European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education

16 pages, 303 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Preliminary Validation of the Parental Education in Physiotherapy Scale for Use in Spain: A Pilot Study

by Manuel Pacheco-Molero, Irene León-Estrada, Catalina Morales-Murillo and Mónica Gutiérrez-Ortega

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2026, 16(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16010005 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Given the scarcity of specific instruments to assess parental education in pediatric physiotherapy, this study developed the Parental Education in Physiotherapy Scale (Spanish acronym, EPF) and calculated its preliminary psychometric properties, acceptability, and feasibility. A cross-sectional instrumental study was conducted: the EPF was [...] Read more.

Given the scarcity of specific instruments to assess parental education in pediatric physiotherapy, this study developed the Parental Education in Physiotherapy Scale (Spanish acronym, EPF) and calculated its preliminary psychometric properties, acceptability, and feasibility. A cross-sectional instrumental study was conducted: the EPF was designed based on a specifications matrix and validated by expert judges in two phases. Then it was administered digitally to 63 physiotherapists experienced in treating children under six years of age. They rated it on a 4-point Likert response scale, and qualitative observations on its clarity, usefulness, and acceptability were collected. The validation showed adequate content validity (I-CVI ≥ 0.86; 31/32 items had I-CVI = 1.00) and high inter-judge agreement (global W = 0.659; p < 0.001). In the pilot study, exploratory factor analysis identified three factors (Collaboration, Capacity-Building, and Reflection) that explained 59% of the variance. After refining it, the final version comprised 18 items, showing high internal consistency (ordinal α = 0.944, ω = 0.934). Acceptability was high (100% found it useful; 98.4% said it facilitated reflection; 95.2% found it clear). Overall, the EPF provides preliminary evidence of validity, internal consistency, acceptability, and feasibility, although larger samples and additional analyses are required for its consolidation. Full article

24 pages, 408 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interpersonal Determinants of Suicide Risk Among Young Adults: A Cross-Cultural Study

by Noelia Lucía Martínez-Rives, Pilar Martín Chaparro and Yasuhiro Kotera

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2026, 16(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16010004 - 24 Dec 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Understanding suicide risk across cultures requires examining both universal and culturally specific factors that inform assessment and intervention. This study explores the influence of interpersonal variables—such as interpersonal competence, perceived social support, and constructs from the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS)—on [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Understanding suicide risk across cultures requires examining both universal and culturally specific factors that inform assessment and intervention. This study explores the influence of interpersonal variables—such as interpersonal competence, perceived social support, and constructs from the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS)—on suicidal behaviour in two culturally distinct samples: young adults from Spain and Japan. (2) Methods: A total of [437] participants (Spanish sample: n = 260; Japanese sample: n = 177) completed validated measures assessing suicide risk, depression, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, acquired capability for suicide, interpersonal competence, and perceived social support. Moderated mediation and SEM comparative analyses were conducted to identify predictors of suicide risk in each cultural context. (3) Results: Social support was a consistent protective factor against depression and suicidal ideation, and interpersonal competence showed more contextual protective effects, significant only in the Japanese sample. Perceived burdensomeness stood out as a robust predictor of depression and suicidal ideation in both samples, and suicidal ideation was strongly associated with suicidal behaviour, while acquired capability for suicide and interpersonal competence did not show a direct association with it. (4) Conclusions: The findings highlight the protective role of interpersonal competence and perceived social support in the progression to suicidal behavior, suggesting cultural similarities and differences in how these factors operate. Full article

17 pages, 459 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Role of Sleep and Physical Activity in Academic Stress, Motivation, Self-Efficacy, and Dropout Intention Among Italian University Students

by Jessica Dagani, Chiara Buizza and Alberto Ghilardi

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2026, 16(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16010003 - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

University years represent a period of major transition during which health-related behaviors, such as sleep and physical activity, may influence students’ academic functioning. This cross-sectional, single-center study, conducted at an Italian university, examined the associations between sleep, physical activity, and academic well-being. Students [...] Read more.

University years represent a period of major transition during which health-related behaviors, such as sleep and physical activity, may influence students’ academic functioning. This cross-sectional, single-center study, conducted at an Italian university, examined the associations between sleep, physical activity, and academic well-being. Students completed an online survey assessing sleep, physical activity, and several indicators of academic functioning (i.e., academic stress, self-efficacy, dropout intention, and motivation). Nonparametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis, Jonckheere–Terpstra) were used to explore differences in these indicators across sleep quality and physical activity categories, while linear regressions tested associations between sleep duration and Metabolic Equivalent of Task–minutes/week with the same academic outcomes. A total of 2192 students (15.55%) accessed the survey, and 1246 (8.84%) completed all questionnaires. Most participants were female (62.7%) and Italian (94.5%). Both sleep and physical activity showed significant but small associations with academic stress, dropout intention, and self-efficacy, whereas associations with academic motivation were weaker. These findings suggest that maintaining regular physical activity and healthy sleep habits may contribute to students’ academic adjustment, although the cross-sectional design limits causal interpretation and underscores the need for integrative models to better understand the underlying psychological mechanisms. Full article

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91 pages, 5340 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Neuroscientific Framework of Cognitive–Behavioral Interventions for Mental Health Across Diverse Cultural Populations: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness, Delivery Methods, and Engagement

by Evgenia Gkintoni and Georgios Nikolaou

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2026, 16(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16010002 - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Mental health disparities persist across culturally diverse populations despite robust cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) efficacy evidence. Cultural neuroscience suggests that neurobiological processes underlying therapeutic mechanisms may exhibit culturally variable patterns, yet integration of neuroscientific frameworks into culturally adapted interventions remains limited. (2) [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Mental health disparities persist across culturally diverse populations despite robust cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) efficacy evidence. Cultural neuroscience suggests that neurobiological processes underlying therapeutic mechanisms may exhibit culturally variable patterns, yet integration of neuroscientific frameworks into culturally adapted interventions remains limited. (2) Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science (January 2014–December 2024) for peer-reviewed studies examining CBT interventions targeting depression, anxiety, PTSD, or psychological distress in culturally diverse populations. Ninety-four studies were synthesized using narrative methods; methodological heterogeneity precluded meta-analytic pooling. (3) Results: Culturally adapted CBT interventions consistently demonstrated superior outcomes compared to standard protocols across diverse populations. Group formats showed exceptional retention in collectivistic cultures, while hybrid technology-enhanced models achieved strong completion rates across contexts. Cultural adaptation enhanced engagement (e.g., 84% vs. 52% retention in refugee populations) and maintenance of treatment gains. Individual studies reported effect sizes ranging from d = 0.29 to d = 2.4; substantial within-group variability was observed, and identified patterns likely reflect learned cultural adaptations rather than inherent biological differences. Direct neuroimaging evidence within included studies remained limited (13.8%). (4) Conclusions: The evidence supports culturally adapted interventions as essential for equitable mental health outcomes. Cultural experiences may influence therapeutic processes, suggesting potential benefit from considering culturally variable processing patterns alongside universal mechanisms. However, conclusions regarding specific neural pathways remain preliminary, and individual assessment remains paramount, with cultural background representing one factor among many in treatment planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culturally Adapted Cognitive Neuroscience Interventions: Advancing Mental Health and Well-Being Across Diverse Populations)

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11 pages, 362 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the eHealth Literacy Scale in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Takehiko Tsujimoto, Takafumi Abe, Yoko Kuroda, Masayuki Yamasaki and Minoru Isomura

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2026, 16(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16010001 - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

The Japanese version of the eHealth Literacy Scale (J-eHEALS) measure has primarily been applied to younger populations; however, the psychometric properties of the J-eHEALS in older adults have not been investigated. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties [...] Read more.

The Japanese version of the eHealth Literacy Scale (J-eHEALS) measure has primarily been applied to younger populations; however, the psychometric properties of the J-eHEALS in older adults have not been investigated. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the J-eHEALS in community-dwelling older adults. A total of 553 adults aged ≥ 65 years (mean age, 73.5 years) attending routine health checkups in a single Japanese municipality completed the J-eHEALS and the Japanese version of the 12-item Health Literacy Scale (J-HLS-Q12). We examined internal consistency, item characteristics, factorial validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance by sex, and convergent and criterion-related validity with general health literacy. The J-eHEALS scores indicated moderate to slightly low perceived eHealth literacy in this population. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.94), a stable unidimensional factor structure with acceptable model fit across sexes, and moderate positive associations with general health literacy. Overall, these findings support the J-eHEALS as a reliable and valid instrument for assessing perceived eHealth literacy in older Japanese adults and its suitability for use in research and practice. Full article

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24 pages, 922 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Psychometric Validation of the Brain Rot Scale: Measuring Digital Content Overconsumption Among Generation Alpha and Generation Z

by Mamdouh Mahmoud Mostafa, Ashraf Ragab Ibrahim, Mohamed Ali Nemt-allah, Safaa Zaki Arafa, Amina Ahmed Hassan and Mamdouh Mosaad Helali

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120262 - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Brain rot refers to the cognitive decline and mental exhaustion resulting from excessive consumption of low-quality, short-form digital content, particularly affecting Generation Alpha and Generation Z. This study developed and validated the Brain Rot Scale (BRS) to assess digital content overconsumption among digital [...] Read more.

Brain rot refers to the cognitive decline and mental exhaustion resulting from excessive consumption of low-quality, short-form digital content, particularly affecting Generation Alpha and Generation Z. This study developed and validated the Brain Rot Scale (BRS) to assess digital content overconsumption among digital natives aged 8–24 years. A two-phase design employed separate Egyptian samples for exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 403) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 897). The initial 21-item Arabic scale underwent principal axis factoring with promax rotation, guided by parallel analysis. Following iterative item deletion, a 14-item scale (BRS-14) emerged with three factors: Attention Dysregulation (6 items), Digital Compulsivity (5 items), and Cognitive Dependency (3 items), accounting for 35.114% of common variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated excellent fit (CFI = 0.988; TLI = 0.985; RMSEA = 0.031 [0.023, 0.039]; SRMR = 0.040), with standardized loadings ranging from 0.667 to 0.758 (p < 0.001). The scale showed excellent reliability (ω = 0.900, α = 0.899), with subscale reliabilities from 0.759 to 0.857. Convergent validity was established (CR > 0.70, AVE > 0.50). Factor intercorrelations (0.636–0.671) supported a hierarchical model where a general Brain Rot factor explained 62.9–69.9% of first-order variance. The BRS-14 provides a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing problematic digital consumption patterns among contemporary youth populations. Full article

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25 pages, 462 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex and Age Differences and Psychosocial Determinants of Regular Gambling: Insights from a Community-Based Study

by Claudia Venuleo, Domenico Cuzzola and Tiziana Marinaci

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120261 - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Gambling participation among women and older adults has increased, yet research on the psychosocial determinants of gambling in these groups remains limited. This study explored sex- and age-related differences in gambling frequency, the influence of psychosocial factors such as perceived social support, psychological [...] Read more.

Gambling participation among women and older adults has increased, yet research on the psychosocial determinants of gambling in these groups remains limited. This study explored sex- and age-related differences in gambling frequency, the influence of psychosocial factors such as perceived social support, psychological well-being, social connectedness, perceived social approval, and exposure to gambling within one’s network, and how these factors interact with perceptions of the social environment. A community-based sample of 634 adults (69.1% women; 28.7% aged ≥ 60; mean age = 45.7 ± 18.4) completed a survey assessing gambling behaviours and psychosocial variables. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and binary logistic regression were conducted. Regular gambling was reported by 12% of participants and was significantly more frequent among older adults and men. Higher psychosocial well-being was associated with reduced odds of regular gambling, while being female was also associated with a lower likelihood of regular gambling. Conversely, perceived social approval and an idealized view of the social environment were associated with higher odds of regular gambling, particularly among younger adults. Findings highlight the need for age- and gender-sensitive prevention strategies that strengthen meaningful social connections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Psychology and Mental Health: From Epidemiological Research to Clinical Interventions)

18 pages, 1189 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Evaluating Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase as Candidate Biomarkers in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Takahiro Seura and Yuuna Nanba

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120260 - 17 Dec 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated whether salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels differ between patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scopus for relevant studies published up [...] Read more.

Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated whether salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels differ between patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scopus for relevant studies published up to December 2024. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q and the I² statistic. Results: Data on salivary alpha-amylase were extracted from six studies including 218 patients with AN and 220 healthy controls. No significant group difference was observed (SMD = −0.48; 95% CI, −1.05 to 0.10; I² = 86%), though sensitivity analysis indicated significantly lower levels in AN (SMD = −1.12; 95% CI, −2.16 to −0.09; I² = 82%). Salivary cortisol was assessed in 24 reports from 17 studies (517 patients with AN, 672 controls), revealing significantly higher levels in AN (SMD = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54–0.85; I² = 30%). Sensitivity analyses showed stable effect sizes. Meta-regression indicated that neither age nor body mass index significantly moderated the results. Conclusions: Salivary cortisol may serve as a reliable, noninvasive biomarker for AN, with potential utility in early identification and prevention of disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Research in Clinical and Health Contexts)

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19 pages, 646 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Regulation as a Mediator and Moderator Between School Stress and School Well-Being: A Multilevel Study

by Maja Gajda, Aleksandra Jasińska-Maciążek, Paweł Grygiel, Sylwia Opozda-Suder and Roman Dolata

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120259 - 17 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between school stress and school well-being, focusing on the mediating and moderating role of self-regulation. This cross-sectional study uses hierarchical linear modeling to assess how two aspects of school stress—perceived school stress at the individual level (students’ subjective [...] Read more.

This study examines the relationship between school stress and school well-being, focusing on the mediating and moderating role of self-regulation. This cross-sectional study uses hierarchical linear modeling to assess how two aspects of school stress—perceived school stress at the individual level (students’ subjective appraisal of how stressful specific school demands are) and classroom stressor exposure at the group level (the aggregated frequency of stressful events occurring in each classroom)—are linked to student school well-being. The sample included 702 Polish primary school students (Grades 4, 6, and 8, approx. ages 10–15). Results indicate that while higher perceived school stress is associated with lower well-being, classroom-level stressor exposure also contributes to variations in student well-being. Self-regulation was positively associated with school well-being and partly accounted for the association between perceived stress and well-being. However, no significant moderating effect of self-regulation was found, suggesting that while self-regulation helps explain the link between stress and well-being, it does not necessarily attenuate the association between stress and well-being. These findings highlight the importance of both individual self-regulation skills and structural interventions aimed at reducing classroom stressors to promote student well-being. Full article

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17 pages, 464 KB

Open AccessArticle

Job Demands and Resources as Predictors of Burnout Dimensions in Special Education Teachers

by Vesna R. Jovanović, Čedo Miljević, Darko Hinić, Dragica Mitrović, Slađana Vranješ, Biljana Jakovljević, Sanja Stanisavljević, Ljiljana Jovčić, Katarina Pavlović Jugović, Neda Simić and Goran Mihajlović

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120258 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives. ICD–11 classifies burnout as a work-related issue arising from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. According to the Job Demands/Resources Model, job demands represent sources of stress and job resources may buffer the impact of job demands on job [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives. ICD–11 classifies burnout as a work-related issue arising from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. According to the Job Demands/Resources Model, job demands represent sources of stress and job resources may buffer the impact of job demands on job strain. Since every profession has its specific spectre of work demands/resources related to stress development, the aim of this study was to examine a model predicting workplace burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion—EE, depersonalisation—DP, personal accomplishment—PA) in special educational needs (SEN) and general education (GE) teachers, with job demands representing potential “risk factors” and job resources potential “protective factors”. Methods. The study involved 116 SEN teachers from eight primary schools for children with learning difficulties and a sample of 145 teachers from general primary schools in the Belgrade region, which was balanced according to the representation of the main demographic variables in the SEN group. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and Job Characteristics Questionnaire were the instruments employed. Results. No difference was found between SEN and GE teachers in the intensity of burnout dimensions. In the SEN group, Changes were the predictors of all three burnout dimensions, Work environment for EE and DP, Emotional demands and Support from colleagues for EE, Cognitive/Quantitative for PA, and Job control for PA. Concerning the GE group, Support from colleagues predicted all three dimensions, Job control EE and DP, Cognitive/Quantitative DP and PA, Changes DP, and Role conflict and Seniority EE. Conclusions. The results of the study provide a foundation for further testing of a hypothetical predictive model of burnout with job demands as direct predictor and job resources as mediators of this relation. Full article

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21 pages, 318 KB

Open AccessArticle

Help Is Just a Message Away: Online Counselling Chat Services Bridging Gaps in Youth Mental Health?

by Alexis Dewaele, Elke Denayer, Maria Cabello, Irati Higuera-Lozano, Tuuli Pitkänen, Katalin Felvinczi, Zsuzsa Kaló, Siiri Soininvaara and Lien Goossens

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120257 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

Adolescents and young adults across Europe face growing mental health challenges, yet many do not seek professional help. Online counselling chat services (OCCS) offer anonymous, accessible, and youth-friendly support, but their varied aims, formats, and resources complicate evaluation and integration into formal care [...] Read more.

Adolescents and young adults across Europe face growing mental health challenges, yet many do not seek professional help. Online counselling chat services (OCCS) offer anonymous, accessible, and youth-friendly support, but their varied aims, formats, and resources complicate evaluation and integration into formal care systems. This study aimed to identify shared priorities for the development, evaluation, and implementation of OCCS for youth. Eight focus groups were conducted with 38 stakeholders—including researchers, counsellors, and service coordinators—from eight European countries. Through qualitative content analysis, six key thematic domains emerged: usability and engagement, service quality and effectiveness, infrastructure and integration, sustainability, ethical considerations, and future visions. Participants highlighted OCCS as valuable tools for fostering emotional safety, trust, and accessibility, while also noting persistent challenges such as limited funding, fragile infrastructure, and ethical tensions around anonymity and safeguarding. Crucially, the need for flexible evaluation frameworks that reflect service diversity and for stronger cross-model collaboration was emphasized. These findings provide a strategic foundation for advancing inclusive, sustainable, and youth-centered digital mental health support across Europe. Full article

19 pages, 336 KB

Open AccessArticle

Avatars in Mental Health: Psychotherapists’ Attitudes Towards Avatar Technology and Factors Influencing Adoption

by Donatella Ciarmoli, Alessandro Gennaro, Francesca Lecce, Matteo Reho and Stefano Triberti

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120256 - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

Research in “cybertherapy” has explored innovative ways to integrate new technologies as innovative tools in psychological treatment, such as virtual reality. Avatars, as digital representations of users within virtual environments, represent an interesting tool for psychotherapists: they could be used to assess aspects [...] Read more.

Research in “cybertherapy” has explored innovative ways to integrate new technologies as innovative tools in psychological treatment, such as virtual reality. Avatars, as digital representations of users within virtual environments, represent an interesting tool for psychotherapists: they could be used to assess aspects of patients’ self-representations (assessment), to promote behavioral change based on an alternative self-image (treatment), or to exercise therapists’ skills in diagnosis and assessment (formation). Yet, the use of avatars in psychotherapy is still not widespread. In the present study, 77 certified psychotherapists evaluated the three possible uses of avatars described above in terms of technology acceptance model (TAM) factors: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and intention-to-use. Partially confirming the TAM, the results show that perceived usefulness in particular is an effective predictor of intention to use avatars in psychotherapy for all three possible uses. Attitudes towards avatars as a psychotherapeutic tool were slightly influenced by mental health professionals’ methodological approach, with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists showing more positive attitudes towards avatars as a training tool. On the other hand, previous experiences with other technologies (e.g., conducting therapy online or not) affected the perception of avatars’ ease of use as a treatment tool. The present study contributes to identifying factors that influence mental health professionals’ attitudes towards technological innovations in the psychotherapy profession, giving directions for future research in cybertherapy adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology's Impact on Mental Well-Being: The Emerging Insights in the Digital Age)

18 pages, 338 KB

Open AccessArticle

Burnout and Workplace Bullying Among Teachers Across Educational Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study

by António Portelada, Adelinda Candeias and Ana Lúcia João

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120255 - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Burnout is a growing concern in the teaching profession, reflecting the inability to cope with persistent workplace stress and posing serious risks to teachers’ well-being and the sustainability of educational systems. It is characterised by diminished personal accomplishment, lack of fulfilment, and reduced [...] Read more.

Burnout is a growing concern in the teaching profession, reflecting the inability to cope with persistent workplace stress and posing serious risks to teachers’ well-being and the sustainability of educational systems. It is characterised by diminished personal accomplishment, lack of fulfilment, and reduced productivity at work, usually expressed in three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and professional accomplishment. This study evaluated the relationship between burnout and workplace bullying among teachers in Portugal. Data were collected through an online questionnaire including sociodemographic information, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorization scale (LIPT-60), with a final sample of 2003 teachers from preschool to higher education. Both instruments demonstrated excellent validity and reliability (KMO > 0.90; Cronbach’s α > 0.87). Most teachers presented a low risk of burnout (61.2%), while 36.9% were at moderate risk, with emotional exhaustion emerging as the most critical dimension (37.8% high levels). Statistically significant differences in burnout were found by gender, marital status, contractual relationship, working hours, and family separation. Workplace bullying correlated significantly with all burnout dimensions, with victims reporting higher emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation and lower professional accomplishment. These findings highlight the need for institutional strategies to reduce bullying and prevent teacher burnout, thereby promoting sustainable education systems. Full article

19 pages, 584 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Resources Substitute for Each Other: How Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Support Interact in Relation to Resilience and Well-Being Among Healthcare Professionals

by Wassim J. Aloulou

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120254 - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

The interaction between two critical resources, emotional intelligence (EI) and perceived organizational support (POS), is studied to understand how they come together to associate resilience and well-being among healthcare professionals. Based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) [...] Read more.

The interaction between two critical resources, emotional intelligence (EI) and perceived organizational support (POS), is studied to understand how they come together to associate resilience and well-being among healthcare professionals. Based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model, we explore whether these resources are synergistic or whether there is a substitutive relationship when combined. Data were collected from 304 healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia, both local and foreign. Using structural equation modeling, we examined a moderated mediation model in which resilience was examined as a mediator of the associations of EI and POS with well-being, and their interaction was included as a correlate of both resilience and well-being. EI and POS both individually showed positive association with resilience and well-being. However, in interaction, they significantly negatively associated with both resilience and well-being, suggesting a substitution effect—i.e., high levels of one resource are linked to a lower marginal value of the other. This suggests a nonlinear dynamic to resource accumulation among pressured healthcare workers. This study advances COR and JD-R theories by uncovering a substitution effect between emotional intelligence and organizational support, offering fresh insights into resource dynamics among healthcare professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Positive Resources to Promote Well Being in Educational and Work Contexts and in Career Trajectories)

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17 pages, 395 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors in the Mental Health of Children from Low-Income Families in the United States: An Application of the Multiple Disadvantage Model

by Tyrone C. Cheng and Celia C. Lo

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120253 - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study on children in low-income families explored whether their mental health problems are attributable to distress from five socioeconomic disadvantage factors playing roles in the multiple disadvantage model. These factors are social disorganization, social structural factors, social relationships, health/mental health, and [...] Read more.

Objective: This study on children in low-income families explored whether their mental health problems are attributable to distress from five socioeconomic disadvantage factors playing roles in the multiple disadvantage model. These factors are social disorganization, social structural factors, social relationships, health/mental health, and access to care factors. Methods: The present study employed data extracted from the 2021 National Survey of Children’s Health, describing 7540 low-income children. Weighted logistic regression was conducted (with robust standard errors). Results: It showed that such children were more likely to have mental health problems when seven variables were present. The variables were argumentative children, parents’ difficulty with parenting, children’s difficult peer relations, children being bullied, families’ problematic substance use, families’ use of public health insurance, and families’ difficulty accessing mental health services. In turn, children were less likely to have mental health problems in the presence of six variables: a rundown neighborhood, an unsafe neighborhood, children’s Hispanic ethnicity, children’s Asian ethnicity, children’s general good health, and parents’ good mental health. The present study’s findings support the multiple disadvantage model. Conclusions: That is, the five types of factors key to the model (social disorganization, social structural, social relationships, health/mental health, and access to care) were observed to be related to low-income children’s mental health problems. These findings’ three main implications for practice are that it is crucial to (a) ensure children receive mental health services they need; (b) facilitate effective parent–child communication; and (c) provide low-income families with psychoeducation. Their main implications for policy involve two domains. Improving physical environments and safety in poor neighborhoods is necessary, as is enforcing schools’ anti-bullying rules and using schools to foster students’ assertiveness. Full article

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18 pages, 613 KB

Open AccessArticle

Positive Residential Care Integration Scale: Portuguese Adaptation and Validation

by Ana Simão, Cátia Martins, Elias Ratinho, Brianne H. Kothari and Cristina Nunes

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120252 - 9 Dec 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

Young people in residential care settings hold distinct preferences regarding their relationships with key adults, including caseworkers and caregivers. However, their perspectives are not consistently assessed or effectively integrated into case planning. Evaluating this integration is essential for fostering positive adjustment and placement [...] Read more.

Young people in residential care settings hold distinct preferences regarding their relationships with key adults, including caseworkers and caregivers. However, their perspectives are not consistently assessed or effectively integrated into case planning. Evaluating this integration is essential for fostering positive adjustment and placement stability. Given that residential care represents the predominant child welfare intervention in Portugal, this study adapts and validates an existing instrument for use with youth in residential care institutions, providing evidence of its validity and reliability. Self-report questionnaires—the Positive Residential Care Integration (PRCI) scale (an adapted Positive Home Integration scale) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire—were administered to 511 youth (279 girls and 232 boys), aged 12 to 24 years, across 46 Portuguese residential care institutions. The study examined the face validity, discriminant validity, and reliability of the PRCI scale. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit, supporting a unidimensional six-item structure. Correlation analyses demonstrated associations with psychological adjustment and sociodemographic variables. The PRCI scale showed satisfactory psychometric properties, confirming its reliability for assessing youth integration in residential care. Cross-gender measurement invariance was also confirmed. These findings underscore the instrument’s relevance and validity for evaluating integration within residential settings and provide valuable guidance for caregivers, professionals, and caseworkers in child welfare services. Full article

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16 pages, 820 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Evaluation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Among Early Adolescents in Darjeeling, India

by Megan Cherewick, Michael Matergia, Choden Dukpa, Dikcha Mukhia, Rinzi Lama, Roshan P. Rai and Priscilla Giri

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120251 - 9 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is widely used, although it has not been validated among early adolescents in Darjeeling, India. The aims of the study were to validate the psychometric properties of the MSPSS, and to test for measurement [...] Read more.

Background. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is widely used, although it has not been validated among early adolescents in Darjeeling, India. The aims of the study were to validate the psychometric properties of the MSPSS, and to test for measurement invariance by gender. Methods. Survey data was collected from 274 early adolescents ages 10–14 living in Darjeeling, India. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated 1-, 2-, and 3-factor models. Reliability (Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s ω), convergent (peer problems), and concurrent validity (prosocial behavior) were assessed. Measurement invariance by gender was tested using multi-group CFA. Results. The three-factor model of the MSPSS (Family, Friends, Significant Other) fit these data well (X²[49] = 69.3, p = 0.030; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.039; SRMR = 0.036). Measures of reliability, concurrent, and convergent validity were good with MSPSS scores correlated positively with prosocial behavior and negatively with peer problems (|r| = 0.30–0.45, p ≤ 0.001). Configural invariance by gender was not supported, indicating differences in item-level loadings. Limitations. The MSPSS is a self-report measure, and social desirability bias is a potential limitation. Conclusion. The MSPSS demonstrates good reliability and validity among early adolescents in Darjeeling, India. Given non-invariance by gender, subscale comparisons across boys and girls should be interpreted with caution. Full article

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17 pages, 289 KB

Open AccessArticle

Correlates of Purpose in Life and Their Potential Role in Successful Aging Among Older Adults in Rural Japan

by Haruka Ariji, Ishtiaq Ahmad, Yoshihisa Shirayama, Miyoko Okamoto, Hira Taimur and Motoyuki Yuasa

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120250 - 9 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: As societies worldwide experience rapid aging, maintaining psychological well-being in later life is increasingly important. In Japan, where spirituality often takes noninstitutional forms, the concept of spiritual health remains underexplored. Purpose in Life (PIL), a core component of spiritual health, has [...] Read more.

Background: As societies worldwide experience rapid aging, maintaining psychological well-being in later life is increasingly important. In Japan, where spirituality often takes noninstitutional forms, the concept of spiritual health remains underexplored. Purpose in Life (PIL), a core component of spiritual health, has been shown to predict well-being and healthy aging, yet its correlates remain unexplored in rural Japanese populations. This study aimed to assess PIL levels and examine its sociodemographic, social and health-related correlates among older adults living in Shimane Prefecture, a super-aged region in Japan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey (May–August 2024) included 308 adults aged ≥65 years. The 20-item PIL scale categorized respondents into low, moderate, and high PIL. Group differences were examined with chi-square/Fisher tests; unadjusted associations were used with ordered logistic regression. Multivariable analyses used a generalized (partial) proportional-odds model, adjusted for age and sex, with results reported as odds ratios and 95% CIs. Results: 42.9% of participants were classified as high PIL and 18.8% as low. Volunteering showed threshold-specific effects: it was unrelated to moderate PIL levels but was associated with approximately 2.4-times higher odds of high PIL (95% CI 1.32–4.38, p = 0.004). University education showed a trend-level association with higher PIL after controlling for false discovery rate (aOR 3.16, 95% CI 1.28–7.82, p = 0.013). The worse self-rated health was associated with lower PIL after adjustment. Conclusions: Subjective health and psychosocial engagement are key correlates of PIL in rural older adults. Culturally sensitive interventions may help promote purpose and well-being in aging populations. Full article

27 pages, 741 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of the Dissociation of Intimacy: Development and Psychometric Properties of the Dissociation of Intimacy Questionnaire (DIQ)

by Vincenzo Caretti, Eleonora Topino, Andrea Fontana, Adriano Schimmenti and Alessio Gori

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120249 - 6 Dec 2025

Abstract

Intimacy is a core domain of personality functioning, but it can be compromised by defensive and dissociative processes. Given this, the present study aimed to develop and validate the Dissociation of Intimacy Questionnaire (DIQ), a multidimensional self-report instrument assessing dissociative disruptions of intimacy. [...] Read more.

Intimacy is a core domain of personality functioning, but it can be compromised by defensive and dissociative processes. Given this, the present study aimed to develop and validate the Dissociation of Intimacy Questionnaire (DIQ), a multidimensional self-report instrument assessing dissociative disruptions of intimacy. The DIQ consists of two parallel forms (“Me with Others” and “Others with Me”) developed to capture five distinct dimensions of the dissociation of intimacy: emotional, psychological, physical, social, and sexual. The sample comprised 500 participants (74% females; M_age = 31.92 years, SD = 12.78) recruited through online snowball sampling. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, alongside reliability and validity testing. Both exploratory and confirmatory analyses supported the five-factor structure of the DIQ, with satisfactory model fit indices. Internal consistency was good across all subscales. Convergent validity was demonstrated through significant positive correlations with insecure attachment, alexithymia, somatoform dissociation, and impairments in personality functioning. The DIQ is a robust and clinically relevant tool for assessing dissociation of intimacy. Its multidimensional and mirror structure allows for a detailed understanding of impairments in attitudes to closeness and provides a valuable framework for both research and psychotherapy. Full article

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European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education

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