Heritage

19 pages, 75756 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Degradation Behavior of Amber-Based Paint Layers in The Temptation of St Anthony by Salvador Dalí

by Catherine Defeyt, Francisca Vandepitte, Philippe Walter, Edène Derzelle, Nathan de Vries, Daniela Aleccia, Francesca Caterina Izzo and David Strivay

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020085 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 925

Abstract

The iconic Dali’s painting The Temptation of St. Anthony dated 1946, housed in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium since 1965, displays worrying surface conditions in specific areas, notably the figure of St. Anthony. The problematic paint layers similarly exhibit uneven [...] Read more.

The iconic Dali’s painting The Temptation of St. Anthony dated 1946, housed in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium since 1965, displays worrying surface conditions in specific areas, notably the figure of St. Anthony. The problematic paint layers similarly exhibit uneven transparency and a rugged surface irrespective of their color, raising questions about whether these features reflect deliberate artistic intent or material degradation. To evidence potential degradation mechanisms and to identify the associated painting materials, Dali’s picture has been investigated through a large panel of imaging and analytical techniques, including digital microscopy, MA-XRF, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopies, XRD and Py-GC–MS. The obtained results were subsequently assessed against the material and technical information collected from Dali’s 50 Secrets of Magic Craftsmanship, as well as against archival photographs. By combining historical and multi-analytical approaches, it was possible to diagnose the altered condition of the artwork, but above all to determine when and how the deterioration patterns took place. Visible changes of appearance occurred prior to 1965 and were most probably already initiated during the curing and drying processes of the paint films. The present study tends to demonstrate the key roles of mobile resin acids from amber, reactive zinc oxide pigment suspected of containing crystal defects, uncured lead-white-rich underlayers, and chlorine environmental contamination, regarding the early and peculiar degradation behavior observed on Dali’s masterpiece. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Scientific Analysis and Conservation Techniques in the Preservation of Painted Artifacts)

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25 pages, 11405 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Morphology of Continuity: An Analytical Documentation of Vernacular Architecture in Phoenix Rural Settlements

by Münire Rumeysa Çakan, Emre Kishalı and Asil Yaman

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020084 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1153

Abstract

Rural architectural systems in the Mediterranean reflect a long-term entanglement between human agency, material conditions, and environmental constraints. This study uses this framework to explore architectural continuity in settlements near ancient Phoenix in Türkiye. While scholarly focus often remains on monumental ruins, it [...] Read more.

Rural architectural systems in the Mediterranean reflect a long-term entanglement between human agency, material conditions, and environmental constraints. This study uses this framework to explore architectural continuity in settlements near ancient Phoenix in Türkiye. While scholarly focus often remains on monumental ruins, it aims to examine how rural building practices, such as stone masonry, traditional carpentry, and the reuse of spolia, have persisted since antiquity. The methodology combines UAV photogrammetry, GIS analysis, and oral histories to reveal spatial patterns and craft traditions across generations. The findings show that structures are transmitted through technical knowledge, with stone and timber co-evolving with local livelihoods. By documenting the structural logic and embedded intangible knowledge of seasonal settlements like Fenaket and Büğüş, the study identifies a ‘continuity through change’ paradigm rooted in circular resilience and adaptive reuse, This study emphasizes the need for conservation strategies that integrate digital documentation with community experience to preserve the cross-border cultural landscape of the Aegean region amid environmental threats and the decline in craftsmanship, thereby sustaining it as a dynamic living culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

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20 pages, 5834 KB

Open AccessArticle

Obsidian at the Maddalena di Muccia (Marche, Central Italy) Archaeological Site: Evidence for Three Volcanic Sources in a Multi-Phase Context

by Pasquale Acquafredda, Italo Maria Muntoni, Cecilia Conati Barbaro, Elisabetta Gadaleta and Mauro Pallara

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020083 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1044

Abstract

This paper presents the compositional characterisation of obsidian artefacts from the archaeological site of Maddalena di Muccia (Marche, Central Italy). The assemblage, spanning the Early Neolithic to the Copper Age, was chemically and petrographically investigated using two non-destructive X-ray analytical instruments: a wavelength-dispersive [...] Read more.

This paper presents the compositional characterisation of obsidian artefacts from the archaeological site of Maddalena di Muccia (Marche, Central Italy). The assemblage, spanning the Early Neolithic to the Copper Age, was chemically and petrographically investigated using two non-destructive X-ray analytical instruments: a wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometer and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Geochemical data allow secure attribution of the artefacts to their geological sources, confirming the predominant use of Palmarola obsidian during the Early Neolithic and documenting the continued circulation of obsidian also from other sources (Lipari and Monte Arci) into the Copper Age. Significantly, the Muccia assemblage provides the first evidence in the Adriatic area for the contemporaneous presence of multiple Monte Arci obsidian sub-sources (S.A. and S.C.). This compositional pattern suggests sustained long-term exchange networks involving obsidian, and highlights the role of central Adriatic sites within broader prehistoric interaction systems of the central Mediterranean. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Provenance of Construction Stone Materials in Archaeology: New Advances, Methodologies and Issues)

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21 pages, 638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Trade-Offs Between Essential Oil and Quaternary Ammonium Biocides in Cultural Heritage Conservation

by Andrea Macchia, Camilla Zaratti, Benedetta Paolino, Antonella Canini, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Federica Valentini and Fernanda Prestileo

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020082 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 832

Abstract

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have dominated biocidal practice in cultural heritage conservation for decades, yet growing evidence of environmental persistence, aquatic ecotoxicity, and antimicrobial resistance induction has prompted the search for safer alternatives. Essential oils (EO) have emerged as promising bio-based biocides, though [...] Read more.

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have dominated biocidal practice in cultural heritage conservation for decades, yet growing evidence of environmental persistence, aquatic ecotoxicity, and antimicrobial resistance induction has prompted the search for safer alternatives. Essential oils (EO) have emerged as promising bio-based biocides, though their environmental performance has rarely been quantified through rigorous life cycle approaches. This study presents a comparative Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) of EO-based and QAC-based biocidal formulations across representative conservation scenarios, following ISO 14040/14044 standards and the Environmental Footprint 3.1 methodology with USEtox^® 2.1 characterization factors. Three complementary functional units were employed: formulation-based, surface-based, and intervention-based. The results reveal a fundamental trade-off: EO-based systems exhibit 81% higher climate change impacts but 82–89% lower human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity impacts compared to QAC-based systems. Surface-normalized comparisons reduce the climate gap to 32%, while toxicity advantages remain robust across all sensitivity scenarios. Monte Carlo analysis confirms the robustness of toxicity findings (p > 99%), whereas climate comparisons remain scenario-dependent. These findings support context-dependent adoption of EO-based biocides in conservation practice and demonstrate that EO-related climate impacts are technically mitigable, while QAC toxicity is intrinsic to their molecular structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for the Sustainable Conservation of Cultural Heritage)

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30 pages, 12042 KB

Open AccessArticle

Threads of War: Scientific Analysis of the Dyes, Fibres and Mordants Used in the Production of Afghan War Rugs

by Diego Tamburini, Joanne Dyer and Andrew Meek

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020081 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1114

Abstract

So-called ‘war rugs’ started being produced in Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979. These textiles have sparked debate as symbols of resilience and political commentary but also as controversial commodification of human suffering. However, their manufacture and materiality have not been studied [...] Read more.

So-called ‘war rugs’ started being produced in Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979. These textiles have sparked debate as symbols of resilience and political commentary but also as controversial commodification of human suffering. However, their manufacture and materiality have not been studied so far. In the framework of the British Museum exhibition “War rugs: Afghanistan’s knotted history”, a scientific investigation was conducted on nine rugs from the collection. Approximately 65 samples were analysed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) to study the fibres, mordants and dyes used in the production of the rugs. Scanning X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) and multiband imaging (MBI) were also used directly on the rugs to map the distribution of specific mordants and dyes, respectively. The results revealed the intentional use of white or dark wool as the substrate for dyeing, to obtain specific colour shades. A wide range of synthetic dyes was detected, including Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 88, Basic Green 4, Acid Blue 92, Acid Black 1 and Direct Black 38 in the earlier rugs, whereas Direct Yellow 1, Direct Brown 1, Direct Yellow 12, Acid Green 25, Acid Blue 113 and Direct Blue 15 were identified in the later rugs. Some synthetic dyes remained unidentified. Additionally, natural dyes were used in three rugs. An emodin-based colourant, possibly obtained from dock or sorrel (Rumex spp.), was detected in two light brown areas. A berberine-based colourant consistent with barberry (Berberis spp.) was detected in a yellow area. These results represent the first scientific study of these objects and enable preliminary insights into the details of this complex craft that has evolved from centuries of carpet making in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dyes in History and Archaeology 44)

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21 pages, 11756 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Diagnostic Approach to Deepen the Understanding of Michele di Matteo’s Wooden Panel Coronation of the Virgin

by Valeria Comite, Chiara Andrea Lombardi, Andrea Bergomi, Alfonsina D’Amato, Mattia Borelli, Gianluca Carabelli, Valentina Verzoni, Mario Colella, Daniele Bolleri, Vittoria Guglielmi and Paola Fermo

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020080 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 709

Abstract

This study presents a non-invasive, integrated and multidisciplinary diagnostic approach applied to the analysis of the altarpiece Coronation of the Virgin, attributed to Michele di Matteo (15th century). The investigation focused on the evaluation of a restoration intervention carried out in 2023 [...] Read more.

This study presents a non-invasive, integrated and multidisciplinary diagnostic approach applied to the analysis of the altarpiece Coronation of the Virgin, attributed to Michele di Matteo (15th century). The investigation focused on the evaluation of a restoration intervention carried out in 2023 using quantitative colorimetric measurements to assess chromatic variations induced by surface treatments. Other non-invasive techniques, including multispectral imaging, hyperspectral imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and visible reflectance spectroscopy, were employed to investigate the painted surface, examine underlying features, and support the characterization and spatial distribution of pictorial materials through comparison with reference standards. Finally, the proteinaceous binding media used by the artist were investigated using nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS), a sensitive, high-resolution analytical approach in the field of cultural heritage studies. Overall, the integrated approach documented chromatic changes induced by cleaning, revealed the preparatory drawing and previously unknown decorative elements by infrared reflectography, and confirmed the presence of pigments previously identified in earlier studies, allowing, in some cases, for an investigation of their distribution across the painted surface. The characterization of proteinaceous binding media further contributed to a deeper understanding of the materials and techniques employed by the artist. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cultural Heritage)

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29 pages, 74659 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Green Prevailing Monochromy in the Wall Paintings of the Domus at Avenida Miguel de Cervantes 35 (Écija, Seville): An Archaeochemical Study

by Irene Loschi, Daniel Cosano Hidalgo and José Rafael Ruiz Arrebola

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020079 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 554

Abstract

This paper highlights the findings of the emergency excavation carried out at Avenida Miguel de Cervantes No. 35 in Écija, conducted in two phases between 1999 and 2000 and in 2003. The investigation revealed a domus featuring valuable decorative elements, including pictorial wall [...] Read more.

This paper highlights the findings of the emergency excavation carried out at Avenida Miguel de Cervantes No. 35 in Écija, conducted in two phases between 1999 and 2000 and in 2003. The investigation revealed a domus featuring valuable decorative elements, including pictorial wall paintings and two high-quality mosaics. Stylistic analysis of the wall decorations identified a scheme composed of wide and narrow panels, with a predominance of bright green in the central zone, along with traces of figurative representations. The evidence suggests a second construction phase in the latter half of the 2nd century AD, followed by renovations in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The use of green prevailing monochromy appears to be associated with high-status representational spaces. A total of six samples from the wall paintings and mortars were analysed. X-ray diffraction (XRPD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were employed for a minimally destructive preliminary study of the mortars, while confocal microscopy was used to observe the sequence in which the pigments were applied, and Raman spectroscopy enabled the identification of the pigments, notably highlighting glauconite as the green pigment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Archaeological Heritage)

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25 pages, 620 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Driven Cultural Storytelling and Tourists’ Behavioral Intentions: Understanding the Mediation of Authenticity and Destination Image

by Ahmed Mohamed Hasanein, Bassam Samir Al-Romeedy, Hazem Ahmed Khairy and Abdulaziz M. Al Thani

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020078 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1710

Abstract

Grounded in Narrative Transportation Theory, this study examines how AI-enabled cultural storytelling influences tourists’ visit intentions through the mediating roles of perceived authenticity and destination image. Drawing on a quantitative, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 415 tourists who had experienced AI-driven storytelling. [...] Read more.

Grounded in Narrative Transportation Theory, this study examines how AI-enabled cultural storytelling influences tourists’ visit intentions through the mediating roles of perceived authenticity and destination image. Drawing on a quantitative, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 415 tourists who had experienced AI-driven storytelling. PLS-SEM was employed to examine the relationships among AI-enabled cultural storytelling, perceived authenticity, destination image, and visit intention. The results indicate that AI-enabled cultural storytelling significantly enhances tourists’ perceived authenticity, destination image, and intention to visit. Both perceived authenticity and destination image were found to positively influence visit intention and act as significant mediators in the relationship between AI-enabled cultural storytelling and visit intention. These findings suggest that AI-driven narrative experiences not only enrich tourists’ perception of authenticity and overall image of the destination but also play a crucial role in shaping their future behavioral intentions. The study contributes to the understanding of technology-mediated cultural tourism experiences and provides practical insights for destination marketers seeking to leverage AI storytelling to attract and engage visitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World Heritage and Tourism)

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28 pages, 9652 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Heritage Information System Based on Point-Clouds: Research and Intervention Analyses Made Accessible

by Paula Redweik, Manuel Sánchez-Fernández, María José Marín-Miranda and José Juan Sanjosé-Blasco

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020077 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 632

Abstract

Heritage buildings can now be surveyed in great detail using geospatial techniques such as photogrammetry and TLS to produce dense point-clouds. For the purposes of research and building analyses, data about interventions and other relevant semantic data from the building are available from [...] Read more.

Heritage buildings can now be surveyed in great detail using geospatial techniques such as photogrammetry and TLS to produce dense point-clouds. For the purposes of research and building analyses, data about interventions and other relevant semantic data from the building are available from many sources, though not always in a well-organized way. Allying semantic data to point-clouds requires the elaboration of an ontology and the segmentation and classification of the point-clouds in accordance with that ontology. The present paper deals with an approach to make semantic classified point-clouds accessible to researchers, heritage managers and members of the public who wish to explore the 3D point-cloud data with ease and without the need for geospatial expertise. The app presented here, ‘HISTERIA’ (Heritage Information System Tool to Enable Research and Intervention Analysis), was developed with MATLAB 2023 App Designer, an object-oriented programming software module. HISTERIA has an interface in which the user can choose which parts of the heritage building s/he wishes to analyze according to several criteria presented in pre-defined queries. The result of most queries is shown in a point-cloud viewer window inside the app. A point can also be selected in the viewer, and all the values attached to it can be accessed in the different classes. HISTERIA is intended to give to the exploration of semantic heritage data in 3D added value in a simplified way. Full article

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28 pages, 8441 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Assessment of Post-Fire Residual Material Properties of Marlstone

by Radek Zigler, Ema Jankovičová, Kateřina Kovářová, Eva Matoušková, Pavla Ryparová and Tomáš Čejka

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020076 - 16 Feb 2026

Viewed by 490

Abstract

Marlstone, widely used in Romanesque and Gothic architecture across Central Europe, is a common component of heritage structures whose post-fire behavior is critical for preservation. This study examines fire-induced changes in marlstone to support post-fire assessment and conservation. Cylindrical specimens (35 mm diameter, [...] Read more.

Marlstone, widely used in Romanesque and Gothic architecture across Central Europe, is a common component of heritage structures whose post-fire behavior is critical for preservation. This study examines fire-induced changes in marlstone to support post-fire assessment and conservation. Cylindrical specimens (35 mm diameter, 70 mm height) were heated to 620 °C, 870 °C, and 1100 °C, then subjected to uniaxial compression tests to determine residual strength, strain, and Young’s modulus compared with unheated controls. Both natural and quenched cooling regimes were evaluated. Complementary XRF and petrographic analyses identified mineralogical and microstructural changes, while CIELab color measurements quantified temperature-induced visual alterations. Results show temperature-dependent changes in mechanical performance, accompanied by transformations in silica and calcite phases, along with measurable color changes. Variability in response reflects the inherent heterogeneity and anisotropy of marlstone. These findings provide essential insight into the thermal vulnerability of historic marlstone masonry and offer practical guidance for conservation, restoration, and post-fire evaluation of heritage stone structures. Full article

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25 pages, 8032 KB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge-Based Approach for the Digitalization and Analysis of Historic Built Heritage: Application in a Calabrian Context (Italy)

by Serena Buglisi, Livio De Luca, Massimo Lauria and Angela Quattrocchi

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020075 - 15 Feb 2026

Viewed by 519

Abstract

The conservation process is iterative and interactive. Periodic updates stratify data across disciplines and time. Still the transition from raw data to structured knowledge is often slowed by procedural gaps and tooling limitations, creating a semantic divide between abundant digital resources and truly [...] Read more.

The conservation process is iterative and interactive. Periodic updates stratify data across disciplines and time. Still the transition from raw data to structured knowledge is often slowed by procedural gaps and tooling limitations, creating a semantic divide between abundant digital resources and truly intelligible data. This article proposes a methodological and operational approach for managing the continuity of the information flow within a digitalization process functional to a conservation strategy for the Historical Built Heritage. A graph-structured semantic knowledge base was developed and it is fed by data from heterogeneous sources (Building Information Modeling, reality-based annotation platforms and graph databases), organized according to an explicit conceptual model for representing the building’s diachronic evolution. Interaction and querying are mediated by a prototypical multidimensional visualization environment. The experimentation has proven to anticipate contextualization, to rationalize mapping, to harmonize heterogeneous resources, and to formalize knowledge for sharing and querying. Calabrian heritage, which is part of the region’s identity and subject to natural and anthropogenic risks, is the case of interest. Application scenarios are exemplified in the experiment on San Giovannello, Gerace (RC). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Data Environment in Current Cultural Heritage 3D Digitization Practices)

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23 pages, 6300 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Stakeholder Roles in the Participatory Management of Diasporic Built Heritage: A Systematic Literature Review

by Yan Zhou, Lidwine Spoormans and Ana Pereira Roders

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020074 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 921

Abstract

Community participation is widely recognised as essential for sustainable heritage management. While international doctrines increasingly advocate participatory approaches, heritage management practices remain largely place-based and continue to prioritise territorially defined local communities. In the context of international migration and diaspora, such approaches inadequately [...] Read more.

Community participation is widely recognised as essential for sustainable heritage management. While international doctrines increasingly advocate participatory approaches, heritage management practices remain largely place-based and continue to prioritise territorially defined local communities. In the context of international migration and diaspora, such approaches inadequately address diasporic built heritage, whose cultural significance is conveyed by transnational diasporic communities across countries of origin and destination. Limited research has examined how diasporic communities negotiate their roles with other stakeholders in the participatory management of diasporic built heritage. This study presents a systematic literature review of 106 English-language publications, following the PRISMA guidelines, to examine how diasporic communities and other stakeholders participate in the management of diasporic built heritage. The analysis focuses on (1) mapping the geographic, institutional, and thematic patterns of current research, and (2) analysing stakeholder categories and cross-sector roles across origins and destinations. The results reveal a diverse, but uneven, geographic distribution of the case studies and institutions retrieved from English-language publications. A stakeholder framework is developed to bridge minority and mainstream (cross-sector) roles across origins and destinations, offering insights into the comprehensive understanding and identification of stakeholder roles for fostering further novel research on diasporic built heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A 360° View of Heritage Management)

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14 pages, 6219 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digitalization of Legacy Machining Tools: A Case Study of a Manual Drill Press

by Jesús Javier Jiménez-Galea, Miguel Ángel Martín-Martín and Sergio Martín-Béjar

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020073 - 12 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 544

Abstract

Industrial heritage movable assets, particularly the traditional machining tools used in manufacturing processes, are facing an increasing risk of disappearing due to the continuous advances in technology. Innovations in industry have progressively displaced many of these manual tools, making them obsolete or irrelevant [...] Read more.

Industrial heritage movable assets, particularly the traditional machining tools used in manufacturing processes, are facing an increasing risk of disappearing due to the continuous advances in technology. Innovations in industry have progressively displaced many of these manual tools, making them obsolete or irrelevant in current manufacturing processes, remaining only for artisanal work. In this context, manual vertical drilling presses, which have played a crucial role in manufacturing for decades, are being displaced by more advanced machining tools, which incorporate technologies such as Computer Numerical Control (CNC). This work focuses on the development of a manual vertical drill press digital model, in order to virtually recreate its operation and structure. The software used to develop the model was SolidWorks (version 2024). This model aims not only to preserve a historically significant machine but also to serve as an educational resource, illustrating drilling operations before modern technologies emerged. Reconstructing them in 3D enhances the study and understanding of their mechanics and utility, ensuring access to technical knowledge and preserving their legacy in a digitalized world. Full article

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66 pages, 33424 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Lombardo: Archaeological Research and 3D Underwater Mapping of the Paddle Steamer from Garibaldi’s Mille Expedition (Tremiti Islands, Italy)

by Alberto Nicolè, Salvatore Medaglia, Fabio Bruno, Antonio Lagudi, Barbara Davidde Petriaggi and Angelo Michele Raguso

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020072 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 876

Abstract

This study investigates the archaeological significance and preservation state of the Lombardo, a XIX century paddle steamer closely associated with Garibaldi’s Mille Expedition and now resting off the Tremiti Islands. The research aims to contextualize the vessel’s historical role and to reconstruct [...] Read more.

This study investigates the archaeological significance and preservation state of the Lombardo, a XIX century paddle steamer closely associated with Garibaldi’s Mille Expedition and now resting off the Tremiti Islands. The research aims to contextualize the vessel’s historical role and to reconstruct its steam engine, paddle wheel and shipwreck dynamics, providing the first comprehensive three-dimensional documentation of the site. Underwater photogrammetry was carried out using high-resolution imaging, a dedicated geodetic network of coded markers, and Structure-from-Motion workflows to generate a scaled 3D model of the wreck. Historical and technical sources were also examined to identify the original configuration of the steam engine and paddle wheel. The results show a highly fragmented site distributed between 9 and 22 m depth, where the surviving remains corroborate historical accounts of post-wreck salvage operations and subsequent natural collapse processes. Analysis of the wreck reveals that the ship’s steam engine was a Maudslay Siamese double-cylinder type, driving radial paddle wheels. The distribution of the remains also suggests that the vessel originally settled on its port side, oriented along a north–south axis. The conclusions demonstrate how integrated archaeological, geomatic, and archival methods could clarify the technical characteristics of the Lombardo and improve understanding of its post-depositional transformation, providing a robust basis for future conservation and dissemination activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Underwater Heritage)

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37 pages, 13851 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fortification Architecture in Argolis, Greece: Documentation, Analysis and Restoration Proposal of the Princess Tower

by Konstantinos Dimitroulias and Styliani Papatzani

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020071 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 831

Abstract

This paper presents the typology of a freestanding Late/Post-Byzantine tower in the Peloponnese, a rare architectural type, as most comparable examples in the region have been lost due to abandonment, climatic degradation, and the absence of systematic conservation efforts. The architectural analysis and [...] Read more.

This paper presents the typology of a freestanding Late/Post-Byzantine tower in the Peloponnese, a rare architectural type, as most comparable examples in the region have been lost due to abandonment, climatic degradation, and the absence of systematic conservation efforts. The architectural analysis and construction history of the Princess Tower (Πύργος Βασιλοπούλας) are examined phase by phase, while the current condition of the monument is documented through pathology assessment and diagnostic analysis. The study concludes with a comprehensive proposal outlining the necessary measures for the consolidation and restoration of the tower, aiming to render it accessible and comprehensible to visitors and researchers alike, not merely as a museum object but as a living monument. For the first time, a complete set of architectural drawings of the tower has been produced, providing essential documentation, particularly in view of the monument’s deteriorating condition and the imminent loss of significant architectural elements. This documentation also serves as a basis for formulating an appropriate restoration strategy. Through the presented case study, knowledge of fortification structures is expanded, the vulnerability of such monuments is recorded and analyzed, and mitigation measures are discussed. The survey constitutes the critical step toward the development of a restoration project, aimed at safeguarding a distinctive yet fragile monument—an important example of fortification architecture in the region and an integral component of its cultural heritage, which encompasses sites dating from prehistoric times to the modern era. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Cultural Heritage Diagnostics)

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25 pages, 12097 KB

Open AccessArticle

SIDe-HBIM: Single-Image Depth Inference as a Tool for Semi-Automatic Decorative Modeling

by Fabio Bianconi, Marco Filippucci, Claudia Cerbai, Filippo Cornacchini and Andrea Migliosi

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020070 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 594

Abstract

This paper introduces SIDe-HBIM (Single-Image Depth inference for HBIM), a semi-automated image-to-BIM pipeline aimed at improving the integration of architectural decorative elements into HBIM environments. The research addresses the difficulty of representing geometrically complex yet information-oriented heritage components when traditional survey techniques are [...] Read more.

This paper introduces SIDe-HBIM (Single-Image Depth inference for HBIM), a semi-automated image-to-BIM pipeline aimed at improving the integration of architectural decorative elements into HBIM environments. The research addresses the difficulty of representing geometrically complex yet information-oriented heritage components when traditional survey techniques are impractical or disproportionate. Starting from a single photographic input, the methodology combines AI-based depth estimation, quantitative computational evaluation and parametric modeling to generate lightweight, morphologically coherent 3D elements suitable for non-photorealistic HBIM applications. Multiple image-to-depth models are processed in parallel and ranked through a weighted synthetic index based on geometric and structural indicators, after which the selected depthmap is converted into a continuous NURBS surface and integrated into a BIM environment. Application to three heterogeneous case studies from the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli (Assisi) demonstrates that SIDe-HBIM is particularly effective for bas-reliefs and moderate-relief decorative apparatuses, offering a reproducible and efficient alternative for HBIM-oriented documentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HBIM and Information Systems for Cultural Heritage Memory and Preservation)

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14 pages, 3144 KB

Open AccessArticle

Health and Disease Among Medieval Urban Animals: The Case Study of Barcelona

by Jordi Nadal, Marina Fernández-Liarte, Lluís Lloveras, Alexandre Tarragó, Philip Banks and Santiago Riera

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020069 - 10 Feb 2026

Viewed by 556

Abstract

During the lifespan of domestic animals, specific pathologies may arise in relation to their intended use. With the aim of increasing knowledge about the uses of animals in past urban contexts, a number of archeozoological studies conducted on faunal samples from medieval and [...] Read more.

During the lifespan of domestic animals, specific pathologies may arise in relation to their intended use. With the aim of increasing knowledge about the uses of animals in past urban contexts, a number of archeozoological studies conducted on faunal samples from medieval and post-medieval sites in Barcelona (north-eastern Iberia) have been reviewed and the pathological cases analyzed. The results show that the most frequent pathologies among large mammals (bovines and equines) are related to their use as working animals, whether as mounts or as draft or pack animals, with all of these animals frequently reaching an advanced age. Dogs present pathologies arising from mistreatment or biomechanical defects in breeds selected according to size and morphology. Animals reared to produce meat, principally suids and, above all, caprines, tend to be the specimens that display the fewest pathological indicators. This is due to the fact that they were slaughtered at a relatively young age and that their origin was not local, as they had been reared outside the city and, although transported alive, they would have been slaughtered for meat consumption in Barcelona, so they failed to develop the pathologies typical of animals that can be considered strictly urban. This evidence demonstrates that the analysis of bone pathologies is a useful means of reconstructing animal use and husbandry practices in urban contexts. Full article

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26 pages, 8234 KB

Open AccessArticle

HBIM Implementation in Architectural Heritage: A Multitemporal Case Study of the Church of La Sang in Llíria

by Inmaculada Oliver-Faubel, María Eugenia Torner-Feltrer, Emma Barelles-Vicente and Sergio Moral Saiz

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020068 - 10 Feb 2026

Viewed by 640

Abstract

The conservation of architectural heritage poses significant challenges in buildings characterised by complex construction sequences, cumulative transformations and fragmented documentation, where traditional methods are insufficient to coherently integrate geometry, historical information and stratigraphic analysis. This study proposes and applies a multitemporal Heritage Building [...] Read more.

The conservation of architectural heritage poses significant challenges in buildings characterised by complex construction sequences, cumulative transformations and fragmented documentation, where traditional methods are insufficient to coherently integrate geometry, historical information and stratigraphic analysis. This study proposes and applies a multitemporal Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) workflow aimed at reconstructing and managing the historical evolution of architecture, using the Church of La Sang in Llíria (València, Spain) as a case study characterised by the superposition of Islamic, Gothic and contemporary phases. The methodology combines documentary and archaeological analysis, in situ stratigraphic observation and high-resolution terrestrial laser scanning as the geometric basis of the HBIM model. Historical phases are integrated as structural components of the information model, with explicit documentation of interpretative hypotheses and associated levels of reliability. The results show that the proposed approach enables the identification and reinterpretation of spatial and constructive relationships not previously described, the critical assessment of existing historical hypotheses, and the generation of coherent three-dimensional reconstructions even in contexts with incomplete information. The resulting documentary archive facilitates diachronic comparison of phases, ensures traceability of constructive elements and supports the production of reliable graphic and analytical documentation, establishing itself as a valuable tool for historical research, heritage management and the planning of future conservation interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

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23 pages, 7927 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fire Detection Solutions for Heritage Buildings

by Ágota Zsuzsanna Mohai, Eszter Horváth-Kálmán, Barbara Elek and Ákos Török

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020067 - 9 Feb 2026

Viewed by 785

Abstract

Fire safety in heritage buildings is a major challenge. It is necessary to find effective solutions that minimise damage to the protected building and do not cause damage or diminish the aesthetic value of the building. This requires not only special equipment, but [...] Read more.

Fire safety in heritage buildings is a major challenge. It is necessary to find effective solutions that minimise damage to the protected building and do not cause damage or diminish the aesthetic value of the building. This requires not only special equipment, but often also specific solutions. The easiest way to increase the fire safety level of a building is to retrofit it with active fire protection systems. The aim of this paper is to review fire detection solutions suitable for historic buildings, with particular emphasis on minimally invasive and visually unobtrusive systems. The study combines a structured review of point, linear, and aspirating smoke detection technologies with a demonstrative parametric sizing assessment of an aspirating smoke detection (ASD) system using a manufacturer-supported sizing software. The sizing analysis investigates how changes in sampling hole diameter and fan settings influence transport time, sensitivity distribution, and system balance under constrained routing conditions typical of heritage interiors. The results highlight key trade-offs between response time and system balance, providing practical guidance for designers and conservation professionals. The findings support the development of fire detection strategies that align with European recommendations for heritage protection while ensuring technical effectiveness. The paper also provides a guideline to professionals, architects, restorers, and heritage experts, who have key roles in the protection of heritage structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

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27 pages, 2885 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Intertidal Zone of the Chiloé Archipelago (Chile): Tensions Between Williche Eco-Ontological Conservation and Other Actors: A Situated Ethnographic Dialogue

by Ricardo Álvarez, Daniela Leviñanco, Isabel Yáñez and Isabel Cartajena

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020066 - 9 Feb 2026

Viewed by 637

Abstract

This study reviews the ontological and worldview dimensions of the island inhabitants of the Chiloé archipelago in southern Chile and their contribution to sustaining the ecosystem relationships that include them, with a special focus on the intertidal zone. These dimensions act by mediating [...] Read more.

This study reviews the ontological and worldview dimensions of the island inhabitants of the Chiloé archipelago in southern Chile and their contribution to sustaining the ecosystem relationships that include them, with a special focus on the intertidal zone. These dimensions act by mediating people’s behaviour when implemented as long-standing traditional customs in a practical way (e.g., gathering or fishing), mitigating potential negative impacts on the environment. Although there are regulations that protect these areas, their cultural heritage, and ancestral techniques, these differ substantially from the actions and effects of other territorial actors engaged in the exploitation of nature. This research simultaneously employs a methodology based on classical ethnographic techniques and an autoethnography conducted by one of the authors of this article, who identifies as Wapiche, a Williche islander. The purpose of this, and the contribution of this collaborative work, is to go beyond the collection of ethnographic data and allow an islander to recount the reflexive processes that occur at the individual, family, and community levels and are not usually taken into account. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating Indigenous Connections to Underwater Heritage in the Contemporary Era)

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38 pages, 129740 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digitization, Interpretation, and Valorization of Ruined Architecture: Case Studies of IT Strategies in the Archeological Field

by Simone Pio Barbagallo, Giulia Arcidiacono, Marco Chiricallo, Dario Puglisi and Filippo Stanco

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020065 - 9 Feb 2026

Viewed by 708

Abstract

This paper examines the role of digital technologies in advancing archeological research, using two complex, stratified case studies—the Villa Reale of Haghia Triada in Crete and the rock-cut churches of Pantalica in Sicily—as reference points. Both sites, despite their geographical and chronological differences, [...] Read more.

This paper examines the role of digital technologies in advancing archeological research, using two complex, stratified case studies—the Villa Reale of Haghia Triada in Crete and the rock-cut churches of Pantalica in Sicily—as reference points. Both sites, despite their geographical and chronological differences, present comparable challenges: fragmented evidence, incomplete documentation, and the need for multi-scalar interpretation. By integrating photogrammetry, LiDAR scanning, and other 3D acquisition techniques with 3D modeling approaches, this paper explores how digital workflows can both preserve and reinterpret fragile archeological contexts. The aim of this research is to critically assess the methodological potential and epistemological implications of these tools, emphasizing transparency, reproducibility, and their communicative value for scholarly communities and wider audiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue History, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage)

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13 pages, 1957 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microclimate Indoor Monitoring for the Preservation of Organic-Based Cultural Heritage

by Marianne Odlyha and Charis Theodorakopoulos

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020064 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 618

Abstract

This paper examines the use of organic-based materials to monitor levels of corrosivity in indoor microclimate environments, which include proximity to artworks, artworks in display cases, and, in particular, in microclimate frames for paintings. It reviews research conducted within four EU-funded projects: Environmental [...] Read more.

This paper examines the use of organic-based materials to monitor levels of corrosivity in indoor microclimate environments, which include proximity to artworks, artworks in display cases, and, in particular, in microclimate frames for paintings. It reviews research conducted within four EU-funded projects: Environmental Research for Art Preservation (ERA), Microclimate Indoor Monitoring in Cultural Heritage Preservation (MIMIC), Improved Protection of Paintings during Exhibition and Storage (PROPAINT), and Measurement, Effect Assessment, and Mitigation of Pollutant Impact on Movable Cultural Assets—Innovative Research for Market Transfer (MEMORI). The ERA project introduced the use of egg tempera paint dosimeters to assess levels of corrosivity in proximity to artworks. A multi-analytical approach was employed to evaluate chemical changes in the dosimeters, enabling risk assessment, exemplified by samples exposed at Sandham Memorial Chapel, Hampshire, UK. Building on this, in the MIMIC project, coated piezoelectric quartz crystals (egg tempera and resin mastic), a varnish commonly used by artists, were exposed at a number of sites together with the same coatings on steel strips. These were further employed in the PROPAINT project together with some continuous monitoring prototypes to investigate the nature of microclimates both within specially designed mc-paint frames and in the surrounding room environments. This paper presents Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) from these exposures, together with environmental data recorded during the monitoring period and information on frame types used. Some correlation was found between FTIR, DMA, and environmental data. The findings reveal that changes in the physico–chemical properties measured by the techniques correlate with the environmental conditions. It also points to the possibility of using FTIR to monitor chemical changes in exposed coated strips. Additional data from the MEMORI project of similar exposures but including dammar and Regalrez 1094 varnish are also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microclimate in Heritage)

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19 pages, 3668 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microclimate Behaviour Inside Archival Boxes, Books, and Paper Stacks: Buffering, Ventilation, and Pollutant Dynamics

by Morten Ryhl-Svendsen

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020063 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 724

Abstract

Paper-based heritage objects are commonly stored in archival boxes, books, and paper stacks, creating confined microclimates that may differ from the surrounding environment. While room-level climate control is central to preventive conservation, object-level conditions are shaped by enclosure permeability, hygroscopic buffering, ventilation, and [...] Read more.

Paper-based heritage objects are commonly stored in archival boxes, books, and paper stacks, creating confined microclimates that may differ from the surrounding environment. While room-level climate control is central to preventive conservation, object-level conditions are shaped by enclosure permeability, hygroscopic buffering, ventilation, and internal emissions. This study investigates temperature, relative humidity, air exchange, and gaseous pollutants inside archival boxes, bound books, and paper stacks under laboratory and real storage conditions. Air exchange rates were determined using CO₂ tracer decay, while climates were monitored over periods from hours to one year. Chemical conditions were assessed using passive sampling of air pollutants, oxygen measurements, and dosimetric methods. The results show that boxes, books, and paper stacks behave as semi-permeable rather than sealed systems. Hygroscopic buffering attenuated short-term RH fluctuations, especially within books and paper stacks, while long-term internal conditions followed ambient trends with pronounced time lags. Restricted ventilation limited the ingress of external pollutants but could allow for internally generated gases to accumulate. Experiments using acid-sensitive indicator paper demonstrated the slow penetration of acetic acid into paper stacks. Overall, enclosure performance reflected a balance between buffering capacity, permeability, and chemical reactivity rather than airtightness alone, highlighting the importance of object-level microclimate assessment in preventive conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microclimate in Heritage)

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17 pages, 320 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heritage Education in the Digital Age: An Analysis of Public Perceptions of the Documentary Amato Lusitano: Science and Humanism

by Fátima Regina Jorge, Ana Sofia Marcelo, Carlos Reis, Neel Naik, Isabel Marcos, António Pais, Madalena G. Ribeiro, Ricardo J. Nunes da Silva, Paulo Afonso and Paul Melia

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020062 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 730

Abstract

Communicating heritage to contemporary audiences, especially younger generations, is a central challenge in Heritage Education. This study aims to analyse audience perceptions of the documentary Amato Lusitano: Ciência e Humanismo—a cultural mediation tool designed and produced by the authors—and to verify the [...] Read more.

Communicating heritage to contemporary audiences, especially younger generations, is a central challenge in Heritage Education. This study aims to analyse audience perceptions of the documentary Amato Lusitano: Ciência e Humanismo—a cultural mediation tool designed and produced by the authors—and to verify the association of these perceptions with sociodemographic profiles. Framed within an action research methodology, the study combines artistic creation and empirical analysis of public reception. During the first screening, a questionnaire was administered to 55 viewers (37 students aged < 40), and data were submitted to an exploratory factor analysis. This revealed a two-factor structure, highlighting a primary factor—Communicative and Educational Effectiveness—with high internal consistency (α = 0.89). Participants reported high agreement with this dimension, with statistically significant differences across generational groups (p < 0.005). Participants with less prior knowledge about Amato Lusitano showed a greater perception of novelty. Clarity of information and quality of the content were the most valued aspects. In contrast, duration and accessibility emerged as areas for improvement. The potential of the documentary as a heritage education resource for initial teacher training is evident. It is necessary to develop more modular, dynamic content ecosystems tailored for young audiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cultural Heritage)

17 pages, 6617 KB

Open AccessReview

Extended Reality Approaches to Cultural Representation: Spatializing the Experience of Traditional Chinese Opera

by Tianyu Han, Heitor Alvelos and José Pedro Sousa

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020061 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 756

Abstract

As one of the most representative cultural heritages, traditional Chinese opera is characterized by highly refined symbolic contexts and stylized narrative structures. Nevertheless, the contemporary generation often struggles with its abstract expression and language, leading to declining attendance. In addition, urbanization and digital [...] Read more.

As one of the most representative cultural heritages, traditional Chinese opera is characterized by highly refined symbolic contexts and stylized narrative structures. Nevertheless, the contemporary generation often struggles with its abstract expression and language, leading to declining attendance. In addition, urbanization and digital entertainment have squeezed out its living spaces, increasing demand for more diverse experiences. To address these issues, this study conducts a systematic and thematically categorized review of the literature, exploring how extended reality (XR) reshapes the spatial and experiential representation of opera culture. Drawing upon the reality–virtuality continuum and spatial computing as theoretical foundations, the research investigates the features, workflows, and cultural adaptability of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR), identifying how each modality of XR supports distinct modes of space generation and audience engagement. Through comparative analysis, we propose three XR-based approaches for reinterpreting Chinese opera: AR for theatrical spaces visualization, VR for performative narratives embodiment, and MR for opera cultural elements superposition. Overall, the research clarifies that XR can be used as a comprehensive medium to enhance replicability and user perception, contributing to the preservation and communication of humanity’s traditional culture. Full article

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34 pages, 15629 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Framework for Heat Stress Risk Assessment and Mitigation in Real and Typological Historical Public Open Spaces Under Climate Change Scenarios

by Enrico Quagliarini, Caterina Alighieri, Gabriele Bernardini, Elena Cantatore and Fabio Fatiguso

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020060 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Climate change is altering the use of public open spaces in historical urban environments, compounded by urban heat island effects. Especially considering urban squares, rising temperatures increase health risks for outdoor users, particularly for vulnerable individuals (by, e.g., age and fragility). Rapid risk [...] Read more.

Climate change is altering the use of public open spaces in historical urban environments, compounded by urban heat island effects. Especially considering urban squares, rising temperatures increase health risks for outdoor users, particularly for vulnerable individuals (by, e.g., age and fragility). Rapid risk assessment under current and future climate scenarios can exploit integrated simulations to support the process, considering both real-world environments and Built Environment Typologies (BETs), which represent the recurring morphological, constructive, and material features of such urban squares. Simulation-based approaches can also support the assessment of mitigation strategies considering sustainability, reversibility, visual integration, and compatibility with the heritage. This work proposes a framework for simulation-based heat risk assessment of outdoor users under current and future (2050 and 2080) overheating scenarios and considers pre- and post-mitigation conditions of urban squares. Outdoor temperature conditions are simulated using ENVI-met, enabling the multiscale assessment of users’ heat stress and thresholds in exposure timings before critical dehydration. The approach is applied to two Italian historical urban squares in Bari and Naples, and to their associated BETs. The results highlight the framework’s capabilities in addressing the impact of climate scenarios and pre-/post-mitigation conditions, considering the local and global conditions of the urban squares. Moreover, the observed similarities between POSs and their corresponding BETs demonstrate that these archetypes can support preliminary risk assessments, providing decision makers with a rapid overview before adapting analyses and mitigation strategies to the specific characteristics of each urban square. Full article

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27 pages, 1668 KB

Open AccessReview

Digital Visualization Infrastructures of 3D Models in a Scientific Contest

by Sander Münster and Fabrizio I. Apollonio

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020059 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1354

Abstract

Over recent decades, various projects—especially at the European level—have developed platforms for storing 2D and 3D digital models of cultural heritage. These platforms aim to preserve, organise, and make heritage data accessible for research, education, and public engagement. However, they face challenges due [...] Read more.

Over recent decades, various projects—especially at the European level—have developed platforms for storing 2D and 3D digital models of cultural heritage. These platforms aim to preserve, organise, and make heritage data accessible for research, education, and public engagement. However, they face challenges due to diverse data formats, increasing user demands, and a lack of standardisation and metadata consistency. Advancements in digital technologies have enabled more efficient systems for acquiring, processing, and preserving cultural heritage data. Three-dimensional digitisation, in particular, supports multidimensional analysis and modernises documentation practices. Despite significant experience in creating 3D data repositories, comprehensive Information Systems for managing the full lifecycle of cultural heritage—especially those that integrate existing platforms—or web-based platforms designed to support collaborative scientific research by integrating data, tools, and computational resources remain limited and are not established at national levels. This paper explores this evolving landscape, highlighting key methodological and technological foundations for future systems. It also addresses open questions, opportunities, limitations, and ongoing challenges, emphasizing the need for semantic-based approaches to integrate fragmented data and foster collaboration between public and private stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Data Environment in Current Cultural Heritage 3D Digitization Practices)

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17 pages, 371 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Religious Festivals in Tourism Research: A Systematic Review of Stakeholders, Themes, Theories, and Methodologies

by Dagnachew Nega and Alexander Trupp

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020058 - 3 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1611

Abstract

Religious festivals are increasingly recognized as significant cultural and tourism phenomena, yet their study from a tourism perspective remains underexplored. This systematic literature review examines the thematic focus, stakeholder involvement, research methods, and theoretical frameworks employed in the study of religious festivals. Using [...] Read more.

Religious festivals are increasingly recognized as significant cultural and tourism phenomena, yet their study from a tourism perspective remains underexplored. This systematic literature review examines the thematic focus, stakeholder involvement, research methods, and theoretical frameworks employed in the study of religious festivals. Using the PRISMA framework and the Covidence data management tool, 24 studies were selected from an initial pool of 493. The findings reveal that research on religious festivals has primarily focused on visitor experiences, motivations, perceptions, and impacts, with limited attention to stakeholder integration and theoretical diversity. Notably, religious leaders and ministers, key actors in festival organization, are underrepresented in the literature. This review identifies critical gaps, including the need for sustainability-focused research, broader stakeholder engagement, and the application of diverse theoretical frameworks. By synthesizing existing knowledge, this study provides a roadmap for advancing research on religious festivals and their intersections with tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cultural Heritage)

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28 pages, 3445 KB

Open AccessArticle

IoT-Based Platform for Wireless Microclimate Monitoring in Cultural Heritage

by Alberto Bucciero, Alessandra Chirivì, Riccardo Colella, Mohamed Emara, Matteo Greco, Mohamed Ali Jaziri, Irene Muci, Andrea Pandurino, Francesco Valentino Taurino and Davide Zecca

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020057 - 3 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 885

Abstract

The H2IOSC project aims to establish a federated cluster of European distributed research infrastructures involved in the humanities and cultural heritage sectors, with operating nodes across Italy. Through four key RIs—DARIAH-IT, CLARIN, OPERAS, and E-RIHS—the project promotes collaboration among researchers with interdisciplinary expertise. [...] Read more.

The H2IOSC project aims to establish a federated cluster of European distributed research infrastructures involved in the humanities and cultural heritage sectors, with operating nodes across Italy. Through four key RIs—DARIAH-IT, CLARIN, OPERAS, and E-RIHS—the project promotes collaboration among researchers with interdisciplinary expertise. Within this framework, DIGILAB functions as the digital access platform for the Italian node of E-RIHS. Conceived as a socio-technical infrastructure for the Heritage Science community, DIGILAB is designed to manage heterogeneous data and metadata through advanced knowledge graph representations. The platform adheres to the FAIR principles and supports the complete data lifecycle, enabling the development and maintenance of Heritage Digital Twins. DIGILAB integrates diverse categories of information related to cultural sites and objects, encompassing historical and artistic datasets, diagnostic analyses, 3D models, and real-time monitoring data. This monitoring capability is achieved through the deployment of cutting-edge Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). As part of DIGILAB, we developed SENNSE (v1.0), a fully open hardware/software platform dedicated to environmental and structural monitoring. SENNSE allows the remote, real-time observation and control of cultural heritage sites (collecting microclimatic parameters such as temperature, humidity, noise levels) and of cultural objects (collecting object-specific data including vibrations, light intensity, and ultraviolet radiation). The visualization and analytical tools integrated within SENNSE transform these datasets into actionable insights, thereby supporting advanced research and conservation strategies within the Cultural Heritage domain. In the following sections, we provide a detailed description of the SENNSE platform, outlining its hardware components and software modules, and discussing its benefits. Furthermore, we illustrate its application through two representative use cases: one conducted in a controlled laboratory environment and another implemented in a real-world heritage context, exemplified by the “Biblioteca Bernardini” in Lecce, Italy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovations in the Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of the Building Heritage)

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34 pages, 52313 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microclimates, Geometry, and Constructive Sustainability of the Inca Agricultural Terraces of Moray, Cusco, Peru

by Doris Esenarro, Celeste Hidalgo, Jesica Vilchez Cairo, Guisela Yabar, Tito Vilchez, Percy Zapata, Daniel Bermudez and Ana Camayo

Heritage 2026, 9(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020056 - 2 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1323

Abstract

Moray (Cusco, Peru) represents one of the most sophisticated examples of Inca agricultural engineering, where architecture, environmental management, and constructive systems converge to generate controlled microclimates for agricultural experimentation. Recognized as an important archaeological heritage site, Moray provides valuable insight into ancestral Andean [...] Read more.

Moray (Cusco, Peru) represents one of the most sophisticated examples of Inca agricultural engineering, where architecture, environmental management, and constructive systems converge to generate controlled microclimates for agricultural experimentation. Recognized as an important archaeological heritage site, Moray provides valuable insight into ancestral Andean strategies for adapting agriculture to complex high-altitude environments. However, the site is increasingly exposed to environmental pressures associated with climatic variability, soil erosion, structural collapses, and tourism intensity. This study aims to analyze the relationship between microclimates, geometric design, and constructive sustainability of the Moray archaeological complex through integrated spatial, functional, and constructive analyses, supported by digital tools such as Google Earth Pro, AutoCAD 2023, SketchUp 2023, and environmental simulations developed by Andrew Marsh. The research examines the geometric configuration of the circular terraces, which present radii between 45 and 65 m, heights ranging from 3 to 5 m, and slope variations between 14% and 48%, generating temperature gradients of 12–15 °C between upper and lower levels. These conditions enabled the Incas to experiment with and adapt diverse ecological species across different thermal zones. The study also evaluates the irrigation and infiltration systems composed of gravel, sand, and stone layers that ensured soil stability and moisture regulation. Climate data from SENAMHI (2019–2024) indicate that Moray is located in a semi-arid meso-Andean environment, reinforcing its interpretation as an ancestral environmental laboratory. The results demonstrate Inca mastery in integrating environmental design, hydrological engineering, and agricultural experimentation while also identifying current conservation challenges related to erosion processes, structural deterioration, and tourism pressure. This research contributes to understanding Moray as a climate-sensitive heritage system, offering insights relevant to contemporary strategies for sustainable agriculture, climate adaptation, and heritage conservation in Andean regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic (World) Heritage Sites and Values in Danger: Climate-Change Related Challenges and Transformation)

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