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Risks, Volume 14, Issue 5

2026 May - 24 articles

Cover Story: This paper develops a deep reinforcement learning framework for cryptocurrency portfolio management in which transaction costs are derived from the Riemannian geometry of the underlying volatility model rather than assumed constant. A Proximal Policy Optimisation agent is trained on a reward function grounded in non-equilibrium thermodynamics: we use the free-energy Bellman equation, in which transaction costs are the geodesic slippage on the Fisher information manifold of a maximum-entropy Markov-switching GARCH model, and regime-transition costs are the Wasserstein-2 distance between the calm and turbulent return distributions. A thermodynamic Carnot bound on portfolio efficiency is established and empirically validated. Five hypotheses are tested across Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, and Bitcoin Cash over January 2017 to March 2026. View this paper
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Articles (24)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,244 Views
22 Pages

20 May 2026

The growing incorporation of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into global financial systems has significantly influenced investment decision-making. Previous studies have mainly concentrated on ESG performance and their asso...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corporate Governance and Risk Management at Financial Institutions)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,906 Views
20 Pages

19 May 2026

This study assesses liquidity, profitability, and working capital management (WCM) strategy in Polish manufacturing companies in the pressure-casting industry, drawing on evidence from the pre-COVID-19, COVID-19, and Russia–Ukraine war periods....

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
933 Views
21 Pages

18 May 2026

While there is some agreement on estimating construction cost contingency for “known unknowns,” there is little consensus on estimating management reserves for “unknown unknowns.” Definitions of risk and uncertainty also diffe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
884 Views
31 Pages

18 May 2026

This study examines how internal board governance influences carbon emission disclosure (CED), conceptualized as both a key dimension of ESG transparency and a mechanism for managing disclosure-related risks. Using panel data from 175 listed firms ac...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,401 Views
22 Pages

Why Are Female Investors Trapped in Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) Schemes in Fintech? Insights from Pi Network in Vietnam

  • Dung Hai Dinh,
  • Thi Dang Minh Nguyen,
  • Huyen Le Thanh Nguyen and
  • Tobias Ametsbichler

13 May 2026

The rapid development of the fintech sector has facilitated the emergence of digital multi-level marketing (MLM) schemes, raising concerns about investor protection. Despite extensive literature on MLM schemes and pyramid schemes, there remains a sig...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,235 Views
20 Pages

Risk Scoring for Crop Insurance at Enrollment: Evidence and Limits

  • Constantin Colonescu,
  • Subhadip Ghosh and
  • Shahidul Islam

13 May 2026

Crop insurance has to be priced and screened before the season’s main losses are known. This paper asks how far an insurer can get using only the information already available when a contract is enrolled: where the farm is, what crop and practi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,514 Views
22 Pages

9 May 2026

This study examines the relationship between climate policy uncertainty (CPU) and residential housing prices across U.S. metropolitan areas using the U.S. CPU index developed by Gavriilidis in 2021 and monthly S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller Home Pric...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Financial Risks)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,963 Views
25 Pages

Determinants of Digital Asset Investment Intention Among Mutual Fund Investors in Thailand

  • Wilasinee Jiaranaipayuk,
  • Amnuay Saengnoree,
  • Sujira Vuthisopon and
  • Kaimuk Pattananupong

8 May 2026

This study examined the determinants of intentions to participate in digital asset investment among Thai mutual fund investors with medium-to-high risk tolerance by extending the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to include financial literacy and trus...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantitative Analysis and Mathematical Modeling in Economics and Financial Decision-Making)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,401 Views
23 Pages

8 May 2026

Risk-based approaches constitute the cornerstone of contemporary anti-money laundering (AML) regulatory frameworks, requiring institutions to conduct Business Risk Assessments (BRAs). While the customer risk assessment component is well-defined acros...

  • Article
  • Open Access
874 Views
21 Pages

Impact of Simultaneous Jumps in Mortality and Asset Markets on GMDB Riders

  • Amin Hassan Zadeh,
  • Arman Rostami and
  • Kristina G. Stankova

7 May 2026

This study investigates the impact of jointly modeling jumps in asset prices and mortality rates on the valuation of insurance guarantees. Mortality dynamics are specified using two extended frameworks based on the classical Lee–Carter model, w...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Longevity and Morbidity Risks: Emerging Technologies and Perspectives)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,489 Views
25 Pages

7 May 2026

Following the implementation of Basel IV, China’s financial regulators have replaced Value-at-Risk (VaR) with Expected Shortfall (ES) as the standard market risk measure, necessitating regulatory-oriented evaluation of ES forecasts. This study...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,081 Views
19 Pages

6 May 2026

Standard asset pricing models treat price dynamics as a stochastic process driven by undifferentiated random noise, rendering them agnostic about the primary engine of price discovery: the arrival of economically significant information. This paper i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,312 Views
15 Pages

The Effect of Regulatory Liquidity Measure on Bank Capital Structure

  • Ndonwabile Zimasa Mabandla and
  • Godfrey Marozva

6 May 2026

This study investigates the effects of liquidity regulation, specifically the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR), on the capital structure of South African banks, with a focus on debt maturity composition. Using panel data covering the period 2015–...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,303 Views
33 Pages

6 May 2026

Organizations are currently in a stage where the volume of financial transactions and data is constantly growing. The same goes for risks associated with the use of data for risk management and strategic decision-making. The likelihood of transaction...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Risk Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,185 Views
19 Pages

6 May 2026

This study examines the financial resilience of Hungarian local governments in the period 2020–2023, which was characterised by successive economic shocks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian–Ukrainian war. Based on a panel dat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,868 Views
29 Pages

Digital Transformation in the Insurance Industry: Challenges and Strategic Insights

  • Linda Malifete,
  • Khathutshelo Mushavhanamadi,
  • Samuel Adekunle and
  • Clinton Aigbavboa

6 May 2026

The insurance industry is under increasing pressure to undergo digital transformation as global markets, customer demands, and regulatory requirements evolve. Despite this growing importance, the sector continues to face persistent obstacles that hin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,288 Views
44 Pages

3 May 2026

The interaction between crude oil prices and exchange rates is central to understanding global financial stability and macro-economic balances. Contrary to traditional static analyses, the heterogeneous market hypothesis argues that market participan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,390 Views
24 Pages

2 May 2026

This paper develops a deep reinforcement learning framework for cryptocurrency portfolio management in which transaction costs are derived from the Riemannian geometry of the underlying volatility model rather than assumed constant. A Proximal Policy...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Financial Econometrics and Risk Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,185 Views
32 Pages

2 May 2026

Climate change poses significant challenges to the agricultural and financial sectors, affecting crop productivity and the overall financial stability. This study evaluates the robustness of the Actuaries Climate IndexTM (ACI), a relatively recent to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,674 Views
28 Pages

24 April 2026

We introduce the Normalising Flow GARCH (NF-GARCH), a two-stage hybrid framework that enhances traditional GARCH models by replacing restrictive parametric innovation distributions with learned densities via normalising flows. Our approach preserves...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volatility Modeling in Financial Market)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,518 Views
24 Pages

24 April 2026

The present study provides a high-frequency empirical assessment of the financial performance, volatility, and market integration of thematic sustainability-oriented equity funds, focusing on clean energy and environmental innovation indices. Specifi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,307 Views
41 Pages

23 April 2026

In the context of behavioral finance, detecting credit card fraud remains a critical challenge, particularly when dealing with highly imbalanced datasets and ambiguous transaction patterns. This complexity highlights the limitations of traditional fr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,712 Views
32 Pages

22 April 2026

Using daily data from Investing.com South Africa, this study investigates the forecasting performance of four Rand currency rate markets (EUR/ZAR, CHF/ZAR, BRL/ZAR, and CNY/ZAR) from 13 February 2018 until 24 February 2025. The predictive fitness of...

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Risks - ISSN 2227-9091