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Volume 13
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Sports, Volume 13, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 33 articles

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18 pages, 1892 KB  
Article
Neuromuscular Responses to Unilateral and Bilateral Execution of Eccentric Exercises: A Multidimensional sEMG Study
by Yanan You, Dai Sugimoto and Norikazu Hirose
Sports 2025, 13(10), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100364 - 15 Oct 2025
Abstract
Hamstring injuries are frequent in sports, often linked to eccentric overloading during sprinting. While eccentric strengthening, like Nordic curls and hip extensions, is common, the impact of exercise symmetry (unilateral vs. bilateral) on neuromuscular control remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate regional/task-specific [...] Read more.
Hamstring injuries are frequent in sports, often linked to eccentric overloading during sprinting. While eccentric strengthening, like Nordic curls and hip extensions, is common, the impact of exercise symmetry (unilateral vs. bilateral) on neuromuscular control remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate regional/task-specific neuromuscular strategies during unilateral and bilateral eccentric loading of the same exercises. Twenty-five healthy and physically active young men (age: 24.52 ± 3.82 years; height: 175.53 ± 5.44 cm; weight: 72.06 ± 7.44 kg) were recruited based on physical activity screening, with the exclusion criteria including recent lower limb injuries. Participants performed unilateral and bilateral curls and extensions with surface electromyography on hamstrings, gluteus maximus, and trunk stabilisers. Parameters like root mean square and median frequency were extracted and statistically compared. Unilateral execution generally elicited higher muscle activation, particularly in middle hamstring regions (30.65% to 38.38% in RMS, r = −0.84 to −0.77, pFDR < 0.001). Frequency differences revealed region-specific neuromuscular strategies. Intra-hamstring comparisons revealed significantly higher median frequencies in the BF50 and ST30 regions at their respective anatomical locations (dz = −1.90 to 1.34, all pFDR < 0.001). These findings suggest that exercise symmetry and anatomical specialisation jointly shape neuromuscular control, with implications for designing eccentric training to reduce injury risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Performance: Insights for Athletes and Beyond)
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22 pages, 315 KB  
Article
Associations Between Psychological Coping Skills and Player Behaviors During Transition Moments in Male Youth Football
by Francisco Pires, Maria Inês Vigário, Sandra S. Ferreira and António Vicente
Sports 2025, 13(10), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100363 - 13 Oct 2025
Abstract
Sport performance results from the interaction of tactical, technical, physiological and psychological factors, but psychological aspects are often minimized or analyzed in a decontextualized manner. This exploratory pilot study aimed to contribute to the development of a diagnostic framework that links individual behaviors [...] Read more.
Sport performance results from the interaction of tactical, technical, physiological and psychological factors, but psychological aspects are often minimized or analyzed in a decontextualized manner. This exploratory pilot study aimed to contribute to the development of a diagnostic framework that links individual behaviors during football attack–defense transition moments (ADT) with psychological attributes. Twenty male U14 players were assessed across five official matches regarding their ADT performance indicators. The Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) and the Resilience Scale (RS) were applied during the competition. Statistical analyses included correlation tests and Bayesian analysis. Players showed a significant tendency to sustain ball recovery behaviors after possession loss (p = 0.004). Psychological resilience and athletic coping skills varied substantially between individuals without positional differences, as well as RS scores were significantly below the high-resilience threshold (147; p = 0.013). A moderate positive correlation emerged between RS Factor 1 and the ACSI-28 subscale “Coping with Adversity” (r = 0.574, p = 0.008). Posterior distributions provide exploratory signals suggesting possible positive associations for two psychological constructs considering ADT individual behaviors: “Concentration” in relation to the maintenance of recovery actions (Mode = 0.439; 95% CI [0.030, 0.721]) and “Goal Setting” in relation to the rapid initiation of recovery actions (Mode = 0.465; 95% CI [0.059, 0.734]). Nevertheless, Bayes Factors favored the null model overall, indicating that these signals are weak and require replication. By contrast, most psychological constructs, including resilience, showed no reliable evidence of correlation with recovery-related actions. The findings highlight the need to further research the integration of psychological assessment into football performance diagnostics, while also indicating that psychological factors alone are insufficient to fully explain youth players’ individual ADT behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Interdisciplinary Approaches to Sports in the 21st Century)
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13 pages, 244 KB  
Article
Correlation Between Physical Activity and Psychological Problems in Secondary School Students in Spain
by Pablo Pueyo Gutiérrez-Rivas, Demetrio Lozano, Alberto Roso-Moliner, Rafael Albalad-Aiguabella, Oscar Villanueva-Guerrero and Elena Mainer-Pardos
Sports 2025, 13(10), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100362 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 183
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) has been identified as a protective factor for adolescent mental health. This study analysed the association between PA and levels of anxiety, depression, and stress among adolescents, considering gender, educational stage, and type of sport. A cross-sectional design was conducted [...] Read more.
Physical activity (PA) has been identified as a protective factor for adolescent mental health. This study analysed the association between PA and levels of anxiety, depression, and stress among adolescents, considering gender, educational stage, and type of sport. A cross-sectional design was conducted with 106 Spanish secondary school students aged 12–16 years. Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire on PA participation and the validated DASS-21 scale. Descriptive statistics, chi-square (χ2) tests, and adjusted residual analyses were performed. The results showed a significant negative association between PA and anxiety (χ2 = 303.34, p < 0.01), stress (χ2 = 310.64, p < 0.01), and depression (χ2 = 324.32, p < 0.01). Non-athletes presented higher levels of psychological problems compared with active peers, while girls and older students showed greater vulnerability. Adolescents involved in team sports exhibited lower anxiety and stress than those participating in individual sports. In conclusion, higher participation in physical activity, particularly team-based disciplines, is associated with better mental health in adolescents. These findings reinforce the importance of integrating regular physical activity into school contexts to support psychological well-being during adolescence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Innovations in Applied Research)
20 pages, 591 KB  
Article
Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of Community-Based High-Intensity Functional Training for Adults with Mobility Disabilities and Overweight/Obesity: A Pilot Study
by Lyndsie M. Koon, Joseph E. Donnelly, Joseph R. Sherman, Anna M. Rice, Julianne G. Clina, John Thyfault, Reed Handlery, Kaci Handlery and Derek A. Crawford
Sports 2025, 13(10), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100361 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 187
Abstract
Background: Preliminary evidence supports high-intensity functional training (HIFT) for improving various health outcomes in non-disabled adults with overweight/obesity. It remains unknown whether HIFT produces similar benefits in individuals who are overweight/obese and also have a mobility disability (e.g., spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis)—a [...] Read more.
Background: Preliminary evidence supports high-intensity functional training (HIFT) for improving various health outcomes in non-disabled adults with overweight/obesity. It remains unknown whether HIFT produces similar benefits in individuals who are overweight/obese and also have a mobility disability (e.g., spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis)—a population disproportionately affected by obesity-related health conditions and systemic barriers to exercise. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effects of a 24-week HIFT intervention, delivered at community sites by certified trainers, for adults with mobility disabilities (MDs) who were overweight/obese. Methods: Twenty adults with MD and overweight/obesity (self-reported BMI 25–46 kg/m2) enrolled in a 24-week HIFT intervention (3 days/wk, 60 min sessions) delivered at four community-based facilities by certified trainers. Feasibility indicators included recruitment, retention, and attendance; adverse events were tracked. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated for changes in obesity-related measures, physical function, work capacity, and psychological measures from baseline to post-intervention. Results: Feasibility targets were met, with a recruitment rate of 72.2%, 76.9% retention, and 80.7% attendance. Thirteen adverse events occurred. Effects on obesity-related measures ranged from negligible to moderate, with stable weight/BMI, reduced waist circumference (45% ≥ 3 cm decrease), decreased body fat, and increased lean mass. Functional outcome effects ranged from small to large and included grip strength, balance, and walking speed. Large improvements were observed for the endurance, speed, work capacity, and self-reported physical function. Conclusions: A community-based HIFT program is feasible and may improve health outcomes in adults with MD and overweight/obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Researching Physical Activity and Participation in Adapted Sports for People with Disabilities)
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12 pages, 811 KB  
Article
Effect of Low-Load and Low-Volume Squat Training Combined with Plyometrics During a Full Season on Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players
by Felipe Franco-Márquez, Carmen Serrano-Cañadillas, Juan Manuel Yáñez-García, Juan José González-Badillo and David Rodríguez-Rosell
Sports 2025, 13(10), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100360 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 262
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a 24-week low-load, low-volume resistance training (RT) program combined with plyometric exercises on the physical performance of U-15 male soccer players. Thirty-two young soccer players were divided into a strength training group [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a 24-week low-load, low-volume resistance training (RT) program combined with plyometric exercises on the physical performance of U-15 male soccer players. Thirty-two young soccer players were divided into a strength training group (STG) and a control group (CG). The STG added two RT sessions per week—using moderate loads (45–60% 1RM) and a low number of repetitions per set—combined with plyometrics to their regular soccer training, while the CG continued with only the field soccer training. Performance assessments (a running sprint test, a countermovement jump, and a progressive loading test in a full squat exercise) were conducted before and after each of three 8-week periods. Significant ‘time × group’ interaction in favor of STG was observed for T20 (p < 0.05), CMJ (p < 0.001), and all variables (p < 0.001) assessed during the full squat exercise. Significant changes between groups were observed in T10 (Post 1 and Post 3, p < 0.05), CMJ (Post 1, Post 2, and Post 3, p < 0.05–0.001), and all strength variables (Post 1, Post 2, and Post 3, p < 0.05–0.001). The findings of this study suggest that a training program based on weightlifting with light loads for a few repetitions per set combined with jumps and sprint exercises, in addition to regular soccer training, induces greater and earlier improvements in strength and sport-related actions (jumping and sprinting), compared with only field soccer training. Coaches and strength-conditioning coaches should consider using RT with low loads and low volume and performing each repetition as fast as possible as an effective stimulus to improve physical performance in key match-determining actions efficiently. Full article
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17 pages, 1861 KB  
Case Report
Porcine Collagen Injection Therapy Affects Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy in Athletes by Reducing Time to Return to Sport
by Matteo Baldassarri, Sarino Ricciardello, Diego Ghinelli, Luca Perazzo and Roberto Buda
Sports 2025, 13(10), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100359 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 305
Abstract
Background: Proximal hamstring tendinopathy (PHT) is a challenging overuse injury, particularly in athletes, characterized by deep buttock pain localized to the ischial tuberosity and often exacerbated by sports activities. This condition can impact an athlete’s performance, limiting high-level athletic activity. Return to sport [...] Read more.
Background: Proximal hamstring tendinopathy (PHT) is a challenging overuse injury, particularly in athletes, characterized by deep buttock pain localized to the ischial tuberosity and often exacerbated by sports activities. This condition can impact an athlete’s performance, limiting high-level athletic activity. Return to sport (RTS) thus becomes a medical, physical, athletic, and economic necessity. Previous research has explored several conservative and injection-based therapies, but evidence regarding the efficacy of porcine collagen injections remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to compare the results obtained from ultrasound-guided porcine collagen injections versus a structured rehabilitation program in reducing time to return to sport (RTS) and improving Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment—Hamstring (VISA-H) scores with respect to athletes with clinically diagnosed PHT. Conservative approaches for PHT treatments include various options, such as physiotherapy, corticosteroids, plasma-rich-platelet, shockwave therapy, and collagen injection. Collagen demonstrated to be a validated option for tendinopathies treatment due its regenerative and restorative mechanism of action. Methods: Retrospective data were collected from twenty-eight athletes with a clinical diagnosis of PHT, confirmed based on pain provocation tests (Puranen–Orava, bent-knee, and modified bent-knee tests), who were divided into two groups: COL and REHAB. The VISA-H outcomes were recorded for all subjects. The COL group received three ultrasound-guided collagen injections at weekly intervals, plus standard care instructions. The REHAB group completed a progressive exercise program targeting hamstring and lumbopelvic stabilization. The primary outcomes were RTS time (days) and VISA-H scores at baseline and 8 weeks. Adverse effects were recorded. Results: The two groups of treatment were very homogeneous and showed parametric distribution concerning the biological and pathophysiological conditions. No adverse events were reported. The mean times to RTS were 57 and 72 days for COL and REHAB, respectively (p = 0.0083). The VISA-H results revealed better improvement for the COL group than the REHAB treatment (p < 0.0001), and the log-rank test showed a higher odds ratio (HR) for RTS, 5.35 (p = 0.0008), for the COL athletes. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided porcine collagen injections, combined with standard care, significantly reduced RTS time and improved VISA-H scores compared with rehabilitation alone in athletes with PHT. However, a larger cohort of athletes might be needed to gather more information about this conservative treatment in PHT pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Prevention and Rehabilitation of Training Injuries)
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20 pages, 555 KB  
Systematic Review
Impact of Active Methodologies Involving Physical Activity on Primary School Students: A Systematic Review (2018–2024)
by Rafael Francisco Caracuel-Cáliz, José Luis Ubago-Jiménez, José Manuel Alonso-Vargas and Eduardo Melguizo-Ibáñez
Sports 2025, 13(10), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100358 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
Physical activity integration in elementary education seeks to promote academic performance and the physical, emotional and social health of students. This study aims to examine the effect of active methodologies involving physical activity in primary school students through a detailed review of the [...] Read more.
Physical activity integration in elementary education seeks to promote academic performance and the physical, emotional and social health of students. This study aims to examine the effect of active methodologies involving physical activity in primary school students through a detailed review of the scientific literature. A systematic review was conducted regarding PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. Studies published between 2018 and April 2024 were selected. The studies focused on the application of active methodologies in primary school populations. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Articles from Various Fields. After screening and review, 22 articles were included. Most of the studies had longitudinal quasi-experimental or repeated measures designs with a randomized cluster-controlled pilot trial. Cross-sectional studies with descriptive data and mixed methods were also included. Cooperative learning and active breaks were found to improve engagement, classroom behavior, and academic outcomes. In addition, gamification and challenge-based learning also showed positive effects on motivation and engagement, although these were more context-dependent. Shorter or small-scale interventions produced promising but less robust results. Active methodologies improve primary education outcomes, but inconsistent designs limit generalization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Innovations in Applied Research)
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19 pages, 6437 KB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Passing, Possession, and Goal-Scoring Trends in Euro 2024 and Copa America 2024
by Sattar Taheri-Araghi, Moji Ghadimi and Juan Del Coso
Sports 2025, 13(10), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100357 - 9 Oct 2025
Viewed by 320
Abstract
Football, as a team sport, relies on a delicate balance where tactical cohesion and strategic play are as critical as physical prowess. While evidence suggests that European teams often display higher physical intensity, the tactical differences between European and American football are still [...] Read more.
Football, as a team sport, relies on a delicate balance where tactical cohesion and strategic play are as critical as physical prowess. While evidence suggests that European teams often display higher physical intensity, the tactical differences between European and American football are still not well quantified. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of passing, possession, and goal-scoring dynamics in Euro 2024 and Copa America 2024. Data from 51 Euro matches and 32 Copa America matches, encompassing all game events with sub-second precision, were obtained from StatsBomb. Analyses were performed in MATLAB, with possession calculated as ‘pure possession,’ excluding inactive periods. Euro 2024 teams demonstrated significantly more total passes per match (p<0.05, Cohen’s d=1.43), higher pass completion rates (p<0.05, Cohen’s d=1.30), and longer possession sequences (p<0.05, Cohen’s d=0.24). They also showed greater possession in the five minutes prior to goals (p<0.05, Cohen’s d=0.63). In contrast, Copa America 2024 teams favored longer passes (p<0.05, Cohen’s d=0.15), reflecting a more direct playing style. Possession disparities between teams in individual matches did not differ significantly (p=0.31, Cohen’s d=0.23), and the distribution of shot distances for goals was also similar across tournaments (p=0.86, Cohen’s d=0.02). In summary, Euro 2024 teams emphasized control through longer possession and greater passing accuracy, while Copa America 2024 teams relied on more dynamic and direct play. These findings underscore how regional footballing philosophies shape match strategies and outcomes, offering insights into the tactical diversity of international football. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Football Science: Integrating Technology, Performance, and Well-Being)
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11 pages, 291 KB  
Article
Training Load, Injuries, and Well-Being in Youth Padel Players: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Sofia Ryman Augustsson and Lisa Durdel
Sports 2025, 13(10), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100356 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 430
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of acute and overuse injuries, as well as risk factors, training load and well-being, in male and female youth padel players. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 104 players (aged 15–20) [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of acute and overuse injuries, as well as risk factors, training load and well-being, in male and female youth padel players. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 104 players (aged 15–20) via a web-based form. Players reported injuries, exposure and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), demographics (age and sex), and perceived well-being. Overuse injury severity was scored per body region (0–25), yielding a total possible score of 125. A total of six acute and 49 overuse injuries were recorded, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.53 injuries per player during a one-week recall period. Most injuries affected the knee, while the foot and lower leg had the highest severity scores (median = 44). Female players reported slightly higher stress levels (median 3) than males (median 2: p = 0.01), though no other well-being or training load differences were found. Injured players had significantly higher total wellness scores, indicating worse well-being, compared to non-injured players (median 10 vs. 9, p = 0.03). In conclusion, overuse injuries, particularly to the knee, were most common. Higher perceived stress and poorer wellness scores may be linked to injury risk, underlining the importance of monitoring well-being in youth padel athletes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Injury Prevention in Young Athletes)
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18 pages, 2088 KB  
Article
Isocaloric High-Intensity Interval and Circuit Training Increases Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption and Lipid Oxidation Compared to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training
by Viviane Faleiro, Alexandre V. Gurgel, Thiago T. Guimarães, Tiago C. Figueiredo, Felipe G. Teixeira, Bruno Jotta, Estêvão R. Monteiro, Alexandre G. Meirelles, Carla C. A. Caldas, Maicon T. de Almeida, Raquel C. Castiglione and Silvio R. Marques-Neto
Sports 2025, 13(10), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100355 - 6 Oct 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Background: This study compared energy expenditure (EE), substrate metabolism, and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) during moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and high-intensity circuit training (HICT) isocaloric sessions. Methods: Twelve trained male participants completed isocaloric exercise sessions equalized for EE [...] Read more.
Background: This study compared energy expenditure (EE), substrate metabolism, and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) during moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and high-intensity circuit training (HICT) isocaloric sessions. Methods: Twelve trained male participants completed isocaloric exercise sessions equalized for EE and average power (AP) across the three modalities. Postexercise EE, carbohydrate and lipid oxidation rates, and EPOC were measured 30 and 60 min after training. Results: Total EE and AP during exercise were similar between the protocols. However, EPOC was significantly higher for HIIT (319.0 ± 88.03 mL) and HICT (329.1 ± 27.79 mL) than for MICT (168.5 ± 21.84 mL), demonstrating greater post-exercise metabolic demand in high-intensity protocols. At 30 min post-exercise, carbohydrate oxidation remained elevated in the HIIT (3.70 ± 1.04 mg/kg/min) and HICT (4.06 ± 1.03 mg/kg/min) groups compared to that in the MICT group (1.42 ± 0.58 mg/kg/min), while lipid oxidation rates were also higher (HIIT: 1.08 ± 0.41; HICT: 1.20 ± 0.24 mg/kg/min; MICT: 0.61 ± 0.20 mg/kg/min). These effects persisted for 60 min, with HIIT and HICT maintaining significantly greater carbohydrate and lipid oxidation than MICT. Correlation analysis indicated a strong relationship between carbohydrate oxidation during exercise and lipid oxidation after 60 min of exercise. Conclusions: High-intensity protocols (HIIT and HICT) promote prolonged postexercise EE, enhance carbohydrate and lipid oxidation, and optimize metabolic recovery, making them effective strategies for maximizing energy utilization beyond the training session. Full article
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12 pages, 341 KB  
Article
Proximal Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Shoulder Muscle Function and Discomfort During Low-Intensity Exercise
by Junyeop Lee, Kibum Jung and Yongwoo Lee
Sports 2025, 13(10), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100354 - 4 Oct 2025
Viewed by 338
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the proximal effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) training on shoulder muscle function and subjective discomfort during low-intensity external rotation exercise. Twenty-four healthy adults were randomly assigned to a BFR group or a control group and performed shoulder [...] Read more.
This study aimed to examine the proximal effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) training on shoulder muscle function and subjective discomfort during low-intensity external rotation exercise. Twenty-four healthy adults were randomly assigned to a BFR group or a control group and performed shoulder stabilization exercises with or without BFR. Outcome measures included shoulder external rotation range of motion, maximal isometric strength, muscle endurance, electromyographic activity of the rotator cuff muscles, and perceived discomfort. Both groups demonstrated significant within-group improvements in all outcomes except posterior deltoid and supraspinatus activity (p < 0.05). Between-group comparisons showed significantly greater gains in maximal strength and infraspinatus and teres minor activation in the BFR group than in the control group (p < 0.05), while discomfort and fatigue scores were also higher in the BFR group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that BFR applied at the proximal upper arm can enhance the strength and activation of key rotator cuff muscles even when cuff placement near the shoulder is limited by anatomy. Proximal BFR may serve as an effective intervention for improving shoulder function when high-intensity exercise is contraindicated, although strategies to minimize discomfort are needed to improve clinical feasibility. Full article
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15 pages, 917 KB  
Article
Awareness, Perceived Importance and Implementation of Sports Vision Training
by Clara Martinez-Perez, Henrique Nascimento, Ana Roque and on behalf of the Sports Vision High-Performance Research Group
Sports 2025, 13(10), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100353 - 4 Oct 2025
Viewed by 383
Abstract
Background: Sports vision training improves perceptual–motor skills crucial for performance and injury prevention. Despite proven benefits, little is known about its perception and use among coaches in Portugal. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was completed by active coaches from various sports, gathering sociodemographic [...] Read more.
Background: Sports vision training improves perceptual–motor skills crucial for performance and injury prevention. Despite proven benefits, little is known about its perception and use among coaches in Portugal. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was completed by active coaches from various sports, gathering sociodemographic data, awareness of visual training, perceived importance of ten visual skills, and implementation in training plans. Statistical analyses included descriptive tests to summarize sample characteristics, t-tests and two-way ANOVA to compare perceived importance of visual skills across sex and sport modalities, Spearman correlations to assess associations with age, and Firth-corrected logistic regression to identify predictors of incorporating visual training into practice plans. Results: Among 155 participants (88.5% men; mean age 36.9 ± 11.8 years), 73.2% reported incorporating visual training, with no association with self-reported knowledge (p = 0.413). Regarding perceived importance, reaction time was rated highest (1.20 ± 0.44), followed by hand–eye/body coordination (1.61 ± 0.71) and anticipation (1.34 ± 0.55). Age negatively correlated with importance given to visual memory, peripheral vision, concentration, depth perception, coordination, and moving-object recognition (p < 0.05). Multivariable analysis showed age (OR = 1.05; p = 0.0206) and volleyball (OR = 2.45; p = 0.031) positively associated with implementation, while higher perceived importance for visual concentration was negatively associated (OR = 0.54; p = 0.0176). Conclusions: Visual training implementation is high but not always linked to formal knowledge. Adoption is influenced by sport and demographics, and the counterintuitive role of visual concentration underscores the need for tailored educational programs to enhance performance and reduce injury risk. Full article
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15 pages, 1917 KB  
Article
Test–Retest Reliability of Ankle Mobility, Balance, and Jump Tests in Amateur Trail Running Athletes
by Alberto Dominguez-Muñoz, José Carmelo Adsuar, Santos Villafaina, Juan Luis Leon-Llamas and Francisco Javier Dominguez-Muñoz
Sports 2025, 13(10), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100352 - 4 Oct 2025
Viewed by 321
Abstract
This study aimed to test the reliability of seven functional performance tests in amateur trail runners, including ankle mobility, balance, hopping, and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests. The sample consisted of 35 runners who were evaluated in two sessions separated by 7 to 14 [...] Read more.
This study aimed to test the reliability of seven functional performance tests in amateur trail runners, including ankle mobility, balance, hopping, and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests. The sample consisted of 35 runners who were evaluated in two sessions separated by 7 to 14 days, which varied due to participants’ scheduling constraints. Relative reliability was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC, which indicates consistency between repeated measures), the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM, which reflects measurement precision), and the Minimal Detectable Change (MDC, which represents the smallest real change beyond measurement error). The results show high reliability in almost all tests. The Lunge Test obtained an ICC of 0.990 and 0.983 for distance, and 0.941 and 0.958 for angular measurements in both legs. The Hop Tests showed moderate reliability with ICC above 0.7 In contrast, the Y Balance Test demonstrated lower reliability, with ICC values ranging from 0.554 to 0.732. The CMJ test showed good reliability, with an ICC ranging from 0.753 to 0.894, an SEM between 5.79% and 11.3%, and an MDC ranging from 15.54% to 31.44%, making it useful for assessing lower limb explosive strength. Both tests presented comparatively higher error values, which should be considered when interpreting individual changes. These findings support the use of these tests as valid and reliable tools for evaluating ankle dorsiflexion, balance, functional symmetry, and lower limb explosive strength in amateur trail runners, prior to training programs or injury prevention strategies, provided that standardized protocols and validated measuring instruments are used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fostering Sport for a Healthy Life)
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11 pages, 512 KB  
Article
Run-Based Tests Performed on an Indoor and Outdoor Surface Are Comparable in Adolescent Rugby League Players
by Michael A. Carron and Vincent J. Dalbo
Sports 2025, 13(10), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100351 - 4 Oct 2025
Viewed by 248
Abstract
At non-professional levels of rugby league, run-based tests are commonly performed on outdoor turfed fields and on indoor multipurpose sport surfaces, and results are monitored to gauge player performance and progression. However, test–retest reliability has not been conducted on indoor surfaces in adolescent [...] Read more.
At non-professional levels of rugby league, run-based tests are commonly performed on outdoor turfed fields and on indoor multipurpose sport surfaces, and results are monitored to gauge player performance and progression. However, test–retest reliability has not been conducted on indoor surfaces in adolescent rugby league players, and no research has examined if results obtained on outdoor and indoor surfaces are comparable for practitioners. Adolescent, male, rugby league players (N = 15; age = 17.1 ± 0.7 years) completed a 20 m linear sprint test (10- and 20 m splits), 505-Agility Test, and Multistage Fitness Test (MSFT) weekly for three consecutive weeks. Absolute (coefficient of variation (CV)) and relative (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) reliability of each run-based test performed on the indoor surface was quantified. Dependent t-tests, Hedges g, and 95% confidence intervals were used to examine if differences in performance occurred between indoor and outdoor surfaces. Effect size magnitudes were determined as Trivial: <0.20, Small: 0.20–0.49, Medium: 0.50–0.79, and Large: ≥0.80. All tests were considered reliable on the indoor surface (CV < 5.0%; ICCs = moderate-good) except for the 505-Agility Test (CV = 4.6–5.1%; ICCs = poor). Non-significant (p > 0.05), trivial differences were revealed between surface types for 10 (g = 0.15, 95% CI = −0.41 to 0.70) and 20 m (g = 0.06, 95% CI = −0.49 to 0.61) sprint tests, the 505-Agility Test (Right: g = −0.53, 95% CI = −1.12 to 0.06; Left: g = −0.40, 95% CI = −0.97 to 0.17), and the MSFT (g = 0.25, 95% CI = −0.31 to 0.81). The 10 and 20 m linear sprint test and MSFT have acceptable test–retest reliability on an indoor multipurpose sport surface, and practitioners may compare results of run-based tests obtained on an outdoor and indoor surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport-Specific Testing and Training Methods in Youth)
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11 pages, 2317 KB  
Article
Laboratory Analysis of Backpack Design and Walking Gradient Effects on Gait Kinetics and Kinematics
by Timothy Grigg, Natalia Kabaliuk and Sibi Walter
Sports 2025, 13(10), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100350 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 369
Abstract
Background: Heavy backpacks are carried by hikers during prolonged trekking trips. A backpack’s design could impact a hiker’s gait kinematics and kinetics. Objective: We aimed to assess the impact of backpack designs on lumbar extension (LE) and centre of pressure (COP) during walking. [...] Read more.
Background: Heavy backpacks are carried by hikers during prolonged trekking trips. A backpack’s design could impact a hiker’s gait kinematics and kinetics. Objective: We aimed to assess the impact of backpack designs on lumbar extension (LE) and centre of pressure (COP) during walking. Methods: Participants (n = 8; age = 23 ± 2) attended testing sessions to assess a traditional backpack (TBP) and a balance backpack (BBP) against no backpack (NBP) control while walking on three gradients (flat, 0°; incline, 12°; decline, −12°). Walking tests were conducted on a force plate-embedded treadmill with a motion capture system. Statistical tests assessed the effect of a backpack on LE and COP during carriage. Dunnett’s multiple comparison post hoc test identified significant main effects (5% significance). Results: The observed differences in an individual’s LE and COP across all three gradients were statistically (a = 0.05) significantly less when using a BBP compared to a TBP. Conclusion: Comparative analysis revealed that the BBP’s anterior–posterior loading system closely replicated the gait pattern of unloaded walking across the observed gradients. These findings suggest that hikers using a BBP may exhibit a gait resembling unloaded gait in comparison to a TBP gait. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Sports Performances (2nd Edition))
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15 pages, 251 KB  
Case Report
A Single-Team Case Study of Corrective Exercises for Upper-Extremity Injuries and Movement Dysfunction in Collegiate Swimmers
by Kristen G. Quigley, Madison Fenner, Philip Pavilionis and Nicholas G. Murray
Sports 2025, 13(10), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100349 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 228
Abstract
Swimming research has determined that rounded shoulders, forward head, and scapular dyskinesis are common imbalances that may lead to injury without correction. This case study aimed to evaluate a preventative exercise program designed to reduce injuries, correct postural deviations, and improve shoulder function [...] Read more.
Swimming research has determined that rounded shoulders, forward head, and scapular dyskinesis are common imbalances that may lead to injury without correction. This case study aimed to evaluate a preventative exercise program designed to reduce injuries, correct postural deviations, and improve shoulder function over one collegiate swimming season. Twenty female NCAA Division I swimmers (average age = 21.6 ± 1.3 years) participated over 25 weeks, completing pre-, mid-, and post-season assessments of injury rates, shoulder range of motion, and stability using standardized tests. Injuries were included as diagnosed and reported by an athletic trainer. Testing included internal rotation, external rotation, the Hawkins-Kennedy test, Neer’s sign, Sulcus sign, and the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST). Compared to the season prior with no intervention, swimmers who completed the program were 44% less likely to sustain an upper-extremity injury, as assessed from the CKCUEST scores (p < 0.01 for all metrics), shoulder internal rotation (p < 0.01 for both shoulders), and total range of motion (p < 0.01 for both shoulders). These findings suggest that a targeted corrective exercise program can effectively reduce injury rates and improve shoulder mobility and function in collegiate athletes. The interpretation of these results is limited by the study’s non-randomized design and absence of a control group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Science and Medicine in Swimming)
26 pages, 1400 KB  
Review
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Professional and Semi-Professional Football: A Scoping Review
by Íñigo M. Pérez-Castillo, Alberto Valiño-Marques, José López-Chicharro, Felipe Segura-Ortiz, Ricardo Rueda and Hakim Bouzamondo
Sports 2025, 13(10), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100348 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 640
Abstract
Background: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a widely used field technique for assessing body composition in football. However, its reliance on population-specific regression equations limits its accuracy. Objective: This scoping review aimed to map the scientific literature on BIA applications in professional and [...] Read more.
Background: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a widely used field technique for assessing body composition in football. However, its reliance on population-specific regression equations limits its accuracy. Objective: This scoping review aimed to map the scientific literature on BIA applications in professional and semi-professional football, highlighting uses, limitations, and research opportunities. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in the scientific databases PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Identified studies involved the use of BIA in professional and semi-professional football players (≥16 years) in the context of routine training and competition. Results: From 14,624 records, 39 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Three main applications were identified: (1) quantitative body composition assessment, (2) qualitative/semi-quantitative analysis (e.g., bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA)), and (3) muscle health and injury monitoring. Seven specific research areas emerged, including hydration monitoring, cross-method validation of body composition analyses, development of predictive models, sport phenotype identification, tracking training adaptations, performance/load assessment via phase angle, and localized BIA for injury diagnosis and recovery. Conclusions: While quantitative BIA estimates may lack individual-level precision, raw parameter analyses may offer valuable insights into hydration, cellular integrity, and muscle injury status, yet further research is needed to fully realize these applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Composition Assessment for Sports Performance and Athlete Health)
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17 pages, 258 KB  
Article
Impact of Reduced Net Height and Ball Speed Feedback on Spiking Ability in Introductory Volleyball
by M. Perla Moreno, Enrique Ortega-Toro, Alicia Lara and Aurelio Ureña
Sports 2025, 13(10), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100347 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 301
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the impact of an intervention based on the manipulation of the margin of error and the provision of ball speed feedback on the ability to spike in introductory volleyball. To this end, an exploratory study [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to explore the impact of an intervention based on the manipulation of the margin of error and the provision of ball speed feedback on the ability to spike in introductory volleyball. To this end, an exploratory study without a control group was conducted. The sample consisted of two U-14 volleyball teams, one male team with 14 players (13.2 ± 0.75 years), and one female team with 12 players (14 ± 0 years). The intervention involved reducing the height of the net, providing immediate feedback on the speed of the ball after the spike, and challenging the target zone of the spike. It was applied across 12 sessions, with eight spikes per player per session. The study variables recorded in each spiking were ball speed (which was measured using the Pocket Radar Ball Coach instrument), jump height (which was measured using the VERT Wearable Jump Monitor), and target area for sending the ball (which was filmed using a high-speed video camera). The players’ perception of the intervention was also assessed. The most significant results indicated that the achievement of the impact in the more restricted target area of the spiking, compared to the larger target area, led to a significant increase in jumping, both in men and women. As maintaining spike ball speed was necessary to validate the challenge, speed values did not decrease when hitting toward the restricted zone. In fact, for male players, there was an unexpected significant increase in spike ball speed. The initial speed was the variable that best predicted the maximum speed acquired throughout the treatment. Reducing the net height while restricting the spiking area can have a positive impact on spike kinematics, provided that spike velocity is maintained. Full article
12 pages, 991 KB  
Article
Associations Between Swimmers’ Dry-Land Lower- and Upper-Limb Measures and Butterfly Sprint Performance
by Maciej Hołub, Wojciech Głyk, Arkadiusz Stanula, Katja Weiss, Thomas Rosemann and Beat Knechtle
Sports 2025, 13(10), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100346 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 311
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine correlations between performance of vertical jumps and dolphin kick sprints, and between the results of a dry-land butterfly arm pull test and butterfly arms-only swimming. The study recruited competitive junior male swimmers (15.9 (0.7) years, [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to determine correlations between performance of vertical jumps and dolphin kick sprints, and between the results of a dry-land butterfly arm pull test and butterfly arms-only swimming. The study recruited competitive junior male swimmers (15.9 (0.7) years, 179.3 (5.3) cm body height, 64.6 (4.3) kg body mass). On dry land, we measured jump height, lower-limb work and power, as well as peak velocity, power, and force in the butterfly arm pull test. In swimming tests, time, velocity, power, force, and work were assessed during the dolphin kick and butterfly arms-only trials. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and the coefficients of determination were calculated between measurements. The findings showed correlations between swimming velocity and power recorded during the dolphin kick test with jump height, work and power measured in the jump tests (maximum r = 0.90, r2 = 0,81, p < 0.05). The best correlations between the results of the jump tests and swim variables were determined for the CJ30s test. The butterfly arm pull test was not associated with all parameters measured by the butterfly arms-only test. Our study demonstrates that targeted dry-land training programmes using exercises like vertical jumps can enhance competitive swimmers’ performance and offer coaches an accessible means of tracking athlete progress. Moreover, such simple drills may serve as a cost-effective approach for early evaluation of strength and power potential and for preventing musculoskeletal injuries, all without requiring pool access or specialized underwater equipment. However, the small and homogeneous sample (n = 12, junior males only) and the absence of reliability analyses limit the generalizability of the results. Full article
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18 pages, 1406 KB  
Article
The Value of the First Repetition: Force, Impulse, and Linear Velocity in Flywheel Deadlifts and Their Link to Maximal Free-Weight Strength
by Athanasios Tsoukos and Gregory C. Bogdanis
Sports 2025, 13(10), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100345 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1030
Abstract
The purpose of this study was threefold: (a) to analyze differences in mean force, impulse, mean concentric and eccentric velocity, and peak concentric velocity across six repetitions of the flywheel deadlift exercise, with a particular focus on the first repetition initiated from zero [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was threefold: (a) to analyze differences in mean force, impulse, mean concentric and eccentric velocity, and peak concentric velocity across six repetitions of the flywheel deadlift exercise, with a particular focus on the first repetition initiated from zero momentum; (b) to explore relationships between these kinetic and kinematic variables and one-repetition maximum (1-RM) performance in the free-weight deadlift; (c) to examine the effects of different flywheel inertial loads on the relationships among mean force (MF), impulse, time under tension (TUT), and velocity, with the aim of identifying the most valid and reliable parameter for flywheel load prescription. Thirteen resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 5.0 y; 82.2 ± 11.7 kg; 1-RM deadlift: 174 ± 24 kg) performed six repetitions of the flywheel deadlift against six inertial loads (0.025 to 0.145 kg∙m2) on a kBox 5 device. Results showed that although the first repetition had 25–30% lower mean concentric velocity and 7–11% lower mean force compared to subsequent repetitions (p < 0.001), it exhibited 4–8% higher impulse due to the 14–20% longer time under tension. MF, velocity, and impulse in the first repetition showed moderate-to-strong correlations with 1-RM (r = 0.58 to 0.85, p < 0.05), particularly at the two higher inertia loads. MF plateaued at moderate inertia loads, while impulse and TUT increased linearly with increasing inertial load and demonstrated the strongest and most consistent relationships with inertial load (r = 0.99 ± 0.01 and 0.97 ± 0.02, p < 0.001), enabling individualized flywheel training prescription. This study highlights the distinct value of the first repetition in flywheel deadlifts and its practical value for both assessment and training. Also, it suggests that impulse and TUT may be used as simple and practical flywheel exercise prescription variables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Innovations in Applied Research)
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16 pages, 491 KB  
Article
Lactate Thresholds and Performance in Young Cross-Country Skiers Before and After the Competitive Season: Insights from Laboratory Roller-Ski Tests in Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions
by Jesús Torres-Pérez, Eneko Fernández-Peña, Alexa Callovini and Aitor Pinedo-Jauregi
Sports 2025, 13(10), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100344 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 329
Abstract
Cross-country (XC) skiing imposes high physiological demands under hypoxic conditions at altitude. Lactate thresholds such as Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation at 4 mmol/L (OBLA4) and lactate plus 1 mmol/L above baseline (Bsln+1.0) are crucial for tracking performance. This study investigates physiological responses in [...] Read more.
Cross-country (XC) skiing imposes high physiological demands under hypoxic conditions at altitude. Lactate thresholds such as Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation at 4 mmol/L (OBLA4) and lactate plus 1 mmol/L above baseline (Bsln+1.0) are crucial for tracking performance. This study investigates physiological responses in junior XC skiers under normoxic and hypoxic conditions before (PreCs) and after (PosCs) the competitive season. Nine national-level XC skiers performed a Graded Exercise Test (GXT) on a treadmill using roller skis under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions in PreCS and PosCS. Heart rate, slope (treadmill inclination), and lactate thresholds (Bsln+1.0 and OBLA4) were measured. Significant differences were found between PreCs and PosCs under hypoxia for maximum heart rate (p < 0.05). Estimated slopes at Bsln+1.0 and OBLA4 were lower under hypoxia compared to normoxia in PreCs (p = 0.005, d = −1.29 for Bsln+1.0 and p = 0.013, d = −1.06 for OBLA4). In PosCs, a lower impairment effect of hypoxia exposure under slope at OBLA4 was found (p = 0.02, d = −0.95). Positive correlations were found between heart rate and slope for Bsln+1.0 and OBLA4 in PreCs under normoxia and hypoxia, becoming stronger at PosCs, especially under hypoxia. Delta values showed that the higher the slope at Bsln+1.0 and OBLA 4 under normoxia was, the greater the decrease between normoxia and hypoxia was. Physiological changes in junior XC skiers after training and competition in normoxic and hypoxic conditions highlight the importance of hypoxic environments for assessing and monitoring performance throughout the season. Full article
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17 pages, 551 KB  
Systematic Review
Post-Exercise Recovery Modalities in Male and Female Soccer Players of All Ages and Competitive Levels: A Systematic Review
by Emaly Vatne, Jose M. Oliva-Lozano, Catherine Saenz, Rick Cost and Josh Hagen
Sports 2025, 13(10), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100343 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 733
Abstract
Optimal recovery supports health and enhances performance in soccer players, yet the empirical evidence on various recovery strategies in soccer is complex to interpret. This review aimed to summarize the literature on post-exercise recovery modalities in male and female soccer players of all [...] Read more.
Optimal recovery supports health and enhances performance in soccer players, yet the empirical evidence on various recovery strategies in soccer is complex to interpret. This review aimed to summarize the literature on post-exercise recovery modalities in male and female soccer players of all ages and competition levels. Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, SPORTDiscuss, and Web of Science were systematically searched until 17 October 2023. Randomized controlled trials or within-subjects crossover design studies that examined the effects of post-exercise recovery interventions on physical, psychological, or performance outcomes in soccer players were included. A single reviewer extracted data and assessed study quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Overall, 41 studies were included in the final review. The recovery strategies represented in these studies were organized into the following categories: active recovery, blood flow restriction, cold water immersion, contrast water therapy, compression garments, active cool-down, cryotherapy, cold garments, sleep and daytime nap, pneumatic cooling, foam rolling, mindfulness interventions, nutritional intervention, and static stretching. The findings demonstrated that cold-water immersion consistently improved jump performance and perceptions of fatigue, soreness, and overall well-being. Other recovery strategies, such as active recovery, compression therapy, sleep interventions, and nutrition supplementation, also positively impacted recovery, albeit with varying levels of effectiveness and evidence. However, the studies exhibited heterogeneity in methods, outcome measures, and recovery intervention protocols, posing challenges for generalizability. This review summarizes recovery strategies for soccer players, emphasizing the need for practitioners, coaches, and athletes to individualize interventions based on athletes’ needs, preferences, and competition level. Full article
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19 pages, 736 KB  
Review
Nutrition Strategies to Promote Sleep in Elite Athletes: A Scoping Review
by Gavin Rackard, Sharon M. Madigan, James Connolly, Laura Keaver, Lisa Ryan and Rónán Doherty
Sports 2025, 13(10), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100342 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1634
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sleep is pivotal for recovery, immunity, and energy restoration; however, sleep problems exist in elite athletes. Nutrition and supplementation strategies can play both a positive and negative role in sleep quality and quantity. Elite athletes experience unique psychological and physiological demands above [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sleep is pivotal for recovery, immunity, and energy restoration; however, sleep problems exist in elite athletes. Nutrition and supplementation strategies can play both a positive and negative role in sleep quality and quantity. Elite athletes experience unique psychological and physiological demands above non-elite athletes and may require different nutrition strategies to promote sleep. Nutrient interventions and their effect on sleep in elite athletes is an emerging area, with further research warranted. Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for Scoping Reviews and Joanna Brigg’s Institute Reviewer’s Manual for Scoping Reviews were utilised to assess the available evidence on nutrition strategies used to promote sleep in elite athlete cohorts, and we tried to identify the interventions that could be best researched in the future. NUtrition QUality Evaluation Strengthening Tools (NUQUEST) was used to enhance rigour and assess risk of bias in studies. The Paper to Podium (P2P) Matrix was used to offer practitioners practical recommendations. Results: 12 studies met the inclusion criteria for nutrition interventions or exposures to promote sleep in elite athletes. The median participant group size was 19 and study designs were considered together to ascertain potential sleep promoting strategies. Kiwifruit, Tart Cherry Juice and high dairy intake, limited to females, have demonstrated the highest potential to promote sleep in elite athletes, despite limited sample sizes. A-lactalbumin, carbohydrate pre-bed, casein, tryptophan, probiotic and meeting energy demands showed varying results on sleep quality in elite athletes. Conclusions: Kiwifruit, Tart Cherry Juice and dairy consumption offer potential nutritional interventions to promote sleep in elite athletic populations, while protein-based interventions may have a ceiling effect on sleep quality when elite athletes are already consuming >2.5 g·kg−1 body mass (BM) or are already meeting their sleep duration needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research in Applied Sports Nutrition)
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13 pages, 1799 KB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Speed-Power Performance and Sport-Specific Skills Among Elite Youth Soccer Players with Different Start Procedures
by Eduard Bezuglov, Anton Emanov, Timur Vakhidov, Elizaveta Kapralova, Georgiy Malyakin, Vyacheslav Kolesnichenko, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Larisa Smekalkina and Mikhail Vinogradov
Sports 2025, 13(10), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100341 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
Accurate interpretation of physical test results is essential to objectively measure parameters both at a single point in time and throughout longitudinal assessments. This is particularly relevant for tests of speed and change of direction, which are among the most commonly used assessments [...] Read more.
Accurate interpretation of physical test results is essential to objectively measure parameters both at a single point in time and throughout longitudinal assessments. This is particularly relevant for tests of speed and change of direction, which are among the most commonly used assessments for soccer players at different levels. This study aimed to quantify the impact of start-line distance (30 cm vs. 100 cm) on linear sprint splits (5–30 m), change-of-direction (COD), and T-test performance in elite youth soccer players, while also examining potential order effects. The study involved 82 youth soccer players (14–19 y; 180.68 ± 6.97 cm; 71.65 ± 7.91 kg; BMI 21.90 ± 1.57) from an elite academy, divided into two groups. The first group started trials at 30 cm from the starting line, then at 100 cm, while the second group performed in the reverse order. All participants underwent a standard sequence of tests: anthropometric measurements, 5, 10, 20, and 30 m sprints, change-of-direction running, and the T-test. The longer start (100 cm) improved sprint times with large effects tapering with distance: 5 m (Hedges’ g = 1.00, 95% CI 0.80–1.25; Δ = 0.076 s, 0.060–0.093; 6.99%), 10 m (g = 1.37, 1.14–1.68; Δ = 0.102 s, 0.086–0.119; 5.63%), 20 m (g = 1.58, 1.36–1.88; Δ = 0.112 s, 0.096–0.127; 3.66%), 30 m (g = 1.48, 1.26–1.80; Δ = 0.114 s, 0.097–0.131; 2.71%). COD also improved (rank-biserial r = 0.516, 0.294–0.717; Δ = 0.075 s, 0.034–0.116; 1.00%) and the T-test improved (g = 0.61, 0.37–0.86; Δ = 0.107 s, 0.068–0.145; 1.26%). Order effects on Δ were evident for 30 m (Welch t = −3.05, p_Holm = 0.0157, d = −0.67) and COD (MWU p_Holm = 0.0048, r = −0.43). Protocols must specify and report the start geometry; the order should be randomised or counter-balanced, particularly for 30 m and COD. Full article
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14 pages, 1366 KB  
Article
Describing Dietary Habits and Body Composition Among High-Intensity Functional Training Athletes: A Mixed Methods Approach
by Kworweinski Lafontant, Jack Livingston, Sofea Smith, Michelle A. Da Silva Barbera, Claudia Gonzalez, Susan Kampiyil, Ngoc Linh Nhi Nguyen, Blake Johnson, Jeffrey R. Stout and David H. Fukuda
Sports 2025, 13(10), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100340 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 520
Abstract
High-intensity functional training (HIFT) has grown in popularity in the past several decades, yet previous research has largely focused on the dietary habits and body composition of elite HIFT athletes and utilized only quantitative study designs, potentially limiting our understanding of typical HIFT [...] Read more.
High-intensity functional training (HIFT) has grown in popularity in the past several decades, yet previous research has largely focused on the dietary habits and body composition of elite HIFT athletes and utilized only quantitative study designs, potentially limiting our understanding of typical HIFT athletes. This study aimed to comprehensively describe the common dietary habits and body composition of HIFT athletes. Data were only analyzed descriptively. Among 62 HIFT athletes (age: 36 ± 11.7 years), we estimated body fat percentage (BF%) using a Siri 3-compartment model, and we assessed dietary habits, dietary supplement (DS) use, and open-response rationales for DS use/disuse via an online questionnaire. Qualitative data from open-response questions were coded and grouped via inductive thematic analysis. Body composition varied among both male (n = 36, BF% = 6.5–27.6%) and female participants (n = 26, BF% = 10.6–37.6%). Most participants reported regular consumption of lean meats and home-cooked meals, yet few participants (~20%) regularly consumed the recommended twice daily servings of dairy, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Most (77.4%) HIFT athletes reported DS use, with the average HIFT athlete using approximately six DS; dairy protein, creatine, caffeine, and electrolyte drinks were the most reported DS. Improving health, recovery, and nutrient intake were common reasons for using DS, whereas a lack of noticeable results was the most common reason for discontinuation. Some HIFT athletes may rely on DS to address nutrient gaps rather than whole foods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)
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9 pages, 1609 KB  
Article
The Interrelationships of Three Change of Direction Ability Tests in Elite Female Volleyball Players: An Exploratory Study
by Will C. Wright, Elroy J. Aguiar, Lee J. Winchester, Michael V. Fedewa, Andrew D. Fields and Michael R. Esco
Sports 2025, 13(10), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100339 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 321
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this exploratory study is to evaluate the relationships between commonly used change of direction COD tests (t-test, L-drill, and 5-10-5 shuttle) in Division I female volleyball players. Methods: Sixteen Division I female volleyball players (age = 19.4 [...] Read more.
Background: The purpose of this exploratory study is to evaluate the relationships between commonly used change of direction COD tests (t-test, L-drill, and 5-10-5 shuttle) in Division I female volleyball players. Methods: Sixteen Division I female volleyball players (age = 19.4 ± 1.4 years, height = 176.2 ± 10.6 cm, weight = 71.5 ± 11.1 kg) participated in this study and completed three trials of the t-test, L-drill, and 5-10-5 shuttle in a randomized order. The best time for each test was recorded and analyzed. Pearson product correlations were used to determine the interrelationships between each of the three COD tests. Additionally, a composite score was created by summing the best performances of the three drills. The relationship between each test and the composite score was also established via Spearman rank correlations. Results: The mean ± standard deviation for time to complete each test was 10.9 ± 0.7 s for the t-test, 8.6 ± 0.3 s for the L-drill, and 4.9 ± 0.2 s for the 5-10-5. Statistically significant correlations were shown between the t-test and L-Drill (r = 0.89, p < 0.001,), between the L-drill and 5-10-5 Shuttle (r = 0.91, p < 0.001), and between the 5-10-5 Shuttle and t-test (r = 0.83, p < 0.001). In addition, each COD test significantly correlated with the composite score (ρ = 0.92–0.95). Conclusion: The high degree of agreement between the three COD tests suggests that any one of them could be utilized for testing COD ability in female volleyball players. Full article
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21 pages, 4143 KB  
Article
Muscle Synergy During Cutting Movements in Athletes with a History of Groin Pain
by Hiromi Saito, Nadaka Hakariya, Teerapat Laddawong, Toshiaki Soga, Tatsuya Moteki, Koji Kaneoka, Naoto Matsunaga and Norikazu Hirose
Sports 2025, 13(10), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100338 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 382
Abstract
This study examined muscle coordination during cutting movements in athletes with a history of groin pain. A total of 15 athletes who had experienced groin pain in the past two years (GP) and 14 healthy controls (CON) participated. Electromyography (EMG) and ground reaction [...] Read more.
This study examined muscle coordination during cutting movements in athletes with a history of groin pain. A total of 15 athletes who had experienced groin pain in the past two years (GP) and 14 healthy controls (CON) participated. Electromyography (EMG) and ground reaction force (GRF) data were collected, and EMG was analyzed using non-negative matrix factorization to extract muscle synergies. Three synergies were identified in both groups: Synergy 1 (landing), Synergy 2 (deceleration), and Synergy 3 (acceleration). No group differences were observed in GRF. However, compared with the CON, the GP demonstrated a 58.1% greater contribution of the latissimus dorsi and a 31.5% greater contribution of the erector spinae (SES) in Synergy 1, suggesting excessive trunk involvement during landing. In Synergy 2, SES contribution was 97.0% lower in the GP. In Synergy 3, the external oblique contribution decreased by 118.4%, while rectus abdominis contribution increased by 54.3%. These muscles are critical for pelvic stability, and their altered contributions indicate disrupted neuromuscular coordination in athletes with GP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Prevention and Rehabilitation of Training Injuries)
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12 pages, 423 KB  
Article
The Criterion Validity of a Newly Developed Ballroom Aerobic Test (BAT) Protocol Against Objective Methods
by Tamara Despot and Davor Plavec
Sports 2025, 13(10), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100337 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 175
Abstract
Although laboratory testing to assess aerobic capacity has been a ‘gold standard’ in sports science, its high costs and time-consuming protocols may not be feasible for monitoring and tracking progress in limited conditions. In dancesport athletes, several field-based aerobic tests have been proposed, [...] Read more.
Although laboratory testing to assess aerobic capacity has been a ‘gold standard’ in sports science, its high costs and time-consuming protocols may not be feasible for monitoring and tracking progress in limited conditions. In dancesport athletes, several field-based aerobic tests have been proposed, but the majority of them have been developed for ballet or contemporary dancers at the individual level, while the data among dance couples engaging in standard dance styles is lacking. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to validate a newly developed Ballroom Aerobic Test (BAT) protocol against objective methods. Twelve standard dancesport couples (age: 20.4 ± 3.9 years; height: 172.1 ± 8.7 cm; weight: 60.1 ± 9.4 kg) with 8.2 ± 3.4 years of training and competing experience participated in this study. Ventilatory and metabolic parameters were generated using the MetaMax® 3B portable gas analyzer (the BAT), while the KF1 (an increase in speed by 0.5 km * h−1 by every minute) and Bruce protocols were followed in laboratory-based settings on the running ergometer. Large to very large correlations were obtained between the BAT and KF1/Bruce protocols for the absolute maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max; r = 0.88 and 0.87) and relative VO2max (r = 0.88 and 0.85), respiratory exchange ratio (RER; r = 0.78 and 0.76), expiratory ventilation (VE; r = 0.86 and 0.79), tidal volume (VT; r = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.57–0.87; p < 0.001), ventilatory equivalent for O2 (VE/VO2; r = 0.81 and 0.80) and CO2 (VE/VCO2; r = 0.78 and 0.82), and dead space (VD/VT; r = 0.70 and 0.74). The Bland–Altman plots indicated no systematic and proportional biases between the BAT and KF1 protocols (standard error of estimate; SEE = ± 3.36 mL * kg−1 * min−1) and the BAT and Bruce protocols (SEE = ± 3.75 mL * kg−1 * min−1). This study shows that the BAT exhibits satisfactory agreement properties against objective methods and is a valid dance protocol to accurately estimate aerobic capacity in dancesport athletes participating in standard dance styles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport-Specific Testing and Training Methods in Youth)
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16 pages, 619 KB  
Systematic Review
Risk Factors and Prevention of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Adolescent and Adult High-Performance Tennis Players: A Systematic Review
by María Soledad Amor-Salamanca, Eva María Rodríguez-González, Domingo Rosselló, María de Lluc-Bauza, Francisco Hermosilla-Perona, Adrián Martín-Castellanos and Ivan Herrera-Peco
Sports 2025, 13(10), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100336 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 632
Abstract
Background: High-performance tennis exposes players to repetitive high-load strokes and abrupt directional changes, which substantially increase musculoskeletal injury risk. This systematic review synthesized evidence on epidemiology, risk factors, and physiotherapy-led preventive strategies in elite adolescent and adult players. Methods: Following a PROSPERO-registered protocol, [...] Read more.
Background: High-performance tennis exposes players to repetitive high-load strokes and abrupt directional changes, which substantially increase musculoskeletal injury risk. This systematic review synthesized evidence on epidemiology, risk factors, and physiotherapy-led preventive strategies in elite adolescent and adult players. Methods: Following a PROSPERO-registered protocol, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched (2011–2024) for observational studies reporting epidemiological outcomes in high-performance tennis. Methodological quality was appraised with NIH tools, and certainty of evidence was graded with GRADE. Results: Thirty-seven studies met inclusion criteria: 16 in adolescents, 18 in adults, and 3 mixed. Incidence ranged from 2.1 to 3.5 injuries/1000 h in juniors and 1.25 to 56.6/1000 h in adults. Seasonal prevalence was 46–54% in juniors and 30–54% in professionals. Lower-limb trauma (48–56%) predominated, followed by lumbar (12–39%) and shoulder overuse syndromes. Across age groups, abrupt increases in the acute-to-chronic workload ratio (≥1.3 in juniors; ≥1.5 in adults) were the strongest extrinsic predictor of injury. Intrinsic contributors included reduced glenohumeral internal rotation, scapular dyskinesis, and poor core stability. Three prevention clusters emerged: (1) External load control, four-week “ramp-up” strategies reduced injury incidence by up to 21%; (2) Kinetic-chain conditioning, core stability plus eccentric rotator-cuff training decreased overuse by 26% and preserved shoulder mobility; and (3) Technique/equipment adjustments, grip-size personalization halved lateral epicondylalgia, while serve-timing modifications reduced shoulder torque. Conclusions: Injury risk in high-performance tennis is quantifiable and preventable. Progressive load management targeted kinetic-chain conditioning, and tailored technique/equipment modifications represent the most effective evidence-based safeguards for adolescent and adult elite players. Full article
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13 pages, 552 KB  
Article
Open Water Swimming: Swimmers’ Kinematical and Neuromuscular Characterisation in 5 km Swim
by Ana Conceição, Daniel Marinho, Jan Stastny, Carlos Gonçalves, João Freitas, Renato da Costa-Machado and Hugo Louro
Sports 2025, 13(10), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100335 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 618
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize and analyse the kinematic parameters and muscle activity of swimmers in open water swimming (OWS). Nine male swimmers (age: 25.4 ± 11.9 years; body mass: 75.9 ± 9.0 kg; height: 180.7 ± 6.7 cm; and arm span: 185.6 [...] Read more.
This study aimed to characterize and analyse the kinematic parameters and muscle activity of swimmers in open water swimming (OWS). Nine male swimmers (age: 25.4 ± 11.9 years; body mass: 75.9 ± 9.0 kg; height: 180.7 ± 6.7 cm; and arm span: 185.6 ± 10.3 cm) were evaluated in an open environment (lake), performing 5 m × 1000 m at maximum intensity, with a rest of 30 s every 1000 m. For kinematical analyses, the stroke rate (SR), swimming velocity (v), stroke length (SL), and stroke index (SI) were calculated. Surface EMG data were recorded in seven muscles—upper trapezius (UP); latissimus dorsi (LD); pectoralis major (PM); posterior deltoid (PD); anterior deltoid (AD); triceps brachii (TB); and biceps brachii (BB)—for the underwater and recovery phases of the stroke. SL (F = 3.41, p = 0.06, η2 = 0.30) and SI (F = 3.29, p = 0.08, η2 = 0.29) changed along the covered distances, and SR (F = 1.54, p = 0.24, η2 = 0.16) increased, especially in the last 1000 m (32.5 ± 3.0 cycles-min−1). AD was highly activated in recovery, showing statistical differences from the beginning (p ≤ 0.01) to the end of the race (p = 0.03). The TB muscle was mostly recruited in the underwater phase, from the start (p ≤ 0.01) to the finish (p = 0.03), showing a significant difference in each lap, with a large effect. LD showed significant differences in muscle activation, from 1000 m (p ≤ 0.01) with a huge effect, to 5000 m (p ≤ 0.01), with a large effect. These results suggested that the UT and AD muscles had higher activity in recovery than the underwater phase, and TB and LD were higher in the underwater phase. Full article
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