Sports

11 pages, 540 KB

Open AccessArticle

The ACTN-3 c.1729C>T (rs1815739) Polymorphism Is Associated with Match-Play Maximal Running Speed in Elite Football Players: A Preliminary Report

by Myosotis Massidda, Laura Flore, Giovanna Maria Ghiani, Kinga Losinska, Mauro Baldus, Jacopo Secci, Giuseppe Allegra, Marco Scorcu, Naoki Kikuchi, Pawel Cieszczyk, Carla Maria Calò and Filippo Tocco

Sports 2025, 13(9), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090331 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 372

Abstract

The TT genotype of the ACTN-3 polymorphism (rs1815739) has been previously associated with lower sprinting and jumping performance, higher frequency and severity of muscle injuries and eccentric muscle damage in professional football players. This study examined the influence of rs1815739 polymorphism on maximal [...] Read more.

The TT genotype of the ACTN-3 polymorphism (rs1815739) has been previously associated with lower sprinting and jumping performance, higher frequency and severity of muscle injuries and eccentric muscle damage in professional football players. This study examined the influence of rs1815739 polymorphism on maximal running speed (MRS) during official matches in elite football players. MRS was collected, using a Global Position System (GPS) at high sampling frequencies (50 Hz), from 45 footballers of the same team during 26 official matches (707 match observations). A buccal swab was used to extract genomic DNA, and an RFLP PCR technique was used to determine the ACTN-3 genotype. The main finding of the present study was that CC players showed significantly higher MRS than TT players (CC = 33.1 ± 1.3 km·h⁻¹; CT = 32.7 ± 1.6 km·h⁻¹; TT = 31.5 ± 1.9 km·h⁻¹, p = 0.041). Moreover, the players harboring a copy of the C allele showed a trend toward higher MRS than TT genotype (CC + CT = 32.9 ± 1.5 km·h⁻¹ vs. TT = 31.5 ± 1.9 km·h⁻¹, p = 0.06). We found, for the first time, an association between the ACTN-3 polymorphism and match-play MRS in elite football players. Our results bring new knowledge to the literature regarding the advantage conferred by the C allele (CC and CT genotypes) of the ACTN-3 polymorphism on sprint performance in football providing perspectives for modulating the speed training program in relation to ACTN-3 genotypes, enhancing performance avoiding muscle lesions. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Exercise Dose–Response Using Cardiac Autonomic Activity in Female University Ice Hockey Players

by Maggie L. Peterson, Patrick E. Monforton, Anthony R. Bain, Kevin J. Milne and Andrew S. Perrotta

Sports 2025, 13(9), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090330 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Female university ice hockey players experience elevated and sustained cardiovascular stress during training and competition. There remains limited research on the “exercise dose–response” in female ice hockey players. The purpose of this study was to examine daily and weekly changes in cardiac autonomic [...] Read more.

Female university ice hockey players experience elevated and sustained cardiovascular stress during training and competition. There remains limited research on the “exercise dose–response” in female ice hockey players. The purpose of this study was to examine daily and weekly changes in cardiac autonomic activity across a competitive season, and to examine its association with accumulated exercise stress. Twenty-one female ice hockey players wore chest strap heart rate monitors to quantify exercise heart rate dynamics into a training load (TL) metric and time (min) performing high-intensity activity (HIA) during training and competition. Cardiac autonomic activity was expressed as both resting heart rate (RHR) and the root mean squared of successive R-R intervals (rMSSD) and was recorded immediately upon awakening each morning. The association between HRV and both TL (r = −0.420, p = 0.058) and HIA (r = −0.420, p = 0.058) was observed. The association between RHR and both TL (r = 0.109, p = 0.638) and HIA (r = 0.150, p = 0.516) was observed. rMSSD fell below the typical error for ~50% of games. In conclusion, HRV demonstrated greater sensitivity to exercise stress than RHR for quantifying the dose–response to on-ice exercise stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Freshman to Final Whistle: The Physiological Journey of Collegiate Athletes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1209 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) and Exercise Interventions: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Valentina Presta, Alessandro Guarnieri, Fabiana Laurenti, Salvatore Mazzei, Orsola di Martino, Marco Vitale and Giancarlo Condello

Sports 2025, 13(9), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090329 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 443

Abstract

The aim of this systematic review (PROSPERO registration number CRD42024517069) was to investigate the effectiveness of exercise interventions in Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS). We searched on several databases and followed the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). We included [...] Read more.

The aim of this systematic review (PROSPERO registration number CRD42024517069) was to investigate the effectiveness of exercise interventions in Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS). We searched on several databases and followed the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). We included randomized controlled trials that evaluate exercise interventions in adults (40–60 years old) diagnosed with PACS. The outcomes of interest were health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and functional fitness. Twenty studies were included after screening. Thirteen and fourteen studies were rated as “low” risk for HRQoL and functional fitness outcomes, respectively. Based on the evidence, an 8-week exercise protocol of aerobic training in combination with strength-based and breathing exercises was found to be safe and feasible while improving quality of life and functional fitness in people with PACS. Telerehabilitation can also be an option to avoid contagion and physical contact with the same beneficial effects. Future research should expand the knowledge about other types of exercise (i.e., water-based exercises) with high-quality trials and consider whether findings could be potentially transferable to recovery from a wider spectrum of viral infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fostering Sport for a Healthy Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 364 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Physical Fitness in World-Class Shot Put Para Athletes During Six Months of Training: A Longitudinal Case Report

by Exal Garcia-Carrillo, Nikolaos Zaras, Lawrence W. Judge, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki, Esteban Aedo-Muñoz, Antonio Castillo-Paredes, Jairo Azócar-Gallardo, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda and Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo

Sports 2025, 13(9), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090328 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 502

Abstract

The purpose of this longitudinal case report was to assess physical fitness changes in world-class shot put para athletes during six months of training. One male (age: 34.8 years; mass: 96.9 kg; height: 1.79 m; sport class: F42), and one female (age: 45.3 [...] Read more.

The purpose of this longitudinal case report was to assess physical fitness changes in world-class shot put para athletes during six months of training. One male (age: 34.8 years; mass: 96.9 kg; height: 1.79 m; sport class: F42), and one female (age: 45.3 years; mass: 60.1 kg; height: 1.64 m: F54) shot put para-thrower were assessed during a 24-week periodized training program, including strength and power training, throws, and plyometrics. Monthly assessments included competitive shot put throwing performance, the medicine ball throw test, and upper-body maximal strength, while body composition was measured before and after the training period. Shot put throwing performance improved by 10.1% and 1.6% for the male and female athletes, respectively. Similarly, performance in the medicine ball throw test increased by 15.2% and 8.4% for the male and female athletes, respectively. Maximal strength increased by 10.3% (male) and 3.3% (female). Body composition changes included an increased lean mass (2.5%) and reduced sum of six skinfolds (−9.8%) in the male athlete, while the female athlete experienced decreased body mass (−2.5%) and skinfolds (−11.7%). World-class shot put para athletes can improve strength and power through a structured periodized training plan. Monitoring strength and performance indicators monthly effectively tracked training adaptations in elite para athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking Athlete Pathways: Innovations and Insights in Long-Term Athletic Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2299 KB

Open AccessArticle

Neuromuscular and Performance Responses to Resisted Sprint Loads in Elite Female Sprinters

by Mieszko Bartosz-Jeffries, Irineu Loturco, Adam Zając, Adam Maszczyk, Tomás T. Freitas, Pedro E. Alcaraz, Lucas A. Pereira and Artur Gołaś

Sports 2025, 13(9), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090327 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 390

Abstract

This study examined the effects of motorized resisted sprint training (RST) on neuromuscular activation and sprint performance in elite female sprinters. Ten highly trained athletes (age: 23 ± 2.8 years; body mass: 58.3 ± 4.7 kg) performed two maximal 30 m unresisted sprints [...] Read more.

This study examined the effects of motorized resisted sprint training (RST) on neuromuscular activation and sprint performance in elite female sprinters. Ten highly trained athletes (age: 23 ± 2.8 years; body mass: 58.3 ± 4.7 kg) performed two maximal 30 m unresisted sprints and six resisted sprints under three different load conditions (i.e., 5%, 10%, and 15% of body mass [BM]), randomized in a counterbalanced design. Surface electromyography (EMG) of eight lower-limb muscles was recorded bilaterally using wearable EMG-integrated shorts. Sprint times were captured using dual-beam photocells, and motorized resistance was applied with the SPRINT 1080 device. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant load-dependent effect on sprint time (p < 0.001, η² = 0.926), with performance decreasing as resistance increased. However, no significant changes were observed in most muscle groups across load conditions, except for a non-significant trend toward increased left gluteus maximus activity (p = 0.053, η² = 0.136). Interestingly, greater inter-individual variability in both sprint performance and muscle activation was observed as external loads increased. These findings suggest that elite female sprinters maintain highly stable neuromuscular recruitment patterns, particularly in the quadriceps and hamstrings, when sprinting with external loads up to 15% BM, potentially reflecting a ceiling effect in their neuromuscular responsiveness. From a practical perspective, light-to-moderate RST may effectively stimulate posterior chain muscles without disrupting sprinting mechanics. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to explore the chronic adaptations to motorized RST and to determine whether the observed neuromuscular strategies are consistent across sexes. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1521 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Therapeutic Exercise for Hospitalized Sarcopenic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Olivier Chan-Fook, Javier Martin-Núñez, Julia Raya-Benítez, Alba Navas-Otero, Irene Cabrera-Martos, Marie Carmen Valenza and Alejandro Heredia-Ciuró

Sports 2025, 13(9), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090326 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 252

Abstract

Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associated with an impairment of functional status, increasing dependency and mortality. The high prevalence among hospitalized patients has increased interest in active interventions such as exercise; however, the effectiveness of therapeutic exercise in this [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associated with an impairment of functional status, increasing dependency and mortality. The high prevalence among hospitalized patients has increased interest in active interventions such as exercise; however, the effectiveness of therapeutic exercise in this population remains unclear. This systematic review with a meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic exercises in hospitalized patients diagnosed with or at risk of sarcopenia. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials assessing therapeutic exercises for sarcopenic or at-risk hospitalized patients were included. Methodological quality was evaluated using the TIDieR Checklist and the ROB2 tool. We performed a meta-analysis addressing muscle strength, physical performance and cognitive function. Six studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 1468 participants. Similar interventions were observed, including mainly resistance and balance exercises. Therapeutic exercises demonstrated significant improvements in physical performance (2.98 (1.13–4.83); p = 0.002; I² = 99%), muscle strength (2.11 (0.20–4.01); p = 0.03; I² = 99%) and cognitive function (0.77 (0.25–1.29); p = 0.004; I² = 98%) across several studies. Therapeutic exercises appear to improve sarcopenic outcomes in hospitalized patients, supporting their role as a non-pharmacological intervention to mitigate sarcopenia-related complications. However, due to the lack of reported muscle mass outcomes, as well as the limited number and methodological quality of the included studies, further well-designed trials are needed to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Innovations in Applied Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 559 KB

Open AccessReview

A Scoping Review of Sport National Concussion Guidelines in Squash

by Nina Mangan and Neil Heron

Sports 2025, 13(9), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090325 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 332

Abstract

Squash is a commonly played racquet sport in which players are at risk of concussion injuries. This review aims to identify and assess the squash concussion guidelines in top squash countries. Design: Scoping review. Method: This review follows the framework laid out by [...] Read more.

Squash is a commonly played racquet sport in which players are at risk of concussion injuries. This review aims to identify and assess the squash concussion guidelines in top squash countries. Design: Scoping review. Method: This review follows the framework laid out by Arksey and O’Malley and later advanced by Levac et al. This review adheres to the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Eligibility criteria included countries with either a female or male player in the World Squash Federation Top 50 World Rankings in June 2025. This produced a list of twenty-one countries, and seven concussion guidelines were eligible for review. Results: Twenty-one countries matched the inclusion criteria. Canada is the only country identified with a squash-specific concussion guideline. Seven countries had national concussion guidance, and fourteen countries had no national concussion guidance. Conclusions: There is a lack of squash-specific concussion guidelines. The World Squash Federation and national squash organisations should produce squash-specific concussion guidelines that are in line with the Amsterdam Statement and their own respective country’s national guidelines. The World Squash Federation should specifically reference concussion in their rules and should strongly consider updating their self-inflicted injury time rules to allow for the suspension of play for up to fifteen minutes if there is a suspected head injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport-Related Concussion and Head Impact in Athletes)

13 pages, 3885 KB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation of Body Parameters and Age with Foot Arch Index and Stabilometric Variables in Physically Active Young Males and Females

by Marco Alessandria, Irene Pivetta, Goran Kuvacic, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Sonia Angilletta and Andrea De Giorgio

Sports 2025, 13(9), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090324 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

Postural stability is influenced by several anthropometric factors as well as age. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body height, body mass, BMI, and arch index with stabilometric parameters in physically active young adults. A total of 169 [...] Read more.

Postural stability is influenced by several anthropometric factors as well as age. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body height, body mass, BMI, and arch index with stabilometric parameters in physically active young adults. A total of 169 sport science university students participated in the study. Their arch index and their stabilometric parameters were measured using the P-Walk BTS platform. Spearman’s rank correlations showed a significant positive correlation between body mass and arch index (r = 0.25, p = 0.001), and BMI and arch index (r = 0.30, p < 0.001). Also, negative correlations were observed between body height and CoP speed (r = −0.22, p = 0.004) and CoP distance (r = −0.23, p = 0.003), as well as body weight and CoP speed (r = −0.17, p = 0.028) and CoP distance (r = −0.19, p = 0.015). Age was negatively correlated to postural sway variables (i.e., CoP distance, CoP area, and CoP speed). The findings suggest that, in physically active people, larger anthropometric values may confer stabilizing advantages, potentially due to increased body volume. Also, the significant correlation of age to stability metrics may highlight enhanced proprioceptive integration or adaptive neural mechanisms. The results highlight the importance of individualised proprioceptive training programmes, particularly for athletes of lower body mass or stature. Future research should extend on the results’ potential training and rehabilitative implications. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 968 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Arch Support Pad Stiffness on Lower-Limb Biomechanics During Single-Leg Landing

by Chu-Hao Li, Qiu-Qiong Shi, Kit-Lun Yick, Ming-Yu Hu and Shi-Wei Mo

Sports 2025, 13(9), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090323 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 484

Abstract

Arch structure is a crucial interface between the human body and the ground during landing tasks, but the biomechanical effects of arch support stiffness remain insufficiently explored. This study examines the effects of arch supports with different stiffnesses on lower-limb biomechanics during landing. [...] Read more.

Arch structure is a crucial interface between the human body and the ground during landing tasks, but the biomechanical effects of arch support stiffness remain insufficiently explored. This study examines the effects of arch supports with different stiffnesses on lower-limb biomechanics during landing. Twelve male participants (six normal arches, six flat feet) performed a single-leg drop landing from a 45 cm height under four arch support conditions: no arch support pad (NAP), soft-stiffness arch support pad (SAP), medium-stiffness arch support pad (MAP), and high-stiffness arch support pad (HAP). Dominant lower-limb joint angles and moments in the sagittal plane and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF)-related parameters—time to peak vGRF, peak vGRF, and max loading rate—were recorded using a motion capture system and force plate. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Arch pad stiffness significantly affected ankle and knee kinematics. The NAP condition exhibited significantly higher ankle plantarflexion at initial contact (p ≤ 0.01), as well as larger range of motion (ROM) of the knee (p = 0.03) and hip (p < 0.01), compared to the use of a SAP or MAP. The use of a HAP resulted in a significantly lower peak ankle dorsiflexion moment and larger peak knee flexion angle than the other conditions (p ≤ 0.04). The peak knee extension moment was the highest when using a NAP, and was significantly higher than that shown with the use of a MAP or HAP (p ≤ 0.02). No significant differences were observed in hip joint moments or vGRF-related parameters across conditions (p ≥ 0.52). These results indicate that hard-stiffness arch support pads modulate lower-limb mechanics during landing, potentially enhancing shock absorption and reducing knee loading. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 785 KB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge of Targeted Muscles and Proper Form in Strength Training: A Cross-Sectional Survey of 1000 Adults Across Age, Sex, and Instructional Experience

by Yoshiki Kobayashi, Megumi Gonno, Kyosuke Oku, Yuki Mori and Noriyuki Kida

Sports 2025, 13(9), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090322 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 377

Abstract

With the growing availability of strength training information through online platforms and social media, there is an increasing need to ensure that individuals possess sufficient knowledge to train safely and effectively. Nonetheless, previous studies on strength training literacy have primarily focused on university [...] Read more.

With the growing availability of strength training information through online platforms and social media, there is an increasing need to ensure that individuals possess sufficient knowledge to train safely and effectively. Nonetheless, previous studies on strength training literacy have primarily focused on university students and have not adequately examined differences in knowledge across age groups or the roles of training experience and instruction. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of (a) targeted muscle groups and (b) proper form and movement among adults aged 20–69 years and to explore how this knowledge varies by age, sex, and experience in training and professional instruction. A total of 1000 adults (100 males and 100 females in each decade from their 20s to 60s) participated in an online survey. The participants were categorized into three groups according to their training and instructional experience. Knowledge was assessed using 10 items pertaining to targeted muscles and 18 items related to exercise form and movement. Three-way analysis of variance was conducted to analyze the associations between age, sex, and experience. Overall, 75.5% of the participants reported strength training experience, whereas 29.3% had received instruction. Knowledge of the targeted muscle groups was significantly higher in participants in their 60s than in those in their 20s (p = 0.014); however, the overall accuracy remained below 60%. No significant effect of instruction on anatomical knowledge was observed. In contrast, both training and instructional experience were positively associated with knowledge of form and movement, although the accuracy remained modest among all groups (50–60%). Sex differences in instructional experience varied by age, with older females reporting higher rates than their male counterparts. In conclusion, knowledge of strength training among adults remains insufficient, particularly regarding anatomical targets. Although instruction enhances the understanding of form and movement, it does not guarantee anatomical literacy. To improve training outcomes and safety, instructional strategies should integrate clear, structured, and pedagogically informed approaches that emphasize movement execution and muscle engagement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits of Physical Activity and Exercise to Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 346 KB

Open AccessArticle

by Walter Sapuppo, Davide Giacconi, Antonietta Monda, Antonietta Messina, Daniele Saccenti, Claudia Maria Mineo, Maria Casillo, Salvatore Allocca, Giovanni Michelini, Regina Gregori Grgič, Vincenzo Monda, Jacopo Lamanna, Mattia Ferro, Girolamo Di Maio, Marcellino Monda and Marco La Marra

Sports 2025, 13(9), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090321 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 505

Abstract

The use of dietary supplements is widespread among athletes and physically active individuals, yet their impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated the associations between supplement use, physical activity patterns, and HRQoL in a heterogeneous sample of [...] Read more.

The use of dietary supplements is widespread among athletes and physically active individuals, yet their impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated the associations between supplement use, physical activity patterns, and HRQoL in a heterogeneous sample of 537 adults engaged in sports at amateur, professional, or recreational levels. Participants completed an online survey assessing demographics, supplement use, physical activity habits, and quality of life using the SF-36 questionnaire. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and independent-samples t-tests to explore relationships between supplement use, body mass index (BMI), motivational variables, and HRQoL outcomes. Results indicated that 46.7% of participants reported consuming at least one supplement or substance, with an average of 1.91 products. The primary motivations included performance enhancement (30.7%) and combined performance and aesthetic goals (12.1%). A significant association emerged between supplement use and the consistency of physical activity over time, as well as the individual’s motivation for engaging in exercise. Participants who maintained stable activity levels and those driven by performance or competitive motives were more likely to use supplements. In contrast, individuals exercising primarily for physical and psychological health were less likely to report supplement use. When comparing HRQoL scores, supplement users showed significantly lower levels of impairment due to emotional issues (RE), social functioning (SF), and bodily pain (BP). Among these variables, only Bodily Pain presented a small effect size, suggesting a meaningful difference between users and non-users. These findings highlight that while supplements are commonly used in athletic contexts, their association with improved quality of life is limited, and may even reflect attempts to manage physical discomfort. Further research is needed to clarify the directionality of these relationships and inform safe and evidence-based consumption. Full article

26 pages, 1048 KB

Open AccessReview

Considering the Effects of Cannabinoids and Exercise on the Brain: A Narrative Review

by Amir Yahya Rajaei, J. Patrick Neary, Elizabeth S. Thompson, Jyotpal Singh and Cameron S. Mang

Sports 2025, 13(9), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090320 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1042

Abstract

Recently, there has been rising interest in the use of cannabis and its derivatives as therapeutic tools to support brain health, particularly in athletes. Cannabis-based substances interact with the endogenous cannabinoid (i.e., endocannabinoid) system, which is involved in widespread physiological processes that contribute [...] Read more.

Recently, there has been rising interest in the use of cannabis and its derivatives as therapeutic tools to support brain health, particularly in athletes. Cannabis-based substances interact with the endogenous cannabinoid (i.e., endocannabinoid) system, which is involved in widespread physiological processes that contribute to brain function. In other work, the benefits of exercise for brain health have been prominently noted. Despite large bodies of work on both cannabinoid and exercise influences on brain function, there is an understudied overlap in their physiological effects that may be especially important in athletic populations regularly engaged in high volumes of exercise. This narrative review describes mechanistic overlaps between cannabinoid and exercise effects on brain function. The literature search was broad, emphasizing research published since 2010 and including randomized clinical trials, observational studies, case studies, preclinical work, both human and animal studies, and information presented in related review articles. The focal point of the current review is the potentially overlapping effects of cannabinoids and exercise on brain function via physiological processes underpinning inflammation, vascular function, and neuroplasticity. Mechanisms are described in detail with consideration of common and contrasting influences of cannabinoids and exercise on the brain. Altogether, the compiled information suggests that indirect and direct interactions between these two therapeutic avenues have potential to introduce additive, synergistic, or opposing effects. Considering such interactions will be critical in optimizing therapeutic strategies involving cannabinoids as they are increasingly applied in the sport sciences and beyond. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 601 KB

Open AccessReview

Urinary Incontinence in Young Gymnastics Athletes: A Scoping Review

by Alice Higounenc, Alice Carvalhais, Ágata Vieira and Sofia Lopes

Sports 2025, 13(9), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090319 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 364

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is increasingly reported among young nulliparous women, especially those engaged in high-impact sports. This may increase the risk of developing stress urinary incontinence (SUI) later in life. This scoping review aims to synthesise current evidence on UI in gymnasts, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is increasingly reported among young nulliparous women, especially those engaged in high-impact sports. This may increase the risk of developing stress urinary incontinence (SUI) later in life. This scoping review aims to synthesise current evidence on UI in gymnasts, identify the gymnastics modalities with the highest prevalence of UI, and examine the outcomes measures and interventions considered for UI. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, Scielo, EBSCO, PEDro, and NIH. Studies published in English or Portuguese between January 2012 and May 2023 were included. Review articles, qualitative studies, and conferences abstracts were excluded. Studies were analysed according to the PRISMA-ScR framework. Results: Out of 169 identified studies, 4 were included. SUI emerged as the most prevalent type of UI, particularly in artistic and trampoline modalities. All the studies used the ICIQ-UI-SF to assess UI. Reported outcomes included prevalence of UI and SUI, impact on quality of life and athletic performance, as well as knowledge about UI and pelvic floor. No studies investigated treatments for UI. Conclusions: The prevalence of SUI is high among gymnasts (70%), especially in artistic and trampoline disciplines. Although there is outcome heterogeneity across studies, all used the ICIQ-UI-SF. There is a critical gap regarding interventions for UI in this population. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breaking Barriers: Understanding the Impact of Intellectual Impairment on Inductive Reasoning in Basketball

by Javier Pinilla-Arbex, Javier Pérez-Tejero and Yves Vanlandewijck

Sports 2025, 13(9), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090318 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 288

Abstract

Access to high-performance sports is crucial for the holistic development and well-being of athletes with intellectual impairment (II). However, ensuring fair and equitable participation requires effective eligibility systems. This study investigates how basketball-specific inductive reasoning impacts athletes with II. A total of 92 [...] Read more.

Access to high-performance sports is crucial for the holistic development and well-being of athletes with intellectual impairment (II). However, ensuring fair and equitable participation requires effective eligibility systems. This study investigates how basketball-specific inductive reasoning impacts athletes with II. A total of 92 elite male players with II (average age 26.3 ± 7 years) and 128 control players without II participated. This study used a tailored test to assess the ability to quickly and accurately arrange 12 photo series depicting basketball sequences. Athletes with II were hypothesized to require more time and arrange the image sequences less accurately compared to their peers. The results indicated that athletes with II took significantly more time (41.2 s ± 20.2 s) and arranged the image sequences less accurately than senior players without II (19.2 s ± 5.9 s). A discriminant function analysis classified 84.1% of players accurately, confirming that athletes with II performed at a lower level in basketball-specific activities that require inductive reasoning. These findings contribute to the development of Phase 3 of the classification model for athletes with II, which consists of 4 phases. This helps establish the eligibility system boundaries in basketball for individuals with II, promoting equitable access for athletes to high-performance sports. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2292 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Consuming Caffeine Before Late Afternoon/Evening Training or Competition on Sleep: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

by Adem Kocak, Ekavi Georgousopoulou, Catherine R. Knight-Agarwal, Raymond Matthews and Michelle Minehan

Sports 2025, 13(9), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090317 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1167

Abstract

Many athletes consume caffeine before late afternoon/evening training sessions or competition, yet the impact on subsequent sleep remains unclear. This systematic review with meta-analysis examined the effects of late afternoon/evening caffeine consumption on sleep in athletes. Ten studies (n = 128 athletes) [...] Read more.

Many athletes consume caffeine before late afternoon/evening training sessions or competition, yet the impact on subsequent sleep remains unclear. This systematic review with meta-analysis examined the effects of late afternoon/evening caffeine consumption on sleep in athletes. Ten studies (n = 128 athletes) involving randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs were included if caffeine was consumed prior to late afternoon/evening training and subsequent sleep was measured. Meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines with risk of bias assessed using RoB-2 and ROBINS-I tools. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials revealed a small reduction in sleep efficiency with evening caffeine consumption: mean difference −4.87%, 95% CI −7.45 to −2.29, p = 0.04, though this effect was not robust in leave-one-out sensitivity analyses. Total sleep time showed a non-significant trend toward reduction: mean difference −32.47 min, 95% CI −69.93 to 4.99, p = 0.08, I² = 0%. Athletes consistently reported substantial subjective sleep impairment following evening caffeine intake (3–6 mg/kg BM), creating a pronounced objective–subjective disconnect. The most notable finding is that athletes consistently perceive substantial sleep disruption despite inconsistent objective changes, highlighting the importance of subjective sleep experience in athletic populations. These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the small number of studies and predominance of male participants, limiting generalisability. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Predictors of Peak Velocity in the VAM-EVAL Incremental Test and the Role of Kinematic Variables in Running Economy in Triathletes

by Jordi Montraveta, Ignacio Fernández-Jarillo, Xavier Iglesias, Andri Feldmann and Diego Chaverri

Sports 2025, 13(9), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090316 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 435

Abstract

This study examined the influence of physiological parameters on peak velocity (Vpeak) and of kinematic variables on running economy (RE) during an outdoor incremental VAM-EVAL test completed by eleven national-level triathletes. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), ventilatory thresholds, RE, and minimum muscle [...] Read more.

This study examined the influence of physiological parameters on peak velocity (Vpeak) and of kinematic variables on running economy (RE) during an outdoor incremental VAM-EVAL test completed by eleven national-level triathletes. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), ventilatory thresholds, RE, and minimum muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂min) were obtained with a portable gas analyzer and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), while cadence, stride length, vertical oscillation, and contact time were recorded with a foot-mounted inertial sensor. Multiple linear regression showed that VO₂max and SmO₂min together accounted for 86% of the variance in Vpeak (VO₂max: r = 0.76; SmO₂min: r = −0.68), whereas RE at 16 km·h⁻¹ displayed only a moderate association (r = 0.54). Links between RE and kinematic metrics were negligible to weak (r ≤ 0.38). These findings confirm VO₂max as the primary determinant of Vpeak and suggest that SmO₂min can be used as a complementary, non-invasive marker of endurance capacity in triathletes, measurable in the field with portable NIRS. Additionally, inter-individual differences in cadence, stride length, vertical oscillation, and contact time suggest that kinematic adjustments are not universally effective but rather highly individualized, with their impact on RE likely depending on each athlete’s specific characteristics. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 302 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Exercise Therapy in ERAS Prehabilitation for Major Surgery: A Systematic Review

by Anna Antonia Valenzano, Paride Vasco, Gabriella D’Orsi, Tommaso Cassano, Raffaella Marzovillo, Antonio Di Stasi and Giuseppe Cibelli

Sports 2025, 13(9), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090315 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 756

Abstract

(1) This systematic review evaluates the role of structured exercise within the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol, a multidisciplinary approach designed to reduce surgical stress and enhance recovery. Prehabilitation, primarily through controlled physical activity, is a fundamental component of ERAS, preparing patients, [...] Read more.

(1) This systematic review evaluates the role of structured exercise within the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol, a multidisciplinary approach designed to reduce surgical stress and enhance recovery. Prehabilitation, primarily through controlled physical activity, is a fundamental component of ERAS, preparing patients, both physically and mentally, for major surgery. (2) A systematic search following PRISMA guidelines was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Wiley databases to identify relevant studies published up to January 2025. Inclusion criteria encompassed randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and meta-analyses reporting postoperative complications, length of hospital stay (LOS), and overall recovery. (3) A total of 64 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings consistently demonstrate that structured exercise interventions—such as aerobic activities, resistance training, and flexibility routines—were associated with postoperative complications, shorten hospital stays, and enhance functional recovery. These interventions improve cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and psychological well-being. (4) Despite potential limitations in the systematic search, as heterogeneity of protocols, publication bias, language restrictions, the evidence supports the integration of structured exercise as a cornerstone of ERAS prehabilitation. Future research should focus on standardizing exercise protocols and exploring personalized strategies to optimize surgical outcomes across diverse patient populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Innovations in Applied Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Psychosocial Intervention on Performance Determinants in Competitive Swimmers: Roles of Coach, Family, Environment, and Athlete Characteristics

by Alejandro López-Hernández, Juan Ángel Simón-Piqueras, David Zamorano-García, David B. Pyne and José María González Ravé

Sports 2025, 13(9), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090314 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 419

Abstract

(1) Background: This study analyzed the effects of intervention programs conducted between 2021 and 2025 as part of the “Aula UCLM-FNCLM” initiative—a partnership between a regional swimming federation and the university—on psychosocial factors in trained swimmers. This program presents interventions for swimmers, their [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study analyzed the effects of intervention programs conducted between 2021 and 2025 as part of the “Aula UCLM-FNCLM” initiative—a partnership between a regional swimming federation and the university—on psychosocial factors in trained swimmers. This program presents interventions for swimmers, their coaches, their families, and their sports environment. (2) Methods: The effects of a 4-year intervention program on the Castilla-La Mancha swimming team, classified as Tier 3 (Tier 3: Highly Trained/National Level), according to the McKay classification framework (2021 team with 55 swimmers, 25 men, and 30 women; 17.3 ± 5.3 years), and the same sample in 2025 (42 swimmers, 19 men, 23 women—17 ± 2.8 years—and 11 dropouts). A self-perception questionnaire on performance in sport (CAED) was used. (3) Results: The results showed higher ratings (p < 0.001, η² = 0.30) from the swimmers of the 2025 CLM team in the coach factor, and moderate changes in the roles played by family (p < 0.05, η² = 0.12) and environment (p < 0.05, η² = 0.11). The only factor that did not improve was personal characteristics. (4) Conclusions: The UCLM-FNCLM program has contributed to improving the role of factors related to performance in sport (coach, family, and sports environment) in a cohort of regional-based swimmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Education, Exercise, and Sports Interventions on Children and Adolescent Cognition and Academic Achievement)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 422 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates the Decline in Repeated Anaerobic Performance Under Simulated Altitude: A Randomized Crossover Study

by Miłosz Drozd, Jakub Chycki, Adam Maszczyk, Hiago L. R. Souza, Adam Zajac and Moacir Marocolo

Sports 2025, 13(9), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090313 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 319

Abstract

Background: This study examined the effects of repeated ischemic preconditioning (IPC) combined with normobaric hypoxia on anaerobic performance and physiological stress markers. Methods: Fourteen physically active males (22.3 ± 3.1 years) completed three randomized, single-blind crossover sessions under the following conditions: (1) normoxia [...] Read more.

Background: This study examined the effects of repeated ischemic preconditioning (IPC) combined with normobaric hypoxia on anaerobic performance and physiological stress markers. Methods: Fourteen physically active males (22.3 ± 3.1 years) completed three randomized, single-blind crossover sessions under the following conditions: (1) normoxia (NOR), (2) normobaric hypoxia (HYP; FiO₂ = 14.7%), and (3) hypoxia with IPC (IPC-HYP). Each session included three 30 s cycling Wingate tests separated by four minutes of passive recovery. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 15 min post-exercise to assess lactate, pH, bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), and creatine kinase (CK) activity. Results: Peak power output was highest under NOR during Wingate II and III. IPC-HYP attenuated the decline in peak power compared to that under HYP (e.g., Wingate II: 15.56 vs. 12.52 W/kg). IPC-HYP induced greater lactate accumulation (peak: 15.45 mmol/L, p < 0.01), more pronounced acidosis (pH: 7.18 post-exercise), and lower bicarbonate (9.9 mmol/L, p < 0.01). CK activity, measured immediately and then 1 h and 24 h post-exercise, was highest under IPC-HYP at 24 h (568.5 U/L). Conclusions: IPC-HYP mitigates the decline in peak anaerobic power observed under hypoxia, despite eliciting greater metabolic and muscular stress. These findings suggest that IPC may enhance physiological adaptation to hypoxic training, potentially improving anaerobic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Innovations in Applied Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 458 KB

Open AccessArticle

Match vs. Training Physical Requirements and Their Association with Field-Based Physical Tests in International CP Football

by Juan Francisco Maggiolo, Alejandro Caña-Pino, Manuel Moya-Ramón and Iván Peña-González

Sports 2025, 13(9), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090312 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 470

Abstract

Objetives: This study aimed to (1) describe and compare the external physical requirements of international cerebral palsy (CP) football players during training sessions and official matches at the 2024 IFCPF World Cup, and (2) analyze the relationships between standardized field-based physical performance tests [...] Read more.

Objetives: This study aimed to (1) describe and compare the external physical requirements of international cerebral palsy (CP) football players during training sessions and official matches at the 2024 IFCPF World Cup, and (2) analyze the relationships between standardized field-based physical performance tests and the physical requirements recorded in both contexts. Methods: Twelve international outfield players from the Spanish national CP football team were monitored throughout the tournament. Physical performance was evaluated two weeks prior using 5-m and 30-m sprints, a Modified Agility Test (MAT), a dribbling test, and the 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test (vIFT). Match and training physical requirements were assessed using inertial devices, including total and relative distances, velocity metrics, and acceleration/deceleration outputs. Results: Matches imposed significantly greater demands than training sessions in terms of peak velocity, total distance per minute, and distance at moderate (>12–18 km/h) and high (>18 km/h) intensities (t = 2.79 to 8.06; p = 0.01; ES(d) = 0.50 to 1.45). Training sessions exhibited greater variability in load while match requirements were consistent across games. Performance in the MAT and dribbling tests correlated with several physical indicators in both training and competition. In contrast, vIFT and sprint tests showed limited associations, especially with match variables. Conclusions: Match play elicits higher and more stable physical requirements than training. The MAT and dribbling tests appear to be ecologically valid tools for assessing functional readiness in CP football. These findings support the integration of specific physical tests and tailored training designs to better replicate the competitive requirements of international CP football. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Football Science: Integrating Technology, Performance, and Well-Being)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1790 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Isokinetic Torque and External Load Metrics During Youth Soccer Matches

by Yiannis Michailidis

Sports 2025, 13(9), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090311 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 548

Abstract

Physical fitness, especially strength, is key for football performance and injury prevention, but its role in match running remains unclear. This study examined correlations between knee flexor and extensor isokinetic torque (60°/s, 180°/s, 300°/s) and running performance in 20 U17 players (age 16 [...] Read more.

Physical fitness, especially strength, is key for football performance and injury prevention, but its role in match running remains unclear. This study examined correlations between knee flexor and extensor isokinetic torque (60°/s, 180°/s, 300°/s) and running performance in 20 U17 players (age 16 ± 0.5 years, height 1.78 ± 0.05 m, weight 71 ± 7.1 kg) across 16 matches, with GPS tracking (Apex, STATSports, Newry, Northern Ireland). Results varied by position. Central defenders showed a negative correlation between non-dominant knee flexor torque at 300°/s and high-speed running distance (r = −0.975, p = 0.025). Side defenders displayed positive correlations between dominant knee flexor torque at 300°/s and both total distance and moderate running (r = 0.885–0.976, p < 0.05), but negative correlations with maximum speed (r < −0.89, p < 0.05). Central midfielders had several negative associations between dominant knee flexor torque at 300°/s and accelerations or decelerations (r < −0.88, p < 0.05). Side midfielders and forwards showed positive correlations between torque at higher speeds (180°/s, 300°/s) and sprint distance (r ≥ 0.85, p < 0.05). Overall, associations differed by position, velocity, and performance variable, reflecting tactical demands and the limits of single-joint testing. However, in SMFs, high positive correlations were observed, highlighting the importance of strength and its necessity in the training process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1953 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Scoring Accuracy with Postural Stability and Strength Measures in Archers on a Standard Archery Site

by Chun-Hao Fan, Chien-Nan Liao and Wei-Hsiu Hsu

Sports 2025, 13(9), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090310 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 452

Abstract

Archery performance is substantially influenced by postural stability. Although archery is commonly practiced outdoors, most studies have focused on short-distance indoor environments. Accordingly, this study examined the correlation between postural stability and shooting accuracy in competitive recurve and compound archers on a standard [...] Read more.

Archery performance is substantially influenced by postural stability. Although archery is commonly practiced outdoors, most studies have focused on short-distance indoor environments. Accordingly, this study examined the correlation between postural stability and shooting accuracy in competitive recurve and compound archers on a standard outdoor field (70 m for recurve and 50 m for compound). This study included 37 archers. Each archer’s performance was recorded during a simulated competition. Measurements included muscle strength, body stability, and center of pressure. Postural stability data were analyzed at 0.5 s before and 0.1 s after arrow release. The results indicated that compared with compound archers, recurve archers had stronger upper-limb muscles and exhibited lower pre-release total center of pressure (51.9 mm; p = 0.022) and medial/lateral sway (1.1 mm; p = 0.043). The compound archers exhibited lower post-release anterior/posterior sway (3.2 mm; p = 0.001) and lower angular velocities in most body segments, except for the lower back. The recurve archers relied more on post-release stability, whereas the compound archers relied more on pre-release control. Linear regression analysis identified different predictors of scoring accuracy for each bow type. Our findings highlight the need for discipline-specific training strategies, such as enhancing bow-side stability for recurve archers and drawing-side control for compound archers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Sports Performances (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

64 pages, 992 KB

Open AccessReview

Developing the Physical Fitness of Children: A Systematic Scoping Review of Pedagogy in Research

by Mark Helme, Ian Cowburn and Kevin Till

Sports 2025, 13(9), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090309 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1231

Abstract

Despite a robust body of evidence supporting both the need for and the effectiveness of physical fitness interventions in children aged 5–11, global fitness levels in this age group continue to decline. This systematic scoping review interrogates a critical, often overlooked dimension of [...] Read more.

Despite a robust body of evidence supporting both the need for and the effectiveness of physical fitness interventions in children aged 5–11, global fitness levels in this age group continue to decline. This systematic scoping review interrogates a critical, often overlooked dimension of this paradox: the pedagogy of fitness-intervention design and delivery. By analysing 106 primary research studies, the review exposes a consistent pattern. Interventions are predominantly highly structured (89%), rarely foster a mastery-oriented motivational climate (only 11%), and fail to report practitioner behaviours (65%). While most interventions yielded positive fitness outcomes, these gains were achieved without the use of pedagogical strategies known to support engagement, autonomy, and long-term adherence in children. This suggests that current approaches may achieve short-term physiological improvements but are limited in cultivating the motivational and developmental conditions necessary for sustained impact. The findings underscore a pressing need for future research to move beyond the “what” of fitness programming and rigorously address the “how.” Embedding and explicitly reporting pedagogical elements—such as supportive practitioner behaviours, autonomy-supportive structures, and mastery climates—could transform fitness interventions into developmentally appropriate, engaging, and sustainable experiences for children. Without this shift, we risk perpetuating interventions that are effective in the lab but ineffective in life. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Pre-Elite Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction on Draft Outcomes and Reinjury Risk in Elite Australian Football Players: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by James P. Veale, Anik Shawdon, Peter D'Alessandro, Jay R. Ebert and Peter K. Edwards

Sports 2025, 13(9), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090308 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 291

Abstract

A history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) during the Australian Football (AF) talent pathway may impact draft prospects and increase the risk of a second injury during a professional career. This study investigated whether a history of ACLR before the Australian Football [...] Read more.

A history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) during the Australian Football (AF) talent pathway may impact draft prospects and increase the risk of a second injury during a professional career. This study investigated whether a history of ACLR before the Australian Football League (AFL) Draft Combine influenced draft outcomes and second ACL injury rates during an AFL career. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken, whereby AFL talent pathway medical evaluation data from 1071 male players who attended the AFL National Draft Combine between 2011 and 2022 was analyzed. Draft outcomes and secondary ACL injuries were compared between players with and without a pre-draft ACLR using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Twenty-one players (2.0%) had sustained a pre-draft ACLR. All of these players were drafted into the AFL. Players with a prior ACLR were more likely to be drafted in the first two rounds (odds ratio [OR] 2.64; p = 0.039). They were also over eight times more likely to sustain another ACL injury during their careers (28.6% vs. 4.5%; OR 8.54; p < 0.001). This study showed that a pre-draft ACLR did not reduce the likelihood of being drafted but was associated with a higher risk of a secondary ACL injury during an AFL career. These findings are relevant to AFL recruiters, medical staff, and high-performance staff, and support the consideration of education and injury prevention programs for pre-elite players with prior ACLR. Full article

15 pages, 1161 KB

Open AccessArticle

Jump Rope Training Improves Muscular Strength and Cardiovascular Fitness in University Students: A Controlled Educational Intervention

by Sabău Anca Maria, Ordean Mircea Nicolae, Mancini Nicola, Alexandra Szara Szekely, Simon Sorin, Ianc Dorina, Carlos Hervás-Gómez, Popovici Cornelia, Grosu Emilia Florina and Grosu Vlad Teodor

Sports 2025, 13(9), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090307 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1911

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of jump rope training on cardiovascular capacity, assessed with the Ruffier test, and muscular strength, measured using isometric dynamometry (BioFET Mustec, Almere, The Netherlands), within a university physical education program. A total of 52 undergraduate students [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of jump rope training on cardiovascular capacity, assessed with the Ruffier test, and muscular strength, measured using isometric dynamometry (BioFET Mustec, Almere, The Netherlands), within a university physical education program. A total of 52 undergraduate students from non-specialist faculties at the University of Oradea were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (EG) or a control group (CG). Over eight weeks, the EG performed a ten-minute jump rope training session once per week in combination with cardiovascular exercises, while the CG participated only in cardiovascular exercises. Statistical analyses revealed a significant group effect on cardiovascular response (Ruffier Index: p = 0.019; Cohen’s d = −0.271) and a substantial increase in right lower limb strength (p = 0.003; d = 1.026) in the EG compared to the CG. Furthermore, improvements were observed in upper limb strength (left arm: p = 0.010; d = 0.922) and left lower limb strength (p = 0.027; d = 0.779). These findings suggest that incorporating jump rope training into university physical education classes may represent an effective and low-cost strategy to enhance both cardiovascular efficiency and muscular strength in young adults. Given its simplicity and affordability, jump rope training appears feasible for implementation in schools and universities, even where resources are limited. Future research should investigate its long-term effects across different populations. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 236 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Effectiveness of Conservative Therapies for Plantar Fasciitis: A Retrospective Observational Study

by Ana María Rayo-Pérez, José María Juárez-Jiménez, Mercedes Ortiz-Romero, Luis María Gordillo-Fernández and Raquel García-De-La-Peña

Sports 2025, 13(9), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090306 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 772

Abstract

Background: Plantar fascitis is a common cause of heel pain in adults. Although various conservative treatments have been studied, comparative real-world effectiveness remains underreported. Objective: To retrospectively evaluate and compare the clinical effectiveness of percutaneous neuromodulation, extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), and custom foot [...] Read more.

Background: Plantar fascitis is a common cause of heel pain in adults. Although various conservative treatments have been studied, comparative real-world effectiveness remains underreported. Objective: To retrospectively evaluate and compare the clinical effectiveness of percutaneous neuromodulation, extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), and custom foot orthoses in patients with plantar fasciitis. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2023 at a podiatric clinic. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to medical records, and 120 patients were divided into three groups according to treatment, with 7 patients excluded due to non-compliance with follow-up. Pain intensity (VAS) and functional improvement (FFI) were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months post-treatment. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests, ANOVA, effect size (Cohen’s d), and 95% confidence intervals. The STROBE checklist was followed. Results: All three interventions showed significant improvement in pain and function at 6 months (p < 0.05). Neuromodulation achieved the highest pain reduction (VAS mean difference −6.2, d = 1.02), followed by ESWT (d = 0.78) and orthoses (d = 0.65). Functional scores improved similarly across all groups, with no significant difference at 6 months (p = 0.12). Conclusions: Percutaneous neuromodulation demonstrated greater clinical effectiveness in pain reduction compared to ESWT and orthoses, although functional outcomes were similar. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. Full article

13 pages, 464 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of an 8-Week Running Technique Program on Linear and Change-of-Direction Speed in Youth Football—A Pilot Study

by Diogo Camacho, Diogo Monteiro, Rui Matos, Nuno Amaro, Raúl Antunes and Miguel Jacinto

Sports 2025, 13(9), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090305 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 569

Abstract

In football, linear speed and change-of-direction speed are fundamental skills for performance in the sport. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of an 8-week running technique program on the variables described in young footballers. Thirty-one athletes participated, 16 in the intervention [...] Read more.

In football, linear speed and change-of-direction speed are fundamental skills for performance in the sport. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of an 8-week running technique program on the variables described in young footballers. Thirty-one athletes participated, 16 in the intervention group (Under-15) and 15 in the control group (Under-17). The intervention group had a mean age of 14.37 ± 0.50 years and the control group had a mean age of 15.80 ± 0.76 years. Both groups underwent two assessments, pre- and post-intervention, performing the 20-m test and the 5-0-5 Agility Test, assessing linear speed and change-of-direction speed, respectively, with timing conducted manually by trained evaluators. The results showed improvements in the intervention group in both tests, with statistically significant differences in change-of-direction speed (right foot: p = 0.010; r = 0.669; left foot: p = 0.05; r = 0.503), while the control group did not show any significant differences in either test, even showing a regression in results. The present study indicates that running technique training, even with a weekly frequency of only one session per week, may contribute to improvements in linear speed (even non-significant) but, especially, in the change of direction of young footballers. These results are important because training can promote more efficient running movement patterns, promoting benefits in terms of sports performance and the prevention of non-contact injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Football Science: Integrating Technology, Performance, and Well-Being)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 654 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pneumatic Compression and Manual Massage on Recovery and Performance in Elite Brazilian Under-20 Soccer Players: A Crossover Trial

by Tiago Costa Esteves, Júlio Cesar de Oliveira Muniz Cunha, Júlio Guilherme Silva, María Rúa-Alonso, Luciano Teixeira dos Santos, Laercio Brehner Gemaque do Couto, José Vilaça-Alves, Estêvão Rios Monteiro and Igor Ramathur Telles de Jesus

Sports 2025, 13(9), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090304 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 989

Abstract

Introduction: Acute neuromuscular fatigue impairs athletic performance and increases the risk of musculoskeletal injury. Recovery strategies such as manual massage (MM) and intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) have been proposed to mitigate these effects, although their efficacy in elite youth soccer remains under [...] Read more.

Introduction: Acute neuromuscular fatigue impairs athletic performance and increases the risk of musculoskeletal injury. Recovery strategies such as manual massage (MM) and intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) have been proposed to mitigate these effects, although their efficacy in elite youth soccer remains under debate. Objective: To compare the acute effects of MM and IPC on muscle damage recovery, lower limb strength, and power in Brazilian Under-20 soccer athletes. Methods: A randomized crossover study was conducted with twenty male youth athletes (18.65 ± 0.67 years) from the under-20 category of Paysandu Sport Club—Brazil. Each athlete underwent both MM and IPC interventions, separated by a seven-day washout. Variables assessed included serum creatine kinase (CK), quadricep and hamstring isometric voluntary contraction (IVC), and vertical jump (VJ). Results: MM resulted in a CK reduction of Δ = −77.1 U/L (p = 0.042; d = 0.37), indicating a moderate effect size, while IPC induced a larger reduction of Δ = −138.0 U/L (p = 0.160; d = 1.41), with a very large effect size despite the lack of statistical significance. Neither intervention produced significant changes in quadricep or hamstring IVC, nor in VJ height (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Both MM (statistical difference) and IPC (clinical difference) were viable recovery strategies for attenuating acute serum CK without impairing neuromuscular performance in elite under-20 soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Profile and Injury Prevalence in Sports)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mood States, Injury Status, and Countermovement Jump Performance in Brazilian High-Level Sports

by Izabel Cristina Provenza de Miranda Rohlfs, Franco Noce, Carolina F. Wilke, Tim J. Gabbett, Victoria R. Terry, Alexandre Montenegro, Carlos Alexandre Assis, Paula Moreira Magalhães, Pasteur O. de Miranda, Jr. and Peter C. Terry

Sports 2025, 13(9), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090303 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 569

Abstract

This study investigated relationships between mood profiles, sports injuries, and countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJ) performance in a cohort study of 417 Brazilian athletes using a multi-methods approach during the period from January to November 2023. Six distinct mood profiles were identified, [...] Read more.

This study investigated relationships between mood profiles, sports injuries, and countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJ) performance in a cohort study of 417 Brazilian athletes using a multi-methods approach during the period from January to November 2023. Six distinct mood profiles were identified, termed the shark fin (28.3%), iceberg (20.4%), submerged (18.7%), inverse iceberg (18.0%), surface (9.8%), and inverse Everest (4.8%). Athletes with the inverse Everest profile had a significantly higher risk of injury (OR = 2.90; 90% CI [1.09–7.55]) compared to those with the iceberg profile. Random forest models showed moderate predictive capability (AUC = 0.651), with vigour (12.7%) and anger (11.5%) as primary predictors. Bayesian analysis confirmed a higher injury probability in athletes with the inverse Everest profile (31.8%). Despite statistical power limitations, the results indicate that negative mood profiles, particularly those with elevated anger and fatigue, are associated with increased injury risk. Mood scores were not associated with CMJ performance variation. These findings highlight the importance of considering mood profiles in athlete monitoring systems, acknowledging the complex interplay between psychological and physical factors in injury risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Interdisciplinary Approaches to Sports in the 21st Century)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1631 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Outcomes Addressed by Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Trials in Sportspeople and Athletes—An Evidence Map Summarizing and Categorizing Current Findings

by Svenja Reinhardt, Joshua Berger, Matthias Kohl, Simon von Stengel, Michael Uder and Wolfgang Kemmler

Sports 2025, 13(9), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090302 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 643

Abstract

Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is a time-efficient, joint-friendly, and highly customizable training technology that particularly attracts sportspeople and athletes looking to enhance performance, accelerate regeneration, and prevent injuries with WB-EMS. Based on a systematic review of the literature, the present evidence map aimed to [...] Read more.

Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is a time-efficient, joint-friendly, and highly customizable training technology that particularly attracts sportspeople and athletes looking to enhance performance, accelerate regeneration, and prevent injuries with WB-EMS. Based on a systematic review of the literature, the present evidence map aimed to provide an overview of outcomes addressed by WB-EMS in exercising cohorts of different levels. In summary, the search identified 34 research projects with 39 studies and 43 publications that addressed 79 outcome categories (e.g., isometric strength) with more than 300 single outcomes (e.g., isometric strength of leg extensors). Thirty-one studies focused on performance-related outcomes, four studies addressed regeneration-related outcomes, and eight studies reported outcomes related to anthropometry. A further 14 studies reported health- and safety-related outcomes. Twenty-five of the 31 studies that reported performance parameters addressed strength, ten power, 18 jumping, ten sprinting, six agility, six endurance, five anaerobic power, and one each flexibility or balance, and five studies reported sport-specific performance outcomes (e.g., shot velocity). Apart from outcomes concerning injury prevention or sport-specific complaints, there are in particular evidence gaps relating to the acute effects of WB-EMS on regeneration, particularly with respect to muscle recovery. Semiprofessionals/professionals were rarely addressed, and if so, primarily cohorts from team sports were evaluated, while no study focused on elite strength, endurance, or precision sports athletes. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Sports, Volume 13, Issue 9 (September 2025) – 50 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI