May 2023
Abstract
This paper discusses high-baryon-density quarkyonic matter in the context of recent observations concerning neutron stars and the qualitative reasons why quarkyonic matter explains certain features of the equation of state that arises from these observations. The paper then provides a qualitative discussion of
[...] Read more.
This paper discusses high-baryon-density quarkyonic matter in the context of recent observations concerning neutron stars and the qualitative reasons why quarkyonic matter explains certain features of the equation of state that arises from these observations. The paper then provides a qualitative discussion of the quarkyonic hypotheses, and the essential features of quarkyonic matter that explain the outstanding features of the equation of state.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy-Ion Collisions and Multiparticle Production)
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Open AccessArticle
Phenotypic Selection on Flower Traits in Food-Deceptive Plant Iris pumila L.: The Role of Pollinators
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061149 - 25 May 2023
Abstract
To gain insight into the evolution of flower traits in the generalized food-deceptive plant Iris pumila, we assessed the color, size, shape, and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of three functionally distinct floral organs—outer perianths (‘falls’), inner perianths (‘standards’), and style branches—and estimated pollinator-mediated
[...] Read more.
To gain insight into the evolution of flower traits in the generalized food-deceptive plant Iris pumila, we assessed the color, size, shape, and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of three functionally distinct floral organs—outer perianths (‘falls’), inner perianths (‘standards’), and style branches—and estimated pollinator-mediated selection on these traits. We evaluated the perianth color as the achromatic brightness of the fall, measured the flower stem height, and analyzed the floral organ size, shape, and FA using geometric morphometrics. Pollinated flowers had significantly higher brightness, longer flower stems, and larger floral organs compared to non-pollinated flowers. The shape and FA of the floral organs did not differ, except for the fall FA, where higher values were found for falls of pollinated flowers. Pollinator-mediated selection was confirmed for flower stem height and for subtle changes in the shape of the fall and style branch—organs that form the pollination tunnel. This study provides evidence that, although all analyzed flower traits play significant roles in pollinator attraction, flower stem height and pollination tunnel shape evolved under the pollinator-mediated selection, whereas achromatic brightness, size, and symmetry of floral organs did not directly affect pollination success.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluctuating Asymmetry in Evolutionary Biology)
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Magnetohydrodynamic and Thermal Performance of Electrically Conducting Fluid along the Symmetrical and Vertical Magnetic Plate with Thermal Slip and Velocity Slip Effects
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061148 - 25 May 2023
Abstract
Numerical and physical simulations of the magnetohydrodynamic mixed convective flow of electrically conducting fluid along avertical magnetized and symmetrically heated plate with slip velocity and thermal slip effects have been performed. The novelty of the present work is to evaluate heat transfer and
[...] Read more.
Numerical and physical simulations of the magnetohydrodynamic mixed convective flow of electrically conducting fluid along avertical magnetized and symmetrically heated plate with slip velocity and thermal slip effects have been performed. The novelty of the present work is to evaluate heat transfer and magnetic flux along the symmetrically magnetized plate with thermal and velocity slip effects. For a smooth algorithm and integration, the linked partial differential equations of the existing fluid flow system are converted into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations with specified streaming features and similarity components. By employing the Keller Box strategy, the modified ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are again translated in a suitable format for numerical results. The MATLAB software is used to compute the numerical results, which are then displayed in graphical and tabular form. The influence of several governing parameters on velocity, temperature distribution and magnetic fields in addition to the friction quantity, magnetic flux and heat transfer quantity has been explored. Computational evaluation is performed along the symmetrically heated plate to evaluate the velocity, magnetic field, and temperature together with their gradients. The selection of the magnetic force element, the buoyancy factor , and the Prandtl parameter range were used to set the impacts of magnetic energy and diffusion, respectively. In the domains of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), artificial heart wolves, interior heart cavities, and nanoburning systems, the present thermodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic issuesare significant.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetohydrodynamics and Symmetry: Theory, Methods, and Applications)
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Open AccessReview
Security Concepts in Emerging 6G Communication: Threats, Countermeasures, Authentication Techniques and Research Directions
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061147 - 25 May 2023
Abstract
Challenges faced in network security have significantly steered the deployment timeline of Fifth Generation (5G) communication at a global level; therefore, research in Sixth Generation (6G) security analysis is profoundly necessitated. The prerogative of this paper is to present a survey on the
[...] Read more.
Challenges faced in network security have significantly steered the deployment timeline of Fifth Generation (5G) communication at a global level; therefore, research in Sixth Generation (6G) security analysis is profoundly necessitated. The prerogative of this paper is to present a survey on the emerging 6G cellular communication paradigm to highlight symmetry with legacy security concepts along with asymmetric innovative aspects such Artificial Intelligence (AI), Quantum Computing, Federated Learning, etc. We present a taxonomy of the threat model in 6G communication in five security legacy concepts, including Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Authentication and Access control (CIA3). We also suggest categorization of threat-countering techniques specific to 6G communication into three types: cryptographic methods, entity attributes and Intrusion Detection System (IDS). Thus, with this premise, we distributed the authentication techniques in eight types, including handover authentication, mutual authentication, physical layer authentication, deniable authentication, token-based authentication, certificate-based authentication, key agreement-based authentication and multi-factor authentication. We specifically suggested a series of future research directions at the conclusive edge of this survey.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Study of Network Security and Symmetry)
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Open AccessArticle
Explicit K-Symplectic and Symplectic-like Methods for Charged Particle System in General Magnetic Field
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061146 - 25 May 2023
Abstract
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We propose explicit K-symplectic and explicit symplectic-like methods for the charged particle system in a general strong magnetic field. The K-symplectic methods are also symmetric. The charged particle system can be expressed both in a canonical and a non-canonical Hamiltonian system. If the
[...] Read more.
We propose explicit K-symplectic and explicit symplectic-like methods for the charged particle system in a general strong magnetic field. The K-symplectic methods are also symmetric. The charged particle system can be expressed both in a canonical and a non-canonical Hamiltonian system. If the three components of the magnetic field can be integrated in closed forms, we construct explicit K-symplectic methods for the non-canonical charged particle system; otherwise, explicit symplectic-like methods can be constructed for the canonical charged particle system. The symplectic-like methods are constructed by extending the original phase space and obtaining the augmented separable Hamiltonian, and then by using the splitting method and the midpoint permutation. The numerical experiments have shown that compared with the higher order implicit Runge-Kutta method, the explicit K-symplectic and explicit symplectic-like methods have obvious advantages in long-term energy conservation and higher computational efficiency. It is also shown that the influence of the parameter in the general strong magnetic field on the Runge-Kutta method is bigger than the two kinds of symplectic methods.
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Open AccessArticle
Cubic Chemical Autocatalysis and Oblique Magneto Dipole Effectiveness on Cross Nanofluid Flow via a Symmetric Stretchable Wedge
by
, , , , and
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061145 - 24 May 2023
Abstract
Exploration related to chemical processes in nanomaterial flows contains astonishing features. Nanoparticles have unique physical and chemical properties, so they are continuously used in almost every field of nanotechnology and nanoscience. The motive behind this article is to investigate the Cross nanofluid model
[...] Read more.
Exploration related to chemical processes in nanomaterial flows contains astonishing features. Nanoparticles have unique physical and chemical properties, so they are continuously used in almost every field of nanotechnology and nanoscience. The motive behind this article is to investigate the Cross nanofluid model along with its chemical processes via auto catalysts, inclined magnetic field phenomena, heat generation, Brownian movement, and thermophoresis phenomena over a symmetric shrinking (stretching) wedge. The transport of heat via nonuniform heat sources/sinks, the impact of thermophoretic diffusion, and Brownian motion are considered. The Buongiorno nanofluid model is used to investigate the impact of nanofluids on fluid flow. Modeled PDEs are transformed into ODEs by utilizing similarity variables and handling dimensionless ODEs numerically with the adoption of MATLAB’s developed bvp4c technique. This software performs a finite difference method that uses the collocation method with a three-stage LobattoIIIA strategy. Obtained outcomes are strictly for the case of a symmetric wedge. The velocity field lessens due to amplification in the magneto field variable. Fluid temperature is amplified through the enhancement of Brownian diffusion and the concentration field improves under magnification in a homogeneous reaction effect.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer with Symmetry)
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New Numerical Results on Existence of Volterra–Fredholm Integral Equation of Nonlinear Boundary Integro-Differential Type
by
, , , , and
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061144 - 24 May 2023
Abstract
Symmetry is presented in many works involving differential and integral equations. Whenever a human is involved in the design of an integral equation, they naturally tend to opt for symmetric features. The most common examples are the Green functions and linguistic kernels that
[...] Read more.
Symmetry is presented in many works involving differential and integral equations. Whenever a human is involved in the design of an integral equation, they naturally tend to opt for symmetric features. The most common examples are the Green functions and linguistic kernels that are often designed symmetrically and regularly distributed over the universe of discourse. In the current study, the authors report a study on boundary value problem (BVP) for a nonlinear integro Volterra–Fredholm integral equation with variable coefficients and show the existence of solution by applying some fixed-point theorems. The authors employ various numerical common approaches as the homotopy analysis methodology established by Liao and the modified Adomain decomposition technique to produce a numerical approximate solution, then graphical depiction reveals that both methods are most effective and convenient. In this regard, the authors address the requirements that ensure the existence and uniqueness of the solution for various variations of nonlinearity power. The authors also show numerical examples of how to apply our primary theorems and test the convergence and validity of our suggested approach.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asymmetric and Symmetric Study on Number Theory and Cryptography)
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General Time-Symmetric Mean-Field Forward-Backward Doubly Stochastic Differential Equations
Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061143 - 24 May 2023
Abstract
In this paper, a general class of time-symmetric mean-field stochastic systems, namely the so-called mean-field forward-backward doubly stochastic differential equations (mean-field FBDSDEs, in short) are studied, where coefficients depend not only on the solution processes but also on their law. We first verify
[...] Read more.
In this paper, a general class of time-symmetric mean-field stochastic systems, namely the so-called mean-field forward-backward doubly stochastic differential equations (mean-field FBDSDEs, in short) are studied, where coefficients depend not only on the solution processes but also on their law. We first verify the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the forward equation of general mean-field FBDSDEs under Lipschitz conditions, and we obtain the associated comparison theorem; similarly, we also verify those results about the backward equation. As the above two comparison theorems’ application, we prove the existence of the maximal solution for general mean-field FBDSDEs under some much weaker monotone continuity conditions. Furthermore, under appropriate assumptions we prove the uniqueness of the solution for the equations. Finally, we also obtain a comparison theorem for coupled general mean-field FBDSDEs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stochastic Differential Equations: Theory, Methods, and Applications)
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Symmetry
Cosmoparticle Physics - dedicated to A.D.Sakharov's 100 Anniversary
Guest Editor: Maxim Y. KhlopovDeadline: 30 June 2023
Special Issue in
Symmetry
Physics and Symmetries of Commutative and Noncommutative Quantum Field Theory
Guest Editor: Tajron JurićDeadline: 14 July 2023
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Symmetry
Symmetry in Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations and Applications
Collection Editor: Calogero Vetro