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COVID, Volume 6, Issue 9

2026 September - 16 articles

Cover Story: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of innate antiviral immunity. We investigated TLR7 and TLR9 mRNA expression in whole-blood samples from COVID-19 patients using quantitative real-time PCR and their associations with COVID-19 infection and disease severity. Both TLR7 and TLR9 expression levels were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients and showed strong discriminatory performance for COVID-19. Higher TLR9 expression was also associated with moderate-to-critical disease and showed modest discriminatory performance for disease severity. These findings highlight TLR7 and TLR9 as potential candidate biomarkers for COVID-19, with TLR9 potentially providing additional information on disease severity. Further validation in independent cohorts is warranted. View this paper
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Articles (16)

  • Article
  • Open Access
208 Views
14 Pages

17 September 2026

Objectives: To compare functional recovery during inpatient rehabilitation, assessed by Functional Independence Measure (FIM) gain and FIM efficiency, between the pre-pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic periods in older adults after hip fracture. Methods:...

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
197 Views
12 Pages

COVID-19 and Appendicitis: Insights from a Retrospective Study

  • Victoria L. McPherson,
  • Zella Berill,
  • Apryl Susi,
  • Cade M. Nylund,
  • Michael Rajnik and
  • Matthew D. Eberly

16 September 2026

To identify whether a relationship exists between COVID-19 and appendicitis and compare the incidence of appendicitis during three pandemic years to the year prior to the pandemic, we conducted two observational retrospective studies: a propensity sc...

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Clinical Manifestations and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
277 Views
15 Pages

The Severity and Frequency of Self-Reported Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Psychology University Students Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

  • Yvonne Groen,
  • Remon R. Nicolai,
  • Norbert A. Börger,
  • Saleh M. H. Mohamed,
  • Miguel Garcia Pimenta,
  • Geraldina F. Gaastra and
  • Anselm B. M. Fuermaier

15 September 2026

This study measured the severity and frequency of self-reported symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Psychology students in a Dutch university before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing insights into how this populat...

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
270 Views
27 Pages

Comparative Evidence-Weighted In Silico Toxicity Profiling of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors Ensitrelvir and Nirmatrelvir

  • Gabriel Vinícius Rolim Silva,
  • Letícia Maria Azevedo Martins,
  • Maria Karolaynne da Silva,
  • Bakul Akter,
  • Shopnil Akash,
  • Edilson Dantas da Silva Junior,
  • Katyanna Sales Bezerra,
  • Umberto Laino Fulco and
  • Jonas Ivan Nobre Oliveira

15 September 2026

Ensitrelvir and nirmatrelvir are the two most widely used oral SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors, yet their toxicological profiles have never been compared under a single computational panel. An identical panel of 105 toxicity endpoints per compoun...

(This article belongs to the Section Host Genetics and Susceptibility/Resistance)
  • Article
  • Open Access
198 Views
14 Pages

FIB-4 Index Discriminates Long-Term Mortality Better than Chest CT Severity Scores in Severe COVID-19

  • Furkan Bölen,
  • Ayşe Paralı Ak,
  • Merve Kapçık and
  • Mehmet Ağırbaşlı

13 September 2026

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes systemic inflammation and multi-organ injury that may persist beyond the acute illness. The Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) are inexpensive liver fi...

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Clinical Manifestations and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
241 Views
13 Pages

The Risk of COVID-19 Death in Jamaica by Wave Period: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

  • Karen Webster-Kerr,
  • Andriene Grant,
  • Ardene Harris,
  • Romae Thorpe,
  • Daidre Rowe,
  • Deborah Henningham,
  • Tanielle Mullings,
  • Jovan Wiggan,
  • Carol Lord and
  • Jacqueline Duncan
  • + 5 authors

10 September 2026

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic caused significant healthcare, economic and social impacts. This study described characteristics of COVID-19 mortality and determined risk of COVID-19 death by wave period in Jamaica. A cross-sectional analysis was con...

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)
  • Review
  • Open Access
339 Views
42 Pages

9 September 2026

Isolation, quarantine, and contact tracing are some of the most critical and commonly employed non-pharmaceutical interventions used to control the spread of COVID-19. However, the effectiveness of these strategies and their implementation depends on...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Past, Present and Future of COVID-19: Advances and Lessons Learned)
  • Article
  • Open Access
236 Views
15 Pages

9 September 2026

This paper focuses on the wellbeing of a sample of older and predominantly middle-class UK individuals drawn from the Mass Observation Project (MOP) participant panel in 2020, covering the first months of the global COVID-19 pandemic and first UK nat...

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
449 Views
24 Pages

Prevalence and Symptom Profiles of Long COVID Among Adults in Houston, Texas: A Cross-Sectional Community Survey

  • Zuri Dale,
  • Ivy Mushamiri,
  • Kelly Morris,
  • Vicky Davis,
  • Amaya Tootle and
  • Bryanna Armstrong

4 September 2026

Long COVID, defined by the National Academies of Sciences as an infection-associated chronic condition persisting at least three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection, presents a growing public health challenge. Despite national prevalence estimates...

(This article belongs to the Section Long COVID and Post-Acute Sequelae)
  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
252 Views
15 Pages

1 September 2026

Background: This study aims to characterise the clinical and radiological features of Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in the context of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), consolidating reported cases to aid cli...

(This article belongs to the Section Long COVID and Post-Acute Sequelae)
  • Article
  • Open Access
379 Views
20 Pages

Exploring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Parents’ Well-Being: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-, During, and Post-Lockdown

  • Anna-Liisa Mottonen,
  • Christina DeRoche,
  • Treva Reed,
  • Omid Ali Kharazmi,
  • Neha Gulia,
  • Emily Sanderson and
  • Katherine Jones

1 September 2026

The COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns heavily impacted the stress levels of families worldwide. We examined parental stress levels regarding a variety of subtopics (including finances, schooling, and seeing extended family) in North Bay, Ontario, Canada. A...

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
417 Views
15 Pages

Expression of Toll-like Receptor 7 and Toll-like Receptor 9 in COVID-19 Patients and Their Association with Disease Severity

  • Rasha M. Abdel-Hamid,
  • Noha M. Mesbah,
  • Shaimaa A. Fattah,
  • Esraa S. Sayed Ahmed,
  • Basem E. Eysa,
  • Tarek Abdelkader Sallam,
  • Rasha Mohamed,
  • Shady A. Ramiz,
  • Gehan H. AboEl-Magd and
  • Amal Ahmed Mohamed
  • + 6 authors

31 August 2026

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immunity, mediating viral recognition, antiviral responses, and cytokine production. This study evaluated TLR7 and TLR9 expression levels in COVID-19 patients and their associations with COV...

(This article belongs to the Section Host Genetics and Susceptibility/Resistance)
  • Article
  • Open Access
231 Views
12 Pages

Institutional Capacity and COVID-19 Response Among Romanian Public Health Directorates: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Analysis of 20 Jurisdictions

  • Lenuța Silvia Nicoruț,
  • Timea Claudia Ghitea,
  • Rareș Cristian Daina,
  • Eleia Zina Csákvári,
  • Mădălina Diana Fehér,
  • László Fehér and
  • Lucia Georgeta Daina

29 August 2026

Background: Transparent measurement is essential when organizational capacity is compared across public health institutions. The supplied analytic dataset did not contain repeated annual scores or indicator-level evidence for the previously proposed...

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)
  • Review
  • Open Access
445 Views
43 Pages

27 August 2026

Mathematical modeling has played a crucial role in epidemiological research, its importance amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic. This comprehensive review provides a five-year analysis of mathematical models developed to understand and control COV...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Past, Present and Future of COVID-19: Advances and Lessons Learned)
  • Article
  • Open Access
301 Views
11 Pages

27 August 2026

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic simultaneously affected vascular risk and healthcare utilization. We evaluated whether monthly trajectories of Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde; SUS)-financed hospitalizations for...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Past, Present and Future of COVID-19: Advances and Lessons Learned)
  • Article
  • Open Access
482 Views
15 Pages

Comorbidity Patterns, Multimorbidity Networks, and Demographic Factors Associated with Comorbidity Distribution Among Deceased COVID-19 Cases in Grenada: A Retrospective Observational Study

  • Vanessa Matthew-Belmar,
  • Shawn Charles,
  • Larissa Mark,
  • Trevor Noel,
  • Calum Macpherson,
  • Andy Alhassan,
  • Satesh Bidaisee and
  • Hamid Reza Sodagari

24 August 2026

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in substantial global morbidity and mortality since its emergence in late 2019. This retrospective study aims to determine t...

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)
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COVID - ISSN 2673-8112