Spatial Accessibility in the Urban Environment of a Medium-Sized City: A Case Study of Public Amenities in Odense, Denmark
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Existing Approach to Spatial Accessibility Analysis
2.2. Amenity Typologies and Scoring Strategies in Spatial Accessibility Analysis
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- Binary scoring (threshold presence/absence)—transparent but risks misclassification in heterogeneous contexts.
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- Capacity or size-weighted scoring—links influence volume/area but inherit 2SFCA sensitivity to uncertain capacity/quality.
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- User-preference or utility-weighted scoring (e.g., Huff [36])—captures attractiveness but requires calibration data, which is rarely available city-wide.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Collection and Preprocessing
3.3. Spatial Analysis and Accessibility Scoring
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of the Spatial Distribution Patterns
4.2. Mode-Specific Accessibility Patterns
4.3. Multimodal Accessibility Analysis: A Comparative Assessment
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categories | Sub-Category | Access Frequency | Urban Scale | Primary Function |
---|---|---|---|---|
Healthcare | Hospitals, general clinics, dental clinics, nursing homes | Occasional/Emergency | City/District | Physical health and emergency response |
Education | Kindergartens, primary/secondary schools, universities | Regular (daily/scheduled) | Neighbourhood/District | Long-term social equity |
Green Space | Public parks, forest paths, urban nature areas | Frequent (weekly/daily) | Neighbourhood/City | Recreation, environmental quality, mental health |
Public Transport | Bus stops, metro stations, train stations, transfer hubs | High frequency/daily | Neighbourhood/City | Mobility, urban connectivity, transit equity |
Everyday Amenities | Grocery stores, corner shops, bakeries, convenience shops, pharmacies, etc. | Daily | Neighbourhood | Fulfilling routine errands and basic daily needs |
Micro-Scale | Benches, drinking water fountains, public toilets, etc. | Passive/ continuous | Street/Block | Walkability support, comfort, inclusivity |
Cultural | Libraries, museums, theatres, religious sites, monuments | Occasional | City/District | leisure, civic participation, social equity |
Spatial Layers | Resolution | Format | Characteristics | Relevance | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boundaries | Municipality/sub-municipality | Vector | Hierarchical structure, boundary geometries. | Study area extent. | INSPIRE-Danmark, klimadatastyrelsen |
Road Network | Detail street-level | GPKG | Cycling, pedestrian, urban, secondary, highways, etc. | Road network for analyses. | INSPIRE-Danmark, klimadatastyrelsen |
Population | 1 km × 1 km grid resolution, | GPKG | Contains population counts and densities. | Population distribution for weighting accessibility. | Statistics Denmark |
Building | Parcel level | GPKG | Buildings footprint area and type | Urban structure, density proxies, etc. | INSPIRE-Danmark, klimadatastyrelsen |
Land-Use | Parcel level | GPKG | Residential, commercial, industrial, etc. | Contextualising accessibility patterns. | INSPIRE-Danmark, klimadatastyrelsen |
Points of Interest (POIs) | Point-based | GPKG | Locations and type of public amenities. | Destination in the accessibility model. | INSPIRE-Danmark, klimadatastyrelsen |
Amenity Type | Amenity Category | Travel Time (min) | Walking Weight | Cycling Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Essential | Everyday Education Green space Public transport | 0–5 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
5–10 | 0.5–0.7 | 0.7–0.8 | ||
Occasional | Healthcare Cultural | 0–5 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
5–10 | 0.5–0.7 | 0.7–0.8 | ||
Passive | Micro-scale | 0–5 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
5–10 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Amenity Type | District | Count | Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Essential | West | 590 | 31.8 |
East | 478 | 25.8 | |
South | 785 | 42.4 | |
Passive | West | 159 | 21.5 |
East | 199 | 26.9 | |
South | 383 | 51.7 | |
Occasional | West | 107 | 34.6 |
East | 77 | 24.9 | |
South | 125 | 40.5 |
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Share and Cite
Kveladze, I. Spatial Accessibility in the Urban Environment of a Medium-Sized City: A Case Study of Public Amenities in Odense, Denmark. Urban Sci. 2025, 9, 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100407
Kveladze I. Spatial Accessibility in the Urban Environment of a Medium-Sized City: A Case Study of Public Amenities in Odense, Denmark. Urban Science. 2025; 9(10):407. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100407
Chicago/Turabian StyleKveladze, Irma. 2025. "Spatial Accessibility in the Urban Environment of a Medium-Sized City: A Case Study of Public Amenities in Odense, Denmark" Urban Science 9, no. 10: 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100407
APA StyleKveladze, I. (2025). Spatial Accessibility in the Urban Environment of a Medium-Sized City: A Case Study of Public Amenities in Odense, Denmark. Urban Science, 9(10), 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100407