Social Sciences

20 pages, 668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Hidden Workers in Australia: Who Are the Hidden Workers and What Makes Them Hidden?

by Sora Lee, Woojin Kang and Jodi Oakman

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070446 - 21 Jul 2025

Viewed by 302

The pattern of labour underutilisation is complex and multifaceted, but research has been focused on unemployment. To explore socio-economic demographics of other forms of labour underutilisation, this study investigates the concept of ‘hidden workers’ using the latest data from the Household, Income and [...] Read more.

The pattern of labour underutilisation is complex and multifaceted, but research has been focused on unemployment. To explore socio-economic demographics of other forms of labour underutilisation, this study investigates the concept of ‘hidden workers’ using the latest data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) study. Hidden workers are composed of three categories, namely those who are unemployed but actively seeking employment; working part-time but willing and able to work full-time; and not working but are willing and able to work under the right conditions. Analysis of HILDA data from 2022 reveals (i) a significant discrepancy in the incidence of unemployed and hidden workers across various socio-economic factors, and (ii) a pronounced age and gender differences among hidden workers, which is not easily discernible from standard unemployment descriptive statistics. Effective labour market policy depends on accurately identifying the different types of hidden workers and their social determinants. This study offers valuable insights to support more inclusive policies for hidden workers, who are often overlooked. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hidden Workers in the Ageing World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Becoming a Citizen in the Age of Trump: Citizenship as Social Rights for Latines in Texas

by Nancy Plankey-Videla and Mary E. Campbell

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070445 - 21 Jul 2025

Viewed by 570

Abstract

In the anti-immigrant national context of the first Trump administration, what motivated Latine immigrants in Texas to pursue naturalization? Based on 31 Spanish and English semi-structured interviews conducted during 2017–2019, we examine how lawful permanent residents’ (LPRs’) perceptions of contemporary immigration policy and [...] Read more.

In the anti-immigrant national context of the first Trump administration, what motivated Latine immigrants in Texas to pursue naturalization? Based on 31 Spanish and English semi-structured interviews conducted during 2017–2019, we examine how lawful permanent residents’ (LPRs’) perceptions of contemporary immigration policy and their social rights affect their motivations to naturalize. Surprisingly, we find that although fear of deportation was an extremely common motivation, it was rarely the residents’ primary motivation. When asked why they wanted to naturalize, our respondents expressed four primary motivations grounded in their claims for social rights: proactive (gain the right to vote, benefit the group), pragmatic (expedite family reunification, access better jobs, benefit the individual), defensive (protect against deportation), and emotional (formalize a sense of belonging). Although 60 percent of interview subjects mentioned some defensive motivations, citing the current national and state political climate as hostile to immigrants, it was the least common primary motivation for naturalization; that is, they named another motivation first as their most important reason for naturalizing. The need to naturalize to protect their social rights in a shifting political context is a strong subtext to subjects’ narratives about why they choose to become citizens. Defensive motivations undergird all other motivations, but the national hostile climate is moderated by relatively positive local interactions with law enforcement and the larger community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migration, Citizenship and Social Rights)

10 pages, 180 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Systemist Graphics: Perspectives on Visualizing International Studies

by Sarah Gansen and Yasemin Akbaba

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070444 - 21 Jul 2025

Viewed by 146

Abstract

This perspective article comments on the four articles within the Social Sciences Special Issue on ‘Systemism and International Studies’ within the broader scholarly and pedagogical context of the discipline. The special issue contributors successfully demonstrate applications of systemism across distinct fields, bringing expert [...] Read more.

This perspective article comments on the four articles within the Social Sciences Special Issue on ‘Systemism and International Studies’ within the broader scholarly and pedagogical context of the discipline. The special issue contributors successfully demonstrate applications of systemism across distinct fields, bringing expert perspectives to graphic design. We identified numerous contributions in theory building and refinement, active learning pedagogy, collaboration within and across disciplines, and partnership among policymakers and scholars. Limitations and obstacles, such as the lack of visual layering and the learning curve for systemist notation, are also noted. This commentary unfolds in four sections: an introduction providing an overview, an analysis of current dynamics highlighting strengths and weaknesses, an exploration of future opportunities and challenges, and a conclusion synthesizing the contributions of the four works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systemism and International Studies)

25 pages, 1785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Social and Cultural Significance of Science-Fiction and Fantasy Posters

by Rhianna M. Morse

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070443 - 21 Jul 2025

Viewed by 353

Abstract

This research was designed to explore science-fiction and fantasy (SFF) posters, specifically those related to films and television shows, from the perspective of their owners, examining their potential as sources of social and cultural significance and meaning. The research explored these in terms [...] Read more.

This research was designed to explore science-fiction and fantasy (SFF) posters, specifically those related to films and television shows, from the perspective of their owners, examining their potential as sources of social and cultural significance and meaning. The research explored these in terms of the content of the poster, placement, media texts they reference, morals, behavior, identity, sense of self, well-being and self-expression. Data collection took place between 2020 and 2022 via an online survey (N = 273) and follow-up semi-structured interviews (N = 28) with adult science-fiction and fantasy film and television show poster owners. The significance and meaning of SFF posters were framed by two conceptual models: ‘The Three Significances’—esthetics, functionality, and significance (both spatial and personal)—and ‘The Big Three’—content, design, and color. Among these, content held the greatest significance for owners. Posters served as tools for self-expression, reflecting their owners’ identities, affinities, and convictions, while also reinforcing their connection to the media they reference. Posters helped to reinforce a sense of self and fan identity and evoke emotional responses, and the space in which they were displayed helped shape their meaning and significance. The paper sets out some suggestions for future research in this important topic. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caught Between Rights and Vows: The Negative Impacts of U.S. Spousal Reunification Policies on Mixed-Status, Transnational Families with Low “Importability”

by Gina Marie Longo and Ian Almond

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070442 - 20 Jul 2025

Viewed by 242

Abstract

This study examines how U.S. immigration policies enact legal violence and multigenerational punishment through the spousal reunification process, particularly in mixed-status, transnational families. Building on the concept of “deportability,” we introduce “importability” to describe a beneficiary’s potential to secure permanent residency, which varies [...] Read more.

This study examines how U.S. immigration policies enact legal violence and multigenerational punishment through the spousal reunification process, particularly in mixed-status, transnational families. Building on the concept of “deportability,” we introduce “importability” to describe a beneficiary’s potential to secure permanent residency, which varies according to social markers such as race, gender, and region of origin. Drawing from a content analysis of threads on the Immigration Pathways (IP) web forum, we analyze discussions among U.S. citizen petitioners navigating marriage-based green card applications, with a focus on experiences involving administrative processing (AP) (i.e., marriage fraud investigations). Our findings show that couples who do not align with the state’s conception of “proper” family—particularly U.S. citizen women petitioning for Black African partners—face intensified scrutiny, long delays, and burdensome requirements, including DNA tests and surveillance. These bureaucratic obstacles produce prolonged family separation, financial strain, and diminished sense of belonging, especially for children in single-parent households. Through the lens of “importability,” we reveal how legal violence and multigenerational punishment of immigration policies on mixed-status families beyond deportation threats, functioning as a gatekeeping mechanism that disproportionately affects marginalized families. This research highlights the understudied consequences of immigration policies on citizen petitioners and contributes to a broader understanding of inequality in U.S. immigration enforcement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migration, Citizenship and Social Rights)

16 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Pessimistic Shock and the Banning of Mobile Phones in Secondary Schools: The Case of Madrid

by Joaquín Paredes-Labra, Isabel Solana-Domínguez, Marco Ramos-Ramiro and Ada Freitas-Cortina

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070441 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 646

Abstract

Over a three-year R&D project, the perception of mobile phone use in Spanish secondary schools shifted from initial tolerance to increasingly prohibitive policies. Drawing on the Actor–Network Theory, this study examines how mobile phones—alongside institutional discourses and school and family concerns—acted as dynamic [...] Read more.

Over a three-year R&D project, the perception of mobile phone use in Spanish secondary schools shifted from initial tolerance to increasingly prohibitive policies. Drawing on the Actor–Network Theory, this study examines how mobile phones—alongside institutional discourses and school and family concerns—acted as dynamic actants, shaping public and political responses. The research adopted a qualitative design combining policy and media document analysis, nine semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, ten regional case studies, and twelve focus groups. The study concluded with a public multiplier event that engaged the broader educational community. The Madrid region, among the first to adopt a restrictive stance, contributed two school-based case studies and three focus groups with teachers, students, and families. Findings suggest that the turn toward prohibition was motivated less by pedagogical evidence than by cultural anxieties, consistent with what it conceptualizes as a techno-pessimistic shock. This shift mirrors the historical patterns of societal reaction to disruption and technological saturation. Rather than reinforcing binary framings of promotion versus prohibition, such moments invite critical reflection. The study argues for nuanced, evidence-based, and multilevel governance strategies to address the complex role of mobile technologies in education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educational Technology for a Multimodal Society)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Refugee Children’s Self-Perceived Educational Performance: A Comparative Study of Lebanon, Turkey, and Australia

by Maha Shuayb and Mohammad Hammoud

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070440 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 505

Abstract

This study investigates how differing educational frameworks across Lebanon, Turkey, and Australia influence the perceived educational performance of Syrian refugee children. The legal status granted to refugees in each country fundamentally shapes their respective education systems’ responses. In Lebanon, refugees are generally classified [...] Read more.

This study investigates how differing educational frameworks across Lebanon, Turkey, and Australia influence the perceived educational performance of Syrian refugee children. The legal status granted to refugees in each country fundamentally shapes their respective education systems’ responses. In Lebanon, refugees are generally classified as temporarily displaced persons, resulting in an emergency-based approach to education for the approximately 500,000 Syrian children present. By contrast, Australia has offered permanent resettlement opportunities to selected Syrian refugees, integrating them directly into mainstream schools. Turkey, meanwhile, has progressively shifted from emergency-based measures to policies oriented toward long-term integration. This research is based on survey data from 1298 Syrian refugee children across the three contexts. Findings from ordered probit regression analyses indicate that, beyond the legal duration of residency and the prevailing educational policy model (emergency versus long-term integration), variables such as the extent of educational segregation, the availability of preparatory and language support programmes, and the socioeconomic status of families are also pivotal in shaping students’ self-perceived academic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section International Migration)

14 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transgender Health, Resilience, Inner Well-Being, Vitality, and Empowerment (THRIVE) Scale: Development and Validation of a Novel Gender-Diverse QOL Scale

by Miranda E. Essa, Aubrianna L. Stuckey, Reilly Branch, Zoe Poisson, Kaelyn C. Thompson and Steven L. Berman

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070439 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 772

Abstract

This paper presents the development and validation of the Transgender Health, Resilience, Inner Well-Being, Vitality, and Empowerment (THRIVE) Scale. It offers insights into the well-being of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals, by considering their unique experiences and challenges. TGD individuals often experience significant [...] Read more.

This paper presents the development and validation of the Transgender Health, Resilience, Inner Well-Being, Vitality, and Empowerment (THRIVE) Scale. It offers insights into the well-being of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals, by considering their unique experiences and challenges. TGD individuals often experience significant health disparities, including mental health issues, substance abuse, physical health problems, and difficulty with providers knowing about their needs. A comprehensive quality-of-life assessment could aid in identifying contributions to poor quality of life (QOL) and knowing which resources are needed to address this effectively. Assessments attempting to address these challenges often have not been studied adequately and/or have limitations of being for one-time use, surgery-focused, lengthy, emotionally taxing, and not inclusive of non-binary individuals’ specific needs. Validated among a sample of TGD individuals (N = 61), the THRIVE scale displayed good internal consistency reliability (α = 0.87), as well as convergent and divergent validity. It had significant negative correlations with measures of psychological symptoms and identity distress and positive correlations with measures of life satisfaction and well-being. The THRIVE scale represents a critical advancement in assessing the QOL of TGD individuals and could be an effective tool for individualized care, research, and conversation with these populations. Full article

22 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Startup Culture as a Masculinity Contest: An Exploratory Study on Prevalence and Gender Dynamics

by Berit Sandberg

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070438 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 437

Abstract

Startups are often praised for their innovative power and dynamic work environments, but are also criticized for workplace cultures that perpetuate traditional masculine norms of competitiveness, workaholism, emotional resilience, and strength. This exploratory study examines the prevalence of Masculinity Contest Culture (MCC) in [...] Read more.

Startups are often praised for their innovative power and dynamic work environments, but are also criticized for workplace cultures that perpetuate traditional masculine norms of competitiveness, workaholism, emotional resilience, and strength. This exploratory study examines the prevalence of Masculinity Contest Culture (MCC) in German startups and related gender dynamics. The Masculinity Contest Culture scale, which assesses masculine norms related to emotional resilience, physical superiority, workaholism, and aggressive competitiveness, was employed to collect data from 101 participants representing various startups. The results indicate an overall low prevalence of MCC, with slightly higher scores for strong commitment to work. Individuals from disparate gender and hierarchical status groups exhibited comparable ratings of the intensity of toxic masculinity. While the presence of female founders and supervisors did not affect MCC scores, male dominance within the work environment had a small but significant amplifying effect. Significant differences were observed based on the prevailing leadership style, indicating that a shared leadership approach is associated with the creation of a more inclusive and less toxic work environment. The results challenge commonly held assumptions about tech startups. In addition, the study highlights the need for further research into the impact of leadership dynamics on startup culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender Equality in the Workplace: Theory and Practice for Decent Work and a Climate of Inclusion)

17 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Well-Being of Young People as the Result of the Acceptance of Ethical Values in National Educational Programme

by Kamil Turčan, Andrea Čajková and Ivana Butoracová Šindleryová

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070437 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 299

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyze how young people in Slovakia perceive individual attributes of quality of life and to highlight the positive correlation with ethical values acquired primarily through family upbringing and, significantly, through the national education system. Quality of [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to analyze how young people in Slovakia perceive individual attributes of quality of life and to highlight the positive correlation with ethical values acquired primarily through family upbringing and, significantly, through the national education system. Quality of life is understood as a multidimensional concept encompassing opportunities, fulfillment of human needs, and subjective well-being, including dimensions such as happiness and life satisfaction. These aspects are strongly influenced by ethical values, which are particularly shaped by compulsory ethics or religious education provided to children aged 6–15 within the Slovak national curriculum. To explore the link between ethically grounded education and perceived quality of life among youth, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. The findings reveal significant correlations between ethical or religious education and various quality of life indicators, emphasizing the importance of ethical education in shaping socially responsible and value-oriented young citizens. This study contributes to understanding the cultural and educational context influencing youth perceptions of quality of life in Slovakia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Childhood and Youth Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teaching Sociology Through Community-Engaged Learning with a Multinational Student Body: Garnering Sociological Insights from Lived Experiences Across National Contexts

by Katherine Lyon

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070436 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 179

Abstract

Community-engaged learning (CEL) is a popular educational approach for sociology teaching across Canada and globally. Students in sociology courses with this experiential component can opt in to enhance their learning by working with community members and organizations in structured, low-stakes ways that forward [...] Read more.

Community-engaged learning (CEL) is a popular educational approach for sociology teaching across Canada and globally. Students in sociology courses with this experiential component can opt in to enhance their learning by working with community members and organizations in structured, low-stakes ways that forward community priorities. Evidence shows that CEL in sociology courses supports students in developing a wide variety of skills. However, little is known about how international students in sociology courses engage with this pedagogy. Drawing on 20 semi-structured interviews with international students from Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe who completed CEL programming as part of their sociology course curriculum at a large Canadian university, I show how these students engaged in unique learning practices. The findings indicate that international students draw upon their life experiences from diverse national contexts to navigate and reflect upon their CEL placement in sociological ways. These students’ voices offer rich insights for sociology educators designing course-based CEL opportunities with a multinational student body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global and Virtual Sociological Teaching—Challenges & Opportunities)

18 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Situation in Turkey Through a Gender Lens

by Ayhan Babaroğlu

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070435 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 386

Abstract

Turkey, a country with a unique blend of traditional and modern lifestyles, has made significant progress in promoting gender equality and is recognized as a pioneer in advancing women’s rights in the region. However, despite these advances, gender inequalities persist in various respects. [...] Read more.

Turkey, a country with a unique blend of traditional and modern lifestyles, has made significant progress in promoting gender equality and is recognized as a pioneer in advancing women’s rights in the region. However, despite these advances, gender inequalities persist in various respects. This study aims to examine gender perception in a Turkish sample. Employing a cross-sectional and descriptive research design, the study was conducted with 1053 literate participants aged 18 and above who volunteered. Data were collected using a Demographic Information Form and the gender perception scale. The findings suggest that gender perception in Turkey is shifting toward a more egalitarian perspective, reflecting a departure from traditional norms. Several key factors were identified as contributors to this transformation, including education level, employment status, urbanization, socio-economic background, and geographical region of residence. These variables play a critical role in shaping gender perceptions and fostering societal change. By analyzing and contextualizing the results, this study offers valuable insights into the ongoing evolution of gender norms in Turkey. It underscores the importance of continued efforts to promote gender equality and serves as a foundation for future research on the sociocultural dynamics influencing gender perceptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gender Studies)

21 pages, 1847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Division of Responsibility Sharing: How Refugee Systems Operate Through the Economic Management of Mobility and Immobility

by Austin H. Vo and Michelle S. Dromgold-Sermen

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070434 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 254

Abstract

In 2023, there were approximately 32 million refugees globally. Nine out of the ten countries with the highest origins of refugees were in the Global South; conversely, only three of the ten countries hosting the highest numbers of refugees were in the Global [...] Read more.

In 2023, there were approximately 32 million refugees globally. Nine out of the ten countries with the highest origins of refugees were in the Global South; conversely, only three of the ten countries hosting the highest numbers of refugees were in the Global North. In this study, we introduce the conceptual framework of a global division of responsibility sharing to describe how functions of Global North countries as permanent “resettlement” countries and Global South countries as perpetual countries of “asylum” and “transit” constitute unequal burdens with unequal protections for refugees. We illustrate—theoretically and empirically—how the structural positions of state actors in a global network introduce and reify a global division in refugee flows. Empirically, we test and develop this framework with network analysis of refugee flows to countries of asylum from 1990 to 2015 in addition to employing data on monetary donations to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) from 2017 to 2021. We (1) provide evidence of the structure and role of intermediary countries in refugee flows and (2) examine how UNHCR monetary aid conditions intermediary countries’ role of routing and transit. We illustrate how network constraints and monetary donations affect and constitute a global division in the management of historic and contemporary international refugee flows and explore the consequences of this global division for refugees’ access to resources and social and human rights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migration, Citizenship and Social Rights)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hesitation to Seek Healthcare Among Immigrants in a Restrictive State Context

by Elizabeth Aranda, Liz Ventura Molina, Elizabeth Vaquera, Emely Matos Pichardo and Osaro Iyamu

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070433 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 554

Abstract

This article focuses on how rising nativism, manifested through immigrants’ experiences of everyday discrimination, and Florida’s legal context (ascertained through immigrants’ fears of deportation), are related to immigrants’ hesitation when seeking healthcare services. Hesitation to seek healthcare, or healthcare hesitancy, is examined in [...] Read more.

This article focuses on how rising nativism, manifested through immigrants’ experiences of everyday discrimination, and Florida’s legal context (ascertained through immigrants’ fears of deportation), are related to immigrants’ hesitation when seeking healthcare services. Hesitation to seek healthcare, or healthcare hesitancy, is examined in the context of Florida’s SB1718, a law passed in 2023 that criminalized many aspects of being an immigrant. Based on a survey of 466 Florida immigrants and U.S. citizen adult children of immigrants, logistic regression analysis reveals that everyday experiences with discrimination are associated with a reluctance to seek healthcare services among this population. In particular, those with insecure legal immigrant status (i.e., undocumented and temporary statuses), those with financial hardship, and women demonstrate reluctance to engage with healthcare systems when controlling for other sociodemographic factors. Findings from this study exemplify how immigration policies that restrict access to healthcare and social services not only create logistical barriers to seeking care but also foster a climate of fear and exclusion that deters even those with legal status from seeking medical attention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migration, Citizenship and Social Rights)

3 pages, 136 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Shifting from Protection to Empowerment: Resilience-Based Approaches for Youth Digital Well-Being and Safety

by Pamela Wisniewski and Jinkyung Katie Park

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070432 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 310

Abstract

In our increasingly digitized world, youth are not merely passive consumers of technology [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting the Digital Resilience of Youth)

23 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Authoritarianism in the 21st Century: A Proposal for Measuring Authoritarian Attitudes in Neoliberalism

by Esmeralda Nicieza-Cueto and María de la Villa Moral-Jiménez

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070431 - 13 Jul 2025

Viewed by 277

Abstract

The continuous crises of the neoliberal system have led to an authoritarian turn, with authoritarianism acquiring a different dimension since the studies of Altemeyer in 1981. The aim of the present study is to elaborate a scale to measure authoritarianism adapted to the [...] Read more.

The continuous crises of the neoliberal system have led to an authoritarian turn, with authoritarianism acquiring a different dimension since the studies of Altemeyer in 1981. The aim of the present study is to elaborate a scale to measure authoritarianism adapted to the contemporary era, the Neoliberal Authoritarianism Scale, and to test its validity and reliability. 232 people between the ages of 18 and 81 (X = 38.34; SD = 13.141) residing in Spain participated, consisting of 51.7% women and 38.8% men. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit of the four-factor model (χ²/df = 1.92; CFI = 0.993; TLI = 0.992; IFI = 0.993; GFI = 0.986; RMSEA = 0.041; SRMR = 0.063). The scale also showed an adequate internal consistency, with a global McDonald’s Omega of 0.893. Nevertheless, the Conventionalism factor needs to be improved (ω = 0.621). This scale is a first preliminary approach to measuring neoliberal authoritarianism, which may help to better understand its scope and impact on people’s lives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section International Politics and Relations)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bullying and Social Exclusion of Students with Special Educational Needs in Primary Education Schools

by Álvaro Carmona and Manuel Montanero

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070430 - 13 Jul 2025

Viewed by 427

Abstract

Children’s safety, well-being and inclusion in the school environment can be severely impacted by social isolation and bullying. This study examined these threats in a sample of 14 group-classes (291 students) from four different primary education schools. A total of 44 special educational [...] Read more.

Children’s safety, well-being and inclusion in the school environment can be severely impacted by social isolation and bullying. This study examined these threats in a sample of 14 group-classes (291 students) from four different primary education schools. A total of 44 special educational needs (SEN) students and 44 students without SEN were selected. The social network structure of each group-class was analysed, as well as the number of friendship ties, the degree of emotional well-being and social participation (both inside and outside of the school), and the possible cases of bullying. The results show a significantly greater rate of social rejection, emotional distress and risk of exclusion in SEN students with respect to their peers, as well as a considerably higher perception of bullying (38.6% vs. 4.8%). The SEN students who reported bullying were mostly schooled in social networks with a more segregated and fragmented structure. Moreover, the mean value obtained in these groups was lower for all the analysed indicators, although the differences were not statistically significant. These data support the idea that the social capital of the group class could influence the prevention of violence and bullying towards SEN students. However, further studies with larger samples are needed to confirm this. Lastly, strategies to promote the social inclusion of SEN students in primary education schools are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revisiting School Violence: Safety for Children in Schools)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Super-Cocooning Against Property Crime: Do Visual Primes Affect Support and Does Race Matter

by Hunter M. Boehme and Brandon Tregle

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070429 - 13 Jul 2025

Viewed by 248

Abstract

American citizens are significantly more likely to experience property crime victimization than violent crime victimization. During a staffing crisis, police prioritize limited resources in combating serious crime; however, property crimes remain impactful to the community. Therefore, agencies need to consider innovative ways to [...] Read more.

American citizens are significantly more likely to experience property crime victimization than violent crime victimization. During a staffing crisis, police prioritize limited resources in combating serious crime; however, property crimes remain impactful to the community. Therefore, agencies need to consider innovative ways to control property crime, such as “super-cocooning” strategies that alert residents to recent offenses. These strategies intend to empower the community to implement guardianship and crime prevention measures. For these strategies to be effective, they require public buy-in and support. The present study implements a preregistered information provision survey experiment (N = 2412), similar to the strategy of super-cocooning, to assess whether the public is more likely to support such strategies to combat property crime. Although the sample held overall high support of this strategy, exposure to a super-cocooning door hanger prime produced no significant changes in perceived effectiveness. However, there was observed racial heterogeneity in the treatments: non-White respondents assigned to the treatment relative to White respondents experienced significantly increased support of super-cocooning strategies. Implications for light-footprint crime control strategies, particularly during a staffing crisis, are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Police Community Engagement and Evidence-Based Crime Reduction Strategies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“My Future”: A Qualitative Examination of Hope in the Lives of Black Emerging Adults

by William Terrell Danley, Benson Cooke and Nathalie Mizelle

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070428 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 240

Abstract

The presence of hope significantly influences how youth interpret possibilities and commit to future-oriented action. This qualitative study investigates how fifteen Black emerging adults, ages eighteen to twenty-five, living in a major United States urban city on the East Coast, describe their aspirations, [...] Read more.

The presence of hope significantly influences how youth interpret possibilities and commit to future-oriented action. This qualitative study investigates how fifteen Black emerging adults, ages eighteen to twenty-five, living in a major United States urban city on the East Coast, describe their aspirations, goal-setting strategies, and responses to personal and structural challenges. Participants were categorized as connected or disconnected based on their engagement in school, work, or training programs. Using Reflexive Thematic Analysis of interviews, the research identified key differences in agency, emotional orientation, and access to guidance between the two groups. Connected participants often described clear, structured goals supported by networks of mentorship and opportunity. Disconnected participants expressed meaningful hope, yet described fewer supports and greater uncertainty in achieving their goals. These findings highlight how consistent exposure to guidance and structured environments strengthens future orientation and internal motivation. These results deepen our understanding of how young people experience hope across diverse contexts and show that mentorship, intentional goal setting, and greater access to opportunity play a vital role in sustaining hopeful thinking during the transition to adulthood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Well-Being and Coping Strategies in Educational Psychology)

24 pages, 465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Housing-Related Financial Fears of Baby Boomer Women Living Alone in Switzerland

by Yashka Huggenberger, Antonin Beringhs, Joël Wagner and Gabrielle Wanzenried

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070427 - 10 Jul 2025

Viewed by 336

Abstract

The ageing population and rising housing costs in Switzerland are increasing the number of older adults facing financial housing concerns. Older women have particularly limited housing choices because they, on average, earn less, live longer, and are more likely to live alone. This [...] Read more.

The ageing population and rising housing costs in Switzerland are increasing the number of older adults facing financial housing concerns. Older women have particularly limited housing choices because they, on average, earn less, live longer, and are more likely to live alone. This study explores potential levers to alleviate housing-related financial fears among baby boomer women (aged 55–75) living alone in Switzerland, a subject with limited academic coverage. Using regression and random forest models on unique 2023 survey data (

N = 371

), we examine the influence of socio-demographic, financial, well-being, and housing factors on fears related to affordability, price increases, and lack of housing supply. Key findings show that ownership status, perceived financial situation, and concerns about maintaining one’s lifestyle significantly drive these fears. The fear of unsuitable housing strongly influences perceived lack of supply. These results highlight the importance of retirement planning and support the consideration of measures such as reverse mortgages, co-housing, subsidies, and rent-controlled units. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Economics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Race Paradox in Mental Health Among Older Adults in the United States: Examining Social Participation as a Mechanism

by Fei Wang, Shandra Forrest-Bank, Yifan Lou, Namrata Mukherjee and Yejin Heo

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070426 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 441

Abstract

The race paradox in mental health refers to the phenomenon in which African Americans often demonstrate mental health outcomes that are comparable to or more favorable than those of non-Hispanic Whites, despite systemic socioeconomic disadvantage and disproportionate exposure to chronic stressors. Few studies [...] Read more.

The race paradox in mental health refers to the phenomenon in which African Americans often demonstrate mental health outcomes that are comparable to or more favorable than those of non-Hispanic Whites, despite systemic socioeconomic disadvantage and disproportionate exposure to chronic stressors. Few studies have examined the mechanisms underlying this race paradox among older adults, and even fewer have explored the role of social participation. This study aims to examine whether social participation mediates the relationship between race and mental health. Longitudinal data were drawn from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging study Waves 1–3 (N = 1292). Race was dichotomized as African American and non-Hispanic White. Three types of social participation were assessed: volunteering, participating in organized groups, and attending religious services. Depressive symptoms were assessed as the mental health outcome. Path analyses were conducted to examine the aim. Results indicate that being African Americans predicted increased levels of religious attendance, which in turn, decreased the levels of depressive symptoms. Religious attendance is an underlying mechanism partially explaining the race paradox in mental health, and a modifiable factor that mitigates depressive symptoms. Culturally sensitive interventions promoting social participation are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Social Connectedness on Older Adults’ Wellbeing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

40 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Are the Statistics That Improve Education?

by Marta Soler-Gallart, Dragana Avramov, Nancy Zoidou Saripapa, Karol Melgarejo, Cristian González López, María Troya Porras, Alba Pistón-Pozo, Esther Oliver, Mimar Ramis-Salas, Javier Díez-Palomar and Garazi Lopez de Aguileta

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070425 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 457

Abstract

There is much research on national and international statistical sources on analyses and trends of educational inequalities, which allow for a descriptive and analytical overview of a population’s educational status and trends—such as attainment levels, dropout rates, and sociodemographic variables. There is also [...] Read more.

There is much research on national and international statistical sources on analyses and trends of educational inequalities, which allow for a descriptive and analytical overview of a population’s educational status and trends—such as attainment levels, dropout rates, and sociodemographic variables. There is also research that has identified successful interventions across different countries that contribute to overcoming and reversing educational inequalities. However, the research on whether and how national and international statistical sources provide analyses on how to overcome and reverse educational inequalities remains underexplored. This article contributes to filling this gap by critically examining the available national and international statistical sources used in the educational field to analyze whether and how they include the necessary information for assessing the impact of specific educational interventions that overcome inequalities. Drawing on longitudinal and cohort studies within the European project REVERS-ED, the article highlights the need to move towards research models that incorporate explanatory variables and identify which interventions most effectively improve learning outcomes. Findings show that, despite widespread recognition of successful interventions, their impact is rarely reflected in official statistical systems, thereby limiting access to crucial information for teachers, policymakers, and educational institutions. Unlike disciplines such as medicine, education lacks systematic monitoring of the effects of successful interventions, making it difficult to establish clear correlations between them and learning outcomes. This paper advocates for greater accessibility to evaluative data and a shift towards applied, collaborative research that responds to the real needs of citizens, contributing to a more equitable, inclusive, and effective education system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Educational Inequality: Issues and Solutions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Understanding Youth Violence Through a Socio-Ecological Lens

by Yok-Fong Paat, Kristopher Hawk Yeager, Erik M. Cruz, Rebecca Cole and Luis R. Torres-Hostos

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070424 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1174

Abstract

Youth violence—the deliberate use of physical force or harm by young people between the ages of 10 and 24 to intimidate or cause harm to others, both online and offline—is a critical public health issue in the United States. Yet, successfully predicting future [...] Read more.

Youth violence—the deliberate use of physical force or harm by young people between the ages of 10 and 24 to intimidate or cause harm to others, both online and offline—is a critical public health issue in the United States. Yet, successfully predicting future violent offenders is a complex and challenging task, as the question of why some youths resort to extreme violence while others refrain from it—despite facing similar risk factors—remains widely debated. This article highlights both risk and protective factors of youth violence through a socio-ecological lens to offer a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted factors driving youth violence in the United States. To understand the interconnectedness between individual factors and the broader environments in which individuals are embedded, we outline the risk and protective factors related to youth violence across five socio-ecological levels: (1) individual, (2) interpersonal, (3) neighborhood, (4) cultural, and (5) life course. Approaching youth violence from a holistic lens offers a greater opportunity to mitigate contributing factors and to address the deleterious impacts of this complex issue. Practice and research implications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Childhood and Youth Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of an Inventory of Sensitivity to Ideological Radicalization (ISIR-14) in a Mexican Sample

by Julio C. Penagos-Corzo and Isabel Govela

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070423 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 713

Abstract

The development and validation of the Ideological Radicalization Sensitivity Inventory (ISIR-14) in a Mexican sample is presented. A total of 537 participants were assessed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a five-factor structure that explained 53.7% of the variance, with excellent model fit [...] Read more.

The development and validation of the Ideological Radicalization Sensitivity Inventory (ISIR-14) in a Mexican sample is presented. A total of 537 participants were assessed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a five-factor structure that explained 53.7% of the variance, with excellent model fit indices (CFI = 0.985, TLI = 0.978, RMSEA = 0.033). Evidence of concurrent validity was suggested through significant correlations with the Emotional Response to Unfairness Scale (ERU) and the Exposure to Violent Extremism Scale (EXPO-12). Reliability analyses indicated good internal consistency (ω = 0.819) for the instrument. Additionally, temporal stability, analyzed in a second study with 171 participants, showed moderate stability (r = 0.601). The study aimed to test the hypothesis that sensitivity to ideological radicalization can be reliably measured through a multidimensional instrument aligned with theoretically derived psychological risk factors, namely, inclination to seek redress, perceived social disconnection, ideological superiority, exposure to extreme ideologies, and collective/group identity. The results suggest that the ISIR-14 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing sensitivity to ideological radicalization. The scale provides a foundation for future research and interventions aimed at identifying and addressing factors associated with radicalization processes. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Her Multimedia Words: Ukrainian Women in The Netherlands, Belonging and Temporary Protection Status

by Noemi Mena Montes and Colleen Boland

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070422 - 8 Jul 2025

Viewed by 306

Abstract

Recent research in digital migration studies analyzes both refugee populations’ social media use and so-called integration outcomes. Against the backdrop of digitalization, we argue for understanding belonging as part of an ongoing process in physical, virtual and hybrid continuities, where material aspects cannot [...] Read more.

Recent research in digital migration studies analyzes both refugee populations’ social media use and so-called integration outcomes. Against the backdrop of digitalization, we argue for understanding belonging as part of an ongoing process in physical, virtual and hybrid continuities, where material aspects cannot be divorced from imagined constructions. We take the case of Ukrainian women arriving in the Netherlands following the Russian aggression against Ukraine, in 15 semi-structured interviews from 2023. Adopting an intersectional lens, our research asks the following questions: How does social media use mediate or inform a sense of belonging? How do observations correspond to or differ from previous studies on refugees and social media, given this population’s temporary protection (TP) status? As participants leverage digital platforms differently in evolving situations, they navigate connectedness to the new community; we argue this may be linked to distinct TP status and other characteristics of difference, including educational levels and digital literacy. Conclusions indicate that an intersectional lens could be applied in understanding Ukrainian perspectives in other Member States—or beneficiaries of differing origin—to better account for how intersectional dimensions like legal status can be mutually constitutive of virtual connectedness versus material, physical rootedness or vulnerability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refugee Admissions and Resettlement Policies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Poverty Effectiveness of Social Security Benefits in Türkiye

by Zeynep Gizem Can

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070421 - 8 Jul 2025

Viewed by 332

Abstract

This research investigates the role and effectiveness of Türkiye’s social security system and transfer expenditures in addressing poverty. Social security mechanisms are designed to alleviate poverty by helping individuals meet their essential needs. In Türkiye, transfer payments offer temporary relief, particularly to disadvantaged [...] Read more.

This research investigates the role and effectiveness of Türkiye’s social security system and transfer expenditures in addressing poverty. Social security mechanisms are designed to alleviate poverty by helping individuals meet their essential needs. In Türkiye, transfer payments offer temporary relief, particularly to disadvantaged populations; however, they may also foster long-term dependency. Although the immediate impacts of such transfers are widely discussed in the academic literature, their contribution to alleviating structural poverty remains underexplored. This study focuses on how transfer expenditures influence individuals’ ability to achieve lasting well-being. The Turkish context is especially relevant due to recent institutional shifts in social security policy and the increasing politicization of social assistance. Employing data analysis at the regional level, this study assesses the effectiveness of social transfers and explores their structural role in poverty reduction. It also provides policy suggestions aimed at developing more inclusive and durable strategies. The results are intended to offer broadly applicable insights for other developing countries through the lens of Türkiye’s experience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Policy and Welfare)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 218 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Racial Injustice, Violence, and Resistance: New Approaches Under Multidimensional Perspectives

by Marcelo Paixão, Norma Fuentes-Mayorga and Thomas McNulty

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070420 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 327

Abstract

“Racial Injustice, Violence, and Resistance: New Approaches from Multidimensional Perspectives” is the product of a dialogue among three experts, bridging the disciplines of economics, criminology, and sociology and bringing together expertise in racial inequality, urban sociology, international immigration, Latin America, and Latino/a/x studies [...] Read more.

“Racial Injustice, Violence, and Resistance: New Approaches from Multidimensional Perspectives” is the product of a dialogue among three experts, bridging the disciplines of economics, criminology, and sociology and bringing together expertise in racial inequality, urban sociology, international immigration, Latin America, and Latino/a/x studies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Racial Injustice, Violence and Resistance: New Approaches under Multidimensional Perspectives)

18 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Democratic School Culture and Student–Teacher Relationships: Insights from Native and Immigrant-Background Students

by Igor Peras and Simona Bezjak

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070419 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 283

Abstract

This paper examines how various dimensions of democratic school and classroom culture—openness in classroom discussions, peer interactions, civic learning, influence on decision-making, and civic participation—relate to perceptions of student–teacher relationships of two distinct groups of students (native and immigrant-background students) in Slovenia. Using [...] Read more.

This paper examines how various dimensions of democratic school and classroom culture—openness in classroom discussions, peer interactions, civic learning, influence on decision-making, and civic participation—relate to perceptions of student–teacher relationships of two distinct groups of students (native and immigrant-background students) in Slovenia. Using representative data from the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS 2022 cycle), analyses revealed that student-perceived positive peer interactions and decision-making influence were consistent, strong predictors of positive student–teacher relationships for both groups of students. However, open classroom discussions and civic learning at school were only significant for native students, suggesting that these aspects of classroom life may not resonate uniformly with all students. Moreover, participation in civic activities, although often seen as an integral part of democratic school culture, emerged as a significant negative predictor of student–teacher relationships only among students with an immigrant background, indicating that these activities may inadvertently highlight barriers or differences rather than promote inclusive engagement. Results are discussed through the lens of fostering positive student–teacher relationships for all students. Full article

15 pages, 784 KiB

Open AccessReview

Changes in Sports Participation Trends: A Comparative Theoretical Analysis of the Case of the Municipality of Zaragoza

by Celia Marcen, Irela Arbones-Arque and Dominic Malcolm

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070418 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 604

Abstract

This paper seeks to test the explanatory potential of different sociological perspectives in relation to the development of new sport models that reflect the growth of leisure sport participation in urban outdoor places and the decline in traditional practices in associations and clubs. [...] Read more.

This paper seeks to test the explanatory potential of different sociological perspectives in relation to the development of new sport models that reflect the growth of leisure sport participation in urban outdoor places and the decline in traditional practices in associations and clubs. In this regard, this study employs an analytical framework to examine global trends, with a particular focus on the specific context of the municipality of Zaragoza (Spain). With a multi-method approach, a 10-year-period dataset (2009–2019) incorporating sport participation surveys, observational data, and a focus group study is analysed. Three theories are tested: Maffesoli’s neo-tribes; neo-Bourdieuian ideas about urban subcultures; and Elias’s theory of civilizing processes. The results show a congruence between the three theories regarding identity negotiation, commodification, and community sense. However, disparities were found between the three theories, with one or more of them exhibiting an absence of class consciousness that supports subcultural interpretation and distinct notions of change versus continuity of the analyzed phenomena. This paper concludes that recent sports participation trends are best explained with reference to the quest of excitement and using healthism as a dominant ideology or social imperative. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Trauma-Informed Design on Health and Well-Being of People Formerly Experiencing Homelessness in Permanent Supportive Housing

by Daniel Brisson, Rachelle Macur, Becca Mann and Jennifer Wilson

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070417 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 422

Abstract

When individuals transition from homelessness into housing, their new home should serve as a place of healing and dignity. This paper presents empirical evidence on the impact of trauma-informed design (TID), an approach to designing affordable housing that supports the health and well-being [...] Read more.

When individuals transition from homelessness into housing, their new home should serve as a place of healing and dignity. This paper presents empirical evidence on the impact of trauma-informed design (TID), an approach to designing affordable housing that supports the health and well-being of people with lived experience of homelessness. The study used a mixed-methods, quasi-experimental design across five permanent supportive housing (PSH) sites—three with TID features and two without. Residents completed surveys at two timepoints, and both the residents and the staff participated in semi-structured interviews. The quantitative results revealed a complex pattern: while some aspects of relationships and self-awareness improved at TID sites, measures of psychological safety and compassion declined. Additionally, conflict, psychological aggression, physical aggression, and mild violence increased over the same period. Qualitative findings highlight that safety is a nuanced, context-dependent experience that exists along a spectrum. The residents at the TID sites described opportunities to experience higher levels of safety. Together, the quantitative and qualitative data paint a complex picture of life in PSH. A key finding is that safety, conflict, and relationships are interwoven, evolving over time as the residents adapt to their environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Community and Urban Sociology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Soc. Sci., Volume 14, Issue 7 (July 2025) – 53 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI