European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education

24 pages, 922 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Psychometric Validation of the Brain Rot Scale: Measuring Digital Content Overconsumption Among Generation Alpha and Generation Z

by Mamdouh Mahmoud Mostafa, Ashraf Ragab Ibrahim, Mohamed Ali Nemt-allah, Safaa Zaki Arafa, Amina Ahmed Hassan and Mamdouh Mosaad Helali

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120262 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 415

Abstract

Brain rot refers to the cognitive decline and mental exhaustion resulting from excessive consumption of low-quality, short-form digital content, particularly affecting Generation Alpha and Generation Z. This study developed and validated the Brain Rot Scale (BRS) to assess digital content overconsumption among digital [...] Read more.

Brain rot refers to the cognitive decline and mental exhaustion resulting from excessive consumption of low-quality, short-form digital content, particularly affecting Generation Alpha and Generation Z. This study developed and validated the Brain Rot Scale (BRS) to assess digital content overconsumption among digital natives aged 8–24 years. A two-phase design employed separate Egyptian samples for exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 403) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 897). The initial 21-item Arabic scale underwent principal axis factoring with promax rotation, guided by parallel analysis. Following iterative item deletion, a 14-item scale (BRS-14) emerged with three factors: Attention Dysregulation (6 items), Digital Compulsivity (5 items), and Cognitive Dependency (3 items), accounting for 35.114% of common variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated excellent fit (CFI = 0.988; TLI = 0.985; RMSEA = 0.031 [0.023, 0.039]; SRMR = 0.040), with standardized loadings ranging from 0.667 to 0.758 (p < 0.001). The scale showed excellent reliability (ω = 0.900, α = 0.899), with subscale reliabilities from 0.759 to 0.857. Convergent validity was established (CR > 0.70, AVE > 0.50). Factor intercorrelations (0.636–0.671) supported a hierarchical model where a general Brain Rot factor explained 62.9–69.9% of first-order variance. The BRS-14 provides a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing problematic digital consumption patterns among contemporary youth populations. Full article

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25 pages, 462 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex and Age Differences and Psychosocial Determinants of Regular Gambling: Insights from a Community-Based Study

by Claudia Venuleo, Domenico Cuzzola and Tiziana Marinaci

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120261 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 698

Abstract

Gambling participation among women and older adults has increased, yet research on the psychosocial determinants of gambling in these groups remains limited. This study explored sex- and age-related differences in gambling frequency, the influence of psychosocial factors such as perceived social support, psychological [...] Read more.

Gambling participation among women and older adults has increased, yet research on the psychosocial determinants of gambling in these groups remains limited. This study explored sex- and age-related differences in gambling frequency, the influence of psychosocial factors such as perceived social support, psychological well-being, social connectedness, perceived social approval, and exposure to gambling within one’s network, and how these factors interact with perceptions of the social environment. A community-based sample of 634 adults (69.1% women; 28.7% aged ≥ 60; mean age = 45.7 ± 18.4) completed a survey assessing gambling behaviours and psychosocial variables. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and binary logistic regression were conducted. Regular gambling was reported by 12% of participants and was significantly more frequent among older adults and men. Higher psychosocial well-being was associated with reduced odds of regular gambling, while being female was also associated with a lower likelihood of regular gambling. Conversely, perceived social approval and an idealized view of the social environment were associated with higher odds of regular gambling, particularly among younger adults. Findings highlight the need for age- and gender-sensitive prevention strategies that strengthen meaningful social connections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Psychology and Mental Health: From Epidemiological Research to Clinical Interventions)

18 pages, 1189 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Evaluating Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase as Candidate Biomarkers in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Takahiro Seura and Yuuna Nanba

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120260 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 339

Abstract

Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated whether salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels differ between patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scopus for relevant studies published up [...] Read more.

Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated whether salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels differ between patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scopus for relevant studies published up to December 2024. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q and the I² statistic. Results: Data on salivary alpha-amylase were extracted from six studies including 218 patients with AN and 220 healthy controls. No significant group difference was observed (SMD = −0.48; 95% CI, −1.05 to 0.10; I² = 86%), though sensitivity analysis indicated significantly lower levels in AN (SMD = −1.12; 95% CI, −2.16 to −0.09; I² = 82%). Salivary cortisol was assessed in 24 reports from 17 studies (517 patients with AN, 672 controls), revealing significantly higher levels in AN (SMD = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54–0.85; I² = 30%). Sensitivity analyses showed stable effect sizes. Meta-regression indicated that neither age nor body mass index significantly moderated the results. Conclusions: Salivary cortisol may serve as a reliable, noninvasive biomarker for AN, with potential utility in early identification and prevention of disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Research in Clinical and Health Contexts)

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19 pages, 646 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Regulation as a Mediator and Moderator Between School Stress and School Well-Being: A Multilevel Study

by Maja Gajda, Aleksandra Jasińska-Maciążek, Paweł Grygiel, Sylwia Opozda-Suder and Roman Dolata

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120259 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 480

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between school stress and school well-being, focusing on the mediating and moderating role of self-regulation. This cross-sectional study uses hierarchical linear modeling to assess how two aspects of school stress—perceived school stress at the individual level (students’ subjective [...] Read more.

This study examines the relationship between school stress and school well-being, focusing on the mediating and moderating role of self-regulation. This cross-sectional study uses hierarchical linear modeling to assess how two aspects of school stress—perceived school stress at the individual level (students’ subjective appraisal of how stressful specific school demands are) and classroom stressor exposure at the group level (the aggregated frequency of stressful events occurring in each classroom)—are linked to student school well-being. The sample included 702 Polish primary school students (Grades 4, 6, and 8, approx. ages 10–15). Results indicate that while higher perceived school stress is associated with lower well-being, classroom-level stressor exposure also contributes to variations in student well-being. Self-regulation was positively associated with school well-being and partly accounted for the association between perceived stress and well-being. However, no significant moderating effect of self-regulation was found, suggesting that while self-regulation helps explain the link between stress and well-being, it does not necessarily attenuate the association between stress and well-being. These findings highlight the importance of both individual self-regulation skills and structural interventions aimed at reducing classroom stressors to promote student well-being. Full article

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17 pages, 464 KB

Open AccessArticle

Job Demands and Resources as Predictors of Burnout Dimensions in Special Education Teachers

by Vesna R. Jovanović, Čedo Miljević, Darko Hinić, Dragica Mitrović, Slađana Vranješ, Biljana Jakovljević, Sanja Stanisavljević, Ljiljana Jovčić, Katarina Pavlović Jugović, Neda Simić and Goran Mihajlović

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120258 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 407

Abstract

Background/Objectives. ICD–11 classifies burnout as a work-related issue arising from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. According to the Job Demands/Resources Model, job demands represent sources of stress and job resources may buffer the impact of job demands on job [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives. ICD–11 classifies burnout as a work-related issue arising from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. According to the Job Demands/Resources Model, job demands represent sources of stress and job resources may buffer the impact of job demands on job strain. Since every profession has its specific spectre of work demands/resources related to stress development, the aim of this study was to examine a model predicting workplace burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion—EE, depersonalisation—DP, personal accomplishment—PA) in special educational needs (SEN) and general education (GE) teachers, with job demands representing potential “risk factors” and job resources potential “protective factors”. Methods. The study involved 116 SEN teachers from eight primary schools for children with learning difficulties and a sample of 145 teachers from general primary schools in the Belgrade region, which was balanced according to the representation of the main demographic variables in the SEN group. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and Job Characteristics Questionnaire were the instruments employed. Results. No difference was found between SEN and GE teachers in the intensity of burnout dimensions. In the SEN group, Changes were the predictors of all three burnout dimensions, Work environment for EE and DP, Emotional demands and Support from colleagues for EE, Cognitive/Quantitative for PA, and Job control for PA. Concerning the GE group, Support from colleagues predicted all three dimensions, Job control EE and DP, Cognitive/Quantitative DP and PA, Changes DP, and Role conflict and Seniority EE. Conclusions. The results of the study provide a foundation for further testing of a hypothetical predictive model of burnout with job demands as direct predictor and job resources as mediators of this relation. Full article

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21 pages, 318 KB

Open AccessArticle

Help Is Just a Message Away: Online Counselling Chat Services Bridging Gaps in Youth Mental Health?

by Alexis Dewaele, Elke Denayer, Maria Cabello, Irati Higuera-Lozano, Tuuli Pitkänen, Katalin Felvinczi, Zsuzsa Kaló, Siiri Soininvaara and Lien Goossens

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120257 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 483

Abstract

Adolescents and young adults across Europe face growing mental health challenges, yet many do not seek professional help. Online counselling chat services (OCCS) offer anonymous, accessible, and youth-friendly support, but their varied aims, formats, and resources complicate evaluation and integration into formal care [...] Read more.

Adolescents and young adults across Europe face growing mental health challenges, yet many do not seek professional help. Online counselling chat services (OCCS) offer anonymous, accessible, and youth-friendly support, but their varied aims, formats, and resources complicate evaluation and integration into formal care systems. This study aimed to identify shared priorities for the development, evaluation, and implementation of OCCS for youth. Eight focus groups were conducted with 38 stakeholders—including researchers, counsellors, and service coordinators—from eight European countries. Through qualitative content analysis, six key thematic domains emerged: usability and engagement, service quality and effectiveness, infrastructure and integration, sustainability, ethical considerations, and future visions. Participants highlighted OCCS as valuable tools for fostering emotional safety, trust, and accessibility, while also noting persistent challenges such as limited funding, fragile infrastructure, and ethical tensions around anonymity and safeguarding. Crucially, the need for flexible evaluation frameworks that reflect service diversity and for stronger cross-model collaboration was emphasized. These findings provide a strategic foundation for advancing inclusive, sustainable, and youth-centered digital mental health support across Europe. Full article

19 pages, 336 KB

Open AccessArticle

Avatars in Mental Health: Psychotherapists’ Attitudes Towards Avatar Technology and Factors Influencing Adoption

by Donatella Ciarmoli, Alessandro Gennaro, Francesca Lecce, Matteo Reho and Stefano Triberti

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120256 - 13 Dec 2025

Viewed by 377

Abstract

Research in “cybertherapy” has explored innovative ways to integrate new technologies as innovative tools in psychological treatment, such as virtual reality. Avatars, as digital representations of users within virtual environments, represent an interesting tool for psychotherapists: they could be used to assess aspects [...] Read more.

Research in “cybertherapy” has explored innovative ways to integrate new technologies as innovative tools in psychological treatment, such as virtual reality. Avatars, as digital representations of users within virtual environments, represent an interesting tool for psychotherapists: they could be used to assess aspects of patients’ self-representations (assessment), to promote behavioral change based on an alternative self-image (treatment), or to exercise therapists’ skills in diagnosis and assessment (formation). Yet, the use of avatars in psychotherapy is still not widespread. In the present study, 77 certified psychotherapists evaluated the three possible uses of avatars described above in terms of technology acceptance model (TAM) factors: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and intention-to-use. Partially confirming the TAM, the results show that perceived usefulness in particular is an effective predictor of intention to use avatars in psychotherapy for all three possible uses. Attitudes towards avatars as a psychotherapeutic tool were slightly influenced by mental health professionals’ methodological approach, with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists showing more positive attitudes towards avatars as a training tool. On the other hand, previous experiences with other technologies (e.g., conducting therapy online or not) affected the perception of avatars’ ease of use as a treatment tool. The present study contributes to identifying factors that influence mental health professionals’ attitudes towards technological innovations in the psychotherapy profession, giving directions for future research in cybertherapy adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology's Impact on Mental Well-Being: The Emerging Insights in the Digital Age)

18 pages, 338 KB

Open AccessArticle

Burnout and Workplace Bullying Among Teachers Across Educational Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study

by António Portelada, Adelinda Candeias and Ana Lúcia João

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120255 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 451

Abstract

Burnout is a growing concern in the teaching profession, reflecting the inability to cope with persistent workplace stress and posing serious risks to teachers’ well-being and the sustainability of educational systems. It is characterised by diminished personal accomplishment, lack of fulfilment, and reduced [...] Read more.

Burnout is a growing concern in the teaching profession, reflecting the inability to cope with persistent workplace stress and posing serious risks to teachers’ well-being and the sustainability of educational systems. It is characterised by diminished personal accomplishment, lack of fulfilment, and reduced productivity at work, usually expressed in three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and professional accomplishment. This study evaluated the relationship between burnout and workplace bullying among teachers in Portugal. Data were collected through an online questionnaire including sociodemographic information, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorization scale (LIPT-60), with a final sample of 2003 teachers from preschool to higher education. Both instruments demonstrated excellent validity and reliability (KMO > 0.90; Cronbach’s α > 0.87). Most teachers presented a low risk of burnout (61.2%), while 36.9% were at moderate risk, with emotional exhaustion emerging as the most critical dimension (37.8% high levels). Statistically significant differences in burnout were found by gender, marital status, contractual relationship, working hours, and family separation. Workplace bullying correlated significantly with all burnout dimensions, with victims reporting higher emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation and lower professional accomplishment. These findings highlight the need for institutional strategies to reduce bullying and prevent teacher burnout, thereby promoting sustainable education systems. Full article

19 pages, 584 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Resources Substitute for Each Other: How Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Support Interact in Relation to Resilience and Well-Being Among Healthcare Professionals

by Wassim J. Aloulou

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120254 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 315

Abstract

The interaction between two critical resources, emotional intelligence (EI) and perceived organizational support (POS), is studied to understand how they come together to associate resilience and well-being among healthcare professionals. Based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) [...] Read more.

The interaction between two critical resources, emotional intelligence (EI) and perceived organizational support (POS), is studied to understand how they come together to associate resilience and well-being among healthcare professionals. Based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model, we explore whether these resources are synergistic or whether there is a substitutive relationship when combined. Data were collected from 304 healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia, both local and foreign. Using structural equation modeling, we examined a moderated mediation model in which resilience was examined as a mediator of the associations of EI and POS with well-being, and their interaction was included as a correlate of both resilience and well-being. EI and POS both individually showed positive association with resilience and well-being. However, in interaction, they significantly negatively associated with both resilience and well-being, suggesting a substitution effect—i.e., high levels of one resource are linked to a lower marginal value of the other. This suggests a nonlinear dynamic to resource accumulation among pressured healthcare workers. This study advances COR and JD-R theories by uncovering a substitution effect between emotional intelligence and organizational support, offering fresh insights into resource dynamics among healthcare professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Positive Resources to Promote Well Being in Educational and Work Contexts and in Career Trajectories)

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17 pages, 395 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors in the Mental Health of Children from Low-Income Families in the United States: An Application of the Multiple Disadvantage Model

by Tyrone C. Cheng and Celia C. Lo

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120253 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 255

Abstract

Objective: This study on children in low-income families explored whether their mental health problems are attributable to distress from five socioeconomic disadvantage factors playing roles in the multiple disadvantage model. These factors are social disorganization, social structural factors, social relationships, health/mental health, and [...] Read more.

Objective: This study on children in low-income families explored whether their mental health problems are attributable to distress from five socioeconomic disadvantage factors playing roles in the multiple disadvantage model. These factors are social disorganization, social structural factors, social relationships, health/mental health, and access to care factors. Methods: The present study employed data extracted from the 2021 National Survey of Children’s Health, describing 7540 low-income children. Weighted logistic regression was conducted (with robust standard errors). Results: It showed that such children were more likely to have mental health problems when seven variables were present. The variables were argumentative children, parents’ difficulty with parenting, children’s difficult peer relations, children being bullied, families’ problematic substance use, families’ use of public health insurance, and families’ difficulty accessing mental health services. In turn, children were less likely to have mental health problems in the presence of six variables: a rundown neighborhood, an unsafe neighborhood, children’s Hispanic ethnicity, children’s Asian ethnicity, children’s general good health, and parents’ good mental health. The present study’s findings support the multiple disadvantage model. Conclusions: That is, the five types of factors key to the model (social disorganization, social structural, social relationships, health/mental health, and access to care) were observed to be related to low-income children’s mental health problems. These findings’ three main implications for practice are that it is crucial to (a) ensure children receive mental health services they need; (b) facilitate effective parent–child communication; and (c) provide low-income families with psychoeducation. Their main implications for policy involve two domains. Improving physical environments and safety in poor neighborhoods is necessary, as is enforcing schools’ anti-bullying rules and using schools to foster students’ assertiveness. Full article

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18 pages, 613 KB

Open AccessArticle

Positive Residential Care Integration Scale: Portuguese Adaptation and Validation

by Ana Simão, Cátia Martins, Elias Ratinho, Brianne H. Kothari and Cristina Nunes

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120252 - 9 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 343

Abstract

Young people in residential care settings hold distinct preferences regarding their relationships with key adults, including caseworkers and caregivers. However, their perspectives are not consistently assessed or effectively integrated into case planning. Evaluating this integration is essential for fostering positive adjustment and placement [...] Read more.

Young people in residential care settings hold distinct preferences regarding their relationships with key adults, including caseworkers and caregivers. However, their perspectives are not consistently assessed or effectively integrated into case planning. Evaluating this integration is essential for fostering positive adjustment and placement stability. Given that residential care represents the predominant child welfare intervention in Portugal, this study adapts and validates an existing instrument for use with youth in residential care institutions, providing evidence of its validity and reliability. Self-report questionnaires—the Positive Residential Care Integration (PRCI) scale (an adapted Positive Home Integration scale) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire—were administered to 511 youth (279 girls and 232 boys), aged 12 to 24 years, across 46 Portuguese residential care institutions. The study examined the face validity, discriminant validity, and reliability of the PRCI scale. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit, supporting a unidimensional six-item structure. Correlation analyses demonstrated associations with psychological adjustment and sociodemographic variables. The PRCI scale showed satisfactory psychometric properties, confirming its reliability for assessing youth integration in residential care. Cross-gender measurement invariance was also confirmed. These findings underscore the instrument’s relevance and validity for evaluating integration within residential settings and provide valuable guidance for caregivers, professionals, and caseworkers in child welfare services. Full article

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16 pages, 820 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Evaluation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Among Early Adolescents in Darjeeling, India

by Megan Cherewick, Michael Matergia, Choden Dukpa, Dikcha Mukhia, Rinzi Lama, Roshan P. Rai and Priscilla Giri

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120251 - 9 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Background. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is widely used, although it has not been validated among early adolescents in Darjeeling, India. The aims of the study were to validate the psychometric properties of the MSPSS, and to test for measurement [...] Read more.

Background. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is widely used, although it has not been validated among early adolescents in Darjeeling, India. The aims of the study were to validate the psychometric properties of the MSPSS, and to test for measurement invariance by gender. Methods. Survey data was collected from 274 early adolescents ages 10–14 living in Darjeeling, India. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated 1-, 2-, and 3-factor models. Reliability (Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s ω), convergent (peer problems), and concurrent validity (prosocial behavior) were assessed. Measurement invariance by gender was tested using multi-group CFA. Results. The three-factor model of the MSPSS (Family, Friends, Significant Other) fit these data well (X²[49] = 69.3, p = 0.030; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.039; SRMR = 0.036). Measures of reliability, concurrent, and convergent validity were good with MSPSS scores correlated positively with prosocial behavior and negatively with peer problems (|r| = 0.30–0.45, p ≤ 0.001). Configural invariance by gender was not supported, indicating differences in item-level loadings. Limitations. The MSPSS is a self-report measure, and social desirability bias is a potential limitation. Conclusion. The MSPSS demonstrates good reliability and validity among early adolescents in Darjeeling, India. Given non-invariance by gender, subscale comparisons across boys and girls should be interpreted with caution. Full article

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17 pages, 289 KB

Open AccessArticle

Correlates of Purpose in Life and Their Potential Role in Successful Aging Among Older Adults in Rural Japan

by Haruka Ariji, Ishtiaq Ahmad, Yoshihisa Shirayama, Miyoko Okamoto, Hira Taimur and Motoyuki Yuasa

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120250 - 9 Dec 2025

Viewed by 440

Abstract

Background: As societies worldwide experience rapid aging, maintaining psychological well-being in later life is increasingly important. In Japan, where spirituality often takes noninstitutional forms, the concept of spiritual health remains underexplored. Purpose in Life (PIL), a core component of spiritual health, has [...] Read more.

Background: As societies worldwide experience rapid aging, maintaining psychological well-being in later life is increasingly important. In Japan, where spirituality often takes noninstitutional forms, the concept of spiritual health remains underexplored. Purpose in Life (PIL), a core component of spiritual health, has been shown to predict well-being and healthy aging, yet its correlates remain unexplored in rural Japanese populations. This study aimed to assess PIL levels and examine its sociodemographic, social and health-related correlates among older adults living in Shimane Prefecture, a super-aged region in Japan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey (May–August 2024) included 308 adults aged ≥65 years. The 20-item PIL scale categorized respondents into low, moderate, and high PIL. Group differences were examined with chi-square/Fisher tests; unadjusted associations were used with ordered logistic regression. Multivariable analyses used a generalized (partial) proportional-odds model, adjusted for age and sex, with results reported as odds ratios and 95% CIs. Results: 42.9% of participants were classified as high PIL and 18.8% as low. Volunteering showed threshold-specific effects: it was unrelated to moderate PIL levels but was associated with approximately 2.4-times higher odds of high PIL (95% CI 1.32–4.38, p = 0.004). University education showed a trend-level association with higher PIL after controlling for false discovery rate (aOR 3.16, 95% CI 1.28–7.82, p = 0.013). The worse self-rated health was associated with lower PIL after adjustment. Conclusions: Subjective health and psychosocial engagement are key correlates of PIL in rural older adults. Culturally sensitive interventions may help promote purpose and well-being in aging populations. Full article

27 pages, 741 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of the Dissociation of Intimacy: Development and Psychometric Properties of the Dissociation of Intimacy Questionnaire (DIQ)

by Vincenzo Caretti, Eleonora Topino, Andrea Fontana, Adriano Schimmenti and Alessio Gori

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120249 - 6 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1069

Abstract

Intimacy is a core domain of personality functioning, but it can be compromised by defensive and dissociative processes. Given this, the present study aimed to develop and validate the Dissociation of Intimacy Questionnaire (DIQ), a multidimensional self-report instrument assessing dissociative disruptions of intimacy. [...] Read more.

Intimacy is a core domain of personality functioning, but it can be compromised by defensive and dissociative processes. Given this, the present study aimed to develop and validate the Dissociation of Intimacy Questionnaire (DIQ), a multidimensional self-report instrument assessing dissociative disruptions of intimacy. The DIQ consists of two parallel forms (“Me with Others” and “Others with Me”) developed to capture five distinct dimensions of the dissociation of intimacy: emotional, psychological, physical, social, and sexual. The sample comprised 500 participants (74% females; M_age = 31.92 years, SD = 12.78) recruited through online snowball sampling. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, alongside reliability and validity testing. Both exploratory and confirmatory analyses supported the five-factor structure of the DIQ, with satisfactory model fit indices. Internal consistency was good across all subscales. Convergent validity was demonstrated through significant positive correlations with insecure attachment, alexithymia, somatoform dissociation, and impairments in personality functioning. The DIQ is a robust and clinically relevant tool for assessing dissociation of intimacy. Its multidimensional and mirror structure allows for a detailed understanding of impairments in attitudes to closeness and provides a valuable framework for both research and psychotherapy. Full article

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26 pages, 666 KB

Open AccessArticle

Different Supports, Different Effects: Social Support Moderates the Impact of Parenting Stress on the Mental Health of Parents of Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

by Tao Xu and Yiran Zhang

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120248 - 5 Dec 2025

Viewed by 789

Abstract

Parenting stress, social support, and mental health among parents of individuals with intellectual disabilities have garnered significant scholarly attention. Although existing research has extensively elucidated the relationship between parenting stress and mental health, there is limited systematic investigation into the role of social [...] Read more.

Parenting stress, social support, and mental health among parents of individuals with intellectual disabilities have garnered significant scholarly attention. Although existing research has extensively elucidated the relationship between parenting stress and mental health, there is limited systematic investigation into the role of social support—particularly regarding which and how social support moderates the impact of parenting stress on the mental health of these parents. Based on data from the 2020 Comprehensive Survey on Caregiving Burden and Public Service Needs of Families with Intellectual Disabilities conducted in Shenzhen, this study examines the relationships among parenting stress, social support, and mental health of Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. The findings reveal that overall, parenting stress exerts a significant negative effect on parental mental health, while social support has a significant positive effect. Further moderation analysis indicates that both subjective support and support utilization partially alleviate the adverse effect of parenting stress on mental health, whereas objective support primarily enhances mental health through a direct pathway. Moreover, differential patterns emerge between parents with and without disabilities: for non-disabled parents, subjective support and support utilization both directly improve mental health and reduce the negative impact of parenting stress. Objective support, however, only contributes directly to mental health and does not show a moderating effect. In contrast, among parents with disabilities, objective support effectively promotes mental health but does not mitigate parenting stress; subjective support and support utilization show neither direct nor buffering effects. These findings enrich the empirical literature on family mental health in the context of intellectual disability and offer practical implications for enhancing family support policies and improving the well-being of affected households. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parenting across the Lifespan: Perinatal Mental Health, Infant Feeding, and Child Development)

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13 pages, 312 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Emotional Intelligence Through an Intervention Program in Primary School Students

by David Molero, Gemma Sánchez-Narváez, Raquel Jiménez-delaTorre and Óscar Gavín-Chocano

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120247 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 799

Abstract

Background: This research describes the influence of emotions on primary school students in a public school in Andalusia, southern Spain. The objectives include determining self-reported emotional intelligence scores, establishing correlations between the instruments, analysing differences according to gender, and studying the influence of [...] Read more.

Background: This research describes the influence of emotions on primary school students in a public school in Andalusia, southern Spain. The objectives include determining self-reported emotional intelligence scores, establishing correlations between the instruments, analysing differences according to gender, and studying the influence of an intervention programme on students’ self-reported emotional intelligence scores, by means of pre-test and post-test. Methods: The study design combines descriptive and correlational approaches through a quasi-experimental study. The sample consists of 149 primary education students. A socio-demographic questionnaire was used to assess self-reported Emotional Intelligence, short version in Spanish of the Emotional Education Questionnaire and subscale of the WLEIS-S (version in Spanish) instrument to assess emotional regulation. Results: The experimental group in this study showed a significant increase (pre-test vs. post-test) in emotional intelligence scores following the intervention program (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) with a large effect size (r > 0.5). Conclusions: The findings suggest that emotional education and EI among primary school students have a significant and positive influence on their emotional well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity, Educational Inclusion, Emotional Intelligence, Coping, and Other Factors That Influence Psychological Health and Well-Being)

19 pages, 663 KB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Detachment–Strain Relationship: A Two-Wave Mediational Model

by Chiara Consiglio, Nicoletta Massa, Ferdinando Paolo Santarpia and Cristiano Violani

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120246 - 29 Nov 2025

Viewed by 422

Abstract

Background: Healthcare professionals are highly exposed to work-related stressors, which increases their vulnerability to exhaustion, a key dimension of burnout. Psychological detachment, defined as the ability to mentally disengage from work during off-job time, has been identified as a key recovery mechanism. However, [...] Read more.

Background: Healthcare professionals are highly exposed to work-related stressors, which increases their vulnerability to exhaustion, a key dimension of burnout. Psychological detachment, defined as the ability to mentally disengage from work during off-job time, has been identified as a key recovery mechanism. However, the processes linking detachment to exhaustion over time remain underexplored. Methods: This study integrated the Conservation of Resources theory and the Stressor–Recovery Model to test a two-wave longitudinal model, in which negative work–home spillover mediates the relationship between psychological detachment and exhaustion. The reverse pathways were also examined. Data were collected from 258 healthcare professionals at an Italian hospital, who completed self-report questionnaires at two time points over a two-year period. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypothesized relationships. Results: Psychological detachment at Time 1 predicted lower spillover at Time 2, which in turn was associated with lower exhaustion, supporting a full mediation model. Additionally, spillover at Time 1 negatively predicted detachment at Time 2, suggesting the existence of a potential loss cycle, while reverse effects from exhaustion to spillover or detachment were not supported. Conclusions: These findings highlight the crucial role of psychological detachment in preventing long-term exhaustion among healthcare professionals by reducing work–home spillover, providing valuable insights for interventions that promote recovery processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health Challenges: Mapping Psychosocial Factors Driving Healthy Organizations)

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13 pages, 616 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Psychological First Aid Interventions on Self-Efficacy and Professional Quality of Life Among Physicians: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Othman A. Alfuqaha, Uday M. Al-Masarwah, Fatima M. Al Talahin and Rihan Thaher Altarawneh

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120245 - 29 Nov 2025

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Abstract

(1) Background: Psychological first aid (PFA) interventions are designed to tackle the effects of traumatic events on individuals to help them reach stability. (2) Methods: We conducted a quasi-experimental study. A total of 162 physicians in Jordan were conveniently selected between 28 November [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Psychological first aid (PFA) interventions are designed to tackle the effects of traumatic events on individuals to help them reach stability. (2) Methods: We conducted a quasi-experimental study. A total of 162 physicians in Jordan were conveniently selected between 28 November and 15 December 2023. We identified 82 participants by a simple random procedure to represent the control group = 42 and the experimental group = 40. The PFA intervention course was initiated from 18 December 2023 to 21 February 2024. (3) Results: We found significant differences (p < 0.001) between the control group and the experimental group based on knowledge, skills, and attitudes in terms of PFA; self-efficacy (SE); and professional quality of life (ProQoL). The experimental group demonstrated higher knowledge, skills, and attitudes in terms of PFA and improved SE compared to the control group. Physicians, before undergoing the PFA intervention and strategy training course, exhibited moderate levels of compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout (BO), and secondary traumatic stress (STS). After the training course, both BO (M = 3.14, t = 3.44, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.56) and STS (M = 2.01, t = 4.25, p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.65) decreased significantly in the experimental group, while there was no significant effect on CS (M = 4.29, t = 1.56, p = 0.12, Cohen’s d = 0.21) as a result of the PFA training course in the experimental group. (4) Conclusions: The PFA training course improves SE and ProQoL and increases knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward PFA. We recommend implementing PFA training courses for other healthcare professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research: The Emerging Challenges, Insights, and Coping Strategies)

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30 pages, 980 KB

Open AccessArticle

Youths’ Wellbeing Between Future and Uncertainty Across Cultural Contexts: A Focus on Latent Meanings as Mediational Factors

by Massimo Ingrassia, Narine Khachatryan, Simone Rollo, Edita Arakelyan, Tsaghik Mikayelyan and Loredana Benedetto

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120244 - 29 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Factors like future time perspective, cultural belongings, and semiotic resources (i.e., individuals’ meanings to interpret the world), as well as worrying phenomena (climate change and armed conflicts), can harm wellbeing and increase personal distress. The study, comparing Armenian and Italian contexts, explores whether [...] Read more.

Factors like future time perspective, cultural belongings, and semiotic resources (i.e., individuals’ meanings to interpret the world), as well as worrying phenomena (climate change and armed conflicts), can harm wellbeing and increase personal distress. The study, comparing Armenian and Italian contexts, explores whether youths’ wellbeing and psychological distress are explained by openness to time perspective, anxiety about uncertainty, and worry regarding climate change and war, as a function of the individual semiotic resources (mapped by Views of Context). Participants were 202 Armenian and 271 Italian young adults (M_age = 21.23, SD_age = 3.35). A Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) applied to Views of Context extracted two dimensions of sense; a second-order MCA aggregated the extracted meanings into three clusters named Orientation towards self-care (CL₁), Social and personal commitment (CL₂), and Absolute devaluation and social detachment (CL₃). Clusters and/or nationality significantly differentiated measures of worry for war and climate change, future time perspective, intolerance of uncertainty, and wellbeing, but not the distress scores, by 3 × 2 ANOVAs. Linear regressions showed future time perspective and intolerance of uncertainty as positive and negative predictors of wellbeing respectively, with a significant Views-of-Context dimension, inversely affecting distress scores. Study highlights youths’ latent meanings influence wellbeing and distress, serving as a “starting point” for health promotion interventions sensitive to cultural differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Mental Health Trends)

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15 pages, 367 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time on Their Side: How Visual Timers Affect Anticipatory Anxiety, Performance, and On-Task Behavior in Elementary Math Assessments

by Quentin Hallez and Victoire Vallier

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120243 - 28 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the impact of visual timers on 7- to 9-year-old students’ mathematical performance, anticipatory anxiety related to math assessment, and on-task behavior during a timed assessment. Building on previous findings that visual timers reduce anxiety and improve performance, this research further [...] Read more.

This study investigated the impact of visual timers on 7- to 9-year-old students’ mathematical performance, anticipatory anxiety related to math assessment, and on-task behavior during a timed assessment. Building on previous findings that visual timers reduce anxiety and improve performance, this research further examined how children interact with a Time-Timer and whether its use influenced off-task behaviors. Forty-four children completed a timed mathematical assessment under two counterbalanced conditions: with and without a visible Time-Timer. Results replicated the anxiolytic effect of visual timers indicating significantly lower anticipatory anxiety levels prior to task onset in the Time-Timer condition. However, no significant difference in math performance was observed between conditions. Notably, the Time-Timer condition was associated with a significant reduction in inattentive and motor instability behaviors. This effect was particularly pronounced for children at higher risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, as measured by the Conners’ questionnaire. Furthermore, engagement with the Time-Timer was highly heterogeneous; while some children never consulted the device, 25% of participants monitored it with high frequency (i.e., more than seven times in a five-minute period). While this study supports the use of visual timers for reducing anxiety and promoting on-task behaviors, it highlights the need to understand individual differences in usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subjective Time: Cognition, Emotion and Beyond)

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25 pages, 1019 KB

Open AccessReview

Conceptualization of Digital Platforms Within Cancer Communication: A Review of Barriers and Drivers of Online Tools to Empower Children and Adolescents with Cancer to Understand Their Disease

by María Díaz-Cortés, Javier Morales-Mediano, Julio C. la Torre-Montero and Augusto Ferreira-Umpiérrez

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120242 - 28 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The primary objective of this research is to identify the most influential factors in the digital platforms used by cancer patients and their environments for accessing oncopaediatric information. This is a PRISMA-guided systematic review that synthesises studies published between 2004 and January 2023 [...] Read more.

The primary objective of this research is to identify the most influential factors in the digital platforms used by cancer patients and their environments for accessing oncopaediatric information. This is a PRISMA-guided systematic review that synthesises studies published between 2004 and January 2023 and does not report new primary data. We explore the drivers and barriers of web-based platforms, health apps and social media. We conducted a literature review guided by the PICOS strategy: (P) children and adolescents; (I) factors affecting the use of health apps and social media; (C) without a specific comparison; (O) measuring impact, understanding and success factors; (S) using a conceptual approach. Our study reveals a dual dynamic in paediatric oncology science communication, in which drivers (information, collaborative efforts, comprehensive education) and barriers (age-appropriate content, misinformation) shape the complex communication landscape. The reality is that a healthcare application is needed that focuses on extensive education and the paediatric patient’s involvement in understanding and improving their well-being. It requires adapting communication strategies. Additionally, we explore the theory of online health communication and identify several promising avenues for research. Full article

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20 pages, 380 KB

Open AccessArticle

Traumatic Events, Psychopathology, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the General Community and First Responders: Presence of Symptoms and Associated Factors

by Hélder António, Pedro Gamito, Stéphane Bouchard, Shivani Atul Mansuklal, José Cardoso, Maria Vieira de Castro and Ricardo Pinto

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120241 - 26 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Most individuals experience at least one traumatic event during their lifetime, which can lead to the development of psychopathological symptoms and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). First responders (e.g., police officers, firefighters, emergency medical professionals) are exposed to traumatic events daily, making them particularly [...] Read more.

Most individuals experience at least one traumatic event during their lifetime, which can lead to the development of psychopathological symptoms and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). First responders (e.g., police officers, firefighters, emergency medical professionals) are exposed to traumatic events daily, making them particularly vulnerable to developing such symptoms. Using an online questionnaire, this study aimed to compare self-reported exposure to traumatic events and the presence of psychopathological and PTSD symptoms between a sample from the general community (n = 137) and first responders (n = 672) residing in Portugal. We also sought to identify factors associated with the development of PTSD symptoms. Results showed that although first responders reported higher exposure to traumatic events, there were no significant differences in PTSD symptoms between first responders and the general community. However, general psychopathological symptoms, particularly anxiety and depression, were higher in the general community than among first responders. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsessive–compulsive tendencies, hostility, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, and personally experienced traumatic events emerged as significant predictors of PTSD symptoms, whereas demographic variables showed no significant predictive value. The potential influence of factors such as terror management theory, training and education, professional selection, the “hero lifestyle”, and the “police culture” is discussed, along with implications and directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health Challenges: Mapping Psychosocial Factors Driving Healthy Organizations)

20 pages, 371 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Dimensionality of the Perceived Cost of Learning High School Mathematics

by Saule Raiziene, Lauryna Rakickiene and Dovile Butkiene

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120240 - 26 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The concept of cost, defined as the perceived negative consequences of engaging in a task, is an important yet understudied component of the expectancy–value theory of student motivation. In this study, we examined the multidimensional cost structure in mathematics learning, focusing on four [...] Read more.

The concept of cost, defined as the perceived negative consequences of engaging in a task, is an important yet understudied component of the expectancy–value theory of student motivation. In this study, we examined the multidimensional cost structure in mathematics learning, focusing on four facets proposed in recent research: effort, opportunity, emotional, and ego costs. Participants consisted of 1483 ninth-grade students from 24 public schools in Lithuania (56.04% girls; M = 14.88 years). Students completed a questionnaire developed to assess the four cost dimensions, along with measures of their intentions to pursue mathematics, procrastination, and negative classroom emotions; academic achievement data were obtained from school records. Using a split-sample design, we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to test alternative structural representations of cost. A comparison of correlated-factor, higher-order, and bifactor models indicated that the correlated-factor ESEM model best fitted the data, supporting the specificity of the four distinct cost dimensions. Specific associations of each cost dimension with study outcomes further supported this differentiation, with ego cost most notably diverging from the other three cost dimensions. The results confirm the distinct nature of the four cost dimensions and underscore the importance of examining their separate roles in students’ mathematics learning, contributing to the existing evidence from a comparatively understudied cultural context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Well-Being and Coping Strategies in Educational Psychology)

11 pages, 365 KB

Open AccessArticle

A 20-Minute Mindful Jazz Intervention Decreased Chronic Pain Patients’ Pain and Anxiety 4 Weeks Later: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

by Sean D. Young and Adam Hanley

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120239 - 25 Nov 2025

Viewed by 697

Abstract

Objectives: Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is the leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide and the costliest health condition in the United States. Mindfulness is an effective treatment for CMP, but traditional mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are inaccessible for many CMP patients for [...] Read more.

Objectives: Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is the leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide and the costliest health condition in the United States. Mindfulness is an effective treatment for CMP, but traditional mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are inaccessible for many CMP patients for both format and content reasons. An MBI that leverages music may be a more accessible approach. Methods: This pilot randomized controlled trial investigates the effects of a 20 min mindful jazz listening intervention with a 4-week self-directed practice period on chronic pain patients, comparing the daily mindful jazz listening (n = 27) with regular daily jazz listening (n = 30). We assess immediate and 4-week post-intervention outcomes for pain intensity, unpleasantness and anxiety. This study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and is registered under the IRB (#3454) of the University of California, Irvine. Results: Results suggest that mindfully listening to jazz reduces pain and anxiety compared to the regular jazz group. Conclusions: Mindfully listening to jazz may be an effective, brief intervention for managing pain and anxiety in chronic pain patients, highlighting its potential as an accessible and engaging chronic pain management. Full article

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Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ., Volume 15, Issue 12 (December 2025) – 24 articles

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