Education Sciences

19 pages, 981 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relevance of Social Medicine Skills and the Role of Teaching Formats in the Perception of Medical Students: A Retrospective Trend Study

by Sibylle Hildenbrand, Joachim Graf, Martina Michaelis, Anke Wagner, Susanne Völter-Mahlknecht, Elisabeth Simoes and Monika A. Rieger

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101408 (registering DOI) - 20 Oct 2025

Abstract

During medical school, students in Germany acquire knowledge, abilities, competencies, and skills in social medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate how human medicine students perceive the relevance of selected social medical issues and their knowledge gain depending on different teaching [...] Read more.

During medical school, students in Germany acquire knowledge, abilities, competencies, and skills in social medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate how human medicine students perceive the relevance of selected social medical issues and their knowledge gain depending on different teaching formats. The study was designed as a retrospective trend study. Included were four semester cohorts (n = 597 students). Five topics were selected as seminar subjects: work incapacity, rehabilitation, (long-term) care level, graded return to work, and assistive technology for activities of daily living. A new teaching format based on problem-based learning (PBL) and peer teaching (PT) was implemented. In the seminars, each student worked on one topic by him/herself (PBL; for this topic, the student is counted within group PBL in the statistical analysis). Through the presentations of fellow students, a student received information regarding other topics (PT; for these topics, the student is counted within group PT in the statistical comparison with group PBL). 550 students completed a standardized questionnaire at the end of the seminar, rating (a) their perceived relevance of these social medical topics with regard to clinical practice and (b) the personal knowledge gain regarding all topics. The results in group PBL tended to be better than those in group PT, indicating that active engagement with socio-medical topics increases the perception of their relevance. The students benefit more from working on topics themselves than from oral presentations or lectures: the probability of stating a notable knowledge gain regarding the respective topic was significantly higher for all topics in group PBL compared with in group PT (Work incapacity: OR: 1.3 (95%-CI: 1.07; 1.58), Rehabilitation: OR 1.8 (95%-CI: 1.41; 2.20), (Long-term) care level: OR: 1.6 (95%-CI: 1.25; 1.94); Graded return to work: OR: 1.95 (95%-CI: 1.57; 2.42), Assistive technology for activities of daily living: OR: 1.8 (95%-CI: 1.45; 2.31)). Medical students can be sensitized to the clinical relevance of social medicine, particularly when they experience its practical implications via appropriate activating teaching formats. The results suggest that PBL formats are preferable for increasing awareness of socio-medical issues. Full article

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20 pages, 315 KB

Open AccessArticle

University Students’ Character Strengths and Their Impact on Quality Education in Higher Education

by Thet Thet Mar, Balqees Rashid Suleiman AL Mandhari, Mária Hercz and Ahmed Said AlGhdani

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101407 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Character strengths are the positive personality traits essential for a meaningful life. Recognising and applying character strengths is crucial to becoming high-quality learners. This study explores the role of character strengths in enhancing the quality of education within Hungarian Higher Education, an area [...] Read more.

Character strengths are the positive personality traits essential for a meaningful life. Recognising and applying character strengths is crucial to becoming high-quality learners. This study explores the role of character strengths in enhancing the quality of education within Hungarian Higher Education, an area often neglected in discussing quality education. Using purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten international students enrolled in BA and MA Teacher Education programs. The study explored how students perceive and apply character strengths to support learning and academic engagement. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis with ATLAS.ti software. The findings highlight several key strengths—such as creativity, hope, curiosity, teamwork, and self-regulation—as essential to fostering effective learning environments. Four predominant thematic areas emerged: the importance of positive personality traits, the pivotal role of the teacher–student relationship in fostering a conducive learning environment, the integration of character strengths in education, and personal development and character strengths, elucidating the integral role of character strengths in promoting quality education, advocating for a harmonious equilibrium between academic knowledge and personal growth. The study also contributes to the limited literature on character strengths in Hungarian Higher Education and suggests directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Higher Education and Creativity: International Perspectives on Stimulating Student Engagement)

20 pages, 542 KB

Open AccessArticle

Compassion in Engineering Education: Validation of the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales (CEAS) and Conceptual Insights

by Alejandro Baquero-Sierra, Cristian Vargas-Ordóez, Jacqueline Tawney and Michael Robinson

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1406; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101406 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study validates the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales for Self and Others (CEAS) for use with undergraduate engineering students in the United States. Compassion, defined as sensitivity to suffering in oneself and others coupled with a commitment to alleviate and prevent it, [...] Read more.

This study validates the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales for Self and Others (CEAS) for use with undergraduate engineering students in the United States. Compassion, defined as sensitivity to suffering in oneself and others coupled with a commitment to alleviate and prevent it, is increasingly recognized as a vital socio-emotional competency in professional education. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 434 engineering undergraduates completed the CEAS instrument. In addition, students responded to open-ended questions about their definition of compassion and “others” as well as a validated engineering identity scale. Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesized three-flow, two-component structure of compassion, with excellent fit indices (CFI = 0.980, RMSEA = 0.037) and generally strong factor loadings. Reliability was high for most subscales (α = 0.716–0.762), though self-compassion engagement showed lower internal consistency (α = 0.614). Divergent validity was confirmed through weak correlations with engineering identity dimensions. Qualitative salience and thematic analysis revealed that participants most frequently associated compassion with empathy, kindness, caring, and understanding and defined “others” mainly as friends, family, and classmates, with high-compassion scorers being more compassion oriented and including broader social circles. Findings support the CEAS’s structural validity and utility in engineering education while highlighting opportunities to strengthen self-compassion engagement to enhance well-being, ethical reasoning, and socially responsible practice among future engineers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking Engineering Education)

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13 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a “Team Based Learning” Methodology Intervention on the Psychological and Learning Variables of Sport Sciences University Students

by Mario Albaladejo-Saura, Adrián Mateo-Orcajada, Francisco Esparza-Ros and Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101405 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Traditional teaching methods are often far from aligning with professional practice demands. Team-Based Learning (TBL), a variant of Problem-Based Learning, may foster motivation, autonomy, and deeper knowledge acquisition, especially in those educative contexts linked to practical knowledge. The objective of the present research [...] Read more.

Traditional teaching methods are often far from aligning with professional practice demands. Team-Based Learning (TBL), a variant of Problem-Based Learning, may foster motivation, autonomy, and deeper knowledge acquisition, especially in those educative contexts linked to practical knowledge. The objective of the present research was to explore the impact of a TBL program with digital support on Sport Sciences students’ psychological and learning outcomes. A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-tests was applied to 68 fourth-year students (mean age = 21.45 ± 1.57 years). The intervention spanned 12 weeks, where the students had to solve specific case studies linked to the theoretical content of the subject and its applicability. Variables measured included motivational climate, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, intrinsic motivation, transversal competences, and academic performance. Significant improvements were observed in task- and ego-oriented climate, autonomy, competence, relatedness, knowledge scores, and competence in scientific searches and academic dissemination (p < 0.05). No significant changes were found in intrinsic motivation or audiovisual material competence. Sex influenced several outcomes, while project marks and prior transversal skills did not. TBL combined with digital tools enhanced learning outcomes and key psychological needs, though intrinsic motivation remained unchanged. Findings highlight the value of active methodologies in higher education, while underscoring the need for long-term, broader studies. Full article

22 pages, 1111 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Early STEM Engagement: The Impact of Inquiry-Based Robotics Projects on First-Grade Students’ Problem-Solving Self-Efficacy and Collaborative Attitudes

by Rina Zviel-Girshin and Nathan Rosenberg

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101404 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines the effects of integrating an inquiry-based final project into an early childhood robotics program, focusing on its influence on children’s problem-solving self-efficacy, attitudes toward collaboration, confidence in applying robotics to real-world challenges, and future interest in STEM. A total of [...] Read more.

This study examines the effects of integrating an inquiry-based final project into an early childhood robotics program, focusing on its influence on children’s problem-solving self-efficacy, attitudes toward collaboration, confidence in applying robotics to real-world challenges, and future interest in STEM. A total of 176 first-grade students (aged 6–7) were randomly assigned to either a research group that completed a culminating inquiry-based robotics project or a control group that followed a traditional structured curriculum. A quasi-experimental post-test-only comparison group design was used, and baseline equivalence was confirmed across groups. Results revealed that children who participated in the inquiry-based final project group demonstrated significantly higher problem-solving self-efficacy and more positive attitudes toward peer collaboration, while also being more likely to see the relevance of robotics to real-world problems and to align with inquiry-based learning approaches. Gender analysis showed that these gains were especially pronounced among girls, who exhibited more statistically significant improvements in problem-solving confidence and self-efficacy in inquiry-based problem-solving. The study’s findings highlight the benefits of incorporating inquiry-based final projects into early robotics curricula, addressing a critical gap in early childhood STEM education by providing evidence-based insights into how to enhance foundational STEM dispositions and engagement through inquiry-based, technology-integrated instruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inquiry-Based Learning and Student Engagement)

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22 pages, 1319 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling Students’ Voices: An Exploratory Study of Portuguese Students’ Feelings

by Lídia Serra, José Matias Alves and Generosa Pinheiro

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101403 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Understanding students’ feelings about daily school life can be a tool for schools to enhance their learning experience and sense of belonging. Despite the abundant research on achievement and engagement, few studies jointly examine the effect of students’ over-age status considering the grade [...] Read more.

Understanding students’ feelings about daily school life can be a tool for schools to enhance their learning experience and sense of belonging. Despite the abundant research on achievement and engagement, few studies jointly examine the effect of students’ over-age status considering the grade attended, gender, and school level within a multi-domain framework of student feelings. Even rarer are studies that examine how these variables interrelate to identify predictors of students’ feelings about the learning experience, the aim of this study. Then, adopting a quantitative research approach, data were collected through a 1012-participant survey to map the students’ feelings about school life. The data were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, and linear regression statistics to identify causes and associations with the schooling experience. The findings indicate that students who did not disclose their gender or are over-age, considering the grade attended, exhibited less-positive feelings. Additionally, positive feelings decrease along the school path, and six predictors—assessment, school climate, teacher support, emotional discomfort, relationship with peers, and grade—explain the learning experience feelings, with relevance to their interaction effect. The findings highlight the need for coordinated school interventions that promote students’ positive feelings through inclusive, student-centred, and context-sensitive practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Education and Psychology)

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17 pages, 237 KB

Open AccessArticle

The End of a STEM Identity Pathway: A Girls in Science Program Falls Prey to Current Ideology

by Roxanne Hughes, Maati McKinney and Kim Kelling

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101402 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

This article provides a compelling argument using qualitative analysis for the longitudinal impact of an all-girls’ summer camp that was recently canceled due to an Executive Order from the Federal government. This paper will discuss: (1) the history of the program, including its [...] Read more.

This article provides a compelling argument using qualitative analysis for the longitudinal impact of an all-girls’ summer camp that was recently canceled due to an Executive Order from the Federal government. This paper will discuss: (1) the history of the program, including its changing funding sources over time; (2) the support of the local community that sustained this program; and (3) the ways in which the program influenced girls long after they graduated from middle and high school. Since 2006, 611 girls have participated in the Girls in STEM (GIS) summer camp. Surveys to alumnae were sent in 2022 and 2024, and 81 GIS alumnae responded. Many of these women explained how the camp helped them to see STEM career options that they were not aware of; improved their confidence that they could pursue careers that were male-dominated; and provided them with peers and mentors who became part of their network. The article concludes with a discussion of the cancellation of the program and the potential consequences of that decision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond the Bottom Line: Systemic Pathways to Identity-Responsive STEM Learning)

24 pages, 1182 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Power and Possibility of Contextually Relevant Social Studies–Literacy Integration

by Courtney Hattan, Jennie Baumann, Meghan M. Parkinson and Deborah MacPhee

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101401 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

The authors of this article describe a study designed to support first-grade students’ social studies knowledge and literacy development through a teacher–researcher co-constructed and teacher implemented integrated unit within the context of a rural community. The goals of the study were to determine [...] Read more.

The authors of this article describe a study designed to support first-grade students’ social studies knowledge and literacy development through a teacher–researcher co-constructed and teacher implemented integrated unit within the context of a rural community. The goals of the study were to determine the extent to which a contextually relevant unit of study affected the development of students’ content knowledge of key terms from the domain of social studies and influenced students’ reading and social studies interest. The researchers used a combined multi-phase and convergent mixed methods design, implementing a matched pairs design for the quantitative, quasi-experimental component of the study. Results indicated that assignment to the treatment condition was a predictor of students’ post implementation vocabulary scores and social studies interest. In pairing these results with the qualitative analyses of students’ end-of-unit retellings, researchers found that vocabulary can be a powerful bridge to cultural and content knowledge when the focus of instruction and texts is on local and community knowledge, demonstrating that contextually relevant social studies–literacy integration is a promising practice for building content knowledge and interest in first grade classrooms. Directions for future research are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Evidence-Based Literacy Instructional Practices)

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20 pages, 944 KB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence Performance in Introductory Biology: Passing Grades but Poor Performance at High Cognitive Complexity

by Megan E. Rai, Michael Ngaw and Natalie J. Nannas

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101400 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has impacted the world of higher education, and institutions are faced with challenges in integrating AI into curricula. Within the field of biology education, there has been little to no research on AI capabilities to explain collegiate-level [...] Read more.

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has impacted the world of higher education, and institutions are faced with challenges in integrating AI into curricula. Within the field of biology education, there has been little to no research on AI capabilities to explain collegiate-level biological concepts. In this study, we evaluated the ability of ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-3.5, Google’s Bard, and Microsoft’s Bing to perform on introductory-level college assessments. All AIs were able to pass the biology course with varying degrees of success related to the usage of image-based assessments. With image-based questions, Bing and Bard received a D− and D, respectively; GPT-3.5 and 4 both received a C−, compared to the average student grade of a B. However, without image-based questions in the assessments, AI scores were a full letter grade higher. Additionally, AI performance was analyzed based on the cognitive complexity of the question, based on Bloom’s Taxonomy of learning. Performance by all four AIs dropped significantly with increasing complex questions, while student performance remained consistent. Overall, this study evaluated the ability of different AIs to perform on collegiate-level biology assessments. By understanding their capabilities at different levels of complexity, educators will be better able to adapt assessments based on AI ability, particularly through the utilization of image- and sequence-based questions, and integrate AI into higher education curricula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Generative Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education)

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13 pages, 216 KB

Open AccessArticle

Being an ECEC Teacher Educator—With Love as a Dare

by Kjartan Belseth

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101399 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

This article explores the role of the lecturer as a teacher educator in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), drawing on the experiences of former ECEC students. Student perspectives offer valuable insights, especially during times of change and development in the education sector. [...] Read more.

This article explores the role of the lecturer as a teacher educator in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), drawing on the experiences of former ECEC students. Student perspectives offer valuable insights, especially during times of change and development in the education sector. The study is based on a qualitative, open-ended survey conducted with former ECEC students. Thematic analysis of the data reveals that students greatly value the lecturer’s approach to teaching and highlights the significance of lecturers having personal experience from working in kindergartens. The findings are discussed in light of perspectives on care and love, core values traditionally associated with Norwegian ECEC in relation to children, but perhaps less emphasized in the context of higher education and teacher training. A limitation of the study is the small sample size of 20 participants; however, the aim is not to produce generalizable results, but to offer thoughtful reflections on former students’ experiences and perceptions of the lecturer’s role in ECEC teacher education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Early Childhood Education)

20 pages, 314 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusion Across Educational Levels: Cultural Differences in the Attitudes of Jewish and Arab Teachers in Elementary, Middle, and High Schools

by Nirit Karni-Vizer, Maha Arslan and Batel Hazan-Liran

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101398 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examined cultural differences in teachers’ attitudes towards the inclusion of students with disabilities in Jewish and Arab Israeli schools. We explored whether cultural differences influence attitudes and perceptions, considering the distinct educational contexts and cultural values. The research involved 1191 teachers [...] Read more.

This study examined cultural differences in teachers’ attitudes towards the inclusion of students with disabilities in Jewish and Arab Israeli schools. We explored whether cultural differences influence attitudes and perceptions, considering the distinct educational contexts and cultural values. The research involved 1191 teachers who completed an inclusion questionnaire. Jewish teachers rated inclusion more positively across all domains, with no significant differences between school levels. Arab teachers showed more positive attitudes in elementary schools, but these declined in high schools, reflecting cultural tendencies toward community-oriented practices at the primary level. The study highlights the role of cultural values, such as collectivism in Arab communities, in shaping educational practices and underscores the impact of sociocultural dynamics on the success of inclusive education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Special and Inclusive Education)

28 pages, 3045 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tandem Teaching for Quality Physical Education: Primary Teachers’ Preparedness and Professional Growth in Slovakia and North Macedonia

by Gabriela Luptáková, Biljana Popeska, Hristina Ristevska, Tibor Balga, Ilija Klincarov and Branislav Antala

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101397 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Quality Physical Education (QPE) is crucial, yet its delivery at the primary level is often challenged by generalist teachers’ inadequate preparedness, a deficit that collaborative tandem teaching can address. This study compared the perceived preparedness of 618 generalist teachers with varied tandem teaching [...] Read more.

Quality Physical Education (QPE) is crucial, yet its delivery at the primary level is often challenged by generalist teachers’ inadequate preparedness, a deficit that collaborative tandem teaching can address. This study compared the perceived preparedness of 618 generalist teachers with varied tandem teaching experience in Slovakia and North Macedonia, examining differences linked to the structural model type. Data were collected via a questionnaire assessing self-perceived preparedness across 11 PE domains and the need for continuous professional development. A Chi-square test compared responses between the Slovakian model (rotational sports coaches, co-teaching 1 of 3 weekly lessons) and the North Macedonian model (consistent PE teachers, co-teaching all 3 weekly lessons). Generalist teachers in both countries reported overall high preparedness, but a significant deficiency was identified in working with children with diverse learning needs (p < 0.01). North Macedonian teachers, who experience a long-term partnership with a dedicated PE teacher in all weekly PE lessons, reported being significantly better prepared across most domains (e.g., selection of equipment, p = 0.000) than Slovakian teachers, who utilize short, rotational partnerships in 1 of 3 weekly lessons. The findings suggest that the structure of the tandem teaching model is a key factor in enhancing generalist teachers’ preparedness and professional growth in QPE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supporting Teaching Staff Development for Professional Education)

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16 pages, 870 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of AI-Assisted Feedback via Generative Chat on Academic Writing in Higher Education Students: A Systematic Review of the Literature

by Claudio Andrés Cerón Urzúa, Ranjeeva Ranjan, Eleazar Eduardo Méndez Saavedra, María Graciela Badilla-Quintana, Nancy Lepe-Martínez and Andrew Philominraj

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1396; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101396 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

The use of generative chat in education has become widespread over the last four years, raising many questions about its use and the effects of AI on learning. The aim of the current systematic review is to analyze the main effects of feedback [...] Read more.

The use of generative chat in education has become widespread over the last four years, raising many questions about its use and the effects of AI on learning. The aim of the current systematic review is to analyze the main effects of feedback through the use of generative chat on the production of academic texts by university students. This research is defined as a systematic review of the literature according to the guidelines of the PRISMA statement. The search was conducted in three international important databases (Scopus, Eric, and WoS), from which 12 articles were selected. The results highlighted that there are positive effects on university students’ writing when generative chat is used as a means of providing feedback. Among the main results, it was observed that feedback via chat helps to improve aspects mainly associated with the structure and organization of texts, allows for the proper use of grammatical conventions, and improves the fluency and cohesion of sentences, as well as the precision of ideas and vocabulary. In addition, other benefits were observed in the review, such as improved self-efficacy, self-regulation, proactivity, motivation, and reflection on writing, which promotes critical thinking about the text but also about AI, reducing anxiety and stress. Full article

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19 pages, 596 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Teachers’ Changing Perceptions Towards MOOCs Through the Technology Acceptance Model

by Patrick Camilleri, Abeer Watted and Michelle Attard Tonna

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101395 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

While MOOCs have gained prominence in higher education, their role in fostering pedagogical and technological readiness among teachers remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by leveraging the Technology Acceptance Model to investigate how MOOCs influence teachers’ digitally inclined attitudes and therefore professional [...] Read more.

While MOOCs have gained prominence in higher education, their role in fostering pedagogical and technological readiness among teachers remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by leveraging the Technology Acceptance Model to investigate how MOOCs influence teachers’ digitally inclined attitudes and therefore professional growth. By employing a mixed-methods approach, the research explores how perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use influence participants’ behavioural intentions, the emergence and use of MOOCs in teacher education and learning practices from MOOCs. A total of (n = 144) primarily teachers, in their pre-service and in-service stage, completed the “Teaching Thinking” MOOC. Data collection involved pre- and post-course surveys, as well as open-ended questionnaires for a subset of participants. Quantitative findings revealed initial ambivalence toward MOOCs, with moderate Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use scores, tempered by concerns over time management and platform usability. Post-course analysis showed significant improvements in participants’ perceptions, highlighting increased acceptance and acknowledgment of MOOCs’ flexibility and access to diverse resources. Qualitative insights underscored key factors driving these shifts, including instructor support, peer interactions, and self-directed learning environment. Results suggest that MOOCs foster critical skills such as time management, problem-solving, and professional engagement while contributing to participants’ self-efficacy and readiness to integrate technology into teaching practices. Challenges identified include technical barriers, lack of personalised feedback, and initial reluctance to adopt online learning. This study underscores MOOCs’ transformative potential in teacher education, emphasising the importance of tailored course design, supportive learning environments, and strategic policy initiatives to enhance engagement and outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Literacy for Teaching Excellence: Empowering Educators in the Digital Age)

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39 pages, 2106 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Use of AI to Optimize the Evaluation of a Faculty Training Program

by Alexandra Míguez-Souto, María Ángeles Gutiérrez García and José Luis Martín-Núñez

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101394 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines the potential of the AI chatbot ChatGPT-4o to support human-centered tasks such as qualitative research analysis. It focuses on a case study involving an initial university teaching training program at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), evaluated through student feedback. [...] Read more.

This study examines the potential of the AI chatbot ChatGPT-4o to support human-centered tasks such as qualitative research analysis. It focuses on a case study involving an initial university teaching training program at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), evaluated through student feedback. The findings indicate that ChatGPT can assist in the qualitative analysis of student assessments by identifying specific issues and suggesting possible solutions. However, expert oversight remains necessary as the tool lacks a full contextual understanding of the actions evaluated. The study concludes that AI systems like ChatGPT offer powerful means to complement complex human-centered tasks and anticipates their growing role in the evaluation of formative programs. By examining ChatGPT’s performance in this context, the study lays the groundwork for prototyping a customized automated system built on the insights gained here, capable of assessing program outcomes and supporting iterative improvements throughout each module, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the quality of the training program Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI Trends in Teacher and Student Training)

16 pages, 1223 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a Classroom-Based Prosodic Training Program for Infants and Toddlers

by Marisa G. Filipe, Tânia Carneiro, Cátia Severino, Adelaide Mateus, Marina Vigário and Sónia Frota

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101393 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Although prosody plays a critical role in early language acquisition, the effects of prosodic training on language outcomes during infancy remain unexplored. This study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a prosodic training program. Thirty-three children aged 6 to 36 months attended [...] Read more.

Although prosody plays a critical role in early language acquisition, the effects of prosodic training on language outcomes during infancy remain unexplored. This study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a prosodic training program. Thirty-three children aged 6 to 36 months attended 23 weekly group sessions in their educational setting. Language development was assessed pre- and post-training using the Griffiths III Language and Communication subscale. Results showed a significant shift in the discrepancy between developmental and chronological age, with mean scores increasing from below-age to above-age expected levels. Educators and caregivers reported high satisfaction, language gains, and strong engagement. Full article

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12 pages, 257 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cooperative Learning and Academic Writing Skills: An Application of the Collective Working Memory Effect

by Dita Surwanti, Sofie Loyens, Michael Burke, Isti’anatul Hikmah, Adria Vitalya Gemilang and Remy Rikers

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101392 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) has primarily been applied to individual learning, while research on collaborative learning under CLT remains inconclusive. This experimental study investigated the effect of collective working memory on cognitive load, writing performance, and learning efficiency among 150 Indonesian undergraduates. Participants [...] Read more.

Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) has primarily been applied to individual learning, while research on collaborative learning under CLT remains inconclusive. This experimental study investigated the effect of collective working memory on cognitive load, writing performance, and learning efficiency among 150 Indonesian undergraduates. Participants were assigned to either an individual learning (control) or cooperative learning (experimental) condition. Baseline writing performance differed between groups, so gain scores were analyzed. Results showed that both groups improved significantly in writing performance, with no significant differences between conditions. Cognitive load increased slightly in the cooperative learning group, while learning efficiency showed a small positive trend. These findings suggest that cooperative learning may support writing performance and efficiency in complex tasks, although clear advantages over individual learning were not established. Further research is needed with balanced baseline groups and longer interventions. Full article

17 pages, 874 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Neighborhood Effect in School Performance and Impact on Inequality

by Francisco A. Gálvez-Gamboa and Leidy Y. García

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101391 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Although Latin American countries have seen major advances in coverage and school attendance, there are still important geographical differences in educational quality, leading to inequalities. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of geographical context on academic achievement among primary [...] Read more.

Although Latin American countries have seen major advances in coverage and school attendance, there are still important geographical differences in educational quality, leading to inequalities. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of geographical context on academic achievement among primary school students in Chile. The methodology involves the estimation of spatial econometric models, specifically, an analysis of spatial dependence including the Moran index, New-GI tests and substantive and residual autocorrelation tests. The data used correspond to standardized test scores obtained from 4030 schools in Chile between 2014 and 2017. The results demonstrate the existence of spatially dependent effects on academic performance for both reading and math. The main indirect spatial effects arise from the concentration of indigenous and immigrant populations. There is also evidence of high spatial inequality in educational quality, as measured through Education Quality Measurement System (SIMCE) tests. Full article

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19 pages, 560 KB

Open AccessArticle

School Infrastructure as a Catalyst for Pedagogical and Collaborative Change: A Cultural-Historical Activity Theory Study

by Takavada Zivave, Peter Sellings, Stephen Bolaji and Victoria Zivave

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101390 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines how large-scale school infrastructure reforms shape teaching practice, using Australia’s Building the Education Revolution (BER) initiative as a case example. Guided by Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT), the research explores how redesigned learning environments act as mediating tools that influence pedagogy, [...] Read more.

This study examines how large-scale school infrastructure reforms shape teaching practice, using Australia’s Building the Education Revolution (BER) initiative as a case example. Guided by Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT), the research explores how redesigned learning environments act as mediating tools that influence pedagogy, collaboration, and teacher wellbeing. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was employed, combining survey data from 34 teachers with focus group interviews involving 13 participants in a redeveloped Victorian Primary School, Australia. Quantitative results showed that 70.5% of teachers reported changes in their teaching practices directly linked to the new infrastructure, with 100% affirming that they had enhanced collaboration opportunities. Qualitative findings revealed that features such as breakout rooms, shared learning zones, and transparent sightlines enabled differentiated instruction, co-teaching, and improved supervision, while also fostering professional pride and collegial support. Contradictions emerged around automated lighting systems, limited display space, and partial teacher consultation during the design process. CHAT analysis demonstrated how physical spaces interact with rules, community, and division of labour within the school activity system, producing both enabling conditions and systemic tensions. The study underscores the need for infrastructure planning to be pedagogically informed, inclusive of teacher voice, and designed to support adaptive, collaborative, and inclusive teaching practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Teacher Education)

24 pages, 638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Chatbot Brand Trust in the Adoption of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education

by Oluwanife Segun Falebita, Joshua Abah Abah, Akorede Ayoola Asanre, Taiwo Oluwadayo Abiodun, Musa Adekunle Ayanwale and Olubunmi Kayode Ayanwoye

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101389 - 17 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots in brands is growing exponentially, and higher education institutions are not unaware of how such tools effectively shape the attitudes and behavioral intentions of students. These chatbots are able to synthesize an enormous amount of [...] Read more.

The use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots in brands is growing exponentially, and higher education institutions are not unaware of how such tools effectively shape the attitudes and behavioral intentions of students. These chatbots are able to synthesize an enormous amount of data input and can create contextually aware, human-like conversational content that is not limited to simple scripted responses. This study examines the factors that determine chatbot brand trust in the adoption of GenAI in higher education. By extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with the construct of brand trust, the study introduces a novel contribution to the literature, offering fresh insights into how trust in GenAI chatbots is developed within the academic context. Using the convenience sampling technique, a sample of 609 students from public universities in North Central and Southwestern Nigeria was selected. The collected data were analyzed via partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results indicated that attitudes toward chatbots determine behavioral intentions and GenAI chatbot brand trust. Surprisingly, behavioral intentions do not affect GenAI chatbot brand trust. Similarly, the perceived ease of use of chatbots does not determine behavioral intention or attitudes toward GenAI chatbot adoption but rather determines perceived usefulness. Additionally, the perceived usefulness of chatbots affects behavioral intention and attitudes toward GenAI chatbot adoption. Moreover, social influence affects behavioral intention, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and attitudes toward GenAI chatbot adoption. The implications of the findings for higher education institutions are that homegrown GenAI chatbots that align with the principles of the institution should be developed, creating an environment that promotes a positive attitude toward these technologies. Specifically, the study recommends that policymakers and university administrators establish clear institutional guidelines for the design, deployment, and ethical use of homegrown GenAI chatbots, ensuring alignment with educational goals and safeguarding student trust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI Trends in Teacher and Student Training)

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16 pages, 656 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Roles of Teachers and Contextual and Motivational Factors in Young Learners’ Motivation: A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Approach

by Mai Sri Lena and Marianne Nikolov

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101388 - 17 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Motivation is a key variable in successful learning of English, and it is influenced by many factors. However, little research has examined teachers’ roles in motivating young learners (YLs) to learn English. Therefore, this study investigates how teachers’ roles and contextual and motivational [...] Read more.

Motivation is a key variable in successful learning of English, and it is influenced by many factors. However, little research has examined teachers’ roles in motivating young learners (YLs) to learn English. Therefore, this study investigates how teachers’ roles and contextual and motivational factors predict YLs’ motivation to learn English by assessing whether teachers’ roles impact motivation directly or indirectly. Using a novel teacher perspective, the study incorporates these elements into a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) framework, highlighting direct and indirect pathways affecting children’s motivation. The study employed a quantitative approach by using a valid and reliable questionnaire, with strong internal consistency (CR ranged between 0.69 and 0.86 and α ranged between 0.70 and 0.86) to collect data from 225 English teachers of fifth graders. SEM was used for data analysis. Teachers weakly influenced YLs’ motivation to learn English (β = 0.281), but strongly impacted classroom contextual and motivational factors (β = 0.839). These factors significantly affected YLs’ motivation (β = 0.614) and mediated the impact of teachers’ roles (β = 0.515). Teachers significantly influenced YLs’ motivation by playing a crucial indirect role in shaping the learning environment that enhances students’ desire to learn when contextual and motivational factors mediate the effect. The findings suggest that schools should provide training programs that help teachers create motivational learning environments, such as providing meaningful tasks to motivate YLs intrinsically and extrinsically. The study adds further evidence to motivation theories, including self-determination theory, and sociocultural perspectives that recognize the role of contextual and interpersonal factors in shaping learners’ motivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Well-Being and Coping Strategies in Educational Psychology)

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25 pages, 1171 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Holistic Assessment of Professional Competencies in Environmental Health WIL at a University of Technology

by Louella M. Daries, Lizel S. Hudson and Lalini Reddy

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101387 - 17 Oct 2025

Viewed by 189

Abstract

The benefits of work-integrated learning (WIL) in higher education are well documented. Conversely, the assessment thereof, across disciplines, remains challenging. WIL is embedded in the environmental health (EH) degree at a University of Technology (UoT) in South Africa (SA), with similar challenges. The [...] Read more.

The benefits of work-integrated learning (WIL) in higher education are well documented. Conversely, the assessment thereof, across disciplines, remains challenging. WIL is embedded in the environmental health (EH) degree at a University of Technology (UoT) in South Africa (SA), with similar challenges. The absence of explicit competency indicators and associated assessment criteria in the current curriculum necessitates an understanding of the full range of professional competencies necessary for achieving environmental health goals. Concomitantly, research relating to EH WIL and its assessment in EH programmes are sparse. The aim of this study is to present a holistic assessment framework for competencies developed due to WIL. Using a qualitative design, data collection occurred through in-depth interviews, document analysis and focus group discussions. Data analysis was guided by the Legitimation Code Theory’s (LCT) Specialization dimension. The results foregrounds competencies beyond mere knowledge integration and technical skill development in WIL. It is thus recommended that current assessment be altered to adopt holistic assessment of EH WIL and include the full range of professional competencies essential for EH practice success. Further research may explore where additional opportunities exist for authentic assessment of the foregrounded competencies, throughout the programme, additional to the WIL assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Trends and Challenges in Higher Education)

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17 pages, 1147 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Visuals and Audio: What Is the Effect of Olfactory Stimulus in Immersive Virtual Reality Fire Safety Training?

by Wenhao Li, Tingxuan Gu, Li Qian and Ruoqi Leng

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101386 - 17 Oct 2025

Viewed by 175

Abstract

Immersive virtual reality (IVR) has demonstrated significant potential in educational contexts. Nonetheless, prior IVR implementations have primarily focused on visual and auditory simulations, neglecting olfaction, which has limited immersive learning. To address this gap, we conducted an experimental study involving 64 students to [...] Read more.

Immersive virtual reality (IVR) has demonstrated significant potential in educational contexts. Nonetheless, prior IVR implementations have primarily focused on visual and auditory simulations, neglecting olfaction, which has limited immersive learning. To address this gap, we conducted an experimental study involving 64 students to examine the impact of integrating olfactory stimulus into IVR systems for fire safety training. Participants were randomly assigned to the control group (without olfactory stimulus, n = 32) or the experimental group (with olfactory stimulus, n = 32). The results indicated that the integration of olfactory stimulus significantly promoted high-arousal positive emotions, increased sense of presence, and reduced cognitive load—although it did not significantly improve learning performance. Thematic analysis further revealed that the incorporation of olfactory stimulus provided learners with an immersive learning experience. Moreover, this IVR system with olfactory stimulus had a high quality of experience. These findings have significant implications for the practice of learning in IVR and multisensory learning theory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transforming the Future of Education: Empowering Active Learning and All-Round Development Through Intelligent Technologies)

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17 pages, 1570 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Automated Diagnostics in the Identification of Learning Disabilities: Bayesian Probability Models in the Diagnostic Assessment

by Gergő Vida, Kálmán Sántha, Márta Trembulyák, Petra Pongrácz and Regina Balogh

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101385 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 201

Abstract

This study investigates the application of Bayesian probability models in the diagnostic assessment of learning disabilities. The objective of this study was to determine whether specific conditions identified in expert reports could predict subsequent diagnoses. The sample consisted of 201 expert reports on [...] Read more.

This study investigates the application of Bayesian probability models in the diagnostic assessment of learning disabilities. The objective of this study was to determine whether specific conditions identified in expert reports could predict subsequent diagnoses. The sample consisted of 201 expert reports on children diagnosed with learning disabilities, which were analysed using qualitative content analysis, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), and Bayesian conditional probability models. Variables such as vocabulary, working memory index, processing speed, and visuomotor coordination were examined as potential predictors. The analysis demonstrated that Bayesian networks captured conditional links, such as the strong association between working memory and perceptual inference, as well as an unexpected negative link between vocabulary and verbal comprehension. The study concludes that Bayesian networks provide a transparent and data-driven framework for pre-screening and risk assessment in special education settings. The limitations of this study include the absence of a control group and exclusive reliance on SNI cases. Future research should explore the integration of abductive reasoning into automated diagnostic software to enhance inclusivity and support decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Resilient Education in a Changing World)

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31 pages, 1687 KB

Open AccessArticle

Manifestations, Detection and Approach to Bullying and Cyberbullying from the Teachers’ Perspective: A Mixed Study in Spanish School Contexts

by Elena Blanca Martinez Piedra and Cristina Sánchez Romero

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101384 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 76

Abstract

Bullying and cyberbullying were the focus of analysis in this study. The purpose of the study was to explore teachers’ perceptions, experiences and strategies in relation to these issues, as well as their training needs. A convergent mixed-methods design was used, consisting of [...] Read more.

Bullying and cyberbullying were the focus of analysis in this study. The purpose of the study was to explore teachers’ perceptions, experiences and strategies in relation to these issues, as well as their training needs. A convergent mixed-methods design was used, consisting of a quantitative questionnaire applied to 224 teachers, 12 semi-structured interviews and a field diary. Quantitative results indicated a high level of awareness of the seriousness of bullying, but a lower perception of self-efficacy in its detection and intervention, especially in digital contexts. The internal reliability of the measured dimensions was high (α > 0.85) and differences were identified according to gender and professional experience. At the qualitative level, diverse meanings of bullying, intuitive teaching practices, institutional barriers and specific demands for applied training were evident. Triangulation confirmed the coherence between sources and revealed the need for a strong institutional architecture to support teaching. It was concluded that teachers require resources, support and ongoing training to take a proactive role in bullying prevention and intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Media Literacy in Lifelong Learning)

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17 pages, 1416 KB

Open AccessArticle

Visual Multiplication Through Stick Intersections: Enhancing South African Elementary Learners’ Mathematical Understanding

by Terungwa James Age and Masilo France Machaba

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101383 - 16 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This paper presents a novel visual approach to teaching multiplication to elementary school pupils using stick intersections. Within the South African context, where students consistently demonstrate low mathematics achievement, particularly in foundational arithmetic operations, this research explores an alternative pedagogical strategy that transforms [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel visual approach to teaching multiplication to elementary school pupils using stick intersections. Within the South African context, where students consistently demonstrate low mathematics achievement, particularly in foundational arithmetic operations, this research explores an alternative pedagogical strategy that transforms abstract multiplication concepts into visual, concrete, countable representations. Building on theories of embodied cognition and visual mathematics, this study implemented and evaluated the stick intersection method with 45 Grade 4 students in Polokwane, Limpopo Province. Using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative assessments with qualitative observations, the results revealed statistically significant improvements in multiplication performance across all complexity levels, with particularly substantial gains among previously low-performing students (61.3% improvement, d = 1.87). Qualitative findings demonstrated enhanced student engagement, deeper conceptual understanding of place value, and overwhelmingly positive learner perceptions of the method. The visual approach proved especially valuable in the multilingual South African classroom context, where it transcended language barriers by providing direct visual access to mathematical concepts. High retention rates (94.9%) one-month post-intervention suggest the method facilitated lasting conceptual understanding rather than temporary procedural knowledge. This research contributes to mathematics education by demonstrating how visually oriented, culturally responsive pedagogical approaches can address persistent challenges in developing mathematics proficiency, particularly in resource-constrained educational environments. Full article

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15 pages, 1140 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implicit Foreign Language Learning: How Early Exposure and Immersion Affect Narrative Competence

by Suzanne Quay and Moe Kano

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101382 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 234

Abstract

This study investigates how short-term naturalistic immersion shapes the development of evaluative narrative competence in Japanese junior high school students learning English as a foreign language. While prior second language acquisition (SLA) research has established the benefits of input-rich environments, little is known [...] Read more.

This study investigates how short-term naturalistic immersion shapes the development of evaluative narrative competence in Japanese junior high school students learning English as a foreign language. While prior second language acquisition (SLA) research has established the benefits of input-rich environments, little is known about how implicit learning during brief immersion experiences supports higher-order storytelling skills. To address this gap, we analyzed students’ performance on a standardized problem-solving task and a storytelling task before and after a one-month homestay abroad. Results showed significant post-immersion gains in narrative complexity, with longer stories, greater use of causal and evaluative devices, and increased diversity of expression. Regression analysis revealed that the age of first English exposure strongly predicted outcomes: early starters demonstrated broader and more sophisticated use of evaluative strategies than later starters. These findings suggest that short-term immersion can substantially enhance narrative competence, particularly for learners with early exposure, while highlighting the need for tailored pedagogical interventions to help later starters capitalize on implicit learning opportunities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Language and Literacy Education)

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28 pages, 1267 KB

Open AccessReview

Mapping the Field: A Scoping Review of Initial Teacher Education Research in Central Asia

by Assel Sharimova, Naureen Durrani and Gullala Jumamuratova

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101381 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 414

Abstract

This study maps the landscape of initial teacher education (ITE) research in Central Asia and its positioning within global academic discourse between 2004 and 2024. Drawing on a systematic scoping review of 144 publications conducted using the PRISMA-ScR protocol, it analyses publication trends, [...] Read more.

This study maps the landscape of initial teacher education (ITE) research in Central Asia and its positioning within global academic discourse between 2004 and 2024. Drawing on a systematic scoping review of 144 publications conducted using the PRISMA-ScR protocol, it analyses publication trends, methodological approaches and thematic foci. The findings indicate that although Central Asia’s contributions to global ITE discourse remain limited, scholarly output is growing, particularly in Kazakhstan, while publications from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan are notably absent. Most studies are empirical and predominantly quantitative, with a strong thematic focus on curriculum-related areas, with limited attention to research and practicum in ITE programmes, teaching practices of teacher educators and educational reform and policies in the field, including issues of equity. By critically assessing these trends, the study identifies key gaps and proposes directions for future research, contributing to a more coherent and connected body of ITE scholarship in and on Central Asia. As the first synthesis of ITE research across the region, it offers a foundation for comparative analysis and cross-national dialogue on teacher education reform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Teacher Education)

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21 pages, 332 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reconfiguration of Allied Health Education in Portugal: Perspectives from Professionals, Professors and Researchers

by Miguel Saúde, António Magalhães and Amélia Veiga

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101380 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 151

Abstract

In 2013, Portugal implemented a major restructuring of Allied Health (AH) education by merging multiple separate first-cycle degree programmes into a smaller number of broader qualifications. The reform was designed to streamline curricula, increase efficiency, boost graduate employability, and align national qualifications with [...] Read more.

In 2013, Portugal implemented a major restructuring of Allied Health (AH) education by merging multiple separate first-cycle degree programmes into a smaller number of broader qualifications. The reform was designed to streamline curricula, increase efficiency, boost graduate employability, and align national qualifications with international standards. This study examines how Portuguese AH professionals, academics, and researchers perceive these reforms ten years on. A cross-sectional web-based survey collected 495 responses from AH stakeholders. Perceptions were quantified with a validated 21-item scale organised into three domains through exploratory factor analysis: (A) curricular change and structural effects; (B) educational quality and international harmonization; and (C) Professional Consequences of the Mergers. Differences between groups were examined by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests. There were notable differences by age, educational background, experience, and academic qualifications. Younger practitioners and post-merger graduates indicated more favourable perceptions of the reforms (Domains A and B), whereas older, pre-merger-trained, and doctoral-level respondents were more critical, especially regarding autonomy and specialization (Domain C). Views on the reform are influenced by generational, experiential, and academic factors. Individualized communication and policy-focused approaches are needed to promote stakeholder engagement and maintain the legitimacy of subsequent health education reforms in Portugal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Teacher Effectiveness, Student Success and Pedagogic Innovation)

24 pages, 585 KB

Open AccessArticle

Supporting Children’s Working Memory Through Instructional Support in Primary School: A Microtrial Study

by Simona Sankalaite, Sophie Pollé, Mariëtte Huizinga, Saskia Van der Oord, Lauryna Rakickiene and Dieter Baeyens

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101379 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 257

Abstract

Working memory (WM) is crucial for learning and academic success, emphasizing the need for effective theory- and practice-informed interventions supporting children with poor WM. Given limited transferable effects, recent research stresses the importance of context, focusing on malleable environmental factors like teacher–student interaction. [...] Read more.

Working memory (WM) is crucial for learning and academic success, emphasizing the need for effective theory- and practice-informed interventions supporting children with poor WM. Given limited transferable effects, recent research stresses the importance of context, focusing on malleable environmental factors like teacher–student interaction. This study uses a microtrial approach to explore the effects of teacher-provided instructional support on children’s observable WM-related problematic behavior. The experimental group (n = 35, 42.9% girls, Mage = 8.37, SDage = 1.66) received targeted instructional support, while the control group (n = 32, 40.6% girls, Mage = 8.67, SDage = 2.03) received teaching as usual. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons examined changes in students’ WM behavior. The four-week intervention included five strategies derived from a systematic review and a qualitative study, building on teachers’ existing practices. Findings revealed a significant time × condition interaction, with reduced WM-related problematic behavior in the experimental group, showing medium to large effect sizes (η_p² = 0.08–0.20). Improvements were noted in classroom behavior and the home environment, as reported by parents blinded to the condition. This study contributes to the causal evidence base indicating that targeted instructional support can reduce WM-related challenges and highlights the potential of brief, teacher-provided classroom interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Curriculum and Instruction)

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Educ. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 143 articles

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