Pathogens

12 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Apparently Healthy Cattle in Uganda

by Eugene Arinaitwe, Kaitlyn Waters, Bonto Faburay, Gladys K. Nakanjako, David Kalenzi Atuhaire, Mathias Afayoa, Frank Norbert Mwiine and Joseph Erume

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070720 - 20 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), affecting humans, livestock, and wild ruminants. This study aimed to characterize and assess the genetic diversity of RVFV strains circulating among livestock in Uganda. Blood samples were [...] Read more.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), affecting humans, livestock, and wild ruminants. This study aimed to characterize and assess the genetic diversity of RVFV strains circulating among livestock in Uganda. Blood samples were collected between January 2021 and May 2024 from apparently healthy cattle, goats, and sheep in four districts. The samples were first screened for RVFV antibodies using ELISA; antibody-positive samples were subsequently tested for viral RNA using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The PCR-positive samples underwent targeted amplicon sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses of the small (S) and large (L) genome segments were conducted to determine viral lineages. Of the 833 ELISA-positive samples, 10 (all from cattle) tested positive for RVFV RNA using RT-qPCR. Consensus sequences were successfully generated for six S segments and one L genome segment. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences belonged to lineage C, showing close genetic similarity to RVFV strains previously identified in Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, Madagascar, and Saudi Arabia. Limited genetic diversity was observed at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels. The detection of RVFV in apparently healthy cattle suggests ongoing, low-level viral circulation in Uganda. These findings offer important insights for guiding RVF surveillance, control, and policymaking in the country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Pathogens)

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11 pages, 683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Look Under the Carpet of a Successful Eradication Campaign Against Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

by Fadri Vincenz, Maksym Samoilenko, Carlos Eduardo Abril, Patrik Zanolari, Giuseppe Bertoni and Beat Thomann

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070719 - 20 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are widespread and have a long co-evolutionary history with their hosts, namely sheep and goats. These viruses induce insidious pathologies, causing significant financial losses and animal welfare issues for the affected flocks. In Switzerland, in the 1980s, an eradication [...] Read more.

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are widespread and have a long co-evolutionary history with their hosts, namely sheep and goats. These viruses induce insidious pathologies, causing significant financial losses and animal welfare issues for the affected flocks. In Switzerland, in the 1980s, an eradication campaign was launched targeting these viruses, exclusively in goats, eliminating the virulent SRLV-B strains from the goat population, in which SRLV-B-induced arthritis was prevalent. Nevertheless, although they do not seem to induce clinical diseases, SRLV-A strains continue to circulate in Swiss goats. For this study, we contacted farmers who had animals testing positive for these strains during the census from 2011 to 2012 and visited six of these flocks, conducting serological, virological, and clinical analyses of the animals. We confirmed the absence of SRLV-B; however, we have detected SRLV-A in these flocks. Positive and negative animals lived in close contact for ten years and, except for a small flock of 13 animals, 7 of which tested positive, the transmission of these viruses proved inefficient. None of the positive animals showed any pathology attributable to SRLV infection. These encouraging results allowed us to formulate recommendations for the continued surveillance of these viruses in the Swiss goat population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emergence and Re-Emergence of Animal Viral Diseases)

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18 pages, 1549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vector-Borne Agents in Species of Silky Anteater (Cyclopes Gray, 1821) from South America

by Pedro Henrique Cotrin Rodrigues, João Paulo Soares Alves, Flávia Regina Miranda, Cesar Rojano and Júlia Angélica Gonçalves Silveira

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070718 - 19 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Cyclopes, the smallest of all known anteaters, has an insectivorous diet and is arboreal, rarely descending to the ground. There are scarce reports on diseases and pathogenic agents affecting this taxon. Hemopathogens are pathogenic agents that inhabit the blood of various vertebrate [...] Read more.

Cyclopes, the smallest of all known anteaters, has an insectivorous diet and is arboreal, rarely descending to the ground. There are scarce reports on diseases and pathogenic agents affecting this taxon. Hemopathogens are pathogenic agents that inhabit the blood of various vertebrate species. Protozoa such as Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., Hepatozoon spp., and members of the order Piroplasmida, as well as hemoplasmas and Rickettsial bacteria of the genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia, are among the most important in this group. The transmission of these pathogens generally occurs through arthropod vectors, which act as intermediate hosts. In addition, infections caused by hemopathogens can have adverse effects on host health, contributing to population declines in susceptible species. This study investigated infection by protozoa and hemotropic bacteria in blood samples from free-ranging silky anteaters from Brazil, Peru, and Colombia using molecular detection methods. Sixteen samples were obtained during expeditions conducted in these countries. DNA was extracted from blood samples, and PCR assays were performed to detect parasites from the order Piroplasmida, Hepatozoon spp., trypanosomatid agents including Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma evansi, T. cruzi, and T. vivax, as well as hemotropic bacteria of the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Mycoplasma sp. Nucleotide sequencing was performed on positive samples. Of the total samples analyzed, 62.5% (10/16) tested positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma, 50% (8/16) for T. evansi, and 6.2% (1/16) for T. cruzi. There is a significant gap in knowledge regarding the diversity of hemopathogens affecting the genus Cyclopes, and future studies are needed to understand how these infections may impact the health of individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Biodiversity of Parasites in Humans, Wild and Domestic Animals)

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17 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy of GS-441524 for Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Systematic Review (2018–2024)

by Emma Gokalsing, Joana Ferrolho, Mark S. Gibson, Hugo Vilhena and Sofia Anastácio

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070717 - 19 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a severe viral disease with a very high fatality rate. GS-441524 is an adenosine analogue that acts as an antiviral and has shown promise in FIP treatment. However, its commercialization in some regions is not yet authorized. To [...] Read more.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a severe viral disease with a very high fatality rate. GS-441524 is an adenosine analogue that acts as an antiviral and has shown promise in FIP treatment. However, its commercialization in some regions is not yet authorized. To evaluate the efficacy of GS-441524 based on the published literature, a systematic review was conducted. This systematic review was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for studies published from 2018 onwards. Following PRISMA guidelines, 11 studies (totaling 650 FIP cases treated with GS-441524 alone or in combination) were included. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by FIP form, clinical signs, and dosage. The overall treatment success rate was 84.6%. This rate was higher when GS-441524 was combined with other antivirals and lower in cases of wet FIP or those with neurological complications. Combination therapy with other antivirals may improve outcomes in complicated FIP cases, although further studies are needed. The GS-441524 dosages associated with the best outcomes were 5–10 mg/kg once daily (or equivalent subcutaneous dose), adjusted for FIP type, severity, and presence of neurological/ocular signs. Higher dosages can be used for severe cases or to prevent relapse, but splitting into twice-daily dosing may be necessary to avoid absorption issues. In summary, this synthesis indicates that GS-441524 is a highly promising treatment for FIP, with a high success rate among treated cases. Nevertheless, randomized controlled trials are needed to establish evidence-based therapeutic protocols tailored to different FIP presentations. Full article

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27 pages, 5867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinct Virologic Properties of African and Epidemic Zika Virus Strains: The Role of the Envelope Protein in Viral Entry, Immune Activation, and Neuropathogenesis

by Ashkan Roozitalab, Chenyu Zhang, Jiantao Zhang, Ge Li, Chengyu Yang, Wangheng Hou, Qiyi Tang and Richard Y. Zhao

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070716 - 19 Jul 2025

Viewed by 426

Abstract

The 2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic has largely subsided, but a key question remains. How did ZIKV evolve to become a virulent human pathogen compared to the virus of its original discovery? What specific virologic and pathologic changes contributed to increased pathogenicity in [...] Read more.

The 2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic has largely subsided, but a key question remains. How did ZIKV evolve to become a virulent human pathogen compared to the virus of its original discovery? What specific virologic and pathologic changes contributed to increased pathogenicity in humans? Phylogenetic studies have identified two genetically distinct ZIKV, the African and Asian lineages, which differ in their pathogenicity. Previous studies including ours suggest that the envelope (E) protein plays a key role in viral entry, immune activation, and neuropathogenesis. This study aimed to further elucidate virologic and pathogenic differences between these lineages by assessing their ability to bind and replicate in host cells, induce apoptotic cell death, trigger inflammatory responses, and influence human neural progenitor cell (hNPC)-derived neurosphere formation. We compared a historic African ZIKV strain (MR766) with an epidemic Brazilian strain (BR15) and evaluated the effects of the E protein inhibitor quercetin-3-β-O-D-glucoside (Q3G) and an E protein-neutralizing antibody (AbII). Our results revealed distinct virologic properties and that MR766 exhibited stronger inhibition of neurosphere formation due to enhanced viral binding to neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, while BR15 infection triggered a heightened pro-inflammatory cytokine response with reduced viral binding. Chimeric virus studies suggested that the E protein likely influences viral binding, replication efficiency, immune activation, and neuropathogenesis. Notably, Q3G exhibited antiviral activities against both MR766 and BR15, whereas AbII preferentially inhibited MR766. These findings highlight the virological differences between ancestral and epidemic viral strains, as well as the critical role of E protein in viral permissiveness, immune response, and neuropathogenesis, providing insights for developing targeted antiviral strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Virus-Host Interactions, Viral Pathogenicity and Antiviral Drug Development)

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12 pages, 1258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiologic Characteristics of Chronic Hepatitis B and Coinfections with Hepatitis C Virus or Human Immunodeficiency Virus in South Korea: A Nationwide Claims-Based Study Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Database

by Hyunwoo Oh, Won Sohn, Na Ryung Choi, Hyo Young Lee, Yeonjae Kim, Seung Woo Nam and Jae Yoon Jeong

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070715 - 19 Jul 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

Coinfections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among individuals with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are associated with worse clinical outcomes but remain understudied due to their low prevalence and the sensitivity of associated data. This nationwide, cross-sectional study utilized [...] Read more.

Coinfections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among individuals with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are associated with worse clinical outcomes but remain understudied due to their low prevalence and the sensitivity of associated data. This nationwide, cross-sectional study utilized claims data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (2014–2021) to investigate the prevalence, comorbidities, treatment patterns, and liver-related complications among patients with HBV monoinfection, HBV/HIV, HBV/HCV, or triple coinfection. Among over 4.5 million patients with chronic hepatitis B, the prevalence of HIV and HCV coinfection ranged from 0.05 to 0.07% and 0.77 to 1.00%, respectively. Patients with HBV/HCV coinfection were older and had significantly higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and major adverse liver outcomes, including hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation, compared to other groups. HBV/HIV coinfection was more common in younger males and was associated with higher dyslipidemia. The use of HBV antivirals increased over time across all groups. These findings highlight the distinct clinical characteristics and unmet needs of coinfected populations, underscoring the importance of tailored screening and management strategies in HBV-endemic settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Hepatitis Among Specific Populations: Epidemiology, Transmission, Treatment, and Prevention)

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17 pages, 2091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Parvovirus Associated with the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci

by Fani Gousi, Zineb Belabess, Nathalie Laboureau, Michel Peterschmitt and Mikhail M. Pooggin

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070714 - 19 Jul 2025

Viewed by 500

Abstract

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodoidea) causes direct feeding damage to crop plants and transmits pathogenic plant viruses, thereby threatening global food security. Although whitefly-infecting RNA viruses are known and proposed as biocontrol agents, no insect DNA virus has been found in any [...] Read more.

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodoidea) causes direct feeding damage to crop plants and transmits pathogenic plant viruses, thereby threatening global food security. Although whitefly-infecting RNA viruses are known and proposed as biocontrol agents, no insect DNA virus has been found in any member of Aleyrodoidea. Using rolling circle amplification (RCA) of viral DNA from whiteflies collected from crop fields in Morocco, followed by Illumina sequencing of the RCA products, we found a novel insect single-stranded (ss) DNA parvovirus (family Parvoviridae) in addition to plant ssDNA geminiviruses transmitted by whiteflies. Based on its genome organization with inverted terminal repeats and evolutionarily conserved proteins mediating viral DNA replication (NS1/Rep) and encapsidation (VP), encoded on the forward and reverse strands, respectively, we named this virus Bemisia tabaci ambidensovirus (BtaDV) and classified it as a founding member of a new genus within the subfamily Densovirinae. This subfamily also contains three distinct genera of ambisense densoviruses of other hemipteran insects (Aphidoidea, Coccoidea, and Psylloidea). Furthermore, we provide evidence for the genetic variants of BtaDV circulating in whitefly populations and for its partial sequences integrated into the B. tabaci genome, with one integrant locus potentially expressing a fusion protein composed of viral Rep endonuclease and host DNA-binding domains. This suggests a long-term virus-host interaction and neofunctionalization of BtaDV-derived endogenous viral elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

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15 pages, 1609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expanding the Antiviral Spectrum of Scorpion-Derived Peptides Against Toscana Virus and Schmallenberg Virus

by Rosa Giugliano, Carla Zannella, Roberta Della Marca, Annalisa Chianese, Laura Di Clemente, Alessandra Monti, Nunzianna Doti, Federica Cacioppo, Valentina Iovane, Serena Montagnaro, Simona De Grazia, Massimiliano Galdiero and Anna De Filippis

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070713 - 19 Jul 2025

Viewed by 484

Abstract

Toscana virus (TOSV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) are arthropod-borne viruses from the Bunyaviricetes class, posing significant human and animal health threats. TOSV, endemic to the Mediterranean region, is a notable human pathogen detected in various animals, suggesting potential zoonotic reservoirs. SBV emerged in [...] Read more.

Toscana virus (TOSV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) are arthropod-borne viruses from the Bunyaviricetes class, posing significant human and animal health threats. TOSV, endemic to the Mediterranean region, is a notable human pathogen detected in various animals, suggesting potential zoonotic reservoirs. SBV emerged in Europe in 2011, affecting ruminants and causing reproductive issues, with substantial economic implications. The rapid spread of both viruses underscores the need for novel antiviral strategies. Host defense peptides (HDPs), particularly those derived from scorpion venom, are gaining attention for their antiviral potential. This study investigated pantinin-1 and pantinin-2 for their inhibitory activity against TOSV and SBV by plaque reduction assay, tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀) determination, and the analysis of M gene expression via qPCR. Both peptides exhibited potent virucidal activity, with IC₅₀ values of approximately 10 µM, depending on the specific in vitro cell model used. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) values were favorable across all virus/cell line combinations, with particularly optimal results observed for pantinin-2. In human U87-MG neuronal cells, both peptides effectively blocked TOSV infection, a critical finding given the virus’s association with neurological conditions like encephalitis. The strong efficacy of these peptides against these viruses underscores the broader applicability of venom-derived peptides as promising antiviral agents, particularly in the context of emerging viral pathogens and increasing resistance to conventional therapeutics. Further studies are needed to optimize their antiviral potency and to assess their safety in vivo using animal models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Challenges in Veterinary Virology)

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16 pages, 2557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surveillance of Salmonella Serovars in the Food Chain in Poland: A Five-Year Review (2016–2020)

by Ewelina Skrzypiec, Magdalena Skarżyńska, Magdalena Zając, Renata Kwit, Anna Lalak, Aleksandra Śmiałowska-Węglińska, Emilia Mikos-Wojewoda, Paulina Pasim, Weronika Koza, Dominika Wojdat, Inga Bona, Dominika Pastuszka, Sylwia Hudzik-Pałosz and Dariusz Wasyl

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070712 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 387

Abstract

(1) Background: Understanding the distribution of Salmonella serovars in food, animals, and their environments is crucial for identifying infection sources and monitoring pathogen prevalence in the food chain. This study analysed Salmonella serovars in Poland from 2016 to 2020, focusing on their epidemiological [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Understanding the distribution of Salmonella serovars in food, animals, and their environments is crucial for identifying infection sources and monitoring pathogen prevalence in the food chain. This study analysed Salmonella serovars in Poland from 2016 to 2020, focusing on their epidemiological significance. (2) Methods: Isolation of Salmonella was carried out following PN-EN ISO 6579 standards, and serotyping was performed using the White–Kauffmann–Le Minor scheme. A total of 7104 isolates were collected from food-producing animals, their environments, food of animal origin, feedingstuffs, and fertilisers. (3) Results: A total of 175 serovars were identified, with S. Enteritidis (n = 2905; 40.9%), S. Infantis (n = 1167; 16.4%), and S. Typhimurium (n = 360; 5.1%) being the most prevalent. Species-specific patterns were observed: S. Enteritidis dominated in chickens, ducks, and cattle; S. Kentucky in turkeys; S. Typhimurium in geese; and monophasic S. Typhimurium in pigs. S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis were most frequent in food of animal origin, especially broiler meat. In feedingstuffs, S. Agona was predominant, while fertilisers mostly contained S. Derby and S. Infantis. (4) Conclusions: The study highlights the source-dependent variety of Salmonella serovars and the importance of serotyping in tracing infection routes and preventing the spread of pathogens. Identifying the most common serovars supports the development of targeted preventive measures, including improved biosecurity, hygiene, and management practices to enhance food safety. Full article

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21 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pneumococcal Infection and Vaccination-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Saudi Residents

by Wed S. Althobaiti, Abeer D. Alnefaie, Kaifah M. Althaali, Ola M. Alsufyani, Yassmin M. Shebany, Ayman A. Atalla, Ibtihal M. Alotaibi, Eman Y. Santali and Sayed F. Abdelwahab

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070711 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Background and aims: Pneumococcal infections, primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, pose significant global public health challenges, particularly in vulnerable populations. In Saudi Arabia, the introduction of pneumococcal vaccination has been a crucial step towards its prevention. However, gaps in public knowledge [...] Read more.

Background and aims: Pneumococcal infections, primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, pose significant global public health challenges, particularly in vulnerable populations. In Saudi Arabia, the introduction of pneumococcal vaccination has been a crucial step towards its prevention. However, gaps in public knowledge and attitudes toward the vaccine may hinder its effectiveness. Recent studies indicate a lack of awareness about the benefits of pneumococcal vaccination, suggesting a need for further investigation. This study determined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Saudi residents regarding pneumococcal infection and vaccination. Study design and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted across Saudi Arabia from November 2024 to March 2025. Data were collected through a self-administered online questionnaire designed to evaluate KAP towards pneumococcal infection and vaccination. The sample size was calculated to be 385 participants. The questionnaire underwent expert validation and a pilot study to ensure clarity and reliability. The questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms to collect the data. Data management was conducted using Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26. Results: This study included 1230 participants of whom 630 (51.2%) were females and 1075 (87.4%) were Saudi citizens. Almost half of the participants (50.2%) were aged 18–30 years, and 498 (40.5%) were married. The average knowledge score was 58.6%, indicating a moderate level of understanding among the participants regarding pneumococcal infection. Also, the average attitudes score was 70.6%, reflecting a generally positive outlook towards the importance of pneumococcal vaccination and its potential to limit infection spread. In addition, the average practices score was 68%, indicating a fairly good level of behaviors regarding vaccination practices. Statistical analyses showed that demographic factors and clinical characteristics significantly shape individuals’ KAP towards pneumococcal infection and vaccination. Conclusions: This study highlights the critical need to improve KAP regarding pneumococcal infections and vaccinations among Saudi residents and could help in developing more targeted and effective public health interventions to protect Saudi residents from pneumococcal infections. Full article

11 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

First Report of Triple Viral Co-Infection (PPV, PCV2, PCMV) in Wild Boars in the Western Balkans

by Dimitrije Glišić, Sofija Šolaja, Kukilo Stevan, Vesna Milićević, Miloš Vučićević, Jelena Aleksić and Dajana Davitkov

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070710 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 583

Abstract

Wild boars are recognized reservoirs of numerous viral pathogens, posing a significant risk to domestic pig populations, particularly in areas with poor biosecurity. This study assessed the prevalence and co-infection patterns of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), [...] Read more.

Wild boars are recognized reservoirs of numerous viral pathogens, posing a significant risk to domestic pig populations, particularly in areas with poor biosecurity. This study assessed the prevalence and co-infection patterns of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) in wild boars from western Serbia and the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Sixty-six spleen samples from legally hunted wild boars were analyzed by qPCR. All animals were negative for ASFV, CSFV, and PRV. The cumulative prevalence of infection with at least one of the other three viruses was 86.4% (95% CI: 76.2–92.8%). PCMV was detected in 74.2% of samples, PCV2 in 50%, and PPV in 28.8%. Co-infections were common: 42.4% of animals were positive for two viruses, and 12.1% for all three. A statistically significant association was observed between triple co-infection and sex, with higher rates in males. Subadult wild boars showed the highest PCV2 + PCMV co-infection rate (p = 0.0547). These findings highlight the need to expand molecular surveillance, particularly for PCMV, in both wild and domestic pigs, especially in regions reliant on low-biosecurity backyard farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Challenges in Veterinary Virology)

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15 pages, 311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Activity of Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) Against Oxacillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolated from Dogs with Otitis Externa

by Vanessa Danielle de Freitas, Edison Lorran Jerdlicka Coelho, Janaina Marcela Assunção Rosa Moreira, Valéria Dutra, Valéria Régia Franco Sousa and Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070709 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 551

Abstract

Infections caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius are increasingly common in veterinary medicine. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics by pet owners worsens this problem, reducing treatment efficacy and creating the need for alternative therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of clove [...] Read more.

Infections caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius are increasingly common in veterinary medicine. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics by pet owners worsens this problem, reducing treatment efficacy and creating the need for alternative therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) on both oxacillin-resistant and susceptible S. pseudintermedius. Thirty-five isolates from dogs with otitis externa were analyzed. The bacteria were identified by phenotypic tests and tested for susceptibility to 22 antibiotics using disk diffusion. Resistance genes (mecA and blaZ) were detected using conventional PCR. Among the isolates, 34.28% (12/35) were positive for mecA, and 97.14% (34/35) for blaZ. The essential oil’s efficacy was assessed using broth microdilution to determine its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Clove oil showed an average MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 6.4 mg/mL, inhibiting both resistant and susceptible isolates. In conclusion, clove essential oil demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activity against S. pseudintermedius. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach of Otitis Externa and Media in Dogs and Cats)

18 pages, 2419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Delta to Omicron—Genetic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 (hCoV-19) in Southern Poland

by Maria Miklasińska-Majdanik, Emilia Morawiec, Jolanta Bratosiewicz-Wąsik, Karol Serwin, Adam Pudełko, Michał Czerwiński, Anna Bednarska-Czerwińska, Miłosz Parczewski and Tomasz J. Wąsik

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070708 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 516

Abstract

Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it has evolved, leading to variants that differ in their transmissibility, severity of disease, and susceptibility to therapy. Our goal was to describe the dynamics of [...] Read more.

Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it has evolved, leading to variants that differ in their transmissibility, severity of disease, and susceptibility to therapy. Our goal was to describe the dynamics of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants among the population of the southern part of Poland (Silesia) in the period from September 2021 to August 2022. Our results showed that, like in the rest of Poland or in neighboring countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia), Delta was replaced by the Omicron BA.1 variant, isolated for the first time in December 2021, and subsequently Omicron BA.2 and its derivative subvariants acquiring further mutations. Finally, in August 2022, only the BA.5.2.26 subvariant was present in Silesia. However, we noted differences in the dynamics of emergence and spread of some Omicron subvariants compared to the rest of Poland and the neighboring countries, which may be due to differences in population density or import of the virus from other regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

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14 pages, 2675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Clostridium Perfringens Challenge Model in Broiler Chickens to Evaluate the Effects of Feed Additives

by Anna Kollár, Kinga Selymes, Gergely Tóth, Sándor Szekeres, Péter Ferenc Dobra, Krisztina Bárdos, László Ózsvári, Zsófia Bata, Viviána Molnár-Nagy and Miklós Tenk

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070707 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 520

Abstract

Necrotic enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a disease present worldwide and causes major economic losses. The re-emergence of the disease, in recent years, is mainly due to the ban of the usage of antibiotics as growth promoters in [...] Read more.

Necrotic enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a disease present worldwide and causes major economic losses. The re-emergence of the disease, in recent years, is mainly due to the ban of the usage of antibiotics as growth promoters in the EU. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable, robust challenge model. Ross hybrid broilers were divided into randomized groups: a positive and a negative control group, a group receiving antibiotic treatment and three groups fed with assorted feed supplements, all receiving the same basal diet. The birds in the treatment groups were vaccinated twice using a 10-times dose of an Infectious Bursitis live vaccine and the animals were challenged four times with a NetB toxin producing C. perfringens strain. The presence of clinical signs and body weight gain were monitored. At the end of the study necropsy was performed and the gut lesions were scored. During the experiment, clinical signs were absent in the negative control group and in the antibiotic treated group. The other animals displayed diarrhea and feather loss. These symptoms were the most pronounced in the positive control group. The gut lesion scores showed significant differences between the negative and positive control groups, with the former scoring the lowest. Based on these results, the challenge model establishment was successful and in this setup the assessment of the potency of feed additives is also possible. Full article

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12 pages, 467 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exophiala Bloodstream Infections in Humans—A Narrative Review

by Afroditi Ziogou, Alexios Giannakodimos, Ilias Giannakodimos, Stella Baliou, Andreas G. Tsantes and Petros Ioannou

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070706 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

Background: Exophiala spp. are dematiaceous fungi with opportunistic pathogenic potential and a widespread environmental presence. Clinical cases of Exophiala spp. fungemia are uncommon. Although rarely encountered in the general population, these organisms are increasingly reported in immunocompromised individuals or those with complex [...] Read more.

Background: Exophiala spp. are dematiaceous fungi with opportunistic pathogenic potential and a widespread environmental presence. Clinical cases of Exophiala spp. fungemia are uncommon. Although rarely encountered in the general population, these organisms are increasingly reported in immunocompromised individuals or those with complex underlying health conditions. Objectives: This review seeks to examine all documented human cases of Exophiala spp. fungemia, with particular focus on aspects such as epidemiology, microbiological features, resistance patterns, therapeutic approaches and associated mortality rates. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using data sourced from the PubMed/MedLine and Scopus databases. Results: A total of 19 articles described infections in 32 patients involving Exophiala spp. fungemia. The mean patient age was 49.2 years, and 65.6% were male. Central venous catheters emerged as the leading predisposing factor (96.9%). Fever represented the most frequent clinical presentation (50%), followed by organ dysfunction (21.9%). The yeast generally demonstrated susceptibility to voriconazole and itraconazole. Voriconazole was also the most frequently administered antifungal (62.5%), followed by amphotericin (31.3%) and micafungin (28.1%). Overall mortality reached 34.4%, with 25% of deaths specifically caused by the infection. Conclusions: Given the potential of Exophiala spp. to cause severe fungemia, healthcare professionals, particularly clinicians and microbiologists, should consider this pathogen in the differential diagnosis when black yeast is detected in blood cultures, especially in patients with immunodeficiency or significant comorbidities, to ensure timely and accurate identification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Dark Side of Fungi: Exploring Pathogenesis in Candida and Other Fungal Pathogens)

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15 pages, 3300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Class 1, 2, and 3 Integrons, Antibiotic Resistance Patterns, and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Hospital-Acquired Infections

by Eman E. Hegazy, Wageih Salem ElNaghy, Marwa M. Shalaby, Sarah M. Shoeib, Nashwa S. M. Abdeen, Mohamed H. Fouda, Ola A. Elshora, Mohammed H. Elnaggar, Waleed Elrefaey, Rasha Youssef Hagag, Ahmed A. Elhadidy, Mohamed A. Elsebaey, Mohamed A. Eltomey, Ahmed Mohamed El Nakib, Mai Nabil Ageez and Maha S. Elnady

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070705 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 525

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation complicate Staphylococcus aureus infections, raising concerns for global health. Understanding antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in these pathogens is essential for effective infection management. The current research aimed to assess antibiotic resistance patterns, biofilm formation, and the occurrence [...] Read more.

Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation complicate Staphylococcus aureus infections, raising concerns for global health. Understanding antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in these pathogens is essential for effective infection management. The current research aimed to assess antibiotic resistance patterns, biofilm formation, and the occurrence of integron classes 1, 2, and 3 in clinical S. aureus isolates. The disc diffusion method tested antibiotic susceptibility. MRSA strains were identified by cefoxitin disc diffusion, and the mecA gene by PCR. The D-test also assessed macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B. A microtiter plate assay assessed biofilm formation. By PCR, integron classes were examined. Of the 63 S. aureus isolates, 25 were MSSA and 38 were MRSA. Pus (39.5%) was the most prevalent clinical source of MRSA isolates, while blood (24%) was the predominant source of MSSA isolates. MRSA isolates were more resistant to clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and doxycycline than MSSA isolates. In total, 76.2% of the isolates produced biofilm. Biofilm-producing isolates were more resistant to cefoxitin and clindamycin. The isolates had 33.3% cMLSB resistance. The intI1 gene was found in 21 S. aureus isolates (33.3%), whereas the intI2 or intI3 genes were not detected. Our findings demonstrate the need for strict infection control to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria. Full article

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26 pages, 2715 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in the Context of the One Health Approach: A Systematic Review

by Sophie Deli Tene, Abou Abdallah Malick Diouara, Sarbanding Sané and Seynabou Coundoul

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070704 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 602

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a pathogen that has caused various epidemics and sporadic localized cases. It is considered to be a public health problem worldwide. HEV is a small RNA virus with a significant genetic diversity, a broad host range, and a [...] Read more.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a pathogen that has caused various epidemics and sporadic localized cases. It is considered to be a public health problem worldwide. HEV is a small RNA virus with a significant genetic diversity, a broad host range, and a heterogeneous geographical distribution. HEV is mainly transmitted via the faecal–oral route. However, some animals are considered to be natural or potential reservoirs of HEV, thus elucidating the zoonotic route of transmission via the environment through contact with these animals or consumption of their by-products. Other routes of human-to-human transmission are not negligible. The various human–animal–environment entities, taken under one health approach, show the circulation and involvement of the different species (mainly Paslahepevirus balayani and Rocahepevirus ratti) and genotypes in the spreading of HEV infection. Regarding P. balayani, eight genotypes have been described, of which five genotypes (HEV-1 to 4 and HEV-7) are known to infect humans, while six have been reported to infect animals (HEV-3 to HEV-8). Furthermore, the C1 genotype of the rat HEV strain (HEV-C1) is known to be more frequently involved in human infections than the HEV-C2 genotype, which is known to infect mainly ferrets and minks. Contamination can occur during run-off, flooding, and poor sanitation, resulting in all of these genotypes being disseminated in the environment, contaminating both humans and animals. This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO 2025 CRD420251071192. This research highlights the importance of investigating the transmission routes and major circulating HEV genotypes in order to adopt a holistic approach for controlling its emergence and preventing future outbreaks. In addition, this article outlines the knowledge of HEV in Africa, underlining the absence of large-scale studies at the environmental, human, and animal levels, which could improve HEV surveillance on the continent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection Among Humans and Animals: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, Treatment and Prevention—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Fatal Paraclostridium sordellii Infection: Post-Mortem Assessment and Review of the Literature

by Martina Focardi, Simone Faccioli, Beatrice Defraia, Rossella Grifoni, Ilenia Bianchi, Fabio Vaiano, Luca Novelli, Nunziata Ciccone, Emanuele Capasso, Francesca Malentacchi, Vilma Pinchi and Gian Maria Rossolini

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070703 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 548

Abstract

Clostridium sordellii, which has recently been reclassified as Paeniclostridium sordellii and subsequently as Paraclostridium sordellii, is a rare human pathogen linked to infections of high morbidity and mortality, often presenting as fulminant toxic shock syndrome. Although most documented cases involve individuals [...] Read more.

Clostridium sordellii, which has recently been reclassified as Paeniclostridium sordellii and subsequently as Paraclostridium sordellii, is a rare human pathogen linked to infections of high morbidity and mortality, often presenting as fulminant toxic shock syndrome. Although most documented cases involve individuals with pre-existing health issues, such as immunosuppression and cancer, or those who have undergone specific gynecological procedures, there are few instances reported in otherwise healthy individuals. In this report, we present a case of fatality associated with P. sordellii infection in a young individual with a history of drug abuse, following post-mortem examinations. Additionally, we provide an updated review of the latest literature on this topic. Full article

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13 pages, 1335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Review of Children Hospitalized for Epstein–Barr Virus-Related Infectious Mononucleosis

by Shufeng Tian, Jinjun Zheng, Zhe Zhou, Qingluan Yang, Biao Sun, Yuxi Li, Zengrui Lin, Yuchun Long, Song Guan, Sen Wang, Jiexin Zhuang, Wenhong Zhang, Lingyun Shao and Jikui Deng

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070702 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 532

Abstract

Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the clinical characteristics, complications, and treatment outcomes of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-related infectious mononucleosis (IM) in children and to identify risk factors associated with prolonged fever and abnormal liver function. Methods: This retrospective study included 3006 children admitted [...] Read more.

Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the clinical characteristics, complications, and treatment outcomes of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-related infectious mononucleosis (IM) in children and to identify risk factors associated with prolonged fever and abnormal liver function. Methods: This retrospective study included 3006 children admitted to Shenzhen Children’s Hospital from May 2009 to April 2024 with suspected EBV-related IM. After excluding cases without etiological evidence and those with underlying diseases, 2660 cases were analyzed. Data on demographics, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, complications, and treatment outcomes were collected. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for prolonged fever and abnormal liver function. Results: Among the 2660 confirmed cases, patients ranged from 8 months to 17 years of age, with a median age of 4 years and a male-to-female ratio of 1.46:1. Co-infections were identified in 369 (13.9%) patients, predominantly with Group A Streptococcus. Complications occurred in 560 (24.46%) of the 2289 patients without co-infections, with bronchitis being the most common (42.68%). Elevated ferritin and atypical lymphocyte percentage were associated with prolonged fever (p < 0.001), while elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and a lower CD4% predicted abnormal liver function (p < 0.001). Antiviral therapy did not shorten fever duration or hospital stay but prolonged both when combined with corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Specific laboratory markers such as ferritin, atypical lymphocyte percentage, LDH, and CD4% are important predictors of prolonged fever or liver dysfunction in EBV-IM. Our findings suggest that antiviral therapy may not be beneficial in uncomplicated cases and highlight the need for tailored treatment strategies to optimize patient outcomes. Full article

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15 pages, 2270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Progress in Our Understanding of the Cross-Protection Mechanism of CTV-VT No-SY Isolates Against Homologous SY Isolates

by Grazia Licciardello, Giuseppe Scuderi, Marcella Russo, Marina Bazzano, Giuseppe Paradiso, Moshe Bar-Joseph and Antonino F. Catara

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070701 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 400

Abstract

The Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a member of the Closterovirus genus, is considered a serious threat to citrus trees grafted onto sour orange (SO) rootstock. In the Mediterranean area, the most prevalent CTV strains are VT and T30. The VT strain includes both [...] Read more.

The Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a member of the Closterovirus genus, is considered a serious threat to citrus trees grafted onto sour orange (SO) rootstock. In the Mediterranean area, the most prevalent CTV strains are VT and T30. The VT strain includes both mild and severe isolates, some of them associated with seedling yellows (SY) syndrome. Mild CTV-VT isolates that do not induce SY symptoms (no-SY) show minor variations in their Orf1a, p23, and p33 genes, with a single nucleotide polymorphism at position 161 of the p23 gene. These isolates can repress superinfection with homologous severe isolates. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of cross-protection by means of biological indexing, real-time RT-PCR high-resolution melting (HRM), and p23 gene amplicon sequencing. Four no-SY CTV-VT isolates were inoculated onto SO seedlings and Hamlin sweet orange trees grafted on SO. These plants were later challenged with two homologous CTV-VT SY isolates and remained asymptomatic. The biological evaluation of the infection process in superinfected plants was investigated via inoculation of the bark on SO seedlings that were also asymptomatic. A parallel HRM analysis of midvein RNA extracts revealed that the melting temperature (Tm) of the no-SY isolates was statistically lower than that of the SY isolates. The Tm values of RNAs extracts from superinfected plants were not statistically different from those of the no-SY isolates. This suggests that the SY isolates failed to establish infection or replicate in plants pre-inoculated with no-SY isolates. This blockage of replication resembles superinfection exclusion, with attractive perspectives to prevent SY damage in field applications. Full article

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21 pages, 8833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Hazara Virus as a Surrogate for Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Enables Inactivation Studies at a Low Biosafety Level

by Judith Olejnik, Kristina Meier, Jarod N. Herrera, Daniel J. DeStasio, Dylan J. Deeney, Elizabeth Y. Flores, Mitchell R. White, Adam J. Hume and Elke Mühlberger

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070700 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Research on highly pathogenic biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) viruses that are classified as Select Agents involves transferring inactivated materials to lower containment levels for further analysis. Compliance with Select Agent and BSL-4 safety regulations necessitates the validation and verification of inactivation procedures. To [...] Read more.

Research on highly pathogenic biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) viruses that are classified as Select Agents involves transferring inactivated materials to lower containment levels for further analysis. Compliance with Select Agent and BSL-4 safety regulations necessitates the validation and verification of inactivation procedures. To streamline this process, it would be beneficial to use surrogate BSL-2 viruses for inactivation studies. This not only simplifies BSL-4 work but also enables the testing and validation of inactivation procedures in research facilities that lack access to high-containment laboratories yet may receive samples containing highly pathogenic viruses that require efficient and complete inactivation. In this study, we used Hazara virus (HAZV) as a surrogate virus for Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus to show the efficacy of various inactivation methods. We demonstrate the successful inactivation of HAZV using TRIzol/TRIzol LS and aldehyde fixation. Importantly, the parameters of the aldehyde inactivation of cell pellets differed from those of the monolayers, highlighting the importance of inactivation validation. As part of this study, we also defined specific criteria that must be met by a BSL-2 virus to be used as a surrogate for a closely related BSL-4 virus. Defining these criteria helps identify suitable nonpathogenic surrogates for developing inactivation procedures for highly pathogenic viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Molecular Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Management of Viral Pathogens)

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18 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Frontier of Entomo-Virology: Applications and Tools for Virus and Vector Surveillance

by Poliana da Silva Lemos, Mayron Mielly Morais Pacheco, Bruna Laís Sena do Nascimento, Mônica Silva Coelho, Luciano Chaves Franco Filho, Daniel Damous Dias, Leonardo Sena, Sandro Patroca da Silva and Maria Anice Mureb Sallum

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070699 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 572

Abstract

The term ‘entomo-virology’ arose because of the confluence of entomology and virology, focused on deepening the knowledge about the interactions between vectors and viruses and the aspects that involve hosts and the environment. Based on this, entomo-virological surveillance was proposed, aiming to develop [...] Read more.

The term ‘entomo-virology’ arose because of the confluence of entomology and virology, focused on deepening the knowledge about the interactions between vectors and viruses and the aspects that involve hosts and the environment. Based on this, entomo-virological surveillance was proposed, aiming to develop tools that strengthen prevention for arboviral disease and vector control strategies. This review aims to present a narrative synthesis regarding the component elements of the concept of entomo-virology. In addition, the applications and tools for the surveillance of viruses and vectors, their implementation challenges, and perspectives are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Control and Molecular Diagnostics of Vector-Borne Infections)

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7 pages, 788 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Nocardia cyriacigeorgica in a Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) from Arizona, USA

by Susan Knowles, Brenda M. Berlowski-Zier, Anne Justice-Allen, Barbara L. Bodenstein and Jeffrey M. Lorch

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070698 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 370

Abstract

Nocardia spp. are opportunistic pathogens of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife that can cause high levels of morbidity and mortality. Here, we present a unique case of nocardial airsacculitis in a free-ranging mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) from Arizona, USA, and compare it [...] Read more.

Nocardia spp. are opportunistic pathogens of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife that can cause high levels of morbidity and mortality. Here, we present a unique case of nocardial airsacculitis in a free-ranging mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) from Arizona, USA, and compare it to the hosts, geographic distribution, diagnostic methodology, and infection site of known nocardiosis cases in birds. A gross necropsy, histopathology, and bacterial culture were performed. There were no gross findings associated with the nocardiosis. Histopathology showed multiple granulomas expanding the air sac with intralesional filamentous bacteria that were Grocott’s methenamine silver-positive, Fite–Faraco and Ziehl–Neelsen acid-fast, positive with the Periodic acid–Schiff reaction, and variably Gram-positive. The organism was isolated in culture and identified as Nocardia cyriacigeorgica based on the sequencing of a 463 bp portion of the 16S rRNA gene. While reports of nocardiosis in the class Aves are rare and some are possibly misdiagnosed due to limited diagnostics, cases are reported globally, sometimes resulting in epizootics. More information is needed to understand whether immunosuppression plays a role in disease development in birds. Known to be an emerging pathogen in humans, N. cyriacigeorgica can be considered as a differential diagnosis for pulmonary and potentially cutaneous or disseminated infections in birds. Full article

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11 pages, 2361 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Reexamining a Host-Associated Genomic Diversity of Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV) Isolates from Phaseolus Species and Other Fabaceae Hosts

by Luciane de Nazaré Almeida dos Reis, Josiane Goulart Batista, Maria Luiza Fernandes de Oliveira, Maria Esther de Noronha Fonseca, Josias Corrêa de Faria, Francisco José Lima Aragão, Leonardo Silva Boiteux and Rita de Cássia Pereira-Carvalho

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070697 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 375

Abstract

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris and P. lunatus) are the major hosts of bean golden mosaic begomovirus (BGMV). Robust taxonomic criteria were established for Begomovirus species demarcation. However, DNA–A identities among BGMV isolates display a continuous variation (89–100%), which conflicts with the current concept [...] Read more.

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris and P. lunatus) are the major hosts of bean golden mosaic begomovirus (BGMV). Robust taxonomic criteria were established for Begomovirus species demarcation. However, DNA–A identities among BGMV isolates display a continuous variation (89–100%), which conflicts with the current concept of a single viral species. The diversity of 146 Brazilian isolates designated in the GenBank as BGMV was assessed by comparing their complete DNA–A sequences. The isolates were clustered into four groups, being discriminated mainly by their original Fabaceae hosts. Additional Sequence Demarcation Tool analyses indicated that BGMV-related viruses comprise two clear-cut groups: isolates reported infecting mainly P. vulgaris (identities of 96–97% to the reference NC_004042 isolate) and a group associated with P. lunatus (identities of 89–91%). Moreover, we recognized a distinct set of genomic features in the iterons and Rep-associated protein motifs across these two diversity groups. The host prevalence and genomic differences suggest that most P. lunatus isolates are currently misclassified as BGMV strains, being more likely samples of a closely related (but distinct) Begomovirus species. Hence, the implications of this BGMV diversity should be taken into consideration by classical and biotech breeding programs aiming for large-spectrum viral resistance in Phaseolus species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

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13 pages, 1576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Bacteriological Profiles of Pathogens Associated with Genitourinary Infections in Secondary Healthcare Facilities in the Volta Region of Ghana

by Hayford Odoi, Naodiah Opoku, Brigham Adusei, Kenneth Danquah, Gilbert Vordzogbe, Divine Mayer, Araba Hutton-Nyameaye, Jonathan Jato, Samuel O. Somuah, Emmanuel Orman, Inemesit O. Ben, Thelma A. Aku, Rita Sewornu, Preet Panesar, Yogini H. Jani and Cornelius C. Dodoo

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070696 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 556

Abstract

Urogenital infections contribute greatly to both hospital- and community-acquired infections. In Ghana, the prevalence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics is relatively high. This study sought to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial urogenital pathogens from patient samples in a regional and district [...] Read more.

Urogenital infections contribute greatly to both hospital- and community-acquired infections. In Ghana, the prevalence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics is relatively high. This study sought to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial urogenital pathogens from patient samples in a regional and district hospital in the Volta Region of Ghana. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data obtained between January and December 2023 from Volta Regional Hospital and Margret Marquart Catholic Hospital. Bacteria were isolated from urine, urethral swabs, and vaginal swabs from 204 patients. Data on culture and sensitivity assays performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method were extracted and analyzed using WHONET. The most prevalent organisms isolated from the samples from both facilities were Escherichia coli (24.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (21.5%), and Klebsiella oxytoca (8.8%). The isolates were mostly resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (n = 75, 95% CI [91.8–99.9]), meropenem (n = 61, 95% CI [87.6–99.4]), cefuroxime (n = 54, 95% CI [78.9–96.5]), ampicillin (n = 124, 95% CI [61.2–77.9]), and piperacillin (n = 43, 95% CI [82.9–99.2]). Multidrug-resistant (MDR, 70 (34.1%)), extensively drug-resistant (XDR, 63 (30.7%)), and pandrug-resistant (PDR, 9 (4.3%)) strains of S. aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified from the patient samples. The study highlights the presence of high-priority resistant urogenital pathogens of public health significance to varied antibiotic groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

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23 pages, 2535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defining Soilborne Pathogen Complexes Provides a New Foundation for the Effective Management of Faba Bean Root Diseases in Ethiopia

by Solomon Yilma, Berhanu Bekele, Joop Van Leur, Ming Pei You, Seid-Ahmed Kemal, Danièle Giblot-Ducray, Kelly Hill, Thangavel Selvaraji, Alemu Lencho, Lemma Driba and Martin J. Barbetti

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070695 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1189

Abstract

Soilborne diseases cause losses of 45–70% in faba bean in Ethiopia. Studies were undertaken to define soilborne pathogens and their complexes in Ethiopia. First, the severity of root rot was assessed in 150 field sites across seven Ethiopian regions. Soil samples were collected, [...] Read more.

Soilborne diseases cause losses of 45–70% in faba bean in Ethiopia. Studies were undertaken to define soilborne pathogens and their complexes in Ethiopia. First, the severity of root rot was assessed in 150 field sites across seven Ethiopian regions. Soil samples were collected, and the DNA of 29 pests and pathogens was quantified using a commercial quantitative PCR (qPCR) soil testing service. There was a very high incidence rate of Macrophomina phaseolina, as well as Pythium clades F and I. The other detected species in order of incidence included Fusarium redolens, Rhizoctonia solani, Aphanomyces euteiches, Phytophthora megasperma, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor, and Verticillium dahliae, as well as low levels of Thielaviopsis basicola. Five anastomosis groups (AG) of R. solani, namely AG2.1, AG2.2, AG3, AG4, and AG5, were detected, of which AG2.2 and AG4 were most prevalent. We believe this is the first report of occurrence for Ethiopia of A. euteiches, Ph. megasperma, T. basicola, and the five AGs for R. solani. There were very high incidence rates of the foliar pathogens Botrytis cinerea, B. fabae, Didymella pinodes, and Phoma pinodella and of the nematode Pratylenchus thornei, followed by P. neglectus and P. penetrans. The root rot severity and distribution varied significantly across regions, as well as with soil types, soil pH, and soil drainage. Subsequently, metabarcoding of the soil DNA was undertaken using three primer pairs targeting fungi (ITS2), Fusarium species (TEF1 α), and Oomycetes (ITS1Oo). The ITS2 and TEF1α primers emphasized F. oxysporum as the most abundant soilborne fungal pathogen and highlighted F. ananatum, F. brachygibbosum, F. brevicaudatum, F. clavum, F. flagelliforme, F. keratoplasticum, F. napiforme, F. nelsonii, F. neocosmosporiellum, F. torulosum, and F. vanettenii as first reports of occurrence for Ethiopia. The ITS1Oo primer confirmed Pythium spp. as the most prevalent of all Oomycetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Fungal Infections)

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19 pages, 2792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Opposite Responses of Interferon and Proinflammatory Cytokines Induced by Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Macrophages

by Iván Martínez-Espinoza and Antonieta Guerrero-Plata

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070694 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 560

Abstract

Macrophages are a principal pulmonary source of type I and III interferons (IFNs), initiating and coordinating the early antiviral response to respiratory viral infections. Yet the contribution of macrophage-derived IFNs to host defense during human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection remains poorly defined. Here, we [...] Read more.

Macrophages are a principal pulmonary source of type I and III interferons (IFNs), initiating and coordinating the early antiviral response to respiratory viral infections. Yet the contribution of macrophage-derived IFNs to host defense during human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection remains poorly defined. Here, we use human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and THP-1-derived macrophages to analyze the IFN responses induced by HMPV compared to its closely related human pneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We show that HMPV induced a robust response of type I and type III IFNs and ISGs, whereas RSV elicited only a modest, delayed IFN response despite strong IRF activation; instead, RSV preferentially activates NF-κB and exhibits a pronounced proinflammatory cytokine output. Our results highlight the role of macrophages as key modulators of the IFN and proinflammatory responses during HMPV and RSV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Viral Pathogenesis, Host Immune Responses and Immunotherapies)

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15 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessReview

Epidemiology of Chronic Hepatitis C in First Nations Populations in Canadian Prairie Provinces

by Kate P. R. Dunn, Dennis Wardman, Maxim Trubnikov, Chris Sarin, Tom Wong, Hongqun Liu and Samuel S. Lee

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070693 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 456

Abstract

Current structural barriers experienced by First Nations in Canada shape access and engagement for testing and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. This non-systematic informative review considers transdisciplinary perspectives, regional data, and published literature connecting context to the disproportionate HCV burden experienced [...] Read more.

Current structural barriers experienced by First Nations in Canada shape access and engagement for testing and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. This non-systematic informative review considers transdisciplinary perspectives, regional data, and published literature connecting context to the disproportionate HCV burden experienced by First Nations populations in the prairie provinces of Canada, and offers examples of participatory and community-led initiatives working toward the elimination of HCV as a public health threat. First Nations in Canada are disproportionately impacted by chronic HCV infection, with a reported rate of newly diagnosed HCV cases in First Nations communities five times the respective rate in the general Canadian population in 2022. This review explores the reasons underlying the disproportionate burden of HCV infection. Significant over-representation of First Nations in the Canadian Prairies is seen in the major risk categories for HCV acquisition, and the impact of these risk factors is aggravated by barriers to accessing healthcare services and medication coverage. These barriers stem from the legacy of colonialism, discrimination, disenfranchisement, and are exacerbated by stigmatization, victimization, and racism in the justice and healthcare systems. Other contributory factors that impede access to care include inadequate healthcare clinic staffing and infrastructure in First Nations communities, and significant geographical distances between First Nations reserves and laboratories, pharmacies, and treating/prescribing healthcare providers. Recent recognition of historical harms and early steps towards nation-to-nation reconciliation, along with support for culturally connected, holistic, and First Nations-led wellness programs, instill hope that elimination strategies to eradicate HCV infection in First Nations populations will be successful in Canada. Full article

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11 pages, 449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of a Laboratory-Developed Test for the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Using a High-Throughput Approach

by Valeria Conciatori, Sarah Di Sopra, Elisa Franchin, Ioannis Bekas, Giuseppe Di Pietra, Ignazio Castagliuolo, Cristiano Salata and Claudia Del Vecchio

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070692 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant causative agent of atypical pneumonia in both children and adults. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate patient management. Conventional methods for detecting M. pneumoniae, such as culture and serology, exhibit several limitations regarding sensitivity, specificity, [...] Read more.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant causative agent of atypical pneumonia in both children and adults. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate patient management. Conventional methods for detecting M. pneumoniae, such as culture and serology, exhibit several limitations regarding sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time. In contrast, real-time PCR is considered the most reliable, rapid, and sensitive technique for the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection. In this study, we adapted and validated an in-house real-time PCR assay for use on the fully automated Panther Fusion^® System. The validation process included two artificial samples, five external quality controls, and sixty-two patient samples. We evaluated the performance in terms of precision, sensitivity, linearity, and analytical sensitivity, comparing it to the original in-house assay. The Panther Fusion^® System demonstrated a broad dynamic range (16–1.6 × 10⁷ copies/reaction), a robust correlation (94%) with the in-house assay, and comparable sensitivity (46 copies/mL vs. 25 copies/mL). The concordance between the in-house real-time PCR and the Panther Fusion^® System was 100% for both clinical samples and external quality controls. The adaptation of the test to the Panther Fusion^® System enabled the inclusion of M. pneumoniae among the pathogens monitored for respiratory infection surveillance. Throughout 2024, we analyzed 2567 samples, with a peak positivity rate of 38% observed in August. These findings underscore the significance of employing the M. pneumoniae diagnostic assay on the Panther Fusion^® System which proves valuable for the detection of M. pneumoniae infections. This platform offers the advantages of increased automation and greater throughput potential compared to other platforms, enhancing the efficiency of respiratory pathogen detection in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

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Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis and CFEM Gene Overexpression in Metschnikowia bicuspidata Under Hemocyte and Iron Ion Stress

by Bingnan Zuo, Xiaodong Li, Ji Zhang, Bingyu Li, Na Sun and Fang Liang

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070691 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 433

Abstract

The “milky disease” in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis), caused by Metschnikowia bicuspidata, poses significant threats to aquaculture, though its pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study employs transcriptomic sequencing to analyze gene expression changes in Metschnikowia bicuspidata under hemocyte [...] Read more.

The “milky disease” in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis), caused by Metschnikowia bicuspidata, poses significant threats to aquaculture, though its pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study employs transcriptomic sequencing to analyze gene expression changes in Metschnikowia bicuspidata under hemocyte challenge, iron overload (1 mmol/mL), and combined stress, with functional validation through Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane (CFEMgene) overexpression strains. Key findings reveal that (1) hemocyte challenge activated base excision repair (−log₁₀[P] = 7.58) and ribosome biogenesis pathways, indicating fungal adaptation through DNA repair and enhanced protein synthesis to counter host immune attacks (e.g., ROS-mediated damage). (2) Iron overload induced glutathione metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway enrichment, demonstrating mitigation of ferroptosis through NADPH/GSH antioxidant systems and autophagy/proteasome coordination. (3) Under combined stress, ribosome biogenesis (−log₁₀[P] = 1.3) and non-homologous end-joining pathways coordinated DNA repair with stress protein synthesis, complemented by vacuolar V-ATPase-mediated iron compartmentalization. (4) CFEM genes showed significant upregulation under hemocyte stress, with overexpression strains exhibiting enhanced biofilm formation (35% increased MTT cytotoxicity) and infectivity (40% higher infection rate), confirming CFEM domains mediate pathogenesis through iron homeostasis and virulence factor production. This work elucidates how M. bicuspidata employs metabolic reprogramming, oxidative stress responses, and CFEM-mediated iron regulation to establish infection, providing critical insights for developing targeted control strategies against milky disease. Full article

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Pathogens, Volume 14, Issue 7 (July 2025) – 113 articles

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