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Volume 11, January
 
 

Horticulturae, Volume 11, Issue 2 (February 2025) – 102 articles

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20 pages, 4319 KiB  
Article
Comparative Genomics Reveals Gene Duplication and Evolution in 26 Aurantioideae Species
by Jiaxuan Liu, Jiaxin Wu, Saimire Silaiyiman, Lejun Ouyang, Zheng Cao and Chao Shen
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020209 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025
Abstract
Gene duplication, as a prevalent phenomenon in the tree of life, provides a potential substrate for evolution. However, its role in the Aurantioideae remains unclear. In this study, we systematically identified, for the first time, a comprehensive landscape of five types of gene [...] Read more.
Gene duplication, as a prevalent phenomenon in the tree of life, provides a potential substrate for evolution. However, its role in the Aurantioideae remains unclear. In this study, we systematically identified, for the first time, a comprehensive landscape of five types of gene duplication in the genomes of 26 species within Aurantioideae, focusing on dissecting the duplication patterns, their potential evolutionary significance, and their impact on gene function and expression. Our results showed that the tandem duplication (TD) was a predominant duplication type and confirmed a shared ancient whole-genome duplication (γWGD) event within Aurantioideae. Ka/Ks indicated that all duplication types are under purifying selection pressure, with TD and proximal duplication (PD) undergoing rapid functional divergence. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed functional specialization among different duplication types, collectively contributing to genome evolution. In addition, comparing the gene expression differentiation of the five gene duplication types between the outer and inner pericarps of Citrus maxima Huazhouyou’, it was found that the proportion of gene expression differentiation in the exocarp was generally higher, suggesting tissue-specific functional roles for duplicated genes in the peel. Furthermore, gene conversion events revealed that Citrus sinensis and Citrus maxima Huazhouyou’ experienced more gene conversion events, supporting that C. sinensis originated through hybridization with C. maxima as the maternal parent. Finally, the comparative analysis of gene families among 26 species in Aurantioideae revealed that small gene families (1–3 members) accounted for a substantial proportion in all species, indicating a lack of recent large-scale genome duplication events in this subfamily. These findings fill a gap in the understanding of gene duplication in Aurantioideae and provide a theoretical foundation for exploring the evolutionary mechanisms and breeding improvements within this group. Additionally, our study offers new insights into the contribution of gene duplication to functional diversification and ecological adaptation in other plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))
22 pages, 2558 KiB  
Article
Bioactive Compounds and Bitterness Properties of Newly Developed Interspecific Citrus Hybrids (Citrus maxima [Burm. f.] Osbeck × Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck)
by Narendra Singh, Radha Mohan Sharma, Anil Kumar Dubey, Supradip Saha, Om Prakash Awasthi, Chellapilla Bharadwaj, Amitha Mithra Sevanthi, Amrender Kumar, Nimisha Sharma, Rakesh Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Anil Kumar Yadav, Mukesh Shivran, Ron Porat and Deepak
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020208 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025
Abstract
In the present study, variation in phytochemical properties was estimated in 16 newly developed interspecific citrus hybrids (Citrus maxima [Burm. f.] Osbeck × C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck) and parental genotypes. Results showed that the interspecific hybridization of pummelo with sweet orange significantly [...] Read more.
In the present study, variation in phytochemical properties was estimated in 16 newly developed interspecific citrus hybrids (Citrus maxima [Burm. f.] Osbeck × C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck) and parental genotypes. Results showed that the interspecific hybridization of pummelo with sweet orange significantly improved the fruit quality traits. Ascorbic acid, total phenol, total flavonoids, total carotenoid, and lycopene content in the fruit juice of studied genotypes varied from 37.8 to 72.02 mg/100 mL, 19.63–112.59 GAE mg/100 mL, 1.09–2.39 QE mg/100 mL, 34.6–519.81 μg/100 mL, and 17.59–395.71 μg/100 mL, respectively. Among the new hybrids, the highest antioxidant value (DPPH assay) was recorded as 2.53 TE μmol/mL as against the 2.22 TE μmol/mL in sweet orange cv. Mosambi. The citrus hybrid genotypes SCSH-9-2/12, SCSH-9-10/12, SCSH-11-9/13, SCSH-11-15/12, and SCSH-17-19/13 proved superior for studied phytochemicals. Pearson’s correlation and principal component analyses revealed the association among the traits and key components underlying the genetic variations. The bitterness properties were studied by quantifying naringin and limonin content in the fresh and stored juice (24 h storage at 4 °C) in addition to the sensory evaluation. The new hybrid SCSH-9-2/12, SCSH-9-10/12, and SCSH-11-9/13 have very low limonin content (<1.0 mg/L) with the least delayed bitterness properties, thus proving their potential for juice processing and storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruits Quality and Sensory Analysis—2nd Edition)
13 pages, 5618 KiB  
Article
Efficient Micropropagation by Ex Vitro Rooting of Myrtus communis L.
by Raimondo Pardi, Giuseppe Natale Basile, Giuseppe De Mastro, Maria Letizia Gargano, Anna Tagarelli and Claudia Ruta
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020207 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025
Abstract
This survey aims to develop a successful protocol through in vitro multiplication and ex vitro rooting of a native shrub, i.e., Myrtus communis L., in order to obtain the rapid production of large number of healthy plants. The in vitro proliferation showed how [...] Read more.
This survey aims to develop a successful protocol through in vitro multiplication and ex vitro rooting of a native shrub, i.e., Myrtus communis L., in order to obtain the rapid production of large number of healthy plants. The in vitro proliferation showed how the two different genotypes (MR and MB) produced higher values in terms of shoot lengths, mean multiplication index (MMI) and number of nodes when treated with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) compared to the thidiazuron (TDZ) + 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) combination. Concerning in vitro rooting, the experiment resulted in a high rooting rate (75%) and an average number of roots (5.13) by quickly dipping the basal portions in an indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentration of 3300 mg L−1, followed by transfer to a hormone-free growth medium (BM). In comparison, the other two concentrations tested (0.3 and 0.6 mg L−1) resulted in higher root length values. During the acclimatization phase, the study showed how the different treatments affected the development of the test shoots differently. In particular, shoots of both genotypes pre-treated by quickly dipping them in Clonex® to induce ex vitro rooting showed abundant root production only 10 days after the treatment compared to the in vitro rooting, in which roots were formed after 30 days. This suggests that ex vitro pre-treatment with Clonex® not only accelerates the rooting process compared to in vitro treatment, resulting in lower costs and easier processing, but also significantly increases root density, contributing to improved transplant success and plantlets quality. These results support the thesis that ex vitro rooting optimises plant propagation protocols, offering economic and practical advantages for nurseries and other propagation systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Application of Tissue Culture to Horticulture)
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16 pages, 490 KiB  
Article
Valorisation of Sunflower Crop Residue as a Potentially New Source of Bioactive Compounds
by Ivona Veličković, Stevan Samardžić, Marina T. Milenković, Miloš Petković and Zoran Maksimović
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020206 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1
Abstract
Reducing agricultural waste through reuse has become one of the most important strategies to minimise impact on the environment—an emerging global issue. Sunflower ranks fourth in the world in the production of vegetable oilseeds and therefore generates large amounts of agricultural waste. The [...] Read more.
Reducing agricultural waste through reuse has become one of the most important strategies to minimise impact on the environment—an emerging global issue. Sunflower ranks fourth in the world in the production of vegetable oilseeds and therefore generates large amounts of agricultural waste. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of sunflower crop residues in order to open up new opportunities for waste management. TPC and TFC were determined spectrophotometrically, while the dominant compounds were identified by LC-DAD-ESI-MS as ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (KA) and 6Ac-7OH-dimethylchromone (DMC). Both compounds were present in higher concentrations in the ethyl acetate fraction (245.5 and 16.8 mg/g, respectively) than in the ethanol extract. None of the tested samples showed antimicrobial effects in the microdilution test. DMC showed remarkable antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and TRC in vitro assays, while both compounds proved to be promising enzyme inhibitory agents, being particularly efficient in inhibiting anti-neurodegenerative enzymes (IC50 values of DMC and KA were 1.20/1.37 mg/mL and 1.44/1.63 mg/mL for AChE/BChE, respectively) and tyrosinase. The results presented indicate that sunflower crop residues are a good candidate for the extraction of bioactive compounds with potential application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Full article
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16 pages, 1871 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Tocochromanols in Wild Hypericum perforatum Populations in Latvia
by Paweł Górnaś, Inga Mišina, Ingus Perkons, Dalija Segliņa and Magdalena Czlapka-Matyasik
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020205 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025
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Abstract
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is an ornamental and medical plant, distributed worldwide, which is rich in diverse secondary metabolites. The discovery of the presence of tocotrienols (rare prenyllipids) in H. perforatum marks a new chapter demanding a deeper understanding of [...] Read more.
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is an ornamental and medical plant, distributed worldwide, which is rich in diverse secondary metabolites. The discovery of the presence of tocotrienols (rare prenyllipids) in H. perforatum marks a new chapter demanding a deeper understanding of the accumulation of these lipophilic biomolecules. Three wild St. John’s wort populations were harvested in Latvia at three different locations from 2022 to 2024 and separated into stems, leaves, flower buds, and flowers. Plant samples were freeze-dried, ground, saponified, and analyzed for tocochromanol profiles using RP-LC-FLD and confirmed by an LC-MS system. Eight tocochromanols, four tocopherols (Ts), and four tocotrienols (T3s), were identified and confirmed in H. perforatum. Leaves were dominated by α-T (82%), and flower buds and flowers by δ-T3 (44%); thus, the lowest concentrations of tocotrienols were recorded in leaves and the highest in flower buds. The other tocotrienols were present as follows: α-T3 > γ-T3 > β-T3. The location of H. perforatum, the year of harvest, the aerial part of the plant, and their interactions all significantly influenced the content of tocochromanols (p < 0.05). The present study demonstrates relevant discoveries regarding the accumulation of tocotrienols in various St. John’s wort organs and their variability. Full article
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17 pages, 2158 KiB  
Article
Effects of Different Mulched Drip Irrigation Levels on the Soil Microorganisms and Yield of Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
by Jianglong An, Lijian Zheng, Li Ma, Xiangming Ma and Juanjuan Ma
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020204 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 100
Abstract
It is imperative to investigate the impact of irrigation on the microorganisms inhabiting soil in greenhouses, as this understanding is crucial for the implementation of effective water conservation strategies and optimal soil health sustenance in greenhouse tomato production. To this end, a tomato-cultivating [...] Read more.
It is imperative to investigate the impact of irrigation on the microorganisms inhabiting soil in greenhouses, as this understanding is crucial for the implementation of effective water conservation strategies and optimal soil health sustenance in greenhouse tomato production. To this end, a tomato-cultivating experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with the control group receiving no planting or irrigation (W0), during the years 2021 and 2022 in the Taiyuan region of Shanxi Province, China. The experiment incorporated three irrigation levels: W1 (50–70% of the field capacity), W2 (60–80% of the field capacity), and W3 (70–90% of the field capacity). The objective of our study was to clarify the effects of different irrigation levels on soil bacterial and fungal community compositions and functions, as well as tomato yield and water use efficiencies, by analyzing the changes in community structural characteristics and potential functional composition of soil bacteria and fungi under different irrigation levels. Our results showed that in comparison with the control treatment, the W3 irrigation treatment exhibited the highest bacterial α-diversity, while its fungal diversity was the lowest. The r-strategy microbial community in tomato soil demonstrated increased abundance under the irrigation treatment. The relative abundance of common beneficial tomato bacteria increased by 0.32–1.70%, but that of beneficial soil fungi decreased by 0.09–3.75%. Among the different irrigation treatments, the relative abundances of Bacillus and Plectosphaerella changed the most. The functional structure of the bacteria in the irrigation treatment remained largely unchanged, while the saprotroph functional group of fungi was increased by 14.72–23.28%. With the increase in irrigation volume, the tomato yield of the W3 treatment increased, though the water use efficiency was not the greatest. The W2 treatment did not significantly reduce the yield, but it did increase the pathotroph functional groups of fungi, which may reduce the stress resistance of plants to soil-borne diseases. The findings of this study serve as a valuable reference point for the prediction of greenhouse soil health and the enhancement of tomato yields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Irrigation and Water Management in Horticultural Production)
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16 pages, 635 KiB  
Article
Alternative Effects Yeast-Based Biostimulants Against Downy Mildew in Vitis vinifera cv Cabernet Sauvignon
by Sergio Puccioni, Chiara Biselli, Rita Perria, Gianmaria Zanella and Mauro Eugenio Maria D’Arcangelo
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020203 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 198
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most destructive vineyard diseases worldwide, with the potential to devastate up to 90% of harvests under adverse conditions. Traditional chemical-based control strategies are increasingly restricted due to environmental concerns and the [...] Read more.
Grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most destructive vineyard diseases worldwide, with the potential to devastate up to 90% of harvests under adverse conditions. Traditional chemical-based control strategies are increasingly restricted due to environmental concerns and the development of resistant pathogen strains, prompting the search for sustainable alternatives. This study evaluated the efficacy of two yeast-based biostimulants (YE1, an experimental formulation, and YE2, Romeo, a commercial preparation containing Cerevisane®) in mitigating P. viticola infections in Vitis vinifera cv Cabernet Sauvignon under open field conditions. Field trials were designed to monitor the effects of these bioproducts on grapevine metabolism, with a focus on the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds linked to plant defense responses. Both biostimulants demonstrated significant efficacy against downy mildew, achieving protection levels above 93% during critical growth stages. Metabolic analyses of leaves revealed distinct impacts of YE1 and YE2 on secondary metabolite dynamics. YE1 primarily promoted the accumulation of flavonols, such as quercetin glycosides and kaempferol glucosides, which are known to contribute to pathogen resistance through antimicrobial activity and ROS detoxification. Compared to the untreated sample, quercetin glycosides levels in YE1 leaves were approximately 700 µg/g higher (+9.6%), in comparison to control conditions, on a dry weight basis after the first treatment in 2019 and about 900 µg/g higher (+13.7%) after the final treatment in 2020. A similar trend was observed for kaempferol concentrations, which were 70 µg/g (+98.7%) and 100 µg/g higher (+24.6%) on the same dates. In contrast, YE2 enhanced the biosynthesis of caftaric and coutaric acids, known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These compounds were induced by YE2 over time and, after the last treatment, in 2019 caftaric acid levels were approximately 345 µg/g higher (+25.9%), than control condition, while coutaric acid levels were 30 µg/g higher (+33.8%). The stilbene piceid was also induced at early stages by treatments, indicating its role in enhancing plant defenses. In 2019, after the first treatment, both YE1 and YE2 applications induced an increase in piceid concentration, compared to the control, of approximately 2.5 µg/g (+104.8%) for YE1 and 1.3 µg/g for Y2 (+55.0%). In contrast, in 2020, the effect was more pronounced for YE2, with concentrations exceeding the control by 2 µg/g (+46.2%). The results suggest that these yeast-based bioproducts act as elicitors, effectively enhancing grapevine immunity and reducing reliance on synthetic inputs. This study provides novel insights into the metabolic mechanisms underlying the efficacy of yeast-based biostimulants against downy mildew and offers practical guidance for their strategic application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Sustainable Viticulture)
12 pages, 4521 KiB  
Article
Three New Species and a New Record of Murdannia (Commelinaceae) for the Flora of Laos
by Anousone Sengthong, Surapon Saensouk, Piyaporn Saensouk, Kajonesuk Phengmala, Thawatphong Boonma and Phetlasy Souladeth
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020202 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 154
Abstract
The genus Murdannia Royle was recognized as a member of the family Commelinaceae, known for its beautiful and outstanding flowers, which made it highly valued as an ornamental plant. In this study, three previously unidentified species of Murdannia are described as new species [...] Read more.
The genus Murdannia Royle was recognized as a member of the family Commelinaceae, known for its beautiful and outstanding flowers, which made it highly valued as an ornamental plant. In this study, three previously unidentified species of Murdannia are described as new species from Laos including Murdannia maronea, M. rhizomatosa, and M. thyrsoidea. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, phenology, and distribution of each species are provided, along with notes on their horticulture. Murdannia clandestina is reported as a new record for Laos. These four species of Murdannia are notable for their attractive flowers, particularly M. thyrsoidea, which was characterized by its large inflorescence, enhancing its potential as an ornamental plant. The pollen morphology of these four Murdannia species is described for the first time. The pollen grains share similar characteristics, being monads, medium-sized, bilaterally symmetrical, and prolate in shape, with a monocolpate aperture and verrucate exine sculpturing. These findings provided valuable insights to support future breeding efforts aimed at enhancing their ornamental value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding, Cultivation, and Metabolic Regulation of Medicinal Plants)
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18 pages, 17742 KiB  
Article
Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Pyrethrin and EβF Biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium Stems and Flowers
by Tuo Zeng, Jiawen Li, Caiyun Wang and Jinjin Li
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020201 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 371
Abstract
Tanacetum cinerariifolium, a perennial Asteraceae plant, is renowned for its ornamental value and natural insecticidal compounds, especially pyrethrins. These compounds, primarily stored in flower heads, are highly effective as insecticides with low toxicity to mammals, making them crucial for organic agriculture, along [...] Read more.
Tanacetum cinerariifolium, a perennial Asteraceae plant, is renowned for its ornamental value and natural insecticidal compounds, especially pyrethrins. These compounds, primarily stored in flower heads, are highly effective as insecticides with low toxicity to mammals, making them crucial for organic agriculture, along with the sesquiterpene (E)-β-farnesene (EβF), play critical roles in T. cinerariifolium defense mechanisms. However, the spatiotemporal patterns of these secondary metabolites in stems and flower heads, as well as their regulatory mechanisms, remain unclear. This study investigated the biosynthesis and regulation of pyrethrins and EβF across developmental stages (S1–S4) in flowers and stems using GC-MS and transcriptomics. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of pyrethrin biosynthetic genes was not synchronized with pyrethrin accumulation. The main pyrethrin biosynthetic genes exhibited coordinated expression patterns, peaking during early flowering stages (S1–S2), while pyrethrin accumulation was primarily observed during mid-flower development. In contrast, the biosynthetic genes of EβF showed synchronized expression with EβF accumulation, with the highest activity observed in stems and early flowers. WGCNA identified jasmonic acid signaling, trichome differentiation, and terpene transport pathways as potentially associated with pyrethrin biosynthesis. Hub genes including MYC2 were identified as playing pivotal roles in regulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis. These findings provide new insights into the regulation and biosynthesis of pyrethrins and EβF, offering a foundation for optimizing bioactive compound production and advancing sustainable pest management strategies. Full article
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16 pages, 10437 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification of Peanut Pyruvate Kinase Gene Family and Their Potential Roles in Seed Germination and Drought Stress Responses
by Guanlong Chen, Shaona Chen, Zepeng Peng, Zhirou Zou, Bangyi Cheng, Xiaorong Wan, Zhao Zheng and Bin Yang
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020200 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK), a pivotal enzyme in glycolysis, serves as a multifunctional regulator of plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. Despite its significance, the functional roles of PKs in peanut remain largely unexplored. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification and systematic characterization of [...] Read more.
Pyruvate kinase (PK), a pivotal enzyme in glycolysis, serves as a multifunctional regulator of plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. Despite its significance, the functional roles of PKs in peanut remain largely unexplored. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification and systematic characterization of PK genes in cultivated peanut, identifying 21 AhPK genes (AhPK1AhPK21). Phylogenetic classification divided these genes into two subfamilies: PKc (comprising PKc-1 and PKc-2 subgroups) and PKp (comprising PKp-α and PKp-β subgroups). AhPK members within the same subfamily shared similar motif composition patterns, while genes from different subgroups showed significantly different exon–intron organizations. Collinearity analysis indicated that segmental duplication events and purifying selection predominantly drove the expansion and evolution of the AhPK family. Evolutionary analysis further indicated closer evolutionary relationships between peanut PKs and those of Arabidopsis than with rice. Predicted protein interaction networks suggested that AhPKs can form polymeric protein complexes (e.g., PKp-α and PKp-β) or interact with some important proteins, including FBA4, F14O13.7, APY, DLD, and T16L4.190. Promoter analysis identified abundant cis-regulatory elements associated with light responses, stress responses, hormone responses, and development. Expression pattern analysis demonstrated the significant induction of multiple AhPK genes during seed germination and under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress or abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Collectively, these findings provide critical insights into the functional roles of AhPK genes in seed germination and drought stress responses, establishing a foundation for future mechanistic studies. Full article
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15 pages, 2466 KiB  
Article
Morphological Profile and Seed Yield Ability of Polignano and Tiggiano Carrot Landraces: Steps Toward Registration as Conservation Varieties
by Rita Annunziata Accogli, Eugenio Cazzato, Dalila Bellomo, Pietro Santamaria and Massimiliano Renna
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020199 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 245
Abstract
Several Apulian (Southern Italy) vegetable landraces are considered at risk of genetic erosion, constituting an issue for the loss of important genetic traits. ‘Tiggiano’ and ‘Polignano’ carrots are two Apulian landraces, noteworthy for their historical, cultural, and agricultural significance. In this research, both [...] Read more.
Several Apulian (Southern Italy) vegetable landraces are considered at risk of genetic erosion, constituting an issue for the loss of important genetic traits. ‘Tiggiano’ and ‘Polignano’ carrots are two Apulian landraces, noteworthy for their historical, cultural, and agricultural significance. In this research, both the morphological traits and seed yield ability of these landraces were evaluated, aiming to potentially register them for seed commercialization as a tool of valorization. The data of morphological traits according to the ‘International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants’ guideline evidenced a clear distinction between the two landraces. However, the great variability observed in certain characters represents an obstacle to their registration in the national variety register, except for the Conservation Varieties one. ‘Polignano’ and ‘Tiggiano’ carrots showed an average seed yield of about 63 and 106 g/plant, equating to about 1258 and 2116 kg/ha. Average seed germination rates were 79.7 and 85.8%, respectively, for ‘Polignano’ and ‘Tiggiano’ carrots. In conclusion, registering these local varieties as Conservation Varieties could enhance their appreciation, encourage sustainable cultivation, and help mitigate genetic erosion while boosting their economic and cultural value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 2799 KiB  
Article
Effects of Different Coverage Years of Hail-Proof Nets on Environment, Leaf Traits and Fruit Quality in Apple Orchards
by Junjiao Guo, Yu Guo, Panpan Tong, Xiang Wang and Jiangbo Wang
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020198 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the impacts of hail-proof nets with different coverage years on the environment, leaf traits and fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apple orchards, with the expectation of providing a basis for the scientific application of the coverage [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to explore the impacts of hail-proof nets with different coverage years on the environment, leaf traits and fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apple orchards, with the expectation of providing a basis for the scientific application of the coverage years of hail-proof nets. The test results indicated that hail nets with different coverage years could reduce light intensity in the orchard and increase air humidity to a certain extent, exerting a certain positive regulatory effect on the orchard’s temperature. The laying of hail nets had no significant influence on the thickness of tree foliage but significantly enlarged the leaf area. The hail nets covered for 2 years notably enhanced the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic performance of leaves. Different coverage years of hail netting had no significant effect on the fruit weight per fruit and the fruit shape index. The fruit luster gradually diminished and was significantly lower than that of the control as the coverage years increased. Further determination of the intrinsic quality of the fruits revealed that hail nets with different coverage years had no significant impact on the fruit hardness, soluble solids and total phenolic content. However, the soluble sugar, solid/acid ratio, flavonoids and vitamin C content of the fruits covered with 2-year hail nets were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. In addition, covering the hail net for 3 years significantly reduced the percentage of the sugar core fruit rate and sugar core index, while covering the hail net for 1 year, 2 years, and not covering the hail net were more effective in maintaining the sugar core index of the fruits. A comprehensive evaluation of the principal components of the hail net treatments with different coverage years demonstrated that the 2-year hail net treatment was superior to the others. In summary, covering hail nets could improve the microenvironment of the orchard, leaf traits and fruit quality to a certain degree. When the hail-proof net had been covered for more than 2 years, its protective performance and the enhancement effect on fruit quality weakened, and it was recommended that the hail-proof net should be replaced in a timely manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)
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21 pages, 4662 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome and Physiological Characterization Reveal the Effects of Exogenous MeJA on Turnips Under Salt Stress
by Chenyang Ma, Zhe Tao, Xingling Yang, Ruiqing Xiao and Kai Jia
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020197 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
Salt stress severely affects the growth of turnips (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), leading to a decline in quality and a reduction in yield. Methyl jasmonate is an endogenous plant hormone that plays a role in regulating plant responses to salt stress. [...] Read more.
Salt stress severely affects the growth of turnips (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), leading to a decline in quality and a reduction in yield. Methyl jasmonate is an endogenous plant hormone that plays a role in regulating plant responses to salt stress. However, its role and mechanism in regulating the response of turnip salt stress remain unclear. Herein, exogenous 100 μM MeJA was applied to four-leaf turnip seedlings subjected to 100 mM NaCl stress to investigate the changes in growth parameters, plant physiology, gene expression, and hormone accumulation after treatment for 3, 5, and 7 days. The results indicated that exogenous spraying of MeJA restricted the growth of turnip seedlings, but enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), while reducing the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Additionally, RNA-seq data showed that exogenous MeJA significantly up-regulates the expression of genes associated with resistance to abiotic stress, specifically those involved in sulfur metabolism, phytohormone signaling, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This up-regulation improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes in vivo, facilitated the scavenging of accumulated reactive oxygen species, and strengthened the plant’s defense mechanisms. In summary, exogenous application of MeJA inhibited the growth of turnip seedlings, but enhanced the plant’s physiological responses to salt stress. Full article
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14 pages, 2500 KiB  
Article
Innovative Tree Peony and Herbaceous Peony Germplasm Display Balls with High Application Potential
by Chenjing Han, Xinyue Ji, Zhiwei Wang and Yizeng Lu
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020196 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 242
Abstract
Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (tree peony) and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (herbaceous peony) are traditional Chinese flowers with great ornamental value. To maintain the aesthetic value and show the characteristics of these species, preserved flowers named ‘germplasm display balls’ were developed. Firstly, dried flowers were [...] Read more.
Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (tree peony) and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (herbaceous peony) are traditional Chinese flowers with great ornamental value. To maintain the aesthetic value and show the characteristics of these species, preserved flowers named ‘germplasm display balls’ were developed. Firstly, dried flowers were obtained by vacuum freeze-drying. Secondly, to embed dried flowers and develop germplasm display balls, highly transparent crystal glue (in wrapped display balls type 1 and drop-type display balls type 2) and highly transparent silicone gel (in wrapped display balls, type 3) were used. Finally, the first pass yield (FPY), labor productivity (LP), average cost (AC), and popularity of three kinds of germplasm display balls were compared. The results showed that with the support of a paper cup, the deformation rate of flowers significantly decreased by 91.11%. The FPY of dried flowers was as high as 98.89% at 18 °C. The optimal process for type 1 and type 2 was a glue dosage of 20 g, stirring time of 3 min, and room temperature of 25 °C. Although there was a higher AC in type 3 display ball process, moderate LP and higher FPY and popularity than in other two types, accompanied by high durability, render it the best choice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)
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22 pages, 5157 KiB  
Review
The Research Trends and Application Prospects of Waterlogging Tolerance in Garden Plants Through Bibliometric Analysis
by Bo Pan, Yaoyao Wang, Lijie Chen, Qingbing Chen, Junjun Yu, Haiying Li, Yongming Fan and Kang Gao
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020195 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 309
Abstract
With the intensification of global climate change and urbanization, extreme rainfall and urban flooding have become increasingly frequent, making the flood tolerance of garden plants a key issue in urban landscaping and ecology. Identifying research progress and development trends in the waterlogging tolerance [...] Read more.
With the intensification of global climate change and urbanization, extreme rainfall and urban flooding have become increasingly frequent, making the flood tolerance of garden plants a key issue in urban landscaping and ecology. Identifying research progress and development trends in the waterlogging tolerance of garden plants, as well as selecting waterlogging-tolerant species, is a core strategy for advancing urban ecological development. This study employed the Web of Science database to conduct a systematic search using subject, title, and keyword criteria. After excluding irrelevant studies through full-text reviews, 164 articles were selected. Using bibliometric analysis, the research systematically reviewed relevant literature published over the past 21 years on waterlogging tolerance in landscape plants, both domestically and internationally, analyzing research trends and hotspots, while summarizing the physiological and molecular responses of garden plants in flood-prone environments. The research indicates significant differences in flood tolerance among different species of garden plants. The main research directions include morphology, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, cultivation, and species selection, with molecular biology emerging as a key area of development in recent years. Furthermore, in the context of global climate change, this study identifies 50 flood-tolerant plants with high ecological value, and proposes guidelines for selecting flood-tolerant species. It concludes by discussing future research directions in flood tolerance and the potential applications of these plants in urban landscaping, sponge city construction, and ecological restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)
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24 pages, 4727 KiB  
Review
Integrating In Vitro Cultivation and Sustainable Field Practices of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) for Enhanced Oil Yield and Quality: A Review
by Pramesti Istiandari and Ahmad Faizal
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020194 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 387
Abstract
Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), or the Inca peanut, is a promising functional food and sustainable alternative to traditional oilseed crops like soybean. Its seeds are rich in omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids, high-quality protein, and bioactive compounds, offering significant nutritional [...] Read more.
Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), or the Inca peanut, is a promising functional food and sustainable alternative to traditional oilseed crops like soybean. Its seeds are rich in omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids, high-quality protein, and bioactive compounds, offering significant nutritional and health benefits. Moreover, sacha inchi cultivation thrives on degraded soils with minimal agrochemical input, supporting biodiversity and reducing environmental impacts. Despite its potential, its large-scale cultivation faces challenges such as genetic variability, low seed viability, and susceptibility to pests and diseases, resulting in inconsistent yields and plant quality. In vitro propagation presents a viable solution, enabling the production of genetically uniform, disease-free seedlings under controlled conditions. Successful in vitro cultivation depends on factors like explant selection, plant growth regulator combinations, medium composition, and environmental control. Advances in these techniques have improved propagation outcomes in other oilseed crops, such as enhanced germination, oil yield, and genetic stability, and offer similar opportunities for sacha inchi. By integrating in vitro and field techniques, this review highlights the potential of sacha inchi as a nutritionally rich, sustainable agricultural solution. These findings provide a foundation for advancing its cultivation, ensuring enhanced productivity, improved oil quality, and greater accessibility to its health benefits around the world. Full article
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15 pages, 3035 KiB  
Article
Association Mapping for Drought Tolerance in Watermelons (Citrullus lanatus L.)
by Ömer Faruk Coşkun
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020193 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 297
Abstract
Drought stress significantly impacts global agricultural productivity, necessitating the identification of resilient genotypes and genetic markers to develop stress-tolerant crops. This study evaluates 48 watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) genotypes under controlled drought conditions to assess their morphological, physiological, and molecular responses. Key [...] Read more.
Drought stress significantly impacts global agricultural productivity, necessitating the identification of resilient genotypes and genetic markers to develop stress-tolerant crops. This study evaluates 48 watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) genotypes under controlled drought conditions to assess their morphological, physiological, and molecular responses. Key parameters such as root length, plant height, stem diameter, SPAD index (Soil and Plant Analysis Development index), and MDA levels (Malondialdehyde) were measured. Genotypes W20, W48, W13, and W60 exhibited superior drought tolerance, characterized by enhanced biomass retention, water-use efficiency, and photosynthetic capacity. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships among traits, such as a strong positive correlation between plant height and stem diameter (r = 0.84) and a negative correlation between MDA and root length (r = −0.99), underscoring the physiological trade-offs under stress. Molecular analyses using inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers showed a high polymorphism rate (93.2%) and identified 18 markers significantly associated with drought-related traits. Markers iPBS-2239 and iPBS-2400 emerged as highly informative, offering the potential for marker-assisted breeding. This integrative approach highlights the complex mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in watermelons and provides valuable genetic resources and candidate genotypes for developing drought-resilient cultivars. These findings contribute to advancing breeding strategies to address the challenges of climate change and water scarcity in agriculture. Full article
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14 pages, 3467 KiB  
Article
Influence of UV-B and UV-C Irradiation on Postharvest Quality of Parthenocarpic Cucumbers Under Ambient Conditions
by Sukanya Aiamla-or, Kanthima Mikkhunthod, Sumitita Pandoi, Papungkorn Sangsawad, Arak Tira-umphon and Wissanee Pola
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020192 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 328
Abstract
Maintaining postharvest quality is critical for preserving the marketability and nutritional value of parthenocarpic cucumbers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of UV-B and UV-C radiation on the postharvest quality, including antioxidant compounds, of parthenocarpic cucumbers during room temperature storage. Cengel cucumbers [...] Read more.
Maintaining postharvest quality is critical for preserving the marketability and nutritional value of parthenocarpic cucumbers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of UV-B and UV-C radiation on the postharvest quality, including antioxidant compounds, of parthenocarpic cucumbers during room temperature storage. Cengel cucumbers were exposed to 0.54–19.80 kJ·m−2 doses of UV-B, and 0.20–10.35 kJ·m−2 doses of UV-C. Non-irradiated cucumbers served as controls. The fruit were packed in a cotton box and stored at room temperature (27 ± 2 °C), with 75 ± 2% relative humidity, for 7 days. Results showed that low doses of UV-B and UV-C reduced weight loss and wilting, while high doses accelerated color change and increased weight loss and wilting. UV-B did not affect fruit firmness, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, or phenolic contents, while UV-C reduced these parameters. UV-B treatment resulted in higher ascorbic acid and FRAP antioxidant activity in the first three days compared to controls. A low dose of UV-B may enhance ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity in parthenocarpic cucumbers during short-term storage. This approach has potential applications in food preservation by reducing postharvest losses and maintaining nutritional quality. Future research should explore the combined effects of UV-B treatment and low-temperature storage for further benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)
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13 pages, 229 KiB  
Article
Possibilities for Controlling the Most Important Diseases and Pests of Sour Cherries and an Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruits
by Nenad Tamaš, Bojana Špirović Trifunović, Dragica Brkić, Novica Miletić and Marko Sretenović
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020191 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 258
Abstract
This study investigated various protection programs to control the European cherry fruit fly, cherry brown rot, and cherry leaf spot on sour cherries. The effects of acetamiprid, spinetoram, dodine, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin, applied alone and in combination with sucrose, were determined using standard [...] Read more.
This study investigated various protection programs to control the European cherry fruit fly, cherry brown rot, and cherry leaf spot on sour cherries. The effects of acetamiprid, spinetoram, dodine, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin, applied alone and in combination with sucrose, were determined using standard EPPO methods. Pesticide residues in the cherry fruit were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The highest efficacy in controlling the European cherry fruit fly was achieved by applying acetamiprid twice and spinetoram three times during fruit ripening. Successful protection against brown rot was achieved with a single application of boscalid and pyraclostrobin with the addition of sucrose. Dodine in combination with boscalid and pyraclostrobin showed good efficacy in controlling cherry leaf spot, which increased with the addition of sucrose. Residues of spinetoram, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin were below the limit of quantification, while only acetamiprid and dodine residues were detected in the fruit samples, but these were well below the maximum residue levels. This study demonstrates that several alternative protection programs can successfully protect cherries against the European cherry fruit fly and diseases during the critical stage of fruit ripening, with residue levels below the prescribed maximum levels. Full article
18 pages, 4293 KiB  
Article
Unveiling CcR2R3-MYB: A Key Regulator of Leaf Pigmentation in Cymbidium Orchids
by Guan-Song Yang, Hong-Xu Yao, Feng-Mei He, Zhi-Lin Li and Yu-Ying Wang
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020190 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 242
Abstract
Leaf coloration, a critical trait in ornamental foliage plant breeding, is influenced by chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids, which dictate plant aesthetic and economic value. The regulatory role of MYB transcription factors in leaf pigmentation is well recognized. However, their specific influence on Cymbidium [...] Read more.
Leaf coloration, a critical trait in ornamental foliage plant breeding, is influenced by chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids, which dictate plant aesthetic and economic value. The regulatory role of MYB transcription factors in leaf pigmentation is well recognized. However, their specific influence on Cymbidium leaf coloration remains obscure despite the genus’s global economic importance. This study utilized a novel orchid mutant with leaf variegation as the experimental material to investigate the role of CcR2R3-MYB genes. This research has successfully identified and cloned a novel MYB transcription factor, namely CcR2R3-MYB, from a leaf variegation mutant of Cymbidium. The expression level of CcR2R3-MYB was significantly higher in the mutant plants, with the protein predominantly localized in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the gene is closely related to AtMYB106 and DhMYB1 and regulates leaf cell morphogenesis and color variation in Cymbidium. Overexpression of CcR2R3-MYB resulted in a yellowish-green and a reduction in photosynthetic pigment content in the Dendrobium. These findings not only lay a foundation for unraveling the mechanism by which CcR2R3-MYB regulates the development of orchid foliage art but also hold significant implications for creating new orchid germplasm and the enhancement of varietal traits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))
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15 pages, 4216 KiB  
Article
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Prunus persica Cultivars Revealed by Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS)
by Ekaterina Vodiasova, Artem Pronozin, Irina Rozanova, Valentina Tsiupka, Gennady Vasiliev, Yuri Plugatar, Sergey Dolgov and Anatoly Smykov
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020189 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 383
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica (L.)) is one of the major commercial stone fruit crops. A genetic analysis of peach collections around the world is essential for effective breeding programmes, and the development of genomic and marker-assisted selection. This study focuses on research on [...] Read more.
Peach (Prunus persica (L.)) is one of the major commercial stone fruit crops. A genetic analysis of peach collections around the world is essential for effective breeding programmes, and the development of genomic and marker-assisted selection. This study focuses on research on peach collection at the Nikita Botanical Garden and aims to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the genome level and analyse the genetic diversity, population structure, and the linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern among 161 cultivars and hybrids. A total of 288,784 SNPs were identified using the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach and, after filtering, 7803 high-quality SNPs were used in the analyses. The 161 accessions were clustered into two groups using principal component analyses (PCoA) and seven populations by ADMIXTURE v.1.3 software, which was confirmed using phylogenetic analyses. The distribution of the genotypes within subpopulations reflected any fruit-related traits. A low level of genetic diversity and medium linkage disequilibrium was detected in peach cultivars. The observed heterozygosity was lower than expected and varied from 0.11 to 0.22 in genotypes with different origins. Our results based on 7803 SNPs were compared with those based on 12 microsatellite markers and differences in clustering, observed heterozygosity, and phylogeny were identified. This highlights the need to analyse collections using whole-genome approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Molecular Breeding of Fruit Tree Species)
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15 pages, 10863 KiB  
Article
Flowering Responses to Vernalization and Photoperiod in Minuartia laricina (L.) Mattf., a Perennial Herb in the Korean Peninsula
by Dong Gyu Lee, Suejin Park, Chae Won Kim, Jae Hui Kim and Seung Youn Lee
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020188 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 308
Abstract
This study investigated the flowering physiology of Minuartia laricina (L.) Mattf. to provide fundamental information for the development of flowering control techniques. A phenology test was conducted in an open field, where M. laricina overwintered from December to February. Flower buds began to [...] Read more.
This study investigated the flowering physiology of Minuartia laricina (L.) Mattf. to provide fundamental information for the development of flowering control techniques. A phenology test was conducted in an open field, where M. laricina overwintered from December to February. Flower buds began to form in late March as temperatures and photoperiods increased. Flowering started in late April and continued until mid-June, with seeds maturing in capsule-shaped fruits by mid-August. In a greenhouse experiment, M. laricina was subjected to cold treatments at 5 °C for 0, 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks, followed by photoperiod treatments of 9/15, 11/13, 13/11, 16/8, 24/0 h day/night photoperiod, or night interruption (9 h + 4 h). Plant growth and flowering were measured during the photoperiod treatments. The results showed 100% flowering with 8 weeks of cold treatment and under 16 h or longer photoperiod conditions. However, without cold treatments flowering was not observed across all photoperiods. These findings align with outdoor conditions, where M. laricina flowers experience a cold winter and under long photoperiods. Thus, M. laricina is classified as an obligate vernalization and long-day plant, requiring at least eight weeks of cold and a 16/8 h photoperiod to flower. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Propagation and Flowering of Ornamental Plants)
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18 pages, 3744 KiB  
Article
Impact of Elevated Temperature and Solar Radiation on Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica Plenck) Cultivation
by Konstantinos Koularmanis, Pavlos Tsouvaltzis and Anastasios Siomos
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020187 - 9 Feb 2025
Viewed by 307
Abstract
In order to study the effects of emerging climate change on the cultivation of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica Plenck), transplants of three F1 hybrids (‘Cigno’, ‘Principe’, and ‘Domino’ F1) were transplanted on three successive dates (7 June, 30 June, and 4 [...] Read more.
In order to study the effects of emerging climate change on the cultivation of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica Plenck), transplants of three F1 hybrids (‘Cigno’, ‘Principe’, and ‘Domino’ F1) were transplanted on three successive dates (7 June, 30 June, and 4 August) at the Experimental Farm of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. The last planting date (4 August) corresponds to the most common establishment time for the crop in the area, while the other two dates correspond to periods with higher temperatures. The number of leaves per plant was recorded on a weekly basis during the growing period, while the plant height, the number of head leaves, the number of lateral shoots, the head diameter, and the weight and quality of the head were recorded at harvest. The results showed that the average temperature and solar radiation during the first two growing periods (GP1 and GP2) were higher by 4.4–5.4 °C and 32–75%, respectively, compared to the third one (GP3). The consequences of the higher temperature were the shortening of the growing period between transplanting and harvest by 5–6 days in ‘Cigno’ F1 and its extension by 3–18 days in the ‘Principe’ and ‘Domino’ F1 ones, as well as the increase in the quantity of water required through irrigation by 14–61%. Higher temperatures induced a significant deterioration of the head quality and a reduction in marketable production by 42–92%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)
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20 pages, 4958 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Production of Plantlets and Microrhizomes, Genetic Fidelity Assessment, and Metabolic Profiling of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.
by Kankamon Thepthong and Supanath Kanjanawattanawong
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020186 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 530
Abstract
Fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.) is valued for its therapeutic benefits, both in Thailand and internationally. This study optimized in vitro propagation and induced microrhizomes (MRZ) to produce cleaned plantlets to support organic farming using disease-free plantlets, which is crucial for preventing [...] Read more.
Fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.) is valued for its therapeutic benefits, both in Thailand and internationally. This study optimized in vitro propagation and induced microrhizomes (MRZ) to produce cleaned plantlets to support organic farming using disease-free plantlets, which is crucial for preventing and eradicating diseased plantlets, reducing the use of chemicals, and alternative approaches to enhancing phytochemical diversity. Shoots cultured on ½-strength MS medium with 1 mg L−1 of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) showed the highest shoot formation (69%) and shoot multiplication (3.45 ± 0.29 shoots per explant). Plantlets acclimatized in peat moss or a peat moss–coconut coir (1:1) mixture achieved a 100% survival rate. Genetic fidelity was confirmed using SSR markers, showing genetic consistency with the mother plant. The MRZ formation was the highest (98.33%) under white LED light with 30 g L−1 of sucrose. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis in MRZ revealed aspartate, a precursor to pinocembrin and pinostrobin. Additionally, nine unique metabolites not previously identified in fingerroot were detected in the MRZ, suggesting some potential in novel therapeutic applications. These findings support the development of efficient micropropagation methods and highlight MRZ as a source of diverse bioactive compounds, contributing to the medicinal value of B. rotunda in sustainable and large-scale production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Culture and Micropropagation Techniques of Horticultural Crops)
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17 pages, 1751 KiB  
Article
Effects of Macronutrients on the Growth, Essential Oil Production, and Quality of Echinophora platyloba (DC.) in Natural Ecosystems
by Somayeh Mohammadi, Sina Fallah and Filippo Maggi
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020185 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 193
Abstract
Echinophora platyloba DC. (Apiaceae) is recognized for its important secondary metabolites and antifungal agents. To evaluate the effects of macronutrient fertilizers on the growth parameters and essential oils yield of E. platyloba, a study was conducted in 2018 at Shahrekord University, Iran. [...] Read more.
Echinophora platyloba DC. (Apiaceae) is recognized for its important secondary metabolites and antifungal agents. To evaluate the effects of macronutrient fertilizers on the growth parameters and essential oils yield of E. platyloba, a study was conducted in 2018 at Shahrekord University, Iran. The treatments included the individual and combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, along with control groups. The results revealed that nitrogen application significantly influenced biomass accumulation in stems, leaves, and inflorescences, with phosphorus-treated plants showing a notable increase in leaf weight. Compared to a positive control, phosphorus increased the essential oil yield by 488%, while nitrogen enhanced biomass accumulation by 165%. The primary compounds identified included (E)-β-ocimene, (E)-sesquilavandolol, and β-pinene, with percentages ranging between 21.3–32.1%, 14.1–42.0%, and 2.0–8.8%, respectively. The levels of β-pinene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-decalactone, and spathulenol were found to be higher in the phosphorus and potassium treatments than in nitrogen. In contrast, limonene, linalool, geraniol, and (E)-sesquilavandulol concentrations were greater in the nitrogen treatment compared with phosphorus and potassium treatments. In conclusion, phosphorus fertilization can substantially increase the essential oil yield in E. platyloba compared to other treatments, potentially enhancing production per unit area, which supports farmers’ income and helps prevent the degradation of this species in natural habitats. Full article
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15 pages, 2390 KiB  
Article
Comparative Assessment of Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activities in Different Parts of Pyrus ussuriensis Cultivars
by Neil Patrick Uy, Jajung Ku, Doo-Hee Lee, Sang June Nam and Sanghyun Lee
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020184 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
Pyrus ussuriensis, also known as Ussurian pear, is a deciduous tree from the Rosaceae family. This study examined the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of different parts (1-year-old stem, 2-year-old stem, and leaves) of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. and P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea [...] Read more.
Pyrus ussuriensis, also known as Ussurian pear, is a deciduous tree from the Rosaceae family. This study examined the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of different parts (1-year-old stem, 2-year-old stem, and leaves) of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. and P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea. The analysis included measurements of total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and evaluations of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radical scavenging activities. Quantitative analyses were conducted using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/UV). The analysis with one-way ANOVA indicated significant differences in TPC and TFC across tissues, with the stems exhibiting the highest TPC and the leaves showing the highest TFC in both P. ussuriensis and P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea. Among the examined structures, the stems exhibited the highest TPC, whereas the leaves exhibited the highest TFC in both P. ussuriensis and P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea. P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea displayed stronger antioxidant activity than P. ussuriensis. LC-MS/MS detected 18 phytochemicals, with chlorogenic acid being the most abundant, especially in leaf extracts, as confirmed using HPLC/UV analyses. This cultivar-based comparison highlights a tissue-specific distribution of bioactive compounds, with leaves primarily contributing to high flavonoid content and stems to polyphenolic content. Collectively, these findings provide valuable insights into the rich phytochemical diversity and antioxidant potential of P. ussuriensis cultivars, highlighting their versatility in various fields. Full article
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13 pages, 780 KiB  
Article
Effects of Grafting with Different Rootstocks on Fruit Yield and Quality of Muskmelon Under Continuous Cropping
by Hongxia Ye, Caiyu Zhang and Bingliang Wang
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020183 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 271
Abstract
Grafting is a promising approach to control melon fusarium wilt disease. However, there is a potential risk of deterioration in the quality of melon fruit due to scion–rootstock interactions. Using two primary muskmelon cultivars, ‘ZheTian 105’ (ZT105) and ‘ZheTian 401’ (ZT401) in Zhejiang [...] Read more.
Grafting is a promising approach to control melon fusarium wilt disease. However, there is a potential risk of deterioration in the quality of melon fruit due to scion–rootstock interactions. Using two primary muskmelon cultivars, ‘ZheTian 105’ (ZT105) and ‘ZheTian 401’ (ZT401) in Zhejiang Province as scion, and taking one squash (interspecific hybrids between Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata) ‘Sizhuang No.12’ (SZ12) and four melon, ‘YongZhen No 9’ (YZ9), ‘XiaTe’ (XT), ‘ZhenTian No 1’ (ZT1), and ‘T1-151’ (T1) as rootstock, the yield and fruit quality including total soluble solid content (SSC), flesh texture, and flavor of grafted melon were measured, compared with non-grafted melon. The results indicated there was no significant difference in single fruit weight among the grafted melon and non-grafted melon plants, while the yield of most grafted melon plants was significantly higher than that of the non-grafted ones. No significant differences were observed in SSC and flesh texture among the grafted and non-grafted melon plants. The fruit of the “ZT401/SZ12” combination exhibited peculiar odors reminiscent of pumpkin flavor, negatively affecting edibility, whereas the fruit of the “ZT105/SZ12” combination did not. Considering both yield and fruit quality, the results indicated that the squash rootstock “SZ12” and the melon rootstocks “ZT1” are suitable for grafting with the muskmelon cultivar “ZT105”, while the melon rootstocks “ZT1” and “T1” are appropriate for grafting with the muskmelon cultivar “ZT401”. The results of this research are of considerable significance for the sustainable cultivation of the cultivars “ZT105” and “ZT401”, particularly under continuous cropping conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Genetic Engineering and Quality Improvement in Vegetable Crops)
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42 pages, 4519 KiB  
Review
Advances in Monitoring Crop and Soil Nutrient Status: Proximal and Remote Sensing Techniques
by Pedro Tomas Bulacio Fischer, Alessandro Carella, Roberto Massenti, Raudhatul Fadhilah and Riccardo Lo Bianco
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020182 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 320
Abstract
Soil and water pollution caused by excessive use of fertilizers and resource scarcity are critical issues in modern horticulture. Although laboratory tests are reliable, they take time and use chemical reagents that must be disposed of and complex protocols. Monitoring plant nutrient status [...] Read more.
Soil and water pollution caused by excessive use of fertilizers and resource scarcity are critical issues in modern horticulture. Although laboratory tests are reliable, they take time and use chemical reagents that must be disposed of and complex protocols. Monitoring plant nutrient status through technologies that allow continuous and rapid assessment is crucial for precise resource management. Several proximal and remote sensors that use different physico-chemical principles to monitor plant nutrient status are available nowadays. However, these technologies still have important operative and structural limitations that must be overcome. The aim of this review is to summarize the current status and latest developments in proximal and remote sensors capable of monitoring plant and soil nutrients, focusing on sensor types, principles, applications, and their strengths and weaknesses. Electrochemical proximal sensors allow continuous monitoring of nutrients in the plant sap or in the soil solution but work on a single spot basis. Instruments based on optical sensors allow immediate measurements and quick analysis, but do not work on a continuous basis. On the other hand, remote sensors, such as drone-mounted cameras and satellite systems, are based on large-area imaging and can be used to estimate crop nutrient status by processing images at different wavelengths. Finally, combining proximal and remote techniques may be needed to achieve very accurate monitoring of plant and nutrient status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation and Fertilization Management in Horticultural Production)
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16 pages, 6335 KiB  
Article
Melatonin Treatment Delays the Senescence of Cut Flowers of “Diguan” Tree Peony by Affecting Water Balance and Physiological Properties
by Mengdi Wu, Peidong Zhang, Yuke Sun, Wenqian Shang, Liyun Shi, Shuiyan Yu, Songlin He, Yinglong Song and Zheng Wang
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020181 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), which is a traditional flower cultivated in China, is rapidly becoming an important species in the cut flower industry. Thus, extending the vase life of tree peony cut flowers is a major goal in the cut flower [...] Read more.
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), which is a traditional flower cultivated in China, is rapidly becoming an important species in the cut flower industry. Thus, extending the vase life of tree peony cut flowers is a major goal in the cut flower industry. Melatonin, which is a new type of antioxidant, plays an important regulatory role in the preservation of cut flowers. Therefore, this study employed the cut flower of tree peony “Diguan” as the test material to investigate the preservative effects of the antioxidant melatonin on the cut flower of tree peony “Diguan”. We examined tree peony cut flowers in terms of their morphology, lifespan, relative fresh weight, relative diameter, and water balance value after treatments with different melatonin concentrations (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg·L−1) to select the optimal treatment concentration. Considered together, these analyses clarified the effects of melatonin on the preservation of “Diguan” tree peony cut flowers. Specifically, the exogenous application of melatonin positively affected the preservation of tree peony cut flowers by improving the water balance value and increasing the soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby prolonging the ornamental period of tree peony cut flowers. The fresh weight of flower branches is significantly positively correlated with soluble protein, and cut flower lifespan increases with the values of soluble protein and the fresh weight of flower branches, with a large correlation coefficient. It can be used as an important indicator to measure cut flower lifespan in subsequent research. The 0.4 mg L−1 melatonin treatment was optimal for preserving tree peony cut flowers because of its positive effects on the duration of the ornamental period and ornamental quality. Full article
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20 pages, 1738 KiB  
Article
CPPU and Ethylene Inhibitors as an Environmentally Friendly Strategy for Improving Fruit Retention, Yield, and Quality in Avocado
by Mahmoud Abdel-Sattar, Laila Y. Mostafa, Saddam H. Ali, Hail Z. Rihan and Dalia H. Eshra
Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020180 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 645
Abstract
Avocado fruit drop after fruit set causes avocado orchards to suffer significant losses in the fruit yield, oil yield, and quality parameters of fruits. An insufficient crop load, as a result of excessive fruit drop, can reduce avocado orchard profitability. Hence, this study [...] Read more.
Avocado fruit drop after fruit set causes avocado orchards to suffer significant losses in the fruit yield, oil yield, and quality parameters of fruits. An insufficient crop load, as a result of excessive fruit drop, can reduce avocado orchard profitability. Hence, this study aimed to mitigate these problems using 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenyl urea (CPPU) as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective strategy to reduce accumulative fruit drop and enhance the productivity and quality of Fuerte avocado fruits. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons using a randomized complete block design with eight treatments: control, 1-MCP (200 ppm), AVG (200 ppm), CPPU (5 ppm), 1-MCP + AVG, 1-MCP + CPPU, AVG + CPPU, and 1-MCP + AVG + CPPU. These treatments were applied twice, at full bloom and at the beginning of the fruit set. Avocado trees treated with 5 ppm CPPU significantly reduced accumulative fruit drop. Additionally, treatments with 1-MCP + AVG + CPPU and CPPU at 5 ppm notably improved the yield and quality of Fuerte avocado fruits by increasing fruit weight, length, width, dry matter content, total carbohydrates, crude protein, total soluble solids (TSSs), and fruit mineral content (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe). In contrast, treatments with 1-MCP or/and AVG had a negative impact on fruit TSSs, acidity, and carotenoid content, while producing the highest levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll. Treatments with CPPU alone or combined with 1-MCP and/or AVG significantly enhanced avocado oil content, with slight effects on peroxide, iodine, and saponification values. Based on the results, 1-MCP + AVG + CPPU treatment is recommended for avocado growers to enhance fruit growth, yield, quality, and oil production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)
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