Geosciences

8 pages, 179 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Geosciences in 2017

by Geosciences Editorial Office

MDPI AG, St. Alban-Anlage 66, 4052 Basel, Switzerland

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010033 - 22 Jan 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3010

Peer review is an essential part in the publication process, ensuring that Geosciences maintains high quality standards for its published papers[...] Full article

15 pages, 2886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generalized Pan-European Geological Database for Shallow Geothermal Installations

by Johannes Müller¹

, Antonio Galgaro²

, Giorgia Dalla Santa²

, Matteo Cultrera², Constantine Karytsas³, Dimitrios Mendrinos³, Sebastian Pera⁴, Rodolfo Perego⁴

, Nick O’Neill⁵, Riccardo Pasquali⁵, Jacques Vercruysse⁶, Leonardo Rossi⁷, Adriana Bernardi⁸ and David Bertermann^1,*

¹ GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany

² Department of Geosciences, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo 635131 Padova, Italy

³ Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, 19th km Marathonos Ave, 19009 Pikermi Attiki, Greece

⁴ SUPSI, Stabile Le Gerre, Manno 6928, Switzerland

⁵ SLR Environmental Consulting (Ireland) Limited (SLR), 7 Dundrum Business Park, Windy Arbour 14, D14 N2Y7 Dublin, Ireland

⁶ GEO-GREEN sprl, Rue de Priesmont 63, 1495 Marbais, Belgium

⁷ Pietre Edil, Strada Slănic nr.2, 030242 București, Romania

⁸ CNR-ISAC, Corso Stati Uniti 435127 Padova, Italy

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010032 - 22 Jan 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6494

Abstract

The relatively high installation costs for different types of shallow geothermal energy systems are obstacles that have lowered the impact of geothermal solutions in the renewable energy market. In order to reduce planning costs and obtain a lithological overview of geothermal potentials and [...] Read more.

The relatively high installation costs for different types of shallow geothermal energy systems are obstacles that have lowered the impact of geothermal solutions in the renewable energy market. In order to reduce planning costs and obtain a lithological overview of geothermal potentials and drilling conditions, a pan-European geological overview map was created using freely accessible JRC (Joint Research Centre) data and ArcGIS software. JRC data were interpreted and merged together in order to collect information about the expenditure of installing geothermal systems in specific geological set-ups, and thereby select the most economic drilling technique. Within the four-year project of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program, which is known as “Cheap-GSHPs” (the Cheap and efficient application of reliable Ground Source Heat exchangers and Pumps), the most diffused lithologies and corresponding drilling costs were analyzed to provide a 1 km × 1 km raster with the required underground information. The final outline map should be valid throughout Europe, and should respect the INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) guidelines. Full article

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26 pages, 109265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Automatic Procedure for the Quantitative Characterization of Submarine Bedforms

by Massimo Di Stefano^1,2,*

and Larry Alan Mayer^1,2

¹ Department of Earth Science, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

² Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Joint Hydrographic Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010028 - 21 Jan 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 10617

Abstract

A model for the extraction and quantitative characterization of submarine landforms from high-resolution digital bathymetry is presented. The procedure is fully automated and comprises two parts. The first part consists of an analytical model which extracts quantitative information from a Digital Elevation Model [...] Read more.

A model for the extraction and quantitative characterization of submarine landforms from high-resolution digital bathymetry is presented. The procedure is fully automated and comprises two parts. The first part consists of an analytical model which extracts quantitative information from a Digital Elevation Model in the form of objects with similar parametric characteristics (terrain objects). The second part is a rule-based model where the terrain objects are reclassified into distinct landforms with well-defined three dimensional characteristics. For the focus of this work, the quantitative characterization of isolated dunes (height greater than 2 m) is used to exemplify the process. The primary metrics used to extract terrain objects are the flatness threshold and the search radius, which are then used by the analytical model to identify the feature type. Once identified as dunes, a sequence of spatial analysis routines is applied to identify and compute metrics for each dune including length, height, width, ray of curvature, slope analysis for each stoss and lee side, and dune symmetry. Dividing the model into two parts, one scale-dependent and another centered around the shape of the landform, makes the model applicable to other submarine landforms like ripples, mega-ripples, and coral reefs, which also have well-defined three-dimensional characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Geomorphometry)

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9 pages, 5794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mangifera indica as Bioindicator of Mercury Atmospheric Contamination in an ASGM Area in North Gorontalo Regency, Indonesia

by Hendra Prasetia¹, Masayuki Sakakibara^1,2,*, Koji Omori², Jamie S. Laird³, Koichiro Sera⁴ and Idham A. Kurniawan²

¹ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan

² Faculty of Collaborative Regional Innovation, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan

³ CSIRO Mineral Resources Program, Rm 206, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia

⁴ Cyclotron Research Centre, Iwate Medical University, 348-58 Tomegamori, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0173, Japan

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010031 - 19 Jan 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4829

Abstract

We report the atmospheric Hg contamination in an artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) area in North Gorontalo, Indonesia. It is well known that atmospheric Hg contaminates the air, water, soil, and living organisms, including trees. In this study, we calculated total weight [...] Read more.

We report the atmospheric Hg contamination in an artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) area in North Gorontalo, Indonesia. It is well known that atmospheric Hg contaminates the air, water, soil, and living organisms, including trees. In this study, we calculated total weight of heavy metals, especially Hg, and quantitatively measure the concentrations of heavy metals, especially Hg, in tree bark from an ASGM area. Tree bark can be used for the environmental assessment of atmospheric contamination because it attaches and absorbs heavy metals. Atmospheric Hg and other heavy metals, including Fe and Mn, and As were detected on the tree bark samples. The total weight of Hg, As, Fe, and Mn in the tree bark samples ranged from undetectable (ND) to 9.77, ND to 81.3, 124–4028, 37.0–1376 µg dry weight (DW), respectively per weight of sample. Based on quantitatively analysis micro-PIXE, the highest concentrations of all these metals were detected in the outer part of the bark. We conclude that tree bark can adsorb atmospheric contamination, which is then absorbed into the inner tissues. Full article

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13 pages, 5450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Validation of a Novel Method for the Assessment of Effective Stress State in Partially Saturated Soils by Cone Penetration Tests

by Diego Lo Presti¹

, Stefano Stacul^1,*

, Claudia Meisina²

, Massimiliano Bordoni² and Marco Bittelli³

¹ Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56 122 Pisa, Italy

² Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27 100 Pavia, Italy

³ Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40 126 Bologna, Italy

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010030 - 19 Jan 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4574

Abstract

A proper assessment of the soil effective stress state is crucial in many cases to identify a potential geological/geotechnical hazard as shallow landslides or failure of levees that may have a significant impact on human activities and development. This paper is aimed at [...] Read more.

A proper assessment of the soil effective stress state is crucial in many cases to identify a potential geological/geotechnical hazard as shallow landslides or failure of levees that may have a significant impact on human activities and development. This paper is aimed at validating a methodology for the expeditious and economic determination of effective stress state in the vadose zone recently proposed by Lo Presti et al. in 2016. The method is based on the interpretation of cone penetration tests (CPTu). Its validation was carried out by comparing the CPTu predicted values of suction against the measured ones in a well-documented and monitored site. The comparison also includes the prediction of suction that was obtained by using the so-called Modified Kovacs model (MK). Moreover, additional data of water content and saturation degree from another site were used to predict the suction by using the MK model. These values of suction were compared with those inferred by the CPTu. Full article

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25 pages, 5212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland)

by Melissa A. Pfeffer^1,*

, Baldur Bergsson¹, Sara Barsotti¹, Gerður Stefánsdóttir¹, Bo Galle², Santiago Arellano², Vladimir Conde², Amy Donovan³, Evgenia Ilyinskaya⁴, Mike Burton⁵, Alessandro Aiuppa⁶, Rachel C. W. Whitty⁴, Isla C. Simmons⁷, Þórður Arason¹, Elín B. Jónasdóttir¹, Nicole S. Keller⁸, Richard F. Yeo⁹, Hermann Arngrímsson¹, Þorsteinn Jóhannsson⁸, Mary K. Butwin^1,10, Robert A. Askew¹⁰, Stéphanie Dumont^10,11, Sibylle Von Löwis¹

, Þorgils Ingvarsson¹, Alessandro La Spina¹², Helen Thomas¹³, Fred Prata¹⁴, Fausto Grassa¹⁵

, Gaetano Giudice¹⁵, Andri Stefánsson¹⁰, Frank Marzano¹⁶, Mario Montopoli¹⁷

and Luigi Mereu¹⁶ Show full author list Hide full author list

¹ Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bústaðavegur 7-9, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland

² Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden

³ Department of Geography, King’s College London, WC2R 2LS London, UK

⁴ School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK

⁵ School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9P Manchester, UK

⁶ Dipartimento DiSTeM, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy

⁷ School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9XP Edinburgh, UK

⁸ Environment Agency of Iceland, Suðurlandsbraut 24, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland

⁹ AUV Consultants, 52Vesturás, Reykjavík 101, Iceland

¹⁰ Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sæmundargata 2, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland

¹¹ Instituto Dom Luiz, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marques d´Avila e Boloma, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal

¹² Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia- Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy

¹³ School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TH Bristol, UK

¹⁴ AIRES Pty Ltd, PO Box 156, Mt Eliza, Victoria 3930, Australia

¹⁵ Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia- Sezione di Palermo, Via Ugo la Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy

¹⁶ Sapienza, University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy

¹⁷ National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy

Show full affiliation list Hide full affiliation list

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010029 - 18 Jan 2018

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 15021

Abstract

The 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO₂, with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly [...] Read more.

The 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO₂, with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly challenging conditions: remote location, optically dense cloud with high SO₂ column amounts, low UV intensity, frequent clouds and precipitation, an extensive and hot lava field, developing ramparts, and high-latitude winter conditions. Semi-continuous measurements of SO₂ flux with three scanning DOAS instruments were augmented by car traverses along the ring-road and along the lava. The ratios of other gases/SO₂ were measured by OP-FTIR, MultiGAS, and filter packs. Ratios of SO₂/HCl = 30–110 and SO₂/HF = 30–130 show a halogen-poor eruption cloud. Scientists on-site reported extremely minor tephra production during the eruption. OPC and filter packs showed low particle concentrations similar to non-eruption cloud conditions. Three weather radars detected a droplet-rich eruption cloud. Top of eruption cloud heights of 0.3–5.5 km agl were measured with ground- and aircraft-based visual observations, web camera and NicAIR II infrared images, triangulation of scanning DOAS instruments, and the location of SO₂ peaks measured by DOAS traverses. Cloud height and emission rate measurements were critical for initializing gas dispersal simulations for hazard forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volcanic Plumes: Impacts on the Atmosphere and Insights into Volcanic Processes)

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20 pages, 933 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A New Degassing Model to Infer Magma Dynamics from Radioactive Disequilibria in Volcanic Plumes

by Luca Terray^1,2,*, Pierre-J. Gauthier¹, Giuseppe Salerno³

, Tommaso Caltabiano³

, Alessandro La Spina³, Pasquale Sellitto⁴ and Pierre Briole⁵

¹ Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France

² Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France

³ Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy

⁴ Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS-UMR8539, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France

⁵ Laboratoire de Géologie, CNRS-UMR8538, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010027 - 18 Jan 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4816

Abstract

Mount Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy) is the place where short-lived radioactive disequilibrium measurements in volcanic gases were initiated more than 40 years ago. Almost two decades after the last measurements in Mount Etna plume, we carried out in 2015 a new survey of [...] Read more.

Mount Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy) is the place where short-lived radioactive disequilibrium measurements in volcanic gases were initiated more than 40 years ago. Almost two decades after the last measurements in Mount Etna plume, we carried out in 2015 a new survey of ²¹⁰Pb-²¹⁰Bi-²¹⁰Po radioactive disequilibria in gaseous emanations from the volcano. These new results [

(^{210} Po /^{210} Pb) = 42

and

(^{210} Bi /^{210} Pb) = 7.5

] are in fair agreement with those previously reported. Previously published degassing models fail to explain satisfactorily measured activity ratios. We present here a new degassing model, which accounts for ²²²Rn enrichment in volcanic gases and its subsequent decay into ²¹⁰Pb within gas bubbles en route to the surface. Theoretical short-lived radioactive disequilibria in volcanic gases predicted by this new model differ from those produced by the former models and better match the values we measured in the plume during the 2015 campaign. A Monte Carlo-like simulation based on variable parameters characterising the degassing process (magma residence time in the degassing reservoir, gas transfer time, Rn-Pb-Bi-Po volatilities, magma volatile content) suggests that short-lived disequilibria in volcanic gases may be of use to infer both magma dynamics and degassing kinetics beneath Mount Etna, and in general at basaltic volcanoes. However, this simulation emphasizes the need for accurately determined input parameters in order to produce unambiguous results, allowing sharp characterisation of degassing processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volcanic Plumes: Impacts on the Atmosphere and Insights into Volcanic Processes)

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24 pages, 27705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kinematic Reconstruction of a Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation by Geomorphic Analyses

by Stefano Morelli^*

, Veronica Pazzi

, William Frodella

and Riccardo Fanti

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010026 - 18 Jan 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7153

Abstract

On 4 November 2010, a deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (North Italy) reactivated with sudden ground movement. A 450,000 m² mountainous area moved some metres downslope, but the undeniable signs were only connected to the triggering of a debris flow from the bulging [...] Read more.

On 4 November 2010, a deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (North Italy) reactivated with sudden ground movement. A 450,000 m² mountainous area moved some metres downslope, but the undeniable signs were only connected to the triggering of a debris flow from the bulging area’s detrital cover and the presence of a continuous perimeter fracture near the crown area. Based on two detailed LiDAR surveys (2 m × 2 m) performed just a few days before and after the event, a quantitative topographic analysis was performed in a GIS environment, integrating morphometric terrain parameters (slope, aspect, surface roughness, hill shade, and curvature). The DEMs analysis highlighted some morphological changes related to deeper as well as shallow movements. Both global and sectorial displacements were widely verified and discussed, finally inferring that the geometry, persistence, and layout of all movements properly justify each current morphostructure, which has the shape of a typical Sackung-type structure with impulsive kinematics. Moreover, a targeted field survey allowed specific clues to be found that confirmed the global deduced dynamics of the slope deformation. Finally, thanks to a ground-based interferometric radar system (GB-InSAR) that was installed a few days after the reactivation, the residual deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) movements were also monitored. In the landslide lower bulging area, a localized material progression of small entities was observed for some months after the parossistic event, indicating a slow dissipation of forces in sectors more distant from the crown area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Risks Assessment)

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14 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessReview

Valuing Humans and Valuing Places: “Integrity” and the Preferred Terminology for Geoethics

by Tony Milligan

Department of Theology and Religious Studies, King’s College London, Room 3.42 Virginia Woolf Building, Kingsway, London WC2B 6LE, UK

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010025 - 17 Jan 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3884

Abstract

What follows will support the centrality of appeals to the integrity of places as a plausible way of extending the concept of integrity in the light of our actual practices of valuing. The emphasis will, however, be upon practices of valuing rather than [...] Read more.

What follows will support the centrality of appeals to the integrity of places as a plausible way of extending the concept of integrity in the light of our actual practices of valuing. The emphasis will, however, be upon practices of valuing rather than upon metaphysical claims about "inherent value”. The latter are not dismissed, they are merely set aside. The guiding thought is that our ethical theory should not depart too greatly from our understanding of how and what humans actually do hold to be of value in any particular culturally-shaped context. Following an introduction to the concept of integrity (^{Section 1}), the discussion will open with an attempt to show that we do sometimes value places non-instrumentally (^{Section 2}), even though we tend to look elsewhere to justify our respect for, and valuing of, places (^{Section 3}). It will then proceed through a defence of appeals to such valuing as ethically significant (^{Section 4}), before moving on to a provisional account of integrity as an effective way of making sense of what it is that we value when we value places in their own right (^{Section 5}). Unlike Rolston, who is strongly associated with the concept of integrity, the intention is not to go metaphysically deep and identify something akin to the moral properties of things. Rather, the concern will be with the kinds of considerations that agents would typically point to as a reason for valuing places without any deeper set of claims about inherent value. This provides a less troubling, more metaphysically “neutral”, way of addressing matters. The paper is intended for an audience working on Geoethics; however, the norms of argument will be those associated more narrowly with philosophical ethics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ethics and Geoethics in Geosciences)

20 pages, 2464 KiB

Open AccessReview

Environment and Human Health: The Challenge of Uncertainty in Risk Assessment

by Alex G. Stewart^1,2,*

and Andrew S. Hursthouse^3,4

¹ College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK

² Public Health Institute, Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK

³ School of Science & Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK

⁴ Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Utilization, Xiangtan 411201, China

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010024 - 17 Jan 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8998

Abstract

High quality and accurate environmental investigations and analysis are essential to any assessment of contamination and to the decision-making process thereafter. Remediation decisions may be focused by health outcomes, whether already present or a predicted risk. The variability inherent in environmental media and [...] Read more.

High quality and accurate environmental investigations and analysis are essential to any assessment of contamination and to the decision-making process thereafter. Remediation decisions may be focused by health outcomes, whether already present or a predicted risk. The variability inherent in environmental media and analysis can be quantified statistically; uncertainty in models can be reduced by additional research; deep uncertainty exists when environmental or biomedical processes are not understood, or agreed upon, or remain uncharacterized. Deep uncertainty is common where health and environment interact. Determinants of health operate from the individual’s genes to the international level; often several levels act synergistically. We show this in detail for lead (Pb). Pathways, exposure, dose and response also vary, modifying certainty. Multi-disciplinary approaches, built on high-quality environmental investigations, enable the management of complex and uncertain situations. High quality, accurate environmental investigations into pollution issues remain the cornerstone of understanding attributable health outcomes and developing appropriate responses and remediation. However, they are not sufficient on their own, needing careful integration with the wider contexts and stakeholder agendas, without which any response to the environmental assessment may very well founder. Such approaches may benefit more people than any other strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Geochemistry: Earth Surface Processes and Measurement Uncertainty)

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19 pages, 5292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Landslide Change Detection Based on Multi-Temporal Airborne LiDAR-Derived DEMs

by Omar E. Mora^1,*

, M. Gabriela Lenzano², Charles K. Toth³, Dorota A. Grejner-Brzezinska³ and Jessica V. Fayne⁴

¹ Civil Engineering Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768, USA

² Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA)—CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina

³ Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

⁴ Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010023 - 16 Jan 2018

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 8085

Abstract

Remote sensing technologies have seen extraordinary improvements in both spatial resolution and accuracy recently. In particular, airborne laser scanning systems can now provide data for surface modeling with unprecedented resolution and accuracy, which can effectively support the detection of sub-meter surface features, vital [...] Read more.

Remote sensing technologies have seen extraordinary improvements in both spatial resolution and accuracy recently. In particular, airborne laser scanning systems can now provide data for surface modeling with unprecedented resolution and accuracy, which can effectively support the detection of sub-meter surface features, vital for landslide mapping. Also, the easy repeatability of data acquisition offers the opportunity to monitor temporal surface changes, which are essential to identifying developing or active slides. Specific methods are needed to detect and map surface changes due to landslide activities. In this paper, we present a methodology that is based on fusing probabilistic change detection and landslide surface feature extraction utilizing multi-temporal Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) derived Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to map surface changes demonstrating landslide activity. The proposed method was tested in an area with numerous slides ranging from 200 m² to 27,000 m² in area under low vegetation and tree cover, Zanesville, Ohio, USA. The surface changes observed are probabilistically evaluated to determine the likelihood of the changes being landslide activity related. Next, based on surface features, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) quantifies and maps the topographic signatures of landslides in the entire area. Finally, these two processes are fused to detect landslide prone changes. The results demonstrate that 53 out of 80 inventory mapped landslides were identified using this method. Additionally, some areas that were not mapped in the inventory map displayed changes that are likely to be developing landslides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Risks Assessment)

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17 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applying the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) to Nearshore Habitats in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

by Kelly Kingon^†

¹ Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, St. Teresa, FL 32358, USA

^† Current Address: Marine Sciences Programme, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010022 - 16 Jan 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4745

Abstract

Many countries have classification standards for their environmental resources including criteria for classifying coastal and marine ecosystems. Until 2012, the United States just had a nationwide protocol for classifying terrestrial and aquatic habitats with no national standard for marine and most coastal habitats. [...] Read more.

Many countries have classification standards for their environmental resources including criteria for classifying coastal and marine ecosystems. Until 2012, the United States just had a nationwide protocol for classifying terrestrial and aquatic habitats with no national standard for marine and most coastal habitats. In 2012 the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) was implemented to address this need. In the past, coastal and marine classifications were developed at the regional or local level. Since its inception, the CMECS has not been applied in many geographic areas. My study was one of the first to apply the CMECS to the benthic habitats in the nearshore Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Sidescan sonar mapping and dive surveys were completed at 33 sites at depths 10–23 m. Hardbottom and sand habitats characterized the study area, and the underwater surveys revealed hard corals, sponges, and macroalgae as the dominant taxa on the hardbottom. The CMECS was applied to the overall study area rather than each individual site or groups of similar sites because habitat and environmental characteristics, primarily outside the context of the CMECS, appeared to influence the distribution of taxa across sites more than the CMECS geoform, substrate, and water column components. The CMECS worked well for classifying the entire study area, but was not adequate for classifying the complex fine-scale habitats and temporal variations observed; modifications to the CMECS could help resolve these issues. Full article

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20 pages, 26348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Realistic Paleobathymetry of the Cenomanian–Turonian (94 Ma) Boundary Global Ocean

by Arghya Goswami^1,*

, Linda Hinnov², Anand Gnanadesikan³ and Taylor Young¹

¹ Department of Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO 64468, USA

² Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Earth Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

³ Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010021 - 15 Jan 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7695

Abstract

At present, global paleoclimate simulations are prepared with bathtub-like, flat, featureless and steep walled ocean bathymetry, which is neither realistic nor suitable. In this article, we present the first enhanced version of a reconstructed paleobathymetry for Cenomanian–Turonian (94 Ma) time in a 0.1° [...] Read more.

At present, global paleoclimate simulations are prepared with bathtub-like, flat, featureless and steep walled ocean bathymetry, which is neither realistic nor suitable. In this article, we present the first enhanced version of a reconstructed paleobathymetry for Cenomanian–Turonian (94 Ma) time in a 0.1° × 0.1° resolution, that is both realistic and suitable for use in paleo-climate studies. This reconstruction is an extrapolation of a parameterized modern ocean bathymetry that combines simple geophysical models (standard plate cooling model for the oceanic lithosphere) based on ocean crustal age, global modern oceanic sediment thicknesses, and generalized shelf-slope-rise structures calibrated from a published global relief model of the modern world (ETOPO1) at active and passive continental margins. The base version of this Cenomanian–Turonian paleobathymetry reconstruction is then updated with known submarine large igneous provinces, plateaus, and seamounts to minimize the difference between the reconstructed paleobathymetry and the real bathymetry that once existed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Geomorphometry)

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13 pages, 7835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Submarine Depositional Terraces at Salina Island (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) and Implications on the Late-Quaternary Evolution of the Insular Shelf

by Daniele Casalbore^1,2,*, Claudia Romagnoli^3,2

, Chiara Adami², Alessandro Bosman²

, Francesco Falese², Alessandro Ricchi³ and Francesco Latino Chiocci^1,2

¹ Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00 185 Roma, Italy

² Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00 185 Roma, Italy

³ Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, Università di Bologna, 3340 126 Bologna, Italy

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010020 - 13 Jan 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4661

Abstract

The integrated analysis of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and single-channel seismic profiles around Salina Island allowed us to characterize the stratigraphic architecture of the insular shelf. The shelf is formed by a gently-sloping erosive surface carved on the volcanic bedrock, mostly covered by sediments [...] Read more.

The integrated analysis of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and single-channel seismic profiles around Salina Island allowed us to characterize the stratigraphic architecture of the insular shelf. The shelf is formed by a gently-sloping erosive surface carved on the volcanic bedrock, mostly covered by sediments organized in a suite of terraced bodies, i.e. submarine depositional terraces. Based on their position on the shelf, depth range of their edge and inner geometry, different orders of terraces can be distinguished. The shallowest terrace (near-shore terrace) is a sedimentary prograding wedge, whose formation can be associated to the downward transport of sediments from the surf zone and shoreface during stormy conditions. According to the range depth of the terrace edge (i.e., 10–25 m, compatible with the estimated present-day, local storm-wave base level in the central and western Mediterranean), the formation of this wedge can be attributed to the present-day highstand. By assuming a similar genesis for the deeper terraces, mid-shelf terraces having the edge at depths of 40–50 m and 70–80 m can be attributed to the late and early stages of the Post-LGM transgression, respectively. Finally, the deepest terrace (shelf-edge terrace) has the edge at depths of 130–160 m, being thus referable to the lowstand occurred at ca. 20 ka. Based on the variability of edge depth in the different sectors, we also show how lowstand terraces can be used to provide insights on the recent vertical movements that affected Salina edifice in the last 20 ka, highlighting more generally their possible use for neo-tectonic studies elsewhere. Moreover, being these terraces associated to different paleo-sea levels, they can be used to constrain the relative age of the different erosive stages affecting shallow-water sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methods and Applications of High-Resolution Stratigraphy on Continental Margins)

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13 pages, 7741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Exploitable Groundwater Reserves in Karst Terrain: A Case Study from Crete, Greece

by Emmanouil Steiakakis

Laboratory of Applied Geology, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010019 - 11 Jan 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4852

Abstract

Karst systems constitute valuable freshwater resources in Crete island, a region of Greece that is threatened by water scarcity. The present work refers to evaluation of the available groundwater potential in a karst terrain and contributes to providing adequate quantities of fresh water [...] Read more.

Karst systems constitute valuable freshwater resources in Crete island, a region of Greece that is threatened by water scarcity. The present work refers to evaluation of the available groundwater potential in a karst terrain and contributes to providing adequate quantities of fresh water to the central southern Crete (Rethimno prefecture). The available groundwater potential was estimated by combining conventional hydrogeological approaches and an analysis of hydrographs of Kourtaliotis spring that drains the system. The research procedure contributed to the three-dimensional understanding of the karst system and provided reasonable estimates regarding the groundwater reserves in the area. The geological (permanent) storage in the karstified system was estimated to 415 × 10⁶ m³ while the dynamic reserves were calculated equal to 43 × 10⁶ m³. Based on the research results, it is considered possible to pump annually an amount of 21–29 × 10⁶ m³ over the quantities of water which naturally outflow from Kourtaliotis spring, in order to satisfy the water demands in the region. The study provides a valuable guidance on predicting the groundwater reserves in aquifers with similar hydrogeological regime. Full article

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13 pages, 4584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meteorological Patterns Linked to Landslide Triggering in Asturias (NW Spain): A Preliminary Analysis

by Pablo Valenzuela^1,*

, Miguel Iglesias¹, María José Domínguez-Cuesta¹ and Manuel Antonio Mora García²

¹ Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo, c/Jesús Arias de Velasco s.n., 33005 Oviedo, Spain

² Delegación Territorial en el Principado de Asturias, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Av. Cristo de las Cadenas 108, 33006 Oviedo, Spain

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010018 - 10 Jan 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5352

Abstract

Asturias is one of the most landslide prone areas in the north of Spain. Most landslides are linked to intense and continue rainfall events, especially between October and May. This fact points out precipitation as the main triggering factor in the study area. [...] Read more.

Asturias is one of the most landslide prone areas in the north of Spain. Most landslides are linked to intense and continue rainfall events, especially between October and May. This fact points out precipitation as the main triggering factor in the study area. Thirteen rainfall episodes that caused 1064 landslides between 2008 and 2016 have been selected for its study. Landslide records come from the Principality of Asturias Landslide Database (BAPA) and meteorological data from the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET). Meteorological conditions which took place during each period have been characterized by using NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data. Four main landslide-triggering meteorological patterns have been identified for the Asturian territory: Strong Atlantic Anticyclone pattern (SAA), Atlantic Depression pattern (AD), Anticyclonic ridge pattern (AR) and Cut-off Low pattern (CL). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Risks Assessment)

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27 pages, 14849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Assessment of Epistemic Uncertainties in Tsunami Hazard Effects on Building Risk Assessments

by Yo Fukutani^1,*

, Anawat Suppasri² and Fumihiko Imamura²

¹ College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama 236-8501, Japan

² International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010017 - 10 Jan 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5115

Abstract

Based on the definition of tsunami risk, we quantitatively evaluated the annual expected tsunami loss ratio (Tsunami Risk Index) and clarified the quantitative effects of epistemic uncertainties in tsunami hazard assessments on the tsunami risk of buildings by combining probabilistic information regarding tsunami [...] Read more.

Based on the definition of tsunami risk, we quantitatively evaluated the annual expected tsunami loss ratio (Tsunami Risk Index) and clarified the quantitative effects of epistemic uncertainties in tsunami hazard assessments on the tsunami risk of buildings by combining probabilistic information regarding tsunami inundation depths at target points and tsunami fragility assessments of buildings. For the risk assessment, we targeted buildings with four different structures (reinforced concrete, steel, brick, wood) located in three different areas (Soma, Sendai, Kesennuma). In conclusion, we demonstrated that the expected tsunami risk could vary by approximately two orders of magnitude when considering tsunami hazard uncertainties between the 95th percentile and the 5th percentile. In addition, we quantitatively clarified the fact that we cannot properly understand the tsunami risk by evaluating the tsunami fragility alone. For example, the analysis results indicate that the tsunami risk of a wood building located in Kesennuma is lower than that of a reinforced concrete building located in either Soma or Sendai. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Geosciences Perspectives of Tsunami)

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18 pages, 12975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Earthquake Magnitude and Shaking Intensity Dependent Fragility Functions for Rapid Risk Assessment of Buildings

by Marie-José Nollet^1,*, Ahmad Abo El Ezz², Oliver Surprenant¹, Alex Smirnoff² and Miroslav Nastev²

¹ École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada

² Geological Survey, Natural Ressources Canada, Quebec City, QC G1K 9A9, Canada

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010016 - 9 Jan 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6072

Abstract

An integrated web application, referred to as ER² for rapid risk evaluator, is under development for a user-friendly seismic risk assessment by the non-expert public safety community. The assessment of likely negative consequences is based on pre-populated databases of seismic, building inventory [...] Read more.

An integrated web application, referred to as ER² for rapid risk evaluator, is under development for a user-friendly seismic risk assessment by the non-expert public safety community. The assessment of likely negative consequences is based on pre-populated databases of seismic, building inventory and vulnerability parameters. To further accelerate the computation for near real-time analyses, implicit building fragility curves were developed as functions of the magnitude and the intensity of the seismic shaking defined with a single intensity measure, input spectral acceleration at 1.0 s implicitly considering the epicentral distance and local soil conditions. Damage probabilities were compared with those obtained with the standard fragility functions explicitly considering epicentral distances and local site classes in addition to the earthquake magnitudes and respective intensity of the seismic shaking. Different seismic scenarios were considered first for 53 building classes common in Eastern Canada, and then a reduced number of 24 combined building classes was proposed. Comparison of results indicate that the damage predictions with implicit fragility functions for short (M ≤ 5.5) and medium strong motion duration (5.5 < M ≤ 7.5) show low variation with distance and soil class, with average error of less than 3.6%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Risks Assessment)

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14 pages, 1272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxygen Isotope Thermometry of DaG 476 and SaU 008 Martian Meteorites: Implications for Their Origin

by Arshad Ali^1,2,*, Iffat Jabeen², Sobhi J. Nasir¹

and Neil R. Banerjee²

¹ Earth Sciences Research Centre (ESRC), Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Al-Khodh, Muscat 123, Oman

² Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010015 - 8 Jan 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5864

Abstract

We report the equilibration temperatures derived from the oxygen isotope thermometry of pyroxene-olivine pair from the Dar al Ghani (DaG) 476 (1200 +105/−90 °C) and Sayh al Uhaymir (SaU) 008 (1430 +220/−155 °C) meteorites showing a difference of over 200 °C at the [...] Read more.

We report the equilibration temperatures derived from the oxygen isotope thermometry of pyroxene-olivine pair from the Dar al Ghani (DaG) 476 (1200 +105/−90 °C) and Sayh al Uhaymir (SaU) 008 (1430 +220/−155 °C) meteorites showing a difference of over 200 °C at the face values. Regardless of the large associated uncertainties, contrasting geochemical and isotopic characteristics such as oxygen fugacities, hydrogen isotopic compositions (referred to as the D/H ratios), olivine abundances, presence of merrillite and/or apatite, and their chlorine contents between the two meteorites are observed in the literature. These opposing features lend support to the idea that the relative difference observed in the estimated temperatures is probably real and significant, thus providing insights into the Martian mantle magmatism. Based on our temperature estimation and previous magmatic models, we propose that SaU 008 could have been originated from a deeper depleted mantle source. However, DaG 476 may have been produced by the partial melting of the entrained pockets of the depleted mantle similar to that of the SaU 008’s source at a relatively shallower depth. Both meteorites erupted as a relatively thick lava flow or a shallow intrusion at approximately the same time followed by a launch initiated by a single meteoritic impact 1.1 million years (Ma) ago. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Martian Meteorites and Mars Exploration)

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16 pages, 7336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bathymetry- and Reflectivity-Based Approach for Seafloor Segmentation

by Giuseppe Masetti^*

, Larry Alan Mayer and Larry Guy Ward

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Joint Hydrographic Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010014 - 8 Jan 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 8625

Abstract

A robust and flexible technique to segment seafloor acoustic mapping data by analyzing co-located bathymetric digital elevation models and acoustic backscatter mosaics is presented. The algorithm first uses principles of topographic openness, pattern recognition, and texture classification to identify geomorphic elements of the [...] Read more.

A robust and flexible technique to segment seafloor acoustic mapping data by analyzing co-located bathymetric digital elevation models and acoustic backscatter mosaics is presented. The algorithm first uses principles of topographic openness, pattern recognition, and texture classification to identify geomorphic elements of the seafloor or “area kernels”, and then derives the final seafloor segmentation by merging or splitting the kernels based on principles of similarity and multi-modality. The output is a collection of homogeneous, non-overlapping seafloor segments of consistent morphology and acoustic backscatter texture. Each labeled segment is enriched by a list of derived, physically-meaningful attributes that can be used for subsequent task-specific analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Geomorphometry)

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23 pages, 5991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Characteristics of Soils on Ellis Island, New York-New Jersey, Sixty Years after the Abandonment of the Hospital Complex

by Kaixuan Bu^1,2,*, Deborah Freile¹, James V. Cizdziel³, Jena Richards¹, Virinder Sidhu^1,4 and Nurdan S. Duzgoren-Aydin^1,5

¹ Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ 07305, USA

² Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA

³ Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA

⁴ Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

⁵ Office of The Provost, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ 07305, USA

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010013 - 4 Jan 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6342

Abstract

Soil plays many critical roles in ecosystem health. As urbanization expands into once industrial and commercial lands, there is increased potential for human exposure to soil contaminants, including heavy metals introduced by past anthropogenic activities. Thus, it is important to assess soil contamination [...] Read more.

Soil plays many critical roles in ecosystem health. As urbanization expands into once industrial and commercial lands, there is increased potential for human exposure to soil contaminants, including heavy metals introduced by past anthropogenic activities. Thus, it is important to assess soil contamination in such areas for public health concerns. In this study, we investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of soils from an abandoned hospital complex on Ellis Island, New York (NY) – New Jersey (NJ) to assess the geochemical conditions of the local soil environment and metal contamination from historical activities, including coal-burning and use of lead arsenate insecticide and lead paint. The soil texture, nutrient content and heavy metal (As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu and Hg) concentrations were determined and their impact was evaluated. Soils were mostly sandy loam with C:N ratios of about 20:1. Heavy metals were elevated compared to background soils. Concentrations of acid extractable As and Pb ranged from 8.12 to 26.3 mg·kg⁻¹ and 257 to 1008 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively. Total-Hg concentrations varied from 0.191 to 0.899 mg·kg⁻¹, with the higher levels likely from local coal-burning and deposition from the prevailing westerly winds. Overall, we find that even after 60 years of abandonment, the impact to Ellis Island soil from past human activities can still be observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Environmental and Medical Geochemistry)

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23 pages, 47289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Tsunami Inundation Analysis Model for Urban Areas Using a Porous Body Model

by Kei Yamashita^1,*, Anawat Suppasri¹, Yusuke Oishi^2,1 and Fumihiko Imamura¹

¹ International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan

² Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Kawasaki 211-8588, Japan

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010012 - 4 Jan 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7210

Abstract

To evaluate tsunami hazards with strong locality in urban areas, this study developed a novel tsunami inundation model based on nonlinear shallow water wave equations and a porous body model (PBM). By applying a kinematic boundary condition that includes both porosity and surface [...] Read more.

To evaluate tsunami hazards with strong locality in urban areas, this study developed a novel tsunami inundation model based on nonlinear shallow water wave equations and a porous body model (PBM). By applying a kinematic boundary condition that includes both porosity and surface permeability of the porous medium, the proposed model could accurately incorporate geometric effects such as the flow anisotropy caused by the distributions of buildings. The proposed PBM demonstrated as good accuracy for the inundation heights around buildings near the coastline as with a conventional three-dimensional simulation with high resolution. In addition, the model showed its capability to reproduce a tsunami’s essential behaviors in urban areas. In particular, the amplification effect of flow velocity along straight roads surrounded by buildings was reasonably reproduced. It can be expected that the present model can become a useful tool to accurately evaluate the tsunami risks in urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Geosciences Perspectives of Tsunami)

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18 pages, 5654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Groundwater Natural Contamination by Toluene in Beja and Faro Districts, Portugal

by Gabriel A. Barberes^1,2,*

, Rui Pena dos Reis¹

, André L. D. Spigolon³, Paulo E. Fonseca⁴, Carlos Bandeira de Mello³ and Maria Teresa Barata²

¹ Department of Earth Science and Center of Geoscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3000-272 Coimbra, Portugal

² Centre for Earth and Space Research of the University of Coimbra, Sta Clara, 3040-004 Coimbra, Portugal

³ Petrobras/CENPES, Geochemistry Division, 21941-915 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

⁴ GeoFCUL—Department of Geology at Sciences Faculty of Lisbon & IDL—Instituto Dom Luiz 15, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010009 - 2 Jan 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9209

Abstract

The focus area is located along Beja and Faro districts (southwestern of Portugal), where the Baixo Alentejo Flysch Group exists, is composed of the Mértola, Mira, and Brejeira Formations. The aim of this article is to characterize the groundwater contamination by toluene, one [...] Read more.

The focus area is located along Beja and Faro districts (southwestern of Portugal), where the Baixo Alentejo Flysch Group exists, is composed of the Mértola, Mira, and Brejeira Formations. The aim of this article is to characterize the groundwater contamination by toluene, one of the petroleum products that may originate from natural petroleum systems and have been introduced into the environment by natural seepage. For this study, twenty soil samples and thirty-one water samples were collected, in 2016, from artesian wells, boreholes, and springs, and analyzed in a GC-FID system. Sampling was performed using headspace vials, with distilled water and a bactericide to inhibit any bacterial activities. The results showed that 93.5% of water samples range between 1000 and 6000 μg/L, and 55% are higher than 3000 μg/L of toluene concentration. In soil samples, amounts of toluene are less than 1000 μg/L in general. These levels are much higher than the World Health Organization health-based guideline for drinkable water (700 μg/L) and higher than those usually found in other places, being only comparable with values from severe industrial contamination. Contaminated groundwater represents a serious concern for human health, and residents should be informed to avoid drinking contaminated ground water or using it for other domestic proposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Environmental and Medical Geochemistry)

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22 pages, 27039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subsidence Trends of Volturno River Coastal Plain (Northern Campania, Southern Italy) Inferred by SAR Interferometry Data

by Fabio Matano^1,*

, Marco Sacchi¹

, Marco Vigliotti²

and Daniela Ruberti²

¹ Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero (IAMC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80133 Naples, Italy

² Department of Civil Engineering, Design, Building and Environment (DICDEA), University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 81103 Aversa (Caserta), Italy

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010008 - 2 Jan 2018

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7149

Abstract

The Volturno Plain is one of the largest alluvial plains of peninsular Italy, which is one of the most susceptible plains to coastal hazards. This area is characterized by both natural and human-induced subsidence. This present study is based on the post-processing, analysis [...] Read more.

The Volturno Plain is one of the largest alluvial plains of peninsular Italy, which is one of the most susceptible plains to coastal hazards. This area is characterized by both natural and human-induced subsidence. This present study is based on the post-processing, analysis and mapping of the available Persistent Scatterer interferometry datasets. The latter were derived from the combination of both ascending and descending orbits of three different radar satellite systems during an observation period of almost two decades (June 1992–September 2010). The main output of this study is a map of vertical deformation, which provides new insights into the areal variability of the ground deformation processes (subsidence/uplift) of Volturno plain over the last few decades. The vertical displacement values obtained by the post-processing of the interferometric data show that the Volturno river plain is characterized by significant subsidence in the central axial sectors and in the river mouth area. Moderate uplift is detected in the eastern part of the plain, whereas other sectors of the study area are characterized by moderate subsidence and/or stability. On the basis of the analyzed subsoil stratigraphy, we inferred that the subsidence recorded in the Volturno plain is mainly a consequence of a natural process related to the compaction of the fluvial and palustrine deposits that form the alluvial plain. The anthropic influences (e.g., water exploitation, urbanization) are substantially considered to be an additional factor that may enhance subsidence only locally. The uplift mapped in the eastern sector of the plain is related to the tectonic activity. The study of the subsidence in the Volturno plain is a valuable tool for river flood analyses and the assessment of the coastal inundation hazards and related risk mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Observing Geohazards from Space)

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17 pages, 5195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multibeam Bathymetric Investigations of the Morphology and Associated Bedforms, Sulina Channel, Danube Delta

by Florin Duţu, Nicolae Panin, Gabriel Ion and Laura Tiron Duţu^*

NIRD GEOECOMAR, 23-25 Dimitrie Onciul Street, RO-024053 Bucharest, Romania

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010007 - 2 Jan 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4934

Abstract

In the Danube Delta, on the Sulina branch, the morphology, sediment, and bedform characteristics were investigated. Three-dimensional (3D) bathymetry, flow velocity, suspended-load concentration, and liquid and solid discharge data were acquired throughout several cross sections along the Sulina channel, in order to investigate [...] Read more.

In the Danube Delta, on the Sulina branch, the morphology, sediment, and bedform characteristics were investigated. Three-dimensional (3D) bathymetry, flow velocity, suspended-load concentration, and liquid and solid discharge data were acquired throughout several cross sections along the Sulina channel, in order to investigate the distribution of water and sediment discharges and their influence against the river bed. A single observation (in February 2007) was made regarding the geometry, sediment composition, and hydraulic conditions under which the dunes grew and degenerated. The investigation focuses here mostly on the geometrical parameters of these bedforms, such as height, length, as well as grain size characteristic of the sediment and water dynamics. Based on in-site measurements, different hydraulic parameters were calculated, such as bed shear stresses and Reynolds number. During the field campaign, the measured water mean velocity was from v = 0.22–1.13 m∙s⁻¹. At the same time, the measured range of shear stresses within the dune field formation was from τ₀ = 2.86 N·m⁻² (on the cutoffs) to 8.62 N·m⁻² (on the main channel). It was found that the correlation between height (H) and length (L) of the Sulina branch dunes describes the formula: H = 0.093L^0.5268. The bedforms of the Sulina channel are, in general, developed in fine sand (D₅₀ between 0.06 and 0.35 mm). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Degradation Processes and Fluvial Geomorphology: Intra/Inter-catchment Sediment Dynamics and Catchment Processes)

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25 pages, 21351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Seamless, High-Resolution Bathymetric Model to Compare Reef Morphology around the Subtropical Island Shelves of Lord Howe Island and Balls Pyramid, Southwest Pacific Ocean

by Michelle Linklater^1,*,†, Sarah M. Hamylton¹, Brendan P. Brooke², Scott L. Nichol²

, Alan R. Jordan³ and Colin D. Woodroffe¹

¹ School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Gwynneville 2522, Australia

² Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra 2601, Australia

³ New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay 2315, Australia

^† Current address: Water, Wetlands and Coasts Science, New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Locked Bag 1002, Dangar NSW 2309, Australia.

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010011 - 2 Jan 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8420

Abstract

Lord Howe Island and Balls Pyramid are located approximately 600 km offshore of the southeastern Australian mainland, in the subtropical waters of the northern Tasman Sea. Lord Howe Island hosts the most southern coral reef in the Pacific Ocean, and the shelves surrounding [...] Read more.

Lord Howe Island and Balls Pyramid are located approximately 600 km offshore of the southeastern Australian mainland, in the subtropical waters of the northern Tasman Sea. Lord Howe Island hosts the most southern coral reef in the Pacific Ocean, and the shelves surrounding both islands feature fossil coral reefs. This study creates a seamless, high-resolution (5 m cell size) bathymetry model of the two shelves to compare and contrast the extent of reef development and shelf morphology. This was produced by integrating satellite-derived depth data (derived to 35 m depth) and multibeam echosounder (MBES) data. Image partitioning and filtering improved the accuracy of the bathymetry estimates and the suitability for integration with MBES data. Diverse accretionary and erosional geomorphic features were mapped on both shelves, with fossil reefs dominating the shelves in 25–50 m depth. Similar patterns of shelf morphology were observed for the middle and outer shelves, while the inner shelf regions were most dissimilar, with reef development greater around Lord Howe Island compared to the more restricted inner shelf reefs around Balls Pyramid. Understanding the relative extent and morphology of shelf features provides insights into the geological and ecological processes that have influenced the formation of the shelves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Geomorphometry)

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8 pages, 3305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Study of SQp and SQs Attributes Application for Facies Classification

by Maman Hermana^*

, Jia Qi Ngui, Chow Weng Sum and Deva Prasad Ghosh

Department of Geosciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Malaysia

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010010 - 2 Jan 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6812

Abstract

Formation evaluation is a critical requirement in oil and gas exploration and development projects. Although it may be costly, wireline logs need to be acquired to evaluate and understand the subsurface formation. Gamma ray and resistivity are the two main well-log data used [...] Read more.

Formation evaluation is a critical requirement in oil and gas exploration and development projects. Although it may be costly, wireline logs need to be acquired to evaluate and understand the subsurface formation. Gamma ray and resistivity are the two main well-log data used for formation evaluation purposes. However, outside the well, formation evaluation becomes difficult, as these logs are not available. Hence, it is important to have other data equivalent to the gamma ray or resistivity logs, which can be derived from other technique, such as seismic data. As a consequence, the dependency on well-log data can be avoided. Thus, the complexity in formation evaluation outside the well, such as the determination of facies, lithology, and fluid content, as well as petrophysical properties can be solved accurately even without well-log data. The objective of this paper was to demonstrate an application of the SQp and SQs attributes for facies classification. These attributes were derived from attenuation attributes through rock physics approximation by using basic elastic properties: P-wave, S-wave, and density. A series of tests were carried out to show the applicability of these attributes on well-logs and real seismic data from offshore the Malaysia Peninsular. Simultaneous inversion was used in the data sets to produce the three-dimensional (3D) SQp and SQs attributes required as inputs of a neural network engine in defining the facies distribution. The results showed that the SQp attribute was very similar to the gamma ray, while the SQs attribute was similar to the resistivity responses even in different reservoir conditions, including low resistivity low contrast and coal masking environment. In conclusion, the SQp motif, which is similar to the gamma ray motif, can potentially be used for facies classification/identification. Together with the SQs attribute, the SQp attribute can be used as input for the facies classification workflow. The application of the SQp and SQs attributes successfully identified the gas sand distribution and separated it clearly from the brine distribution in an offshore Malaysian field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 1st International Congress on Earth Sciences in SE Asia)

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23 pages, 4474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flood Hazard Management in Public Mountain Recreation Areas vs. Ungauged Fluvial Basins. Case Study of the Caldera de Taburiente National Park, Canary Islands (Spain)

by Julio Garrote^1,*

, Andrés Díez-Herrero²

, José M. Bodoque³

, María A. Perucha², Pablo L. Mayer⁴ and Mar Génova⁵

¹ Department of Geodynamics, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

² Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, E-28003 Madrid, Spain

³ Mining and Geological Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071 Toledo, Spain

⁴ Physical Geography and Environment Group, Institute of Oceanography and Global Change (IOCAG), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, E-35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

⁵ Forest Engineering Technic School, Technic University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010006 - 31 Dec 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5941

Abstract

Las Angustias River is an ungauged stream in the Caldera de Taburiente National Park (Spain), where frequent intense flash-flood events occur. The aim of this research is to analyze the flood hazard at the Playa de Taburiente. Based on the limited information available [...] Read more.

Las Angustias River is an ungauged stream in the Caldera de Taburiente National Park (Spain), where frequent intense flash-flood events occur. The aim of this research is to analyze the flood hazard at the Playa de Taburiente. Based on the limited information available (short time-series of daily precipitation), a statistical frequency analysis of 24 h rainfall was completed and the precipitation results were transformed into surface runoff. To determine if the model underestimates the flows that are generated in the basin, the dendro-geomorphological information available was used to calibrate results. The results of the HMS model were significantly lower. At this point, both the rainfall data and the rainfall-runoff model were re-analyzed to maximize the rainfall intensity values and the runoff generated (increasing the CN value for the basin). For the 1997 flood event, a 1250 m³·s⁻¹ flood minimizes the RMSE for the disturbed tree sample; this flow value also clearly exceeds any peak flow derived from the rainfall-runoff analysis. It is only when rainfall intensity and surface runoff are maximized that the peak flows obtained approximate those associated with dendro-geomorphological data. The results highlight the difficulties of flood hazard management in ungauged torrential basins in mountain recreational areas (such as National Parks). Thus, in the absence of flow records, when considering the maximum rainfall intensity scenario may be a useful and effective tool for flood risk management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Risk Analysis and Management of Floods)

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12 pages, 3790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Integrated System of Hydrological Forecasting in the Ussuri River Basin Based on the ECOMAG Model

by Andrei Bugaets^1,2

, Boris Gartsman^1,2, Alexander Gelfan^1,*, Yury Motovilov¹, Oleg Sokolov³, Leonid Gonchukov^1,2

, Andrei Kalugin¹

, Vsevolod Moreido¹, Zoya Suchilina¹ and Evgeniya Fingert¹

¹ Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Street, 3, Moscow 119333, Russia

² Pacific Institute of Geography, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Radio, 7, Vladivostok 690041, Russia

³ Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Fontannaya Street, 24, Vladivostok 690600, Russia

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010005 - 29 Dec 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4964

Abstract

This paper considers the main principles and technologies used in developing the operational modeling system for the Ussuri River Basin of 24,400 km² based on the automated system of hydrological monitoring and data management (ASHM), the physical-mathematical model with distributed parameters ECOMAG [...] Read more.

This paper considers the main principles and technologies used in developing the operational modeling system for the Ussuri River Basin of 24,400 km² based on the automated system of hydrological monitoring and data management (ASHM), the physical-mathematical model with distributed parameters ECOMAG (ECOlogical Model for Applied Geophysics) and the numerical mesoscale atmosphere model WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model). The system is designed as a freely combined tool that allows flexible changing of the forecasting and informational components. The technology of inter-model and cross-platform interoperability is based on the use of the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) web services and the Open Geospatial Consortium Open Modelling Interface (OGC OpenMI) standard. The system demonstrates good performance in short-term forecast of rainfall floods and reproduces complex spatio-temporal structure for the runoff formation during extreme rainfall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Risk Analysis and Management of Floods)

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21 pages, 16901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Study of Geological Structures in Suli and Tulehu Geothermal Regions (Ambon, Indonesia) Based on Gravity Gradient Tensor Data Simulation and Analytic Signal

by Richard Lewerissa^1,*

, Sismanto Sismanto², Ari Setiawan² and Subagyo Pramumijoyo³

¹ Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Papua; Papua Barat, Manokwari 98314, Indonesia

² Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

³ Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Geosciences 2018, 8(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010004 - 27 Dec 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9061

Abstract

In early 2017, the geothermal system in the Suli and Tulehu areas of Ambon (Indonesia) was investigated using a gravity gradient tensor and analytic signal. The gravity gradient tensor and analytic signal were obtained through forward modeling based on a rectangular prism. It [...] Read more.

In early 2017, the geothermal system in the Suli and Tulehu areas of Ambon (Indonesia) was investigated using a gravity gradient tensor and analytic signal. The gravity gradient tensor and analytic signal were obtained through forward modeling based on a rectangular prism. It was applied to complete Bouguer anomaly data over the study area by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The analysis was conducted to enhance the geological structure like faults as a pathway of geothermal fluid circulation that is not visible on the surface because it is covered by sediment. The complete Bouguer anomaly ranges of 93 mGal up to 105 mGal decrease from the southwest in Suli to the northeast in Tulehu. A high gravity anomaly indicates a strong magmatic intrusion below the Suli region. The gravity anomalies decrease occurs in the Eriwakang mountain and most of Tulehu, and it is associated with a coral limestone. The lower gravity anomalies are located in the north to the northeast part of Tulehu are associated with alluvium. The residual anomaly shows that the drill well TLU-01 and geothermal manifestations along with the Banda, and Banda-Hatuasa faults are associated with lowest gravity anomaly (negative zone). The gravity gradient tensor simulation and an analytic signal of Suli and Tulehu give more detailed information about the geological features. The g_zz component allows accurate description of the shape structures, especially the Banda fault associated with a zero value. This result will be useful as a geophysical constraint to subsurface modeling according to gravity gradient inversion over the area. Full article

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Geosciences, Volume 8, Issue 1 (January 2018) – 33 articles

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